All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

All that glitters is not gold:

The problem of phonological self-deception
Jonathan Kaye
1

Markus A. P
ochtrager

Westgate-on-Sea, Kent, UK
(jdkaye@riseup.net)

Bo
gazici University Istanbul, Turkey
(markus.pochtrager@boun.edu.tr)

Government Phonology Round Table 2015

Vienna, May 13, 2015

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Whats this all about?

Usual phonology talks: Here is another really clever way of

solving the old puzzle of XYZ .

Problem: taking at face value that any kind of observation

about sound alternations or distribution has to be accounted

for by phonology. (Central Dogma of Generative Phonology: If
two forms are morphologically related and phonetically similar,
they must be derived from a common underlying form. This is
done by one or more phonological rules.)
Ignores other factors at play as well: group recognition.
For group recognition to be reliable, the system behind it has to

be extremely complex. It has to defy any kind of generalisation

and has to be learnt by rote/at a young age/pre-puberty.
That does not mean that weird distributions/alternations are

devoid of any function, only means their function has nothing to

do with phonology.
Phonology provides a system of lexical access, its the language

in which lexical addresses are encoded.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Whats this all about?

Usual phonology talks: Here is another really clever way of

solving the old puzzle of XYZ .

Problem: taking at face value that any kind of observation

about sound alternations or distribution has to be accounted

for by phonology. (Central Dogma of Generative Phonology: If
two forms are morphologically related and phonetically similar,
they must be derived from a common underlying form. This is
done by one or more phonological rules.)
Ignores other factors at play as well: group recognition.
For group recognition to be reliable, the system behind it has to

be extremely complex. It has to defy any kind of generalisation

and has to be learnt by rote/at a young age/pre-puberty.
That does not mean that weird distributions/alternations are

devoid of any function, only means their function has nothing to

do with phonology.
Phonology provides a system of lexical access, its the language

in which lexical addresses are encoded.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Whats this all about?

Usual phonology talks: Here is another really clever way of

solving the old puzzle of XYZ .

Problem: taking at face value that any kind of observation

about sound alternations or distribution has to be accounted

for by phonology. (Central Dogma of Generative Phonology: If
two forms are morphologically related and phonetically similar,
they must be derived from a common underlying form. This is
done by one or more phonological rules.)
Ignores other factors at play as well: group recognition.
For group recognition to be reliable, the system behind it has to

be extremely complex. It has to defy any kind of generalisation

and has to be learnt by rote/at a young age/pre-puberty.
That does not mean that weird distributions/alternations are

devoid of any function, only means their function has nothing to

do with phonology.
Phonology provides a system of lexical access, its the language

in which lexical addresses are encoded.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Whats this all about?

Usual phonology talks: Here is another really clever way of

solving the old puzzle of XYZ .

Problem: taking at face value that any kind of observation

about sound alternations or distribution has to be accounted

for by phonology. (Central Dogma of Generative Phonology: If
two forms are morphologically related and phonetically similar,
they must be derived from a common underlying form. This is
done by one or more phonological rules.)
Ignores other factors at play as well: group recognition.
For group recognition to be reliable, the system behind it has to

be extremely complex. It has to defy any kind of generalisation

and has to be learnt by rote/at a young age/pre-puberty.
That does not mean that weird distributions/alternations are

devoid of any function, only means their function has nothing to

do with phonology.
Phonology provides a system of lexical access, its the language

in which lexical addresses are encoded.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Whats this all about?

Usual phonology talks: Here is another really clever way of

solving the old puzzle of XYZ .

Problem: taking at face value that any kind of observation

about sound alternations or distribution has to be accounted

for by phonology. (Central Dogma of Generative Phonology: If
two forms are morphologically related and phonetically similar,
they must be derived from a common underlying form. This is
done by one or more phonological rules.)
Ignores other factors at play as well: group recognition.
For group recognition to be reliable, the system behind it has to

be extremely complex. It has to defy any kind of generalisation

and has to be learnt by rote/at a young age/pre-puberty.
That does not mean that weird distributions/alternations are

devoid of any function, only means their function has nothing to

do with phonology.
Phonology provides a system of lexical access, its the language

in which lexical addresses are encoded.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Whats this all about?

Usual phonology talks: Here is another really clever way of

solving the old puzzle of XYZ .

Problem: taking at face value that any kind of observation

about sound alternations or distribution has to be accounted

for by phonology. (Central Dogma of Generative Phonology: If
two forms are morphologically related and phonetically similar,
they must be derived from a common underlying form. This is
done by one or more phonological rules.)
Ignores other factors at play as well: group recognition.
For group recognition to be reliable, the system behind it has to

be extremely complex. It has to defy any kind of generalisation

and has to be learnt by rote/at a young age/pre-puberty.
That does not mean that weird distributions/alternations are

devoid of any function, only means their function has nothing to

do with phonology.
Phonology provides a system of lexical access, its the language

in which lexical addresses are encoded.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

What counts as phonological?

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

A particular phenomenon is phonological if and only if it conforms to

the Non-Arbitrariness Principle (NAP) and
the Minimality Hypothesis (MH) and
the Principle of Semantic Compositionality (PSC) and
structural limitations on phonological events

. . . at the same time.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

What counts as phonological?

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

A particular phenomenon is phonological if and only if it conforms to

the Non-Arbitrariness Principle (NAP) and
the Minimality Hypothesis (MH) and
the Principle of Semantic Compositionality (PSC) and
structural limitations on phonological events

. . . at the same time.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

What counts as phonological?

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

A particular phenomenon is phonological if and only if it conforms to

the Non-Arbitrariness Principle (NAP) and
the Minimality Hypothesis (MH) and
the Principle of Semantic Compositionality (PSC) and
structural limitations on phonological events

. . . at the same time.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

What counts as phonological?

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

A particular phenomenon is phonological if and only if it conforms to

the Non-Arbitrariness Principle (NAP) and
the Minimality Hypothesis (MH) and
the Principle of Semantic Compositionality (PSC) and
structural limitations on phonological events

. . . at the same time.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

What counts as phonological?

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

A particular phenomenon is phonological if and only if it conforms to

the Non-Arbitrariness Principle (NAP) and
the Minimality Hypothesis (MH) and
the Principle of Semantic Compositionality (PSC) and
structural limitations on phonological events

. . . at the same time.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

The principles explained

Non-Arbitrariness Principle (NAP)
Demands a direct relationship between a phonological process
and its environment (Kaye, Lowenstamm & Vergnaud
1990: 195).
[A]ll phonological phenomena can be described in terms of
putting things together or taking them apart (Kaye 1989: 111).
Minimality Hypothesis (MH)
Processes apply whenever their conditions are met. (Kaye
1992: 141)
No exceptions, rule ordering, non-derived environment effects.
Principle of Semantic Compositionality (PSC)
If two or more forms share a common underlying stem then the
semantics of the stem must be constant among these forms.
Yes: hit/hi[R]ing, no: curious/curiosity
Structural limitations on phonological events
Despite all the restrictions discussed so far, the theory still
overgenerates (palatalisation of alveolars always from right).
Ideally, further restrictions should follow from general principles.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

The principles explained

Non-Arbitrariness Principle (NAP)
Demands a direct relationship between a phonological process
and its environment (Kaye, Lowenstamm & Vergnaud
1990: 195).
[A]ll phonological phenomena can be described in terms of
putting things together or taking them apart (Kaye 1989: 111).
Minimality Hypothesis (MH)
Processes apply whenever their conditions are met. (Kaye
1992: 141)
No exceptions, rule ordering, non-derived environment effects.
Principle of Semantic Compositionality (PSC)
If two or more forms share a common underlying stem then the
semantics of the stem must be constant among these forms.
Yes: hit/hi[R]ing, no: curious/curiosity
Structural limitations on phonological events
Despite all the restrictions discussed so far, the theory still
overgenerates (palatalisation of alveolars always from right).
Ideally, further restrictions should follow from general principles.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

The principles explained

Non-Arbitrariness Principle (NAP)
Demands a direct relationship between a phonological process
and its environment (Kaye, Lowenstamm & Vergnaud
1990: 195).
[A]ll phonological phenomena can be described in terms of
putting things together or taking them apart (Kaye 1989: 111).
Minimality Hypothesis (MH)
Processes apply whenever their conditions are met. (Kaye
1992: 141)
No exceptions, rule ordering, non-derived environment effects.
Principle of Semantic Compositionality (PSC)
If two or more forms share a common underlying stem then the
semantics of the stem must be constant among these forms.
Yes: hit/hi[R]ing, no: curious/curiosity
Structural limitations on phonological events
Despite all the restrictions discussed so far, the theory still
overgenerates (palatalisation of alveolars always from right).
Ideally, further restrictions should follow from general principles.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

The principles explained

Non-Arbitrariness Principle (NAP)
Demands a direct relationship between a phonological process
and its environment (Kaye, Lowenstamm & Vergnaud
1990: 195).
[A]ll phonological phenomena can be described in terms of
putting things together or taking them apart (Kaye 1989: 111).
Minimality Hypothesis (MH)
Processes apply whenever their conditions are met. (Kaye
1992: 141)
No exceptions, rule ordering, non-derived environment effects.
Principle of Semantic Compositionality (PSC)
If two or more forms share a common underlying stem then the
semantics of the stem must be constant among these forms.
Yes: hit/hi[R]ing, no: curious/curiosity
Structural limitations on phonological events
Despite all the restrictions discussed so far, the theory still
overgenerates (palatalisation of alveolars always from right).
Ideally, further restrictions should follow from general principles.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

The principles explained

Non-Arbitrariness Principle (NAP)
Demands a direct relationship between a phonological process
and its environment (Kaye, Lowenstamm & Vergnaud
1990: 195).
[A]ll phonological phenomena can be described in terms of
putting things together or taking them apart (Kaye 1989: 111).
Minimality Hypothesis (MH)
Processes apply whenever their conditions are met. (Kaye
1992: 141)
No exceptions, rule ordering, non-derived environment effects.
Principle of Semantic Compositionality (PSC)
If two or more forms share a common underlying stem then the
semantics of the stem must be constant among these forms.
Yes: hit/hi[R]ing, no: curious/curiosity
Structural limitations on phonological events
Despite all the restrictions discussed so far, the theory still
overgenerates (palatalisation of alveolars always from right).
Ideally, further restrictions should follow from general principles.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

The principles explained

Non-Arbitrariness Principle (NAP)
Demands a direct relationship between a phonological process
and its environment (Kaye, Lowenstamm & Vergnaud
1990: 195).
[A]ll phonological phenomena can be described in terms of
putting things together or taking them apart (Kaye 1989: 111).
Minimality Hypothesis (MH)
Processes apply whenever their conditions are met. (Kaye
1992: 141)
No exceptions, rule ordering, non-derived environment effects.
Principle of Semantic Compositionality (PSC)
If two or more forms share a common underlying stem then the
semantics of the stem must be constant among these forms.
Yes: hit/hi[R]ing, no: curious/curiosity
Structural limitations on phonological events
Despite all the restrictions discussed so far, the theory still
overgenerates (palatalisation of alveolars always from right).
Ideally, further restrictions should follow from general principles.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

The principles explained

Non-Arbitrariness Principle (NAP)
Demands a direct relationship between a phonological process
and its environment (Kaye, Lowenstamm & Vergnaud
1990: 195).
[A]ll phonological phenomena can be described in terms of
putting things together or taking them apart (Kaye 1989: 111).
Minimality Hypothesis (MH)
Processes apply whenever their conditions are met. (Kaye
1992: 141)
No exceptions, rule ordering, non-derived environment effects.
Principle of Semantic Compositionality (PSC)
If two or more forms share a common underlying stem then the
semantics of the stem must be constant among these forms.
Yes: hit/hi[R]ing, no: curious/curiosity
Structural limitations on phonological events
Despite all the restrictions discussed so far, the theory still
overgenerates (palatalisation of alveolars always from right).
Ideally, further restrictions should follow from general principles.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

The principles explained

Non-Arbitrariness Principle (NAP)
Demands a direct relationship between a phonological process
and its environment (Kaye, Lowenstamm & Vergnaud
1990: 195).
[A]ll phonological phenomena can be described in terms of
putting things together or taking them apart (Kaye 1989: 111).
Minimality Hypothesis (MH)
Processes apply whenever their conditions are met. (Kaye
1992: 141)
No exceptions, rule ordering, non-derived environment effects.
Principle of Semantic Compositionality (PSC)
If two or more forms share a common underlying stem then the
semantics of the stem must be constant among these forms.
Yes: hit/hi[R]ing, no: curious/curiosity
Structural limitations on phonological events
Despite all the restrictions discussed so far, the theory still
overgenerates (palatalisation of alveolars always from right).
Ideally, further restrictions should follow from general principles.

All that glitters is

not gold

English NYC a: Monosyllables

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

[]
fortis stops: [p t tS k]

[
a]
lenis stops: [b d dZ g]
all fricatives: [f v s z S Z]
sonorants: [l]
sonorants: [m n]
Examples with single consonants
tap, rat, patch, pack
grab, bad, badge, bag
staff , halve, path, pass, bash, jazz
jam, ran
pal
Examples with clusters
rang
rank
ramp, rant
clasp, last, task, raft
apt, fact, lapse, tax
Examples with function words
has, as, have, can. . .

(JONATHAN: SOMEWHERE SOME EXPLANATION. ALSO:

PALE)

All that glitters is

not gold

English NYC a: Bisyllabics

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(i)
(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

[]
[
a]
All stops
Fricatives: [v T D Z]
Fricatives: [f s S]
Fricatives: [f s]
All nasals
Examples with single consonants
bladder , stagger , rabble, badger ,
baggage (< bag ?)
happy , tackle, matter , hatchet
avid, gavel, havoc, lavish, savage
psychopathic
fathom, gather
basil, dazzle, chasm
casual
raffle, baffle, scaffold
graphic
tacit, basset, castle
acid, molasses, passive
fashion, passion
hammer , camel, damage
panel, manic, banish, cannon

All that glitters is

not gold

English NYC a: Bisyllabics

(contd)

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

[]

[
a]
Examples with clusters
baptist, captain, capsule, apsis,
cactus, lactic, axis, maxim
aspen, aspic, aspirin,
plastic, basket, casket
All l+C clusters
sample, example, camphor ,
antler , phantom, anthem
anchor , blanket
gamble, amble
bandage, candid
anger , tangle, mangle

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

English NYC a: Trisyllabics

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

[]
[
a]
Almost all trisyllabics?
Examples with single consonants
radical, aggravate, elaborate, Babylon,
family
sabotage, habitat, adamant, adequate,
radical, aggravate, agony , adjective,
flagellate, vaginal, affable, daffodil,
navigate, avalanche, cavalry , casserole,
capacity , lacerate, hazardous, Lazarus,
national(?), rational(?), passionate(?),
casualty , amateur , Amazon, camera,
camouflage, vanity , sanity , bannister ,
anagram, canopy
Examples with clusters
ampersand, jamboree, antilope,
chandelier , handicap
Frankenstein, handkerchief , manganese
aspirate, asteroid, castigate

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

NYC English short [U]

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Words where short [U] follows branching onset.

Only brook and crook are legitimate examples in JKs dialect.
brook,vt,bruk
brookite,n,bruk.It
broom,n,brUm brum
clupeid,n,klupE*d
crook,n,kruk
crookback,n,kruk.bak
crooked,aj,kruk*d
crookneck,n,kruk.nek
crupper,n,kr*p*r krup
crux,n,kr*ks kruks
groom,n,grUm grum
groomsman,n,grUmzm*n grumz
uproot,vt,(.)*prUt prut
(Source: webphon.fixed, 47,233 entries.
All the examples found in the data base are listed for each category.)

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

NYC English short [U]

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Words where short [U] follows branching onset.

Only brook and crook are legitimate examples in JKs dialect.
brook,vt,bruk
brookite,n,bruk.It
broom,n,brUm brum
clupeid,n,klupE*d
crook,n,kruk
crookback,n,kruk.bak
crooked,aj,kruk*d
crookneck,n,kruk.nek
crupper,n,kr*p*r krup
crux,n,kr*ks kruks
groom,n,grUm grum
groomsman,n,grUmzm*n grumz
uproot,vt,(.)*prUt prut
(Source: webphon.fixed, 47,233 entries.
All the examples found in the data base are listed for each category.)

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

NYC English short [U]

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Words where short [U] follows an initial sC cluster.

Stood is the only example.
sputnik,n,sputnik sp*t spUt .nik
understood,aj,.*nd*rstud
(Source: webphon.fixed, 47,233 entries.
All the examples found in the data base are listed for each category.)

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

NYC English short [U]

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Words where short [U] follows an initial sC cluster.

Stood is the only example.
sputnik,n,sputnik sp*t spUt .nik
understood,aj,.*nd*rstud
(Source: webphon.fixed, 47,233 entries.
All the examples found in the data base are listed for each category.)

All that glitters is

not gold

NYC English short [U]

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Words beginning with short [U].

No real examples.
oomph,n,um(p)f
umlaut,n,um.laut Um
Uzbek,n,uz.bek *z
(Source: webphon.fixed, 47,233 entries.
All the examples found in the data base are listed for each category.)

All that glitters is

not gold

NYC English short [U]

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Words beginning with short [U].

No real examples.
oomph,n,um(p)f
umlaut,n,um.laut Um
Uzbek,n,uz.bek *z
(Source: webphon.fixed, 47,233 entries.
All the examples found in the data base are listed for each category.)

All that glitters is

not gold

NYC English short [U]

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Words beginning with short [I], used for comparison.

Loads of examples.

(STRETCHES OVER SEVERAL SLIDES)

(examples)
(Source: webphon.fixed, 47,233 entries)

All that glitters is

not gold

NYC English short [U]

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Words beginning with short [I], used for comparison.

Loads of examples.

(STRETCHES OVER SEVERAL SLIDES)

(examples)
(Source: webphon.fixed, 47,233 entries)

All that glitters is

not gold

NYC English short [U]

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Words with short [U] followed by cluster.

Wolf is the only legitimate example.

(STRETCHES OVER

SEVERAL SLIDES)
(examples)
(Source: webphon.fixed, 47,233 entries.
All the examples found in the data base are listed for each category.)

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

NYC English short [U]

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Words with short [U] followed by a labial.

Woman is the only example in JKs dialect.
broom,n,brUm brum
clupeid,n,klupE*d
coop,n,kUp kup
cooper,n,kUp*r kup*r
cooperage,n,kUp(*)rij kup(*)
crupper,n,kr*p*r krup
cum,aj|av,kum k*m
goober,n,gUb*r gub*r
groom,n,grUm grum
groomsman,n,grUmzm*n grumz
hoof,n,huf hUf
hoofed,aj,huft hUft huvd hUvd
hoofer,n,huf*r hUf*r
hoop,n,hup hUp
hoopla,n,hU.pl& hup.l&
hoopskirt,n,hupsk*rt hUp
lumpen,aj,lump*n
mufti,n,m*ftE muf

oomph,n,um(p)f
rheumatism,n,rUm*.tiz*m rum*
roof,n,rUf ruf
rooftop,n,rUf.t&p ruf
room,n,rUm rum
roomer,n,rUm*r rum*r
roomful,n,rUm.ful rum
roominess,n,rUmEn*s rumE
roommate,n,rUm.mAt rum
roomy,aj,rUmE rumE
rumba,n,r*mb* rum rUm
summa,n,sum* sUm s*m
tartuffe,n,t&rtuf tUf
umlaut,n,um.laut Um
unroof,vt,rUf ruf
whoop,n,h(w)Up h(w)up wUp wup
whoop,vb,h(w)Up h(w)up wUp wu
whoopee,ij,(h)wup(.)E (h)wU(.)pE
(h)wupE (h)wU
(Source: webphon.fixed, 47,233 entries.

All the examples found in the data base are listed for each category.)

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

NYC English short [U]

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Words with short [U] followed by a labial.

Woman is the only example in JKs dialect.
broom,n,brUm brum
clupeid,n,klupE*d
coop,n,kUp kup
cooper,n,kUp*r kup*r
cooperage,n,kUp(*)rij kup(*)
crupper,n,kr*p*r krup
cum,aj|av,kum k*m
goober,n,gUb*r gub*r
groom,n,grUm grum
groomsman,n,grUmzm*n grumz
hoof,n,huf hUf
hoofed,aj,huft hUft huvd hUvd
hoofer,n,huf*r hUf*r
hoop,n,hup hUp
hoopla,n,hU.pl& hup.l&
hoopskirt,n,hupsk*rt hUp
lumpen,aj,lump*n
mufti,n,m*ftE muf

oomph,n,um(p)f
rheumatism,n,rUm*.tiz*m rum*
roof,n,rUf ruf
rooftop,n,rUf.t&p ruf
room,n,rUm rum
roomer,n,rUm*r rum*r
roomful,n,rUm.ful rum
roominess,n,rUmEn*s rumE
roommate,n,rUm.mAt rum
roomy,aj,rUmE rumE
rumba,n,r*mb* rum rUm
summa,n,sum* sUm s*m
tartuffe,n,t&rtuf tUf
umlaut,n,um.laut Um
unroof,vt,rUf ruf
whoop,n,h(w)Up h(w)up wUp wup
whoop,vb,h(w)Up h(w)up wUp wu
whoopee,ij,(h)wup(.)E (h)wU(.)pE
(h)wupE (h)wU
(Source: webphon.fixed, 47,233 entries.

All the examples found in the data base are listed for each category.)

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

NYC English short [U]

Introduction

Words with short [U] followed by a nasal.

Case studies

Woman is the only example in JKs dialect along with a few

Conclusion
References

loanwords (junta, umlaut).

bassoon,n,b*sun ba
broom,n,brUm brum
bund,n,bund b*nd
cum,aj|av,kum k*m
gesundheit,ij,g*zunt.hIt
groom,n,grUm grum
groomsman,n,grUmzm*n grumz
Gunther,n,gunt*r
internuncial,aj,.int*rn*n(t)sE*l
nun(t)
internuncio,n,n*n(t)sE.O nun(t)
junta,n,hunt* hUnt* j*nt*
kunzite,n,kun(t).sIt
lumpen,aj,lump*n
Muenster,n,m*n(t)st*r m(y)Un(t)
mun(t) min(t)
nun,n,nun
nuncio,n,n*n(t)sE.O nun(t)
oomph,n,um(p)f
rheumatism,n,rUm*.tiz*m rum*

room,n,rUm rum
roomer,n,rUm*r rum*r
roomful,n,rUm.ful rum
roominess,n,rUmEn*s rumE
roommate,n,rUm.mAt rum
roomy,aj,rUmE rumE
rumba,n,r*mb* rum rUm
scrunch,vb,skr*nC skrunC
soon,av,sUn sun
summa,n,sum* sUm s*m
sunna,n,sun* s*n
Sunnism,n,sun.iz*m s*n
tundra,n,t*ndr* tun
umlaut,n,um.laut Um
woman,n,wum*n
womanhood,n,wum*n.hud
womanish,aj,wum*niS
womankind,n,wum*n.kInd
wunderkind,n,vund*r.kint
(Source: webphon.fixed, 47,233 entries.

All the examples found in the data base are listed for each category.)

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

NYC English short [U]

Introduction

Words with short [U] followed by a nasal.

Case studies

Woman is the only example in JKs dialect along with a few

Conclusion
References

loanwords (junta, umlaut).

bassoon,n,b*sun ba
broom,n,brUm brum
bund,n,bund b*nd
cum,aj|av,kum k*m
gesundheit,ij,g*zunt.hIt
groom,n,grUm grum
groomsman,n,grUmzm*n grumz
Gunther,n,gunt*r
internuncial,aj,.int*rn*n(t)sE*l
nun(t)
internuncio,n,n*n(t)sE.O nun(t)
junta,n,hunt* hUnt* j*nt*
kunzite,n,kun(t).sIt
lumpen,aj,lump*n
Muenster,n,m*n(t)st*r m(y)Un(t)
mun(t) min(t)
nun,n,nun
nuncio,n,n*n(t)sE.O nun(t)
oomph,n,um(p)f
rheumatism,n,rUm*.tiz*m rum*

room,n,rUm rum
roomer,n,rUm*r rum*r
roomful,n,rUm.ful rum
roominess,n,rUmEn*s rumE
roommate,n,rUm.mAt rum
roomy,aj,rUmE rumE
rumba,n,r*mb* rum rUm
scrunch,vb,skr*nC skrunC
soon,av,sUn sun
summa,n,sum* sUm s*m
sunna,n,sun* s*n
Sunnism,n,sun.iz*m s*n
tundra,n,t*ndr* tun
umlaut,n,um.laut Um
woman,n,wum*n
womanhood,n,wum*n.hud
womanish,aj,wum*niS
womankind,n,wum*n.kInd
wunderkind,n,vund*r.kint
(Source: webphon.fixed, 47,233 entries.

All the examples found in the data base are listed for each category.)

All that glitters is

not gold

Turkish e/E

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Turkish has more vowels than what the spelling suggests, in

particular [e] 6= [E].

Underhill (1976: 14): [E] is found in closed syllables [. . . ]

before l, m, n, and r.
Usually claimed to be in complementary distribution with [e]

(Ozsoy
2004) (and therefore ignored).
However, the distribution is far from complementary.

All that glitters is

not gold

Turkish e/E

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Turkish has more vowels than what the spelling suggests, in

particular [e] 6= [E].

Underhill (1976: 14): [E] is found in closed syllables [. . . ]

before l, m, n, and r.
Usually claimed to be in complementary distribution with [e]

(Ozsoy
2004) (and therefore ignored).
However, the distribution is far from complementary.

All that glitters is

not gold

Turkish e/E

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Turkish has more vowels than what the spelling suggests, in

particular [e] 6= [E].

Underhill (1976: 14): [E] is found in closed syllables [. . . ]

before l, m, n, and r.
Usually claimed to be in complementary distribution with [e]

(Ozsoy
2004) (and therefore ignored).
However, the distribution is far from complementary.

All that glitters is

not gold

Turkish e/E

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Turkish has more vowels than what the spelling suggests, in

particular [e] 6= [E].

Underhill (1976: 14): [E] is found in closed syllables [. . . ]

before l, m, n, and r.
Usually claimed to be in complementary distribution with [e]

(Ozsoy
2004) (and therefore ignored).
However, the distribution is far from complementary.

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

Turkish e/E (contd)

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

gel [E] come! 6= el [e] hand

ben [E] I 6= en [e] most
For some speakers: ben [E] I 6= ben [e] mole
kendi oneself [E] (younger generation) vs. [e] (older generation)

(MARKUS: SEMRA, BALKIZ)

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

Turkish e/E (contd)

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

gel [E] come! 6= el [e] hand

ben [E] I 6= en [e] most
For some speakers: ben [E] I 6= ben [e] mole
kendi oneself [E] (younger generation) vs. [e] (older generation)

(MARKUS: SEMRA, BALKIZ)

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

Turkish e/E (contd)

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

gel [E] come! 6= el [e] hand

ben [E] I 6= en [e] most
For some speakers: ben [E] I 6= ben [e] mole
kendi oneself [E] (younger generation) vs. [e] (older generation)

(MARKUS: SEMRA, BALKIZ)

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

Turkish e/E (contd)

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

gel [E] come! 6= el [e] hand

ben [E] I 6= en [e] most
For some speakers: ben [E] I 6= ben [e] mole
kendi oneself [E] (younger generation) vs. [e] (older generation)

(MARKUS: SEMRA, BALKIZ)

All that glitters is

not gold

Turkish k- alternation

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Lewis (1967); G
oksel & Kerslake (2005)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

dilek
sokak
ak
g
ok
bak-mak

wish
street
white
sky
to see

dile
g-i
soka
g-
ak-
g
og
-
u
bak-acak

id. acc.
id. acc.
id. acc.
id. acc.
s/he will see

dilek-ler

id. pl.

ad a. k in intervocalic position lost (

g = nothing)
ad b. First k in sokak stable, second one not.
ad c. Monosyllables are often immune to the alternation. . .
ad d. . . . except when they are not.
ad e. Verbal stems are systematically exempt from the alternation.
(Literature: Disagreement about UR (k, g, both?) and most
encompassing rule.)

All that glitters is

not gold

Turkish k- alternation

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Lewis (1967); G
oksel & Kerslake (2005)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

dilek
sokak
ak
g
ok
bak-mak

wish
street
white
sky
to see

dile
g-i
soka
g-
ak-
g
og
-
u
bak-acak

id. acc.
id. acc.
id. acc.
id. acc.
s/he will see

dilek-ler

id. pl.

ad a. k in intervocalic position lost (

g = nothing)
ad b. First k in sokak stable, second one not.
ad c. Monosyllables are often immune to the alternation. . .
ad d. . . . except when they are not.
ad e. Verbal stems are systematically exempt from the alternation.
(Literature: Disagreement about UR (k, g, both?) and most
encompassing rule.)

All that glitters is

not gold

Turkish k- alternation

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Lewis (1967); G
oksel & Kerslake (2005)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

dilek
sokak
ak
g
ok
bak-mak

wish
street
white
sky
to see

dile
g-i
soka
g-
ak-
g
og
-
u
bak-acak

id. acc.
id. acc.
id. acc.
id. acc.
s/he will see

dilek-ler

id. pl.

ad a. k in intervocalic position lost (

g = nothing)
ad b. First k in sokak stable, second one not.
ad c. Monosyllables are often immune to the alternation. . .
ad d. . . . except when they are not.
ad e. Verbal stems are systematically exempt from the alternation.
(Literature: Disagreement about UR (k, g, both?) and most
encompassing rule.)

All that glitters is

not gold

Turkish k- alternation

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Lewis (1967); G
oksel & Kerslake (2005)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

dilek
sokak
ak
g
ok
bak-mak

wish
street
white
sky
to see

dile
g-i
soka
g-
ak-
g
og
-
u
bak-acak

id. acc.
id. acc.
id. acc.
id. acc.
s/he will see

dilek-ler

id. pl.

ad a. k in intervocalic position lost (

g = nothing)
ad b. First k in sokak stable, second one not.
ad c. Monosyllables are often immune to the alternation. . .
ad d. . . . except when they are not.
ad e. Verbal stems are systematically exempt from the alternation.
(Literature: Disagreement about UR (k, g, both?) and most
encompassing rule.)

All that glitters is

not gold

Turkish k- alternation

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Lewis (1967); G
oksel & Kerslake (2005)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

dilek
sokak
ak
g
ok
bak-mak

wish
street
white
sky
to see

dile
g-i
soka
g-
ak-
g
og
-
u
bak-acak

id. acc.
id. acc.
id. acc.
id. acc.
s/he will see

dilek-ler

id. pl.

ad a. k in intervocalic position lost (

g = nothing)
ad b. First k in sokak stable, second one not.
ad c. Monosyllables are often immune to the alternation. . .
ad d. . . . except when they are not.
ad e. Verbal stems are systematically exempt from the alternation.
(Literature: Disagreement about UR (k, g, both?) and most
encompassing rule.)

All that glitters is

not gold

Turkish k- alternation

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Lewis (1967); G
oksel & Kerslake (2005)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

dilek
sokak
ak
g
ok
bak-mak

wish
street
white
sky
to see

dile
g-i
soka
g-
ak-
g
og
-
u
bak-acak

id. acc.
id. acc.
id. acc.
id. acc.
s/he will see

dilek-ler

id. pl.

ad a. k in intervocalic position lost (

g = nothing)
ad b. First k in sokak stable, second one not.
ad c. Monosyllables are often immune to the alternation. . .
ad d. . . . except when they are not.
ad e. Verbal stems are systematically exempt from the alternation.
(Literature: Disagreement about UR (k, g, both?) and most
encompassing rule.)

All that glitters is

not gold

Turkish k- alternation

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

Lewis (1967); G
oksel & Kerslake (2005)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

dilek
sokak
ak
g
ok
bak-mak

wish
street
white
sky
to see

dile
g-i
soka
g-
ak-
g
og
-
u
bak-acak

id. acc.
id. acc.
id. acc.
id. acc.
s/he will see

dilek-ler

id. pl.

ad a. k in intervocalic position lost (

g = nothing)
ad b. First k in sokak stable, second one not.
ad c. Monosyllables are often immune to the alternation. . .
ad d. . . . except when they are not.
ad e. Verbal stems are systematically exempt from the alternation.
(Literature: Disagreement about UR (k, g, both?) and most
encompassing rule.)

All that glitters is

not gold

Turkish k- alternation (contd)

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

(MARKUS)

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

l-vocalisation in Austrian German

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

(MARKUS)

All that glitters is

not gold

German st/St

Kaye &
P
ochtrager
Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

(MARKUS)

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

German Umlaut

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

(only hinted at, if at allindividual talk)

(MARKUS)

All that glitters is

not gold
Kaye &
P
ochtrager

References I

Introduction
Case studies
Conclusion
References

G
oksel, Asl & Kerslake, Celia (2005): Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar. London, New York: Routledge.
Kaye, Jonathan (1989): Phonology: A Cognitive View. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kaye, Jonathan (1992): Do you believe in magic? The story of s+C sequences. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics &
Phonetics, 2, 293313.
Kaye, Jonathan, Lowenstamm, Jean & Vergnaud, Jean-Roger (1990): Constituent structure and government in
phonology. Phonology, 7, 2, 193231.
Lewis, Geoffrey (1967): Turkish Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ozsoy,
A. Sumru (2004): T
urkcenin Yaps I. Sesbilim. Istanbul: Bo
gazici Universitesi
Yaynevi.
Underhill, Robert (1976): Turkish Grammar. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London: MIT Press.