Visvesvaraya Technological University BELAGAVI-590 018: Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELAGAVI-590 018
Technical project report on
Speed Control of Induction Motor Using Voice Recognition

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Submitted By
GURUDUTT K R (1BT11EE005)
SELVAGANAPATHY T (1BT11EE011)
BHARATH R (1BT10EE005)
Under the guidance of

Internal guide
Mrs. Sheela.C.N
Asst.Professor, Dept of EEE,
BTLIT
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BTL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
BANGALORE-560 099
2014-2015
BTL Institute Of Technology & Management, Bengaluru-99

Karnataka
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project entitled SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR
USING VOICE RECOGNITION carried out by Mr.Selvaganapathy T (1BT11EE011),
Mr. Gurudutt K R (1BT11EE005), Mr.Bharath R (1BT10EE005) bonafide students of
BTL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, Bangalore in partial
fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year
2014-2015. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment
have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental library. The project report
has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of seminar work
prescribed for the said Degree.
_______________
Guide
Mrs. Sheela.C.N
_______________
_______________
HOD
Principal
Mr.A.G.Suresh
External Viva
Name of the examiners Signature with date
1.
2.
Dr.Suneelkumar.N. Kulkarni
ABSTRACT
Communication plays a major role in day to day life and can be used as a better tool
in control systems. It deals with wire communication and is used to control the motor
speed. Out of all mechanisms, microcontroller hardware description language proves to be
efficient than all other mechanisms. Embedded technology is a key role in integrating the
different functions connected with it. This proposal generally reduces the manpower,
operates efficiently and saves time without human involvement. Due to the technological
development whether it is DC or AC machines the speed of the machine can be controlled by
various methods. By means of the voice process the machine can be controlled depending
upon the application wired or in order to transmit the signal the wireless communication can
be used. By this way electrical technology is combined with communication technology and
computer science.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset, we thank the Lord Almighty for the grace, strength and hope to make
our Endeavour a success.
We express our gratitude to Dr.Suneelkumar.N. Kulkarni, The Principal,
Mr.A.G.Suresh, Head of the Department for providing the ways and means by which we
were able to complete this project. We express our sincere gratitude to them for their constant
support and valuable suggestions without which the successful completion of this project
would not have been possible.
We express our gratitude to our beloved internal guide Mrs. Sheela.C.N, Dept. of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for giving the sort of encouragement in preparing the
report, presenting the paper, spirit and useful guidance.
We express our immense pleasure and we are thankful to all the teachers and staff of
the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for their cooperation and support.
Mr.Bharath R (1BT10EE005)
Mr. Gurudutt K R (1BT11EE005)
Mr. Selvaganapathy T (1BT11EE011)
Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 1 ......................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 WORK AREA DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................... 1
1.3 PROBLEM FORMULATION ........................................................................................ 1
1.4 MOTIVATION ................................................................................................................ 1
1.5 PROJECT WORK SCHEDULE ..................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................................... 4
BACKGROUND THEORY ..................................................................................................... 4
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO INDUCTION MOTORS ............................................................ 4
2.2. VARIOUS METHODS OF SPEED CONTROL ........................................................... 5
2.2.1. SPEED CONTROL FROM STATOR SIDE ........................................................... 5
1. V / F CONTROL OR FREQUENCY CONTROL .................................................. 5
2. CONTROLLING SUPPLY VOLTAGE .................................................................. 6
3. CHANGING THE NUMBER OF STATOR POLES .............................................. 6
2.2.2. SPEED CONTROL FROM ROTOR SIDE: ............................................................... 8
1. ADDING EXTERNAL ............................................................................................ 8
2. CASCADE CONTROL METHOD ......................................................................... 8
3. INJECTING SLIP FREQUENCY EMF INTO ROTOR SIDE ............................. 10
CHAPTER 3 ....................................................................................................................... 11
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 11
3.1. ZIGBEE: ....................................................................................................................... 11
3.1.1ADVANTAGES OF ZIGBEE AND APPLICATIONS .......................................... 12
3.2. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION................................................................................ 12
3.2.1 HISTORY................................................................................................................ 14
3.2.2 DELTA .................................................................................................................... 16
3.2.3 DELTA-SIGMA...................................................................................................... 16
3.2.4 SPACE VECTOR MODULATION ....................................................................... 17
3.2.5 DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL (DTC).................................................................. 17
3.2.6 TIME PROPORTIONING ...................................................................................... 18
3.2.7 SPECTRUM:........................................................................................................... 19
3.2.8 PWM SAMPLING THEOREM.............................................................................. 19
3.2.7 APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................... 19
3.3. BLOCK DIAGRAM..................................................................................................... 20
3.3.1. TRANSMITTER: ...................................................................................................... 20
3.3.2. RECEIVER:............................................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER 4 ....................................................................................................................... 22
HARDWARE COMPONENTS ............................................................................................. 22
HARDWARE USED:.......................................................................................................... 22
4.1. RENESAS MICROCONTROLLER: ........................................................................... 22
4.1.1. FEATURES OF RENESAS MICROCONTROLLER: ............................................ 24
4.1.2. ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW: .......................................................................... 24
4.1.2.1. MEMORY SPACE ................................................................................................. 26
4.1.2.2. PROCESSOR REGISTERS ................................................................................ 27
4.1.3RENESAS 30 PIN MICROCONTROLLER: ............................................................. 29
4.2. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD):....................................................................... 30
4.3. VOICE RECOGNITION KIT ...................................................................................... 32
4.3.1. FEATURES OF VOICE RECOGNITION KIT: ................................................... 33
4.3.2. USING THE SYSTEM .......................................................................................... 33
4.3.3. BOARD SCHEMATIC .......................................................................................... 34
.......................................................................................................................................... 34
4.3.4. TRAINING WORDS FOR RECOGNITION ........................................................ 34
4.3.5. TESTING RECOGNITION: .................................................................................. 35
4.3.6. ERROR CODES: ................................................................................................... 35
4.3.7. CLEARING MEMORY......................................................................................... 35
4.4. ZIGBEE UNIT: ............................................................................................................ 35
4.4.1. ZIGBEE MORE BENEFITS ARE AS FOLLOWS: ............................................. 36
4.4.2. COMPONENTS USED IN ZIGBEE MODULE ................................................... 37
4.5. TEMPERATURE SENSOR (LM35): .......................................................................... 37
4.6. OPTOCOUPLER: ........................................................................................................ 38
CHATPER 5 ....................................................................................................................... 39
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT: ....................................... 39
5.1. ADVANTAGES ........................................................................................................... 39
5.2. DISADVANTAGES: ................................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER 6 ....................................................................................................................... 40
APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER 7 ....................................................................................................................... 41
CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 41
CHAPTER 8 ....................................................................................................................... 42
FUTURE WORKS.................................................................................................................. 42
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................. 43
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 45
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 3.2.1.PWM in idealized conductor driven by voltage source..13
Fig 3.2.2.PWM showing definitions of ymin,ymax and d.....14
Fig 3.2.3.simple methods to generate pwm ...15
Fig 3.2.4.principle of delta pwm....16
Fig 3.2.6.types of pwm signals...18
Fig 3.3.1. Transmitter part block diagram..19
Fig 3.3.2.Receiver part block diagram...20
Fig 4.1.reneasas controller..22
Fig 4.1.1.renesas RL 78 series microcontroller..........23
Fig 4.1.2.architecture of 64 pin ic Renesas microcontroller..24
Fig 4.1.3 memory allocation of Renesas microcontroller..............................25
Fig 4.1.4.30 pin ic Renesas microcontroller .29
Fig 4.2.lcd..30
Fig 4.3voice recognition kit.......31
Fig 4.3.1.circuit design of voice recognition circuit..33
Fig 4.4.zig bee unit.35
Fig 4.5.temperature sensor.36
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1Objective
To Design a circuit to control the speed of induction motor using voice recognition.
1.2 Work Area Description

This project work was carried out at department of electrical and electronics, BTL
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY to design the circuit for speed control of induction motor
using voice recognition.
1.3 Problem Formulation

Induction Motors account for more than 85% of all motors used in industry and domestic
applications. In the past they have been used as constant-speed motors as traditional speed
control methods have been less efficient than speed control methods for DC motors.
However, DC Motors require commutators and brushes which are hazardous and require
maintenance. Thus Induction Motors are preferred
1.4 Motivation
Electrical Energy already constitutes more than 30 % of all energy usage on Earth. And this
is set to rise in the coming years. Its massive popularity has been caused by its efficiency of
use, ease of transportation, ease of generation, and environment-friendliness. Part of the total
electrical energy production is sued to produce heat, light, in electrolysis, arc-furnaces,
domestic heating etc. Another large part of the electrical energy production is used to be
converted into mechanical energy via different kinds of electric motors- DC Motors,
Synchronous Motors and Induction Motors. Induction Motors are often termed the
Workhorse of the Industry. This is because it is one of the most widely used motors in the
world. It is used in transportation and industries, and also in household appliances, and
laboratories. The major reasons behind the popularity of the Induction Motors are:
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i.
Induction Motors are cheap compared to DC and Synchronous Motors. In this age of
competition, this is a prime requirement for any machine. Due to its economy of
procurement, installation and use, the Induction Motor is usually the first choice for
an operation.
ii.
Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors are very rugged in construction. There robustness

enables them to be used in all kinds of environments and for long durations of time.
iii.
Induction Motors have high efficiency of energy conversion. Also they are very
reliable.
iv.
Owing to their simplicity of construction, Induction Motors have very low

maintenance costs.
v.
Induction Motors have very high starting torque.
This property is useful in applications where the load is applied before starting the motor.
Another major advantage of the Induction Motor over other motors is the ease with which its
speed can be controlled. Different applications require different optimum speeds for the
motor to run at. Speed control is a necessity in Induction Motors because of the following
factors:
i.
It ensures smooth operation.
ii.
It provides torque control and acceleration control.
iii.
Different processes require the motor to run at different speeds.
iv.
It compensates for fluctuating process parameters.
v.
During installation, slow running of the motors is required. All these factors present
a strong case for the implementation of speed control or variable speed drives in
Induction Motors
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1.5 Project Work Schedule
Month
Activity
Status
Feb 2015
Understanding the basic concepts of various speed
Completed
control related to induction motors

Mar 2015
Initializing the design and construction of voice
Completed
recognition circuit
Apr 2015
Testing process initiation of various components of the
Completed
circuit
May 2015
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Testing Finalization and Report Completion.
Completed
Page 3
CHAPTER 2
BACKGROUND THEORY
2.1 Introduction to Induction motors
A three phase induction motor is basically a constant speed motor so its somewhat difficult
to control its speed. The speed control of induction motor is done at the cost of decrease in
efficiency and low electrical power factor. Before discussing the methods to control the
speed of three phase induction motor one should know the basic formulas of speed and
torque of three phase induction motor as the methods of speed control depends upon these
formulas.
Synchronous speed
Where f = frequency and P is the number of poles

The speed of induction motor is given by,
Where N is the speed of rotor of induction motor, Ns is the synchronous speed, S is the slip.
The torque produced by three phase induction motor is given by,
When rotor is at standstill slip , s is one.

So the equation of torque is,
Where E2 is the rotor emf Ns is the synchronous speed R2 is the rotor resistance X2 is the
rotor inductive reactance
The Speed of Induction Motor is changed from Both Stator and Rotor Side
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2.2. Various methods of speed control

The speed control of three phase induction motor from stator side are further classified as :
1. V / f control or frequency control.
2. Changing the number of stator poles.
3. Controlling supply voltage.
4. Adding rheostat in the stator circuit.
The speed controls of three phase induction motor from rotor side are further classified as:
1. Adding external resistance on rotor side.
2. Cascade control method.
3. Injecting slip frequency emf into rotor side.
2.2.1. Speed Control from Stator Side

1. V / f control or frequency control - Whenever three phase supply is given to three phase
induction motor rotating magnetic field is produced which rotates at synchronous speed
given by
In three phase induction motor emf is induced by induction similar to that of transformer
which is given by
Where K is the winding constant, T is the number of turns per phase and f is frequency. Now
if we change frequency synchronous speed changes but with decrease in frequency flux will
increase and this change in value of flux causes saturation of rotor and stator cores which will
further cause increase in no load current of the motor . So, its important to maintain flux ,
constant and it is only possible if we change voltage . i.e if we decrease frequency flux
increases but at the same time if we decrease voltage flux will also decease causing no
change in flux and hence it remains constant. So, here we are keeping the ratio of V/ f as
constant. Hence its name is V/ f method. For controlling the speed of three phase induction
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motor by V/ f method we have to supply variable voltage and frequency which is easily
obtained by using converter and inverter set.
2. Controlling supply voltage: The torque produced by running three phase induction motor
is given by
In low slip region (sX)2 is very small as compared to R2 . So, it can be neglected. So torque
becomes
Since rotor resistance, R2 is constant so the equation of torque further reduces to

We know that rotor induced emf E2 V. So, T sV2. From the equation above it is clear
that if we decrease supply voltage torque will also decrease. But for supplying the same load,
the torque must remain the same and it is only possible if we increase the slip and if the slip
increases the motor will run at reduced speed . This method of speed control is rarely used
because small change in speed requires large reduction in voltage, and hence the current
drawn by motor increases, which cause over heating of induction motor.
3.
Changing the number of stator poles : The stator poles can be changed by two
methods
i.
Multiple stator winding method.
ii.
Pole amplitude modulation method (PAM)
Multiple stators winding method In this method of speed control of three phase induction
motor , the stator is provided by two separate winding. These two stator windings are
electrically isolated from each other and are wound for two different pole numbers. Using
switching arrangement, at a time, supply is given to one winding only and hence speed
control is possible. A disadvantage of this method is that the smooth speed control is not
possible. This method is more costly and less efficient as two different stator winding are
required. This method of speed control can only be applied for squirrel cage motor.
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Pole amplitude modulation method (PAM) In this method of speed control of three phase
induction motor the original sinusoidal mmf wave is modulated by another sinusoidal mmf
wave having different number of poles.
Let f1 () be the original mmf wave of induction motor whose speed is to be controlled.
f2 () be the modulation mmf wave. P1 be the number of poles of induction motor whose
speed is to be controlled. P2 be the number of poles of modulation wave.
After modulation resultant mmf wave
So we get, resultant mmf wave
Therefore the resultant mmf wave will have two different number of poles
Therefore by changing the number of poles we can easily change the speed of three phase
induction motor.
8. Adding rheostat in the stator circuit - In this method of speed control of three phase
induction motor rheostat is added in the stator circuit due to this voltage gets dropped .In case
of three phase induction motor torque produced is given by T sV22. If we decrease supply
voltage torque will also decrease. But for supplying the same load , the torque must remains
the same and it is only possible if we increase the slip and if the slip increase motor will run
reduced speed.
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2.2.2. Speed Control from Rotor Side:

1.
Adding external resistance on rotor side In this method of speed control of three
phase induction motor external resistance are added on rotor side. The equation of torque for
three phase induction motor is
The three phase induction motor operates in low slip region .In low slip region term (sX)2
becomes very small as compared to R2. So, it can be neglected . and also E2 is constant. So
the equation of torque after simplification becomes,
Now if we increase rotor resistance, R2 torque decreases but to supply the same load torque
must remain constant. So, we increase slip, which will further results in decrease in rotor
speed. Thus by adding additional resistance in rotor circuit we can decrease the speed of
three phase induction motor. The main advantage of this method is that with addition of
external resistance starting torque increases but this method of speed control of three phase
induction motor also suffers from some disadvantages:
i.
The speed above the normal value is not possible.
ii.
Large speed change requires large value of resistance and if such large value of
resistance is added in the circuit it will cause large copper loss and hence reduction in
efficiency.
iii.
Presence of resistance causes more losses.
iv.
This method cannot be used for squirrel cage induction motor.
v.
2.
Cascade control method In this method of speed control of three phase induction
motor, the two three phase induction motor are connected on common shaft and hence called
cascaded motor. One motor is the called the main motor and another motor is called the
auxiliary motor. The three phase supply is given to the stator of the main motor while the
auxiliary motor is derived at a slip frequency from the slip ring of main motor.
Let NS1 be the synchronous speed of main motor.
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NS2 be the synchronous speed of auxiliary motor.

P1 be the number of poles of the main motor.
P2 be the number of poles of the auxiliary motor.
F is the supply frequency.
F1 is the frequency of rotor induced emf of main motor.
N is the speed of set and it remains same for both the main and auxiliary motor as both the
motors are mounted on common shaft.
S1 is the slip of main motor.
The auxiliary motor is supplied with same frequency as the main motor i.e
Now put the value of
Now at no load, the speed of auxiliary rotor is almost same as its synchronous speed i.e N =
NS2
Now rearrange the above equation and find out the value of N, we get,
This cascaded set of two motors will now run at new speed having number of poles (P1 + P2).
In the above method the torque produced by the main and auxiliary motor will act in same
direction, resulting in number of poles (P1 + P2). Such type of cascading is called cumulative
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cascading. There is one more type of cascading in which the torque produced by the main
motor is in opposite direction to that of auxiliary motor. Such type of cascading is called
differential cascading; resulting in speed corresponds to number of poles (P1 - P2). In this
method of speed control of three phase induction motor, four different speeds can be
obtained
i.
When only main induction motor work, having speed corresponds to NS1 = 120 F / P1.
ii.
When only auxiliary induction motor work, having speed corresponds to

NS2 = 120 F / P2.
iii.
When cumulative cascading is done, then the complete set runs at a speed of
N = 120F / (P1 + P2).
iv.
When differential cascading is done, then the complete set runs at a speed of
N = 120F / (P1 - P2).
3.
Injecting slip frequency emf into rotor side - when the speed control of three phase
induction motor is done by adding resistance in rotor circuit, some part of power
called, the slip power is lost as I2R losses. Therefore the efficiency of three phase
induction motor is reduced by this method of speed control. This slip power loss can
be recovered and supplied back in order to improve the overall efficiency of three
phase induction motor and this scheme of recovering the power is called slip power
recovery scheme and this is done by connecting an external source of emf of slip
frequency to the rotor circuit. The injected emf can either oppose the rotor induced
emf or aids the rotor induced emf. If it oppose the rotor induced emf, the total rotor
resistance increases and hence speed decreases and if the injected emf aids the main
rotor emf the total resistance decreases and hence speed increases. Therefore by
injecting induced emf in rotor circuit the speed can be easily controlled. The main
advantage of this type of speed control of three phase induction motor is that wide
range of speed control is possible whether its above normal or below normal speed.
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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
Nowadays many industries are using
various technologies for speed control of the motor.
They are very much interested in reducing the manual operations. So they are using different
kind of methods in day to day activities. Our project also deals with reduction of manual
operation by combining various technologies such as electric drives wireless communication
and embedded technology. Here voice communication plays a major role in this project. we
are using voice communication in different fields for various purposes. Motor speed can be
varied in wide range. Communication plays a major role in day to day life and can be
used as a better tool in control systems. It deals with wire communication and is used to
control the motor speed. Out of all mechanisms, microcontroller hardware description
language proves to be efficient than all other mechanisms. Embedded technology is a key
role in integrating the different functions connected with it. This proposal generally reduces
the manpower, operates efficiently and saves time without human involvement. Due to the
technological development whether it is DC or AC machines the speed of the machine can be
controlled by various methods.
3.1. ZIGBEE:
i. Zigbee is a kind of short distance, low power, low data transfer rate, low cost, low
complexity wireless network technology.
ii. Zigbee can connect and communicate among thousands of sensors.
iii. This is a latest evolved technology with the commonly effort of Zigbee alliance and
IEEE based on the demand of low power, low data transfer rate, low cost, low complexity
wireless network technology.
iv. Zigbee is ordinarily used in wireless sensor network and control systems which connect
and communicate among thousands of tiny sensors, these sensors require very small amount
of energy to send data from one sensor to another sensor through radio waves in a relay
way, and communication efficiency is very high.
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3.1.1ADVANTAGES OF ZIGBEE AND APPLICATIONS:

i. Main
advantage
of
the
Zigbee
unit is
that, it has the option of two
way
communication protocol.
ii. The same facility is not available in RF transmitter-receiver kit.
iii. Communication Range of Zigbee is greater than that of RF.
iv. The 2 way communication protocol finds a lot of application in industrial level, mainly
for safety purposes.
v. Most important among the applications being, high temperature sensing, and overload
detection and further giving the info about the same to the operator.
vi. Other applications like Office/ home security, automation systems.
3.2. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a technique used to
encode a message into a pulsing signal. It is a type of modulation. Although this modulation
technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the
control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors.
In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery
chargers, the other being MPPT.
The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch
between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the
off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.
The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the
device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load
must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in
an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a
motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer
power supplies.
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The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of
time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the
time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on. The main advantage of PWM
is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is
practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is
almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and
current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls,
which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.
PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been
used to convey information over a communications channel.
Fig: 3.2.1.An example of PWM in an idealized inductor driven by a voltage source: the voltage source
(blue) is modulated as a series of pulses that results in a sine-like current/flux (red) in the inductor. The
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blue rectangular pulses nonetheless result in a smoother and smoother red sine wave as the switching
frequency increases. Note that the red waveform is the (definite) integral of the blue waveform.
3.2.1 HISTORY
In the past, when only partial power was needed (such as for a sewing machine motor),
a rheostat (located in the sewing machine's foot pedal) connected in series with the motor
adjusted the amount of current flowing through the motor, but also wasted power as heat in
the resistor element. It was an inefficient scheme, but tolerable because the total power was
low. And while the rheostat was one of several methods of controlling power
(see autotransformers and Variac for more info), a low cost and efficient power
switching/adjustment method was needed. This mechanism also needed to be able to drive
motors for fans, pumps and robotic servos, and needed be compact enough to interface with
lamp dimmers. PWM emerged as a solution for this complex problem.
One early application of PWM was in the Sinclair X10, a 10 W audio amplifier
available in kit form in the 1960s. At around the same time PWM started to be used in AC
motor control.
Of note, for about a century, some variable-speed electric motors have had decent
efficiency, but they were somewhat more complex than constant-speed motors, and
sometimes required bulky external electrical apparatus, such as a bank of variable power
resistors or rotating converters such as the Ward Leonard drive.
Fig. 3.2.2: a pulse wave, showing the definitions of
and D.
Pulse-width modulation uses a rectangular pulse wave whose pulse width is modulated
resulting in the variation of the average value of the waveform.
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If we consider a pulse waveform
, with period
, low value
, a high value
and a duty cycle D (see figure 1), the average value of the waveform is given by:
As
is
for
pulse
wave,
its
value
is
for
and
. The above expression then becomes:
This latter expression can be fairly simplified in many cases whereass
From this, it is obvious that the average value of the signal ( ) is directly dependent on the
duty cycle D.
Fig. 3.2.3: A simple method to generate the PWM pulse train corresponding to a given signal
is the intersective PWM: the signal (here the red sine wave) is compared with a saw tooth
waveform (blue). When the latter is less than the former, the PWM signal (magenta) is in
high state (1). Otherwise it is in the low state (0).
The simplest way to generate a PWM signal is the intersective method, which requires only
a saw tooth or a triangle waveform (easily generated using a simple oscillator) and
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a comparator. When the value of the reference signal (the red sine wave in figure 2) is more
than the modulation waveform (blue), the PWM signal (magenta) is in the high state,
otherwise it is in the low state.
3.2.2 Delta
In the use of delta modulation for PWM control, the output signal is integrated, and the result
is compared with limits, which correspond to a Reference signal offset by a constant. Every
time the integral of the output signal reaches one of the limits, the PWM signal changes state.
Figure 3
Fig. 3.2.4: Principle of the delta PWM. The output signal (blue) is compared with the limits
(green). These limits correspond to the reference signal (red), offset by a given value. Every
time the output signal (blue) reaches one of the limits, the PWM signal changes state.
3.2.3 Delta-sigma
In delta-sigma modulation as a PWM control method, the output signal is subtracted from a
reference signal to form an error signal. This error is integrated, and when the integral of the
error exceeds the limits, the output changes state. Figure 4
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Fig. 3.2.5: Principle of the sigma-delta PWM. The top green waveform is the reference
signal, on which the output signal (PWM, in the bottom plot) is subtracted to form the error
signal (blue, in top plot). This error is integrated (middle plot), and when the integral of the
error exceeds the limits (red lines), the output changes state.
3.2.4 Space vector modulation

Space vector modulation is a PWM control algorithm for multi-phase AC generation, in
which the reference signal is sampled regularly; after each sample, non-zero active switching
vectors adjacent to the reference vector and one or more of the zero switching vectors are
selected for the appropriate fraction of the sampling period in order to synthesize the
reference signal as the average of the used vectors.
3.2.5 Direct torque control (DTC)

Direct torque control is a method used to control AC motors. It is closely related with the
delta modulation (see above). Motor torque and magnetic flux are estimated and these are
controlled to stay within their hysteresis bands by turning on new combination of the device's
semiconductor switches each time either of the signal tries to deviate out of the band.
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3.2.6 Time proportioning

Many digital circuits can generate PWM signals (e.g., many microcontrollers have PWM
outputs). They normally use a counter that increments periodically (it is connected directly or
indirectly to the clock of the circuit) and is reset at the end of every period of the PWM.
When the counter value is more than the reference value, the PWM output changes state from
high to low (or low to high). This technique is referred to as time proportioning, particularly
as time-proportioning control which proportion of a fixed cycle time is spent in the high
state.
The incremented and periodically reset counter is the discrete version of the intersecting
methods saw tooth. The analog comparator of the intersecting method becomes a simple
integer comparison between the current counter value and the digital (possibly digitized)
reference value. The duty cycle can only be varied in discrete steps, as a function of the
counter resolution. However, a high-resolution counter can provide quite satisfactory
performance.
Types
Fig. 3.2.6: Three types of PWM signals (blue): leading edge modulation (top), trailing edge
modulation (middle) and centered pulses (both edges are modulated, bottom). The green lines
are the saw tooth waveform (first and second cases) and a triangle waveform (third case)
used to generate the PWM waveforms using the interceptive method.
Three types of pulse-width modulation (PWM) are possible:
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1. The pulse center may be fixed in the center of the time window and both edges of the pulse
moved to compress or expand the width.
2. The lead edge can be held at the lead edge of the window and the tail edge modulated.
3. The tail edge can be fixed and the lead edge modulated.
3.2.7 Spectrum:
The resulting spectra (of the three cases) are similar, and each contains a dc component, a
base sideband containing the modulating signal and phase modulated carriers at
each harmonic of the frequency of the pulse. The amplitudes of the harmonic groups are
restricted by a
envelope (sin c function) and extend to infinity. The infinite
bandwidth is caused by the nonlinear operation of the pulse-width modulator. In

consequence, a digital PWM suffers from aliasing distortion that significantly reduce its
applicability for modern communications system. By limiting the bandwidth of the PWM
kernel, aliasing effects can be avoided.
On the contrary, the delta modulation is a random process that produces continuous spectrum
without distinct harmonics.
3.2.8 PWM sampling theorem

The process of PWM conversion is non-linear and it is generally supposed that low pass filter
signal recovery is imperfect for PWM. The PWM sampling theorem shows that PWM
conversion can be perfect. The theorem states that "Any band limited baseband signal within
0.637 can be represented by a pulse width modulation (PWM) waveform with unit
amplitude. The number of pulses in the waveform is equal to the number of Nyquist samples
and the peak constraint is independent of whether the waveform is two-level or three-level."
3.2.7 APPLICATIONS
Servos
PWM is used to control servomechanisms, see servo control.
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3.3. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

3.3.1. TRANSMITTER:
LCD
VOICE RECOGNITION
KIT
RENESAS
MICROCONTROLLER
BUZZER
ZIGBEE
FIG 3.3.1.BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER PART
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3.3.2. RECEIVER:
LCD
ZIG BEE
RENESAS
CONTROLLER
ZCD
TRIAC
INDUCTION
MOTOR
TEMPERATURE
SENSOR
FIG 3.3.2. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RECEIVER PART
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CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE COMPONENTS
HARDWARE USED:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Renesas microcontroller
LCD
Voice recognition kit
ZIGBEE Unit
Temperature sensor
Buzzer
Optocoupler
4.1. Renesas microcontroller:
Fig 4.1: Renesas microcontroller

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The RL78 is a 16-bit Microcontroller made by Renesas Electronics.
Fig: 4.1.1. Renesas RL78 series microcontroller

The Renesas Electronics RL78 is a 16-bit CPU core with a CISC architecture for embedded
microcontrollers developed and manufactured by Renesas Electronics and introduced in
2011. Renesas Electronics is a developer and manufacturer of semiconductor devices
especially microcontrollers, microprocessors, Power MOSFET, IGBTs, Optocoupler,
SRAMs and SOC devices. The RL78 was the first new MCU core to emerge from the new
Renesas Electronics Company from the merger of NEC Electronics and Renesas Technology
and incorporated the features of the NEC K0 and Renesas Technology R8C microcontrollers.
The RL78 was developed to address extremely low power but highly integrated
microcontroller applications, to this end the core offered a novel low power mode of
operation called snooze mode where the ADC or serial interface can be programmed to
meet specific conditions to wake the device from the extreme low power STOP mode of
0.52uA.
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4.1.1. Features of Renesas microcontroller:

i. General-purpose register: 8 bits 32 registers (8 bits 8 registers 4 banks)
ii. ROM: 512 KB, RAM: 32 KB, Data flash memory: 8 KB
iii. On-chip high-speed on-chip oscillator
iv. On-chip single-power-supply flash memory (with prohibition of block erase/writing
function)
v. On-chip debug function
vi. Ports : Total 11 ports with 58 Input/output Pins
vii. On-chip power-on-reset (POR) circuit and voltage detector (LVD)
viii. I/O ports: 16 to 120
ix. Timer 16-bit timer: 8 to 16 channels, Watchdog timer: 1 channel
x. Different potential interface: Can connect to a 1.8/2.5/3 V device
xi. 8/10-bit resolution A/D converter (VDD = EVDD =1.6 to 5.5 V): 6 to 26 channels
xii. Power supply voltage: VDD = 1.6 to 5.5 V
xiii. On-chip watchdog timer (operable with the dedicated low-speed on-chip oscillator)
4.1.2. Architectural overview:

1. Port 1 0 to 7 Total 8 pins in port 1
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9. Port 13 0, 7 Total 2 pins in port 13

10. Port 14 0, 1, 6, 7 Total 4 pins in port 14
Fig 4.1.2: architecture of64 pin IC Renesas microcontroller
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4.1.2.1. Memory Space
Fig 4.1.3.memory allocation of Renesas microcontroller

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4.1.2.2. Processor Registers

The RL78/G13 products incorporate the following processor registers.
Control registers
The control registers control the program sequence, statuses and stack memory. The control
registers consist of a program counter (PC), a program status word (PSW) and a stack pointer
(SP).
Program counter (PC)

The program counter is a 20-bit register that holds the address information of the next
program to be executed. In normal operation, PC is automatically incremented according to
the number of bytes of the instruction to be fetched. When a branch instruction is executed,
immediate data and register contents are set. Reset signal generation sets the reset vector
table values at addresses 0000H and 0001H to the program counter.
Program status word (PSW)

The program status word is an 8-bit register consisting of various flags set/reset by
instruction execution. Program status word contents are stored in the stack area upon
vectored interrupt request is acknowledged or PUSH PSW instruction execution and are
restored upon execution of the RETB, RETI and POP PSW instructions. Reset
Signal generation sets the PSW register to 06H.
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Interrupt enable flag (IE)

This flag controls the interrupt request acknowledge operations of the CPU. When 0, the IE
flag is set to the interrupt disabled (DI) state, and all mask able interrupt requests are
disabled. When 1, the IE flag is set to the interrupt enabled (EI) state and interrupt request
acknowledgment is controlled with an in-service priority flag (ISP1, ISP0), an interrupt mask
flag for various interrupt sources, and a priority specification flag. The IE flag is reset (0)
upon DI instruction execution or interrupt acknowledgment and is set (1) upon EI Instruction
execution.
Zero flag (Z)

When the operation result is zero, this flag is set (1). It is reset (0) in all other cases.
Register bank selects flags (RBS0, RBS1)

These are 2-bit flags to select one of the four register banks.
In these flags, the 2-bit information that indicates the register bank selected by SEL RBn
instruction execution is stored.
Auxiliary carry flag (AC)

If the operation result has a carry from bit 3 or a borrow at bit 3, this flag is set (1). It is reset
(0) in all other cases.
In-service priority flags (ISP1, ISP0)

This flag manages the priority of acknowledgeable mask able vectored interrupts. Vectored
interrupt requests specified lower than the value of ISP0 and ISP1 flags by the priority
specification flag registers (PRn0L, PRn0H, PRn1L, PRn1H, PRn2L, PRn2H) (see 16.3 (3))
cannot be acknowledged. Actual request acknowledgment is controlled by the interrupt
enable flag (IE). Remark n = 0, 1
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Carry flag (CY)

This flag stores overflow and underflow upon add/subtract instruction execution. It stores
the shift-out value upon rotate instruction execution and functions as a bit accumulator
during bit operation instruction execution.
4.1.3Renesas 30 pin microcontroller:

Features
ROM: 16 KB, RAM: 2 KB, data flash memory: 2 KB
High speed on-chip oscillator : 24/16/12/8/4/1 MHz can be selected
On-chip debug function
Ports Total 10 ports with 26 Input/Output Pins
o Port 0 0 to 1 Total 2 pins in port 0
o Port 4 0 Total 1 pins in port 4
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UART: 3 channel
I2C Protocol
16-bit timer: 8 channels
Watchdog timer: 1 channel
ADC: 8 Channel 10 bit
Fig 4.1.4: 30 pin IC Renesas microcontroller
4.2. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD):

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, based on on
Liquid Crystal Technology. A liquid crystal display consists of an array of tiny segments
(called pixels) that can be manipulated to present information. Liquid crystals do not emit
light directly instead they use light modulating techniques.
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LCDs are used in a wide range of applications,

including computer monitors, television, instrument
panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They
are common in consumer devices such as video
players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators,
and telephones.
LCDs are preferred to cathode ray tube (CRT)
displays in most applications because of
1. The size of LCDs comes in wider varieties.
2. They do not use Phosphor; hence images are not burnt-in.
fig.4.2.LCD
3. Safer disposal
4. Energy Efficient
5. Low Power Consumption
It is an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of segments filled
with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce
images in colour or monochrome.
Reflective twisted pneumatic liquid crystal display.
1. Polarizing filter film with a vertical axis to polarize light as it enters.
2. Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the
shapes that will appear when the LCD is turned ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface are
smooth.
3. twisted pneumatic liquid crystal.
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4. Glass substrate with common electrode film (ITO) with horizontal ridges to line up with
the horizontal filter.
5. Polarizing filter film with a horizontal axis to block/pass light.
6. Reflective surface to send light back to viewer. (In a backlit LCD, this layer is replaced
with a light source.)
4.3. Voice recognition kit
Fig 4.3. Voice recognition kit

The speech recognition system is a completely assembled and easy to use programmable
speech recognition circuit. Programmable, in the sense that you train the words (or vocal
utterances) you want the circuit to recognize. This board allows you to experiment with many
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facets of speech recognition technology. It has 8 bit data out which can be interfaced with
any microcontroller for further development.
Some of interfacing applications which can be made are controlling home appliances,
robotics movements, Speech Assisted technologies, Speech to text translation, and many
more.
4.3.1. Features of voice recognition kit:

i.
Self-contained standalone speech recognition circuit
ii.
User programmable
iii.
Up to 20 word vocabulary of duration two second each
iv.
Multi-lingual
v.
Non-volatile memory back up with 3V battery on board. Will keep the speech recognition
data in memory even after power off.
vi.
Easily interfaced to control external circuits & appliances
Speech recognition will become the method of choice for controlling appliances, toys, tools
and computers. At its most basic level, speech controlled appliances and tools allow the user
to perform parallel tasks (i.e. hands and eyes are busy elsewhere) while working with the tool
or appliance. The heart of the circuit is the HM2007 speech recognition IC. The IC can
recognize 20 words, each word a length of 1.92 seconds.
The on board 3V battery is used to store the RAM content even after power off so if you
store the training words it remains after power off. Else you have to train board again after
each power up. Some people thing 3V battery powers the board but its not the case. You
need to give external voltage to power the board.
4.3.2. Using the System

The keypad and digital display are used to communicate with and program the HM2007 chip.
The keypad is made up of 12 normally open momentary contact switches. When the circuit is
turned on, 00 is on the digital display, the red LED (READY) is lit and the circuit waits for a
command
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4.3.3. Board Schematic
Fig:4.3.1. circuit design of voice recognition circuit
4.3.4. Training Words for Recognition

Press 1 (display will show 01 and the LED will turn off) on the keypad, then press the TRAIN
key (the LED will turn on) to place circuit in training mode, for word one. Say the target word into
the onboard microphone (near LED) clearly. The circuit signals acceptance of the voice input by
blinking the LED off then on. The word (or utterance) is now identified as the 01 word. If the
LED did not flash, start over by pressing 1 and then TRAIN key.
You may continue training new words in the circuit. Press 2 then TRN to train the second word
and so on. The circuit will accept and recognize up to 20 words (numbers 1 through 20). It is not
necessary to train all word spaces. If you only require 10 target words thats all you need to train.
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4.3.5. Testing Recognition:

Repeat a trained word into the microphone. The number of the word should be displayed on the
digital display. For instance, if the word directory was trained as word number 20, saying the
word directory into the microphone will cause the number 20 to be displayed.
4.3.6. Error Codes:

The chip provides the following error codes.
55 = word to long
66 = word to short
77 = no match
4.3.7. Clearing Memory

To erase all words in memory press 99 and then CLR. The numbers will quickly scroll by on
the digital display as the memory is erased.
4.4. Zigbee unit:

Zigbee is a latest evolved technology with the commonly effort of Zigbee alliance and IEEE
802.5.11 based on the demand of
low power, low data transfer rate, low cost, low
complexity wireless network technology. Zigbee is ordinarily used in wireless sensor

network and control systems which connect and communicate among thousands of tiny
sensors, these sensors require very small amount of energy to send data from one sensor to
another sensor through radio waves in a relay way, and communication efficiency is very
high.
Zigbee is a standard that defines a set of communications protocol for low data rate
short range wireless networking. Zigbee based wireless devices operate in 868 MHz, 915
MHz, and 2.5 GHz frequency bands. Zigbee is a kind of short distance, low power, low data
transfer rate, low cost, low complexity wireless network technology. Zigbee connect and
communicate among thousands of sensors.
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The maximum data rate is 250k bit per second. Zigbee is targeted mainly for battery
powered applications.
The Zigbee specifications are as follows:
It is intended to be simpler protocol.
It is cheaper than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth. It is a radio-frequency (RF) application
with a low data rate which require, secure networking and long battery life
Fig 4.4. Zigbee unit
4.4.1. Zigbee more benefits are as follows:

i. For securing the network Zigbee uses the National Institute Of Standard And Technology
(NIST), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) :
ii. It is a internationally recognized and trusted standard
iii. Its free of patent infringements
iv. Its implementable on an 8 bit processor
v. Zigbee is an open global standard.
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4.4.2. Components used in ZIGBEE MODULE

i. Zigbee module
ii. Transistor - LM117-3.3
iii. Capacitors 10uf 2no
iv. Power supply 5v
4.5. Temperature sensor (LM35):

The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to
measure temperature with an electrical output proportional to
the temperature (in oC).
How does it work:
a. It has an output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius
temperature.
Fig 4.5.temperature sensor
b. The scale factor is .01V/oC

c. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming and maintains an
accuracy of +/-0.4 oC at room temperature and +/- 0.8 oC over a range of 0 oC to +100 oC.
d. Another important characteristic of the LM35DZ is that it draws only 60 micro amps from
its supply and possesses a low self-heating capability. The sensor self-heating causes less
than 0.1 oC temperature rise in still air.
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4.6. Optocoupler:
In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an Optocoupler, photo coupler, or optical isolator,
is a component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using
light. Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal.
Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV and
voltage transients with speeds up to 10 kV/s.
A common type of opto-isolator consists of an LED and a phototransistor in the same opaque
package. Other types of source-sensor combinations include LED-photodiode, LED-LASCR,
and lamp-photo resistor pairs. Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (on-off) signals, but
some techniques allow them to be used with analog signals.
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CHATPER 5
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE

PROJECT:
5.1. ADVANTAGES:
i. Two way communication is possible due to inclusion of zig bee
ii. High temperatures can be sensed on motor side and it is notified to the operator with
the help of buzzer alarm
iii. Overloading on the motor can be sensed and the information can be transmitted to the
operating side
iv. This method can be applied to all types of A.C. motors
v. Adoption of Wireless communication makes the operation simpler
vi. Operator can access the motor from the control centre itself which is advantageous
when the motor is in an inaccessible/ hazardous conditions
vii. Manual operations are reduced
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viii.
Various speed levels can be achieved by suitably programming the
microcontroller
ix. This method is more efficient compared to few other methods
5.2. DISADVANTAGES:
i.
Better operation is possible only when the surrounding atmosphere is silent
ii. Operation range is limited( it can be increased using high end zig-bees)
CHAPTER 6
APPLICATIONS
1. The project can be used in industries to control the speed of various high rated AC
motor
2. Same project can be applied to control various other loads such as lamp loads etc
3. Can be used in home automation
4. Can be used also to control traction devices which incorporate AC motors
5. By inclusion of android technology mobile phones can be made as transmitter which
leads to omission of few components, resulting in simpler operation
6. By minor modification, project can be used to control speed of DC motors as well
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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
Work done prior to operation:
i. Printing circuit board design.

ii. Soldering the components
iii. Programming and dumping the code into the microcontroller.
iv. And finally connecting all components such as Zigbee, Renesas microcontroller,
buzzer and temperature sensor with AC motor and performing the experiment to
verify the speed control and testing the buzzer for high temperature operation of
motor.
As mentioned earlier the transmitter and receiver kit were designed using Zigbee, Renesas
microcontroller and other components. Induction motor was connected to the receiver kit.
Program was dumped to microcontroller with the help of cube suite + and flash magic soft
wares .After the final assembly operation of project was tested. Thus speed control of
Induction motor using voice recognition was achieved.
Chapter 8
FUTURE WORKS
In electronic regulator the voltage is varied and simultaneously the speed is varied. Electronic
regulator is used since in the ancient methods there was lot of energy losses, so to reduce this
triac is used to vary the output voltage by varying the firing angle. And losses have reduced
compared to other methods.
Further the system efficiency can be increased by using high end zig-bee and it can be
applied to all types of induction motors and the motors can also be controlled by voice
through remote.
APPENDIX
REFERENCES
[1]. Sharma.P.Ketal.,Real time control of dc motor drive using speech recognition, power
electronics(IICPE),2010 India international conference.
[2]. http://www.Fairchildsemi.com 2002
[3]. http://www.ijese.org/attachments/File/v1i9/I0389071913.pdf
[4]. Landay.J.Aetal. A hands free voice driven drawing application for people with motor
impairments 2007.
[5]. Hughes.J.Fetal, voice as sound using non verbal voice input for interactive control
2001.
[6]. Doran.M.Vetal, a voice operated tour planning system for autonomous mobile robots
2010.
[7]. http://esatjournals.org/Volumes/IJRET/2014V03/I02/IJRET20140302099.pdf
[8]. http://www.zarlink.com, LM555/NE555/SA555 single timer
[9].E. Levi, Multiphase Electric Machines for Variable-Speed Applications, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 5, May 2008, pp. 1893 1909.
[10] E. Levi, R. Bojoi, F. Profumo, H.A. Toliyat, and S. Williamson, Multiphase induction
motor drives - a technology status review, The Institution of Engineering Technology, IET,
Electric Power Applications, EPA, vol. 1, no. 4, July 2007, pp. 489-516.
[11] D. Dujic, M. Jones, and E. Levi, "Analysis of Output Current Ripple rms in Multiphase
Drives Using Space Vector Approach," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no.
8, August 2009, pp. 1926 1938.
[12] J. R. Fu and T. A. Lipo, Disturbance-free operation of a multiphase current-regulated
motor drive with an opened phase, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Appl., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 12671274, Sep./Oct. 1994.
[13] L.A. Pereira, C.C. Scharlau, L.F.A. Pereira, and J.F. Haffner, General Model of a FivePhase Induction Machine Allowing for Harmonics in the Air Gap Field, IEEE Transaction
on Energy Conversion, vol. 21, no. 4, Dec. 2006, pp. 891 899.
[14] Faiz, J.; Ojaghi, M., Unified winding function approach for dynamic simulation of
different kinds of eccentricity faults in cage induction
machines, Electric Power Applications, IET, Vol. 3 , No. 5, 2009, pp 461-470.
[15] Hamid A. Toliyat, Mohammed S. Arefeen, and Alexander G. Parlos, " A method for
dynamic simulation of air-gap eccentricity in induction machines", IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.,
Vol.32,No.4,July/Aug.1996,pp910-918.

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Technical project report on

Speed Control of Induction Motor Using Voice Recognition

Under the guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BTL Institute Of Technology & Management, Bengaluru-99

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

1.2 Work Area Description

1.3 Problem Formulation

Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors are very rugged in construction. There robustness

Owing to their simplicity of construction, Induction Motors have very low

Induction Motors have very high starting torque.

It ensures smooth operation.

It provides torque control and acceleration control.

Different processes require the motor to run at different speeds.

It compensates for fluctuating process parameters.

1.5 Project Work Schedule

Understanding the basic concepts of various speed

control related to induction motors

Initializing the design and construction of voice

Testing process initiation of various components of the

Testing Finalization and Report Completion.

Where f = frequency and P is the number of poles

When rotor is at standstill slip , s is one.

2.2. Various methods of speed control

2.2.1. Speed Control from Stator Side

Since rotor resistance, R2 is constant so the equation of torque further reduces to

Multiple stator winding method.

Pole amplitude modulation method (PAM)

After modulation resultant mmf wave

So we get, resultant mmf wave

2.2.2. Speed Control from Rotor Side:

The speed above the normal value is not possible.

Presence of resistance causes more losses.

This method cannot be used for squirrel cage induction motor.

NS2 be the synchronous speed of auxiliary motor.

Now put the value of

When only auxiliary induction motor work, having speed corresponds to

various technologies for speed control of the motor.

3.1.1ADVANTAGES OF ZIGBEE AND APPLICATIONS:

that, it has the option of two

3.2. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

Fig. 3.2.2: a pulse wave, showing the definitions of

If we consider a pulse waveform

. The above expression then becomes:

This latter expression can be fairly simplified in many cases whereass

3.2.4 Space vector modulation

3.2.5 Direct torque control (DTC)

3.2.6 Time proportioning

envelope (sin c function) and extend to infinity. The infinite

bandwidth is caused by the nonlinear operation of the pulse-width modulator. In

3.2.8 PWM sampling theorem

3.3. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

FIG 3.3.1.BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER PART

FIG 3.3.2. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RECEIVER PART

4.1. Renesas microcontroller:

Fig 4.1: Renesas microcontroller

The RL78 is a 16-bit Microcontroller made by Renesas Electronics.

Fig: 4.1.1. Renesas RL78 series microcontroller

4.1.1. Features of Renesas microcontroller:

4.1.2. Architectural overview:

9. Port 13 0, 7 Total 2 pins in port 13

Fig 4.1.2: architecture of64 pin IC Renesas microcontroller