,. ...

~-- ,_

Mastering

..

--.-.,.-,
.: __ .,,,,!
__ ,

_,..,..,.~

,.

j:~7-:~is=:--==.-

-~=-.,.,;.?:-~~-,::

This set of books is written to provide a V'.ide range of classified

questions that reinforce students' understanding in Advanced Level Physics,
in the form of multiple choice questions and structured questions. It
consists of four books according to the new HKALE syllabus: Mechanics,
Waves, Electricity and Magnetism, and Matters.

:;.:.-::~~;.~~.

;:..:~:ii~'"''-?"-;_~
-..:.: .,.
.

~E~
~- ";;;:~ ~~{.._

In each chapter, there are

Brief notes intended to provide basic concept and allow quick

revision,
Worked examples which demon~trate the applications of important
formula and problem solving technique
Multiple choice questions grouped according to their objectives V\ith
each question testing a unique concept
Exercises graded according to difficulties covering all aspects of the
course requirement at A/AS Level
Exam-type qu~stions which are highly structured, containing
elements of comprehension and data analysis on unfamiliar
situations

The main goals of this book are to develop student's confidence, to

increase their understanding of natural laws, and to motivate their interests
in the field of Physics. The questions in this book are designed to develop
the ability to solve problems, to construct logical arguments involving a
series of steps, and to apply them to real-life situations.
An effort has been made to see that the data correspond to reality
and the situations correspond to real objects, for instance, with realistic
masses mO\ing with realistic speeds. Effort has also been made to reduce
the complexity of numerical calculations so that each question involves very
little amount of Mathematics. With reference to the new trending of learning
Physics in which more stress are put on experiments, detailed diagrams are
drawn and, in some questions, use of instrument and familiarity of electric
circuits are tested. Fachlal recalls are eliminated from the questions as far
as possible. Students aiming for excellent results should find this book
indispensable.

Solutions to all questions are published in a separate book "Solutions

to Mastering Advanced Physics" in four other volumes.

Raymond W.N. Chan

September 2005 in Hong Kong

- .. .,....--:::-

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Statics .............................................. 1
Brief Notes
Worked Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Exercises
Exam-type Questions

7
10
17
23

Kinematics

25

Brief Notes
Worked Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Exercises
Exam-type Questions

25

Dynamics

45

Brief Notes
Worked Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Exercises
Exam-type Questions

45

Projectile Motion
Brief Notes
Worked Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Exercises
Exam-type Questions

Chapter 5

Circular Motion
Brief Notes
Worked Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Exercises
Exam-type Questions

Chapter 6

Gravitation
Brief Notes
Worked Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Exercises
Exam-type Questions

Chapter 7

Oscillation
Brief Notes
Worked Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Exercises
Exam-type Questions

Answers

28
30
38

42

50

56
82
92

101
101
104
106
115
118

121
121
123

126
142
147

153
153

156
161
173
180

185
185
189
192

208

213

220

Chapter 2

- - - -- ---

Chapter 3

Kinematics
~----

. --~

.. ... -

Dynamics

----------~---.. -

-"'---

25
45

Chapter 4

Projectile Motion

101

Chapter 5

Circular Motion

121

- - ------------- .Chapter 6

-~--~~~---------

Gravitation

153
185

'

CHAPTER

Statics

1
BRIEF NOTES
Mathematical
Formula

Algebra
1 {oo,forx>O
If x--+ 0 then - =
, (1 + x)" ""'1 + nx and (1-xr" ""'1+nx
__
x
- oo, for x < 0

y=mx+c

y=kx~

""~"""'-'--~-~.......i

y\

...... :..1.'1, ...~-----=--- --.._j

y
Positive slope

..,::~4:~

Negative slope

-.......___,
"'-.__' - - - - - - - - X

Exponential and logarithm

If x=lO ' ,then y= logx

If x = e', then y =I n x

log(x y) = logx+ logy

ln (x y)

log(x/ y)

ln(xl y) = lnx-ln v

logx- log y

logx" = nlogx

y=e

\'

ln x"

In x +In y

nlnx

,,.

,.

-~---'

1- e"

~-"~--~ J

- 2.72

Ne ter

I011ch

the x-uxis

-0.37

\0/ope is 1101
~ era here!

I lk

y = kx"

-0.63

Ilk

Ilk

or

~J~Z..~.~fut.J~i kJ

I'

logy

slope=

11

log k
logx
0

Brief Notes

.
'

Section A

Mechanics

r
I

Trigonometry
sin( -8) =-sin 8

t!

cos( -8) = cos 8

sin 8
tan(-8) =-tan 8 = - - cos8

t
cos 28 = 2 cos 8- 1
cos( 8 ) = cos 8 cos+ sin 8 sin

c
2

sin A

sin B

sin C

surface area, A= 4nr

k
kx

c =a +b -2abcosC

For a sphere, volume, F = 1m

Function y=f(x)

sin 28 = 2 sin 8 cos 8

sin(8) =sin 8coscos8sin

Geometry
For any triangle,

cos(90 8) =+sin 8

sin(90 8) = cos 8

B~
c

dy

DifferentiaL

dx

0
k
llX

n-1
11

sin(kx)
cos(kx)
e~cx

Function y=f(x)

k cos(kx)
-k sin(kx)

ke"'

fy dx

Integral,

kx +c
kx2

kx

-+c
2

x"

--+c
n+l

xn+1

ln(x)+c
X

sin(kx)

cos(kx)
----+c

cos(kx)

sin(kx)
---+c
k

-+c
k

V'-/

Error
Treatment

Random error occurs when repeated measurements of the same quantity give rise to
different values.
Systematic error refers to an effect that influences all measurements of a particular quantity
equally.
Systematic errors may be due to

zero errors

human errors

failing instrument

poor design of experiment

Systematic errors affect the accuracy of the result

Brief Notes

'

'

'

.
Chapter 1

Statics

The largest probable error (uncertainty) is the maximum dev iation from the mean value.
Percentaoe error = 6 A= largest probable error xI 00%
"'
A
mean value
For A x y or A= x- y , M
y

=+

=I xI+I I.

For A= cx; y" , where c and n are constan t,

Measuring
instrument

~ =l~;'"l+n 16:1+1 6 1
2

Vernier Caliper
upper jaws
(fo r internal diameter)
probe
(for depth)

I
fixed scale

II
i

sliding scale

T:~p2

lowe r jaws
(for external diameter)
em

1111l1ffitrnir11

sliding scale -

~.

step 4

Istep 3
I

_______..
0.1 mm ~

21+0.1=21.1 mm ~

Micrometer Screw Gauge

sleeve (rotatable)

I
I
I

step 4

1.5+0.33=1.83 mm

1.5 mm

Brief Notes

Section A

Free
body
diagram

Mechanics

A~t~r~e~s~t------------------------------,

Acceleratin

Concurrent
forces

Condition for equilibrium:

For an object acted on by two or more forces in different directions,
the net force is zero:
F =0

the external forces are concurrent with the weight (i.e. passing through the same point)

Toppling of
object

Moment of
forces

Toppling begins to occur when the normal reaction reaches the lower edge of the object.
toppling begins to occur

Moment of force measures the turning effect of the

force.
1

Static
Equilibrium

The general conditions for static equilibrium:

The net force on the object is zero:
F=0
I.

2.

Brief Notes

= Fxrsin 8

The total moment about any point is zero

= 0

Chapter 1

Vector nature
of forces

Statics

Resultant of two forces

Resultant F

Horizontal:
Components:

{ Vertical:

F,

= F; cos 8 + F2 cos 82

FY

= F; sin 81 + F2 sin 8 2
Direction: 8 = tan_, (

Resultant:

Center of
gravity

~J

Rod

x=-'-;=
: ::'--- or x =

-";=
:::'---

I~
w,
x,

,~';':','~,I I

It'

C. G.

W,
X,

It I

w,
X,

Lamina
Applied force

'I

IV

x=-'-'=
:::'- - -

M
N

2)m;y;)
y =-'-'=-'_,_ __

M
C.G may be located outside the object.
(e. g . L-shaped objects)
C.G can be found by suspending the object
freely at two points. It is~e -i~ecting
point of lines drawn using a~lumb-lin 2\

Stability

I.
2.
3.

.r-axis

Neutral equilibrium When displaced, the C.G remains at the same level
When displaced, the C.G is raised.
Stable equilibrium
Unstable equilibrium Wh en dt splaced , the C. G. is !oweted.

N e utral
equilibrium

Friction

Stable
equilibrium

Unsta ble
equilibrium

Friction occurs between two contact surfaces in a way to resist their relative motions.
Lubrication or the use of bearings can reduce kinetic friction, and helps to energy
savtng.

Brief Notes

Section A

Mechanics

Kinetic friction

Kin etic friction fk usually takes on a fix ed value, independent of the relative speed of the
contact surfaces.
It accounts f()r !Tl91?L~_!)_ergy dissipation.
For instance, it occ~~ between the rotating shaft of a car and its chassis.

Static friction

Static friction f, is alway s eq ual to the applied force, as there is no rel ative motion between
the contact surfaces.
Static friction will not cause energy di ssipation.
The limiting static friction f L is

independen_t_cif _the .<IQPl!rent macro;copic area of contact

proportional to the magnitude ofiionn al contat force "R.

Coefficient of
friction

Coefficient of friction Jl is defi ned to indicate roughness:

Kinetic friction
fk = ).l.k R

Static fric tion

= ).l._,R

fL

. !

(Jlldepends on
, __.. ,
th e ~.s of the surfaces

the conditions of the surfaces (polished. lubricated etc.)

Ill

>).l., l

/'---./

Fri ction

.f
In mot1on

At rest

limiting
friction

f
.f=(;

:.::..;:,_~.

~. . ..

-"' :?~1}~~;~

.;r~~~~~w~~~i~~

Applied force

Friction in a
car

When a car undergoes normal braking without skidding, kinetic friction exists between the
brake pads and the rotating wheels , while static friction exists between the tyres and the road.
However, on wet or icy roads, the static friction is reduced very muc_h and the wheels would
be easily locked, causing skidding. Skidding would also occur if the brake pedal s are pressed
tocihard.
~
........___
-

Hooke's Law

The extension or compression of a sprin g is directly proportional to the forc e acting on it,
provided that the deformation is small (less than the elastic limit) .
F=k

where k is the force constant of the spring.

Combination of
springs

In series:

In parallel:

Wh en two identical spri ngs are joined in series , k' = k/2 .

\Vhen two iden ti cal spri ngs are joined in parallel , k' = 2k.

Brief Notes

'I

..
Chapterl

Statics

t'

WORKED EXAMPlES
EXAMPLE 1

A workman uses a set of ropes to unload a l 200 N cargo from a truck as shown. The
ropes are arranged so that the segment pulled by the workman is horizontal. As the mass
is raised a small height from the truck, find
(a)
(b)

the tension Tin the upper rope

the force F supp li ed by the workman

I
T
F
1200 N

Fig.h

Fig. a

SOLUTION

Consider the forces at the junction of the ropes (see Fig. b ). At equilibrium , the vertical and horizontal
forces are balanced. We have
Tcos20 = 1200 ...... .. .. (!)
{ F = T sin 20
..... .. ... (2)
From ( I) , T = 1277 N

1300 N

Puttin g into (2), F = 437 N

EXAMPLE

440 N

Two identical smooth spheres of weight l N and radius rare placed inside a smooth
cylinder of radius l.Sr. Find
(a)
(b)

the force N between the sp heres,

the forceR acting on the upper sphere by the cylinder.

Forces on the upper sphere

1.5r

R\

w
Fig.a

Figb

Fig.c

Worked Examples

'

Mechanics

Section A

.)::

SOLUTION

From the geometry in Fig.a , the angle 8 that the lin e joining the centers makes with th e horizontal is
given by
cos 8

= __::__

. .

2r

60

As the surfaces are smooth, the contact force s are at right angle to the surfaces of the spheres, i.e. they
are radial (see Fig.b). Consider the forces on the upper sphere (see Fig.c). The x- and y-co mp onen ts
are respectively
N cos8 = R
{ Nsin8 = W

From (2), N

..... (!)
.... ... ... .. ... (2)

IV

sin 8

sin 60"

= -- = - - =

__!!_ = ~ = 2.31

Putting into (I), R =

EXAMPLE

1.15 N

cos 8

cos60o

A stage is set up by a wooden plank PQ of weight 1000 N and length 12 m . The stage is
supported by two ropes, A and 8, which are both 2 m from the ends. A workman of
weight 600 N walks from rope 8 towards end P.

600 N

Fig. a

12m

'r
i

SOLUTION

(a)
(b)

Describe the variation in tension of the rope.

State whether the stage will topple before the workman can reach P?

(a)

Let x be the distance of the workman from rope A (see Fig. b). Initially, x = 8 m. At P, x =-2m.

T'
p

1-

4m

A
1000 N

Fig.b

- l!
I

[._

600 N

Taking mom e nt about the point where rope A is attached to the plank,
4 x 1000 + 600x

8T

75x + 500 ....... .. (])

As the workman moves towards P, x decreases from 8 m to-2m, i.e. T always decreases.
On the other hand , the tension T' in the other rope must increase because the weight is balanced
by T and T'.
Therefore, during the movement, tension in rope A increases and that in rope B decreases .
.

(b)

For th e plank to topple, one of the rope s slacks. Putting T = 0 into (I) ,
0 = 75x + 500

:. x = -6.67 m

Thi s is imposs ible sin ce th e sma lles t value of xis -2m.

Worked Examples

r--

r-

Statics

Chapter 1

A uniform ladder of length 4 m and weight 1 000 N leans against a wall making an angle
of 60 to the horizontal. The maximum friction between the ladder and the ground is
400 N.

EXAMPLE 4

(a)
(b)
(c)

Determine the normal reaction on the ladder from the wall.

Hence, find the friction between the ladder and the ground.
A man of weight 500 N climb s up the ladder. How far can the man climb up the
ladder without causing the ladder to fall down?

-- smooth wall

;,;~~~
' :i!

.\"

-:.::~~

~~**
. _..t.,_

rough
ground

. -...:O.r

-----~--

.. t

p
....,_

;~??!lC~.:;:

Fig.b

Fig. a

SOLUTION

(a)

R'

60

R
--

J.:.... =

'

p
400 N

Fig.c

Fig.b s hows all the forces acting on the ladd er. T aki ng moment abo ut th e lowest point P. the
normal reac tion N from th e wall is give n by

4si n 60 = 1000 x 2cos60"

N = 289 N

(b)

The gro und exerts two forces o n the ladder: the friction f to the left a nd the normal reaction R
upward. As hor izonta l force are balanced, f = N = 239 N .

(c)

The ladder falls if th e friction between the ladder and th e ground is not great e nou g h to balance
the no rm a l re ac ti o n N' from the wal l (see Fig.c). The limiting case occurs when
N' = J.na< = 400 N .

Refer to F ig.c. Taking moment about P,

N' x 4sin 60 = 1000 x 2cos6o + 500 x cos6o

400 x 3.46 = 1000 + 250x

x

1.54 m

Worked Examples

10

Section A

Mechanics

MUlTIPlE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Error Treatment
l.

B.

In an experiment to determine the acceleration

due to gravity , a metal ball is dropped from rest
through two pairs of metal foils as shown. The
timer scaler is used to measure the time interval
in which the ball moves between the frames.
Which of the foll owing may reduce the random
error?

o~---.l.....l....l..;..l_J_J

_ __ . .

x ..

c.

A'

Metal foil

()

x ..

D.

n
X

(3)

Repeat the experiment for many times.

Use a larger metal ball so that its radius
ca n be measured more accuratel y.
Release the ball closer to the upper frame.

A.
B.
C.
D.

(l)only
(3) only
(1) and (2) only
(2) and (3) only

(I)
(2)

3.

In an experiment to measure th e thickness of a

metal tube, the external diameter and internal
diameter are found to be (82 I ) mm and
(76 1) mm respectively. What is the best
representation of the thickness of the tube?
A.
B.

2.

c.

An experiment is repeated for several times.

Given that the standard value of a quantit y is x 0
The charts below represent the distribution of
readings in four experiments. N represents the
number of occurrence of a given reading x.
Which experimental result is neither precise nor
inaccurate?

... N

A.

D.

4.

A.
B.

c.
X

L __ _~LL~~LL~--~~

x ..

Multiple-Choice Questions

32mm
3 1 nun
61mm
62mm

L)

A student measures the diameter d of a sphere to

determine the volume V. If the percent error in d
is 5%, what is the percent error in V?

D.
()

.\

5%
10%
15 %
50% .

.,
Chapter 1
5.

9.

A micrometer screw gauge is used to measure

the diameter of a piece of wire. The following
readings were obtained :

The period of oscillation, T, of a si mple

pendulum is related to its length , l, by the
formula T

mean zero reading

mean diameter

-0.15
+3.25

0.02 mm, and

0.02 mm.

C.
D.

6.

3.10
3.10
3.40
3.40

0.02
0.04
0.02
0.04

The formula F

A.

c.
D.

A.

m v2

B.

= --

C.
D.

4%
5%
9%
12%

10.

In an experiment to determine the area of

cross-section of a metal wire, a student measures
its diameter and obtains a value of 0.80 mm,
subject to an error of 0.04 mm. Which of the
following is the most appropriate way of
exp ressing the result ?
A.
B.
C.
D.

8.

0.5026 0.025 mm2

0.50 0.03 mm 2
0.5026 0.05 mm 2
0.50 0.05 mm 2

'

In an experiment to meas ure the pressure due to

the weight of metal cube, the following
measurements were obtained:

Estimate the percent error in calculating the

force
value of pressure using the formula p = - - .
area
A.
2%
B.
5%

D.

8%
11%

find experimentally

9.8 0.3 m s- 2
9.78 0.304 m s-2
9.8 0.2 m s-2
9.785 0.163 m s-2

Which of the following experimental techniques

reduces the systematic error of the quantity
being investigated?

B.

C.
D.

timing a large number of oscillations to

find a period.
measuring the diameter of a wire
repeatedly and calculating the average.
adjusting an ammeter to remove its ze ro
error before measuring a current.
using a metre rule graduated in 0.5 mm
rather than I mm to meas ure diameter.

'

11.

In an experiment to determine the period T of an

oscillation, the time, t, for a number of complete
oscillations is taken. It is found that the time for
20 complete oscillations is 36.5 0.2 s. Which
of the following statements is/are correct ?
(l)

weight of the cube = 132 3 N

side of the cube= 0.034 0.001 m

c.

J7i . To

Which of the following is the most appropriate

way of expressing the result?

A.
7.

2:rc

time for 10 oscillations : 13.8 0.2 s

length of the pendulum : 0.472 0.001 m

mm
mm
mm
mm

is used to calculate the

l
centripetal force. If the percent errors in m, v and
l are 2%, 3% and 4% respectively, the percent
error in F is

B.

the acceleration of free fall by using in simple

pendulum, a student takes the following
measurements:

The diameter of the wire should be written as

A.
B.

Statics

(2)

(3)

A.
B.

C.
D.

The reading error in t can be reduced by

counting 100 oscillations.
The percent error in T is the same as that
in t.
The period T determined s hould be quoted
as 1.83 0.01 s.
(l) only
(3) only
(1) and (2) only
(2) and (3) only

Multiple-Choice Questions

11

,.

12

Section A

Mechanics
15.

Force as a Vector

12.

If a force of 10 N is resolved into two

perpendicular components, which of the
following statements is/are ROSsible?
(1)

(2)
(3)

A.
B.
C.
D.
13.

air propeller

(1) only

(3) only
(1) and (2) only

toy plane

(2) and (3) only

What is the minimum resultant of these two

forces?

14.

One component is 6 N; the other is 8 N.

Each component equals 5 N.
One of the components is greater than 10
N.

The resultant of two forces F 1 and F 2 acting at a

point can have a maximum value of 7 N. When
the two forces act at right angles to each other,
the magnitude of their resultant is 5 N.

A.

The figure shows a toy plane with an air

propeller connected by a light string to a fixed
point P on the ceiling. The plane remains
stationary when the propeller is on. .

B.

0
1N

C.
D.

2N
3N

A ball suspended by a string can be balanced by

an external force in two cases as shown above. F
is applied horizontally and F' is applied at right
angle to the string.

Which of the following diagrams correctly

represents the forces acting on the plane?
A.

B.

c.

D.

Case A

Case B

What is the difference in size between the two

forces?
A.
B.

0
nzg(tanG-cosG)

C.

mg (cos B- sin B)

D.

mg (tanG- sin G)

Multiple-Choice Questions

Chapter 1
16.

The directions of three forces acting on a body

are represented by three arrows in each of the
diagrams below. In the absence of any other
forces, which of the bodies cannot be in static
equilibrium under any circumstances?

A.
B.

(I)

D.

13

Statics

What is the force acting on the hand of the boy

by M?
Mg
Mg
Mg -mg
Mg-mg

c.
18.

upward
downward
upward
downward

A block of mass 100 kg is to be lowered stead ily

1
at a~ s by an applied force
F at the end of a string passing over a fixed
freely-runn ing pulley. Take g = 10m s- 2
.

(2)

~9;C-

r .......

smooth
pulley

(3)

100 kg

A.
A.
B.

C.
D.

( 1) only
(3)only
(!) and (2) only
(2) and (3) only

B.

C.
D.

Pulley
17.

19.
....__....,

F is less than 1000 N but greater than

zero.
F is equal to 1000 N.
F is g reater than 1000 N but less than
2000 N.
F is greater than 2000 N.

The system of masses shown is

equilibrium.

in

static

A heavier mass /vf and a lighter mass m are

connected by a light string passing over a
smooth pulley of negligible mass. The system is
kept stationary by a boy holding !VI.
T,
T,

50 kg

.'vi

100 kg

Ill

Which of the following is correct?

A.

B.
C.
D.

Tt > T2
T2 > T,
T3 > Tz
T, > T2

> T3
> T3
> T1
= T3

Multiple-Choice Questions

14

Mechanics

Section A

--------'---'-----

-~----

Friction
22.
20.

A slowly increasing horizontal force is applied

to a block resting on a rough horizontal surface.

Two blocks are connected by a light string

passing over a light, frictionless pulley as shown.
The largest frictional force between the 1.0 kg
mass and the inclined plane is 4.0 N.

slowly increasing
applied force

rough plane
(max. friction 4 N)

Which one of the following graphs correctly

represents the relationship between the sizes of
the applied force F and the frictional force f
acting on the block?

111

Detennine the mass of m when the 1.0 kg mass

is on the point of (a) sliding up and (b) sliding
down the plane. Take g =10m s 2 .

A.
F

A
B.

c.
D.

sliding up
0.1 kg
0.5 kg
0.9 kg
0.9 kg

sliding down
0.9 kg
0.5 kg
0.1 kg
0.9 kg

B.

23.
F

Two wooden blocks P and Q are connected by a

string which passes over a smooth, fixed pulley
as shown. The maximum friction between any
two surfaces is 1 N.

c.
F
F

D.

o""-----'----_.
21.

If a horizontal force F is applied to block Q, find

its minimum value for moving Q.

A block of wood of mass 1.0 kg is gently placed

on an inclined plane which makes an angle of
60 to the horizontal. The coefficient of static
friction between the block and the plane is 2.0
and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 1.5.
What is the frictional force acting on the block?
Take g =10m s 2 .
A

B.
C.
D.

5.0N
7.5 N
8.7 N
10 N

Multiple-Choice Questions

A
B.
C.
D.

IN
2N
3N
4N

Chapter 1

Moment of force
24.

26.

The diagram shows a uniform rod of length

Statics

A uniform metre rule of weight 2 N is pivoted at

the 70 em mark as shown. A mass of weight 5 N
is suspended at the 100 em end.

.!JL!rl freely pivoted at P, suspended horizontally

70 em

and at rest in the manner shown. M is a 3 kg

mass attached to a weightless string that passes
over a smooth pulley and tied to the end of the
rod.

- -"i

pivot P

5N

lm

When the rule is horizontal, what is the resultant

turning moment about the pivot P?

A.
B.

0 .5Nm
0.5Nm
1.1 Nm
l.INm

c.
D.

clockwise
anti-clockwise
clockwise
anti-clockwise

3 kg

27.

The mass of the rod is

c.

1.5 kg
3.0 kg
4.0 kg

D.

6.9 kg

A.
B.

25.

--

A person climbs up a ladder PQ which is

supported by a smooth wall and a rough ground.

Q -- smooth

,,'

wall

The torque produced by the pair of forces F

about the point 0 as shown is
A.
B.
C.
D.

Fd
Fd
Fx
2Fd

clockwise
anti-clockwise
clockwise
clockwise

rough
ground

Which of the following would increase as the

person climbs up the ladder?

(2)
(3)

normal reaction at P
normal reaction at Q
friction at P

A.
B.
C.
D.

(1) only
(3) only
(2) and (3) only
(1) , (2) and (3) only

(1)

Multiple-Choice Questions

15

16

Section A

Mechanics

28__ For safety reasons, a vehicle should be so

designed that no side ways toppling occurs
before reaching an angle of inclination of 30.

30.

A block rests on a rough inclined plane. In the

following diagrams, the forces acting on the
block are represented by

W:

f:
R :

the weight of the block,

the friction and
the normal contact force by the plane.

Which of the following diagrams correctly

shows the lines of application of these forces
acting on the block?

A.

If the centre of gravity of that vehicle is 1.0 m

above the ground, what is the minimum
separation h between its wheels?
A.
B.

c.

D.

29.

0.58
1.15
2.31
3.00

B.

m
m
m
m

The figure shows a uniform rigid beam PQ,

pivoted at P, held in horizontal position by n
wire attached to a wall at point R, vertically
above P. The beam carries a load W.

c.

~~

D.

ltJ
'

l
w
If W is shifted gradually from P towards Q,
which of the following quantities will increase?
(I)
(2)
(3)

The tension in the wire.

The horizontal compression force in the
beam.
The vertical component of the reaction P.

A.
B.
C.
D.

(I) only
(3) only
(1) and (2) only
(2) and (3) only

Multiple-Choice Questions

Chapter 1

Statics

EXERCISES
In all calculations, take g = 10m s 2 and ignore air resistance unless specified otherwise.
ERROR TREATMENT

1.

The width and height of the screen of a notebook computer are quoted as 0.28 m and 0.17 m. State the
area of the screen giving the result to the number of sig nificant figures that are justified by the data.

2.

The length l of a rod is measured. The reading is l = 23.5

measurement?

3.

A metal ball is allowed to fall through a column of viscous oiL The time of motion t Js repeatedly
measured for six times and the result is given below:

0.2 em. What is the percentage error of the

12.8 s, 12.7 s, 13.0 s, 13.1 s, 12.6 s, 13.0 s

4.

(a)

Use your calculator to compute the mean value of the time of motion. Give your re sult corrected to
one decimal place.

(b)

Hence, find the probable error for the time of motion and write down the mean value again with the
error taken into account.

The period of a simple pendulum of length I is T

2nj!i

If the percentage error in measuring Tis 0.1 % and in measuring I is 0.8 %, what is the percentage error
in the calculated value of g, the acceleration due to grav ity?

5.

In an experiment, the fol lowin g data are taken:

a=20 1,b=12

2,c=50

Calculate the value of each of the fo llowin g quantities, stating the uncertainty.

6.

(a)
(b)

(c)

z=

X= 2a + 4b
=

6a b
3

Sa b
c

In an experimen t to determine g, the acceleration due to gravity, a stone is dropped from a height h
which is measured to be 9.05 0.01 m. The time of flight, t, is repeatedly measured for five times:
1.41

S,

1.45

S,

1.42

S,

1.43

S,

1.40

(a)

Calculate the percentage errors in h and t.

(b)

What is the value of g? Give your answer with the probable e rror.

Exercises

'7

17

18

Section A
7.

Mechanics

The mass of a ball bearing is measured to be 36.2

Calculate
(a)

the percentage error of each measurement,

(b)

the percentage error of the density, and

(c)

the value of density and its probable error.

0.2 g and the radius is found to be 4.02

0.05 mm.

Suggest an instrument used in measuring the radius of the ball bearing.

8.

In an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of a liquid, the liquid is heated in an insulated
container using a 50 W heater. The following data were obtained:
mass of liquid
temperature rise
time for which heater runs

9.

=so

1g
I K
= 35.0 0.2 s

= 20

(a)

Calculate the value of the specific heat capacity of the liquid.

(b)

Identify which measurements has the greatest percentage error.

(c)

Determine the absolute uncertainty in the value of the specific heat capacity.

A rectangular block has a mass of 1.2

30 2 mm. Calculate

0. I kg and its dimensions are: 20

(a)

the percentage error in mass and volume,

(b)

the density of the block, stating its absolute uncertainty.

2 mm. 25

2 mm and

10. The external diameter a and the internal diameter b of a metal tube are measured to be 50 0.5 mm and
48 0.5 mm respectively. What is the percentage error in finding the thickness of the metal tube?
The answer illustrates the need for careful measurement when dealing with the difference between two
almost equal quantities. Suggest a method to improve the reliability of the result.

MIRCROMETER SCREW GAUGE

& VERNIER

SCALES

11. The following diagrams show a micrometer with a screw pitch of 0.5 mm. The circular scale has 5Q
divisions on it. What is the reading in each case?
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Exercises

Chapter 1

12.

19

S~atics

The following diagrams show a sca le graduated in centimetres and millimetres together with a
millimetre vernier. What measurement is indicated in each diagram?
(a)

(b)

em 2

1111111111111111111111111111111
[1111111

em

11111111 111 1 11111111111111

11111 1111 1
. 0

(d)

(c)

em 9

10

11

15

1111111111111 11111111 1111 111111

11
111
~?.. o ::L~ft;1._: :i;_:~~~~:c.

16

em

17

111111111111 11111 11 111 11111 1111

r 1111111

...

O~.::....~.L~_:L:.:: :_.~

f ORCE, STATICS

13.

A point object is acted on by forces 3.0 N, 4.0 N and 5.0 N and is in equilibriu m. If the 5.0 N force is
removed, what is the resultant force acting on the object?

14.

A block on a smooth horizontal ground is pulled by two forces.

450 N due north and 370 N in a direction N50E. as shown.
What is the direction of motion of the block?

15.

50 '

Two forces 12 Nand 16 N are acting on a point object. Calculate

the re s ultant force if the lines of action of the forces are
(a)
(b)
(c)

16.

450 N

370 N

parallel but in opposite direction,

at right angles to one another, and
at 135 to one another.

Determine the coordinates of C.G. of the uniform L-shape lamina

shown.
-

17. 1Jwo identic.! blook mh of length L ' " ""nged ,: hown. Find
\,__/he greatest overhanging distance x of the upper block from the
table edge. (Hint: Consider equilibrium starting from the top to the
bottom)
----------

Exe r cises

I'

20

Mechanics

Section A
18.

A half-metre rule is held at one end in two differe nt ways:

Fig.h

Fig. a

19.

(a)

On Fig .a draw and label an arrow to represent the weight W of the half-me tre rule and an arrow to
represent the force F provided by the student's hand .

(b)

In Fig.b, the rul e is held horizo ntally between the thumb and th e first finger.
i) Draw and label all the forces acting on the half-metre rule.
ii) List these forces in order of increasing magnitude .

A uniform metre rule is balanced horizontall y o n

a pivot at its 30 em mark by han ging a 14 N
weight on a thread from th e zero mark. Calculate
the weig ht of th e rule.

metre rule
1oocm

30 em

20.

15m
Fig. a

Fig.b

A truck, supported by three shafts, is at rest on a level ground as shown in Fig.a. The front shaft takes
q,ne half of the total weight of t~d the rear shafts share the other half equ ally.

2 I.

(a)

Calculate the horizontal di stance of the centre of gra vity from the front shaft.

(b)

If the tru ck is at rest on a slope as show n in Fig.b, describe qualitatively how force acting on the
front shaft changes.

In the diagram shown, the kinetic fri ctio n between

the blocks is 2 N and the kinetic frict ion between the
lower block and the table is 5 N . What is the
minimum force required to start the motion?

Exercises

..

'I

22.

A heavy chain PQ is used to support an object as

shown. The weights of the chain and the object are
10 N and 20 N respec tively . Find the tension in the
c ha in
(a)

at P ,

(b)

at Q, and

(c)

at the middle of P a nd Q.

21

Statics

Chapter 1

heavy chain
ION

Q
20 N

23.

A man of mass 80 kg stands at the middle of a 4 m long uniform beam of mass 10 kg. The beam is
supported at both ends by strings which break under a tension of 650 N. How far from the centre of the
beam can he move before one of the strings breaks?
.....) ~ gao .A : c~o(J'-)
i
)

~-"c

24.

A bl ock of mas s 5 .0 kg is fixed to the end of a uniform

metal rod PQ hinged to a vertical wall at P. The rod is
~d has a mass of 1.0 kg. Th e rod is supported at
Q by means of a rope which is fixed to the wall at R and
makes an a ngle of 30 to the horizontal.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
( f)

25.

Taking mo ment about P, find the ten s ion in the rope.

Find the vertical compo nent of the tens ion in the rope.
Find the total downward force acting on the rod.
Exp lain why the values in (b) and (c) a re different.
Hence, find the mag nitu de a nd direction of the force
ac tin g at end P of the rod by the hinge.
Draw a diagram show in g all the forces act in g on th e
rod .

The diagram show s a h_eavy _~k hin ged to a ve rti ca l wall

at one end and sup po rted by a strut whi ch inclin es at 60 to
the vertical. The we ig ht of the plank is 200 kN. Assume that
the thrust from strut a~ts along its lengt!:!.: Calculate
(a)

the thrust from the stru t, and

(b)

size and direction of th e force at the hin ge.

A_ -:..1
R

1A

e:

,n

'

--v:;. \~

1'
!

.;, - .

~ ~
f

- ~--~

I kg

plank

26 . A pulley , hung from a f ixed suppo rt by a rope PQ , is used

to raise stead il y a 200 N load as show n. The two portions of
the rope make an angle of 60 with each other. A ss ume th at
the rope and the pulley are weightless and any effec t due to
friction is negligible . Find
(a)

the angle of PQ to the vertica l and

(b)

the tension in PQ.

Exercises

..

I'

22

Section A

Mechanics

27.

The diagram shows a 100 kg load being tran sported across a river by means of two ropes and a fixed
pulley. The rope PQ passing over the pull ey is maintained by persons on one side of the river. The other
ropeRS is pulled by a truck on th e opposite bank.
Ca lcu late the tension in each rope

28.

(a)

when th e load is halfway across the river as sho wn,

(b)

when the load has just reached the right bank.

A wheel of radius 1.0 m is to be li fted over a kerb of

height 0 .50 m by applying a horizo ntal force of 50 N
on the axle of radiu s 0.20 m.
(a)

Calculate the weight of the wheel.

(b)

If the force is applied in some 'either di rection, the

force needed can be red uced. Fin'd the minimum
force required to lift the wheel.

'.

29. A system of three pulleys is employed to hold a 21 kg

mass at eq uilibrium. There is no friction and the
pulleys are weightless.
Calcu late
(a)

the applied force F, and

(b)

the tension Tin the upper cable.

J
A

'- t

. ~r.
~ ~

-,

Exercises

""

Chapter 1

Statics

EXAM-TYPE QUESTIONS
1.

All the pulleys in this q uestion a~

T,

T
Q

--~-----Fig.a

(a)

(b)

(c)

same weigh!

12 em

Fig.b

Fig.c

Two identical blocks are suspended by a string and a pull ey in two d ifferent ways as shown in Fig .a
and Fig .b. Compare
i)

the tensions T 1 and T2 in the strings that pass over the p ull eys

ii)

the tensions T' 1 and T' 2 in the strings that suspend the pulleys.

(2 marks)

A plank PQ of length 12 em and weight 90 N is suspended at two ends by a system of pulleys as

shown in Fig.c.
i)

Determine the tension Tin the string that passes over the pulleys .

ii)

Find the position of the center of gravity of the plank. Hence, state what happen to the system
if the plank used is uniform.
(4 marks)

A workman of weight 600 N standing on a uniform plank of weigl~'\f is trying to keep himself
shown in Fig.d. The plank is shown in do tted li ne-:-

~1s

plank

workman
600 N

400 N

Fig.d

i)

Assume that the workman arid the plank are in equilibrium. Find the force F that the workman
must exert on the string, and the normal reaction R between the workman and the plank.

ii)

By drawing a free-body diagram of the plank, show that the p lank located in the dotted line
wi ll turn about a horizontal axis. State the direction of the rotation and draw in Fig.d to show
the correct position of the plank.
(6 marks)
Exam-Type Qu es ti o n s

23

24

Section A
2.

(a)

Mechanics

ln an experiment, a heavy uniform half-metre ule is supported horizontally by a pair of first

fingers, with one finger near<anand the other finger at abo ut l /3 the rule's length from the
other end. It is found that as the fingers are moved slowly towards each other, the rule does not fall
down.

Fig.a

Describe and explain how the half-metre rule moves relative to the fingers
i)
ii)

at the beginning,
when the fingers are separated by a distance slightly Jess than 113 the rule's length.
(4 marks)

1.0

t
f

water
drop

;..

half-metre rule

half-metre nile

10 N-

JON

~
~

0.1 N

f
I

~
f

(.
r.

r
~-

Fig.h

Fig.c

Fig .d

A water drop of weight 0.1 N and a half-metre rule of weight 10 N are in equilibrium against a
rough wall as shown in Fig.b_and Fig.c. Find the frictional force due to the wall in each case.

(2 marks)
The half-metre rule in (b) is now supported vertically by both hands as shown in Fig.d. Given that
the coefficient of static friction between the hand and the half-metre rule is 0.5 . What is the ,
minimum compression that each hand should exert on the half-metre rule to keep it from falling .
down?
(2 marks)
smooth vertical wall
(~ The rule in (b) is now placed with one end on a
~ rough horizontal ground and the other end leaned
against a smooth vertical wall as shown in Fig.e.
Given that the coefficient of static friction between
the rule and the ground is 1.2. Determine the
minimum angle that the rule can make with the
horizontal without sliding down.
(4 marks)
(c)

rough horizontal
ground

I
Fig.e

Exam-Type Questions

. '(, ,

..~

CHAPTER

2
.; 4. t.t.

Kinematics
:t

BRIEF NOTES
Speed

Speed is a scalar quantity that indicates how rapid an obj ect is movi ng.
Average speed, v

Distance travelled

ill

=- - - - - - Time taken

t:lt

Instantaneous speed is the average speed when t:l t is ve ry small

. (t:ls) =ds-

Instantaneous speed, v = li m 6t->O

Velocity

Cl/

d(

Velocity is a vector quantity that describes the rate of change of displacements.

. - D isplacement
Average velocity, v = _ _o__ __
Time taken

ru
t:lr

(ru)

. v = 1.1111 Instantaneous ve loc1ty,

=ds
ill->0 t:lt
d[

Change in
velocity

When velocity changes from v 1 to v2 , the change in veloc ity is found by vector subtraction

t:lv

= v2

=vi

Relative
velocity

ThevelocityofArelativetoBis

Acceleration

Acceleration is a vector quanti ty that desc ri bes th e ra te of change of velocity v.

v,JJ=v,-v 8

.
Chancre in velocity
Average acceleration =;--"""'----=.
Time taken
v - u t:lv
a =--=t
t:lt

. (t:lv) = -d v

Instantaneous acceleratiOn, a = hm ill->O

Cll

df

The sign of acceleration depe nds on whic h direction is taken as positive.

Even a is pos itive, the speed may increase or decrease, depe ndin g on its curre nt
direction of motion. e.g. Co nsider an object proj ected upward. If downward is taken as
pos itive, the acceleration is positive. The speed will dec rease to zero, then increase.

Brie f Note s

26

Section A

Mechanics

For uniform acceleration,

v=u+at
s = ut+ 1at
v

= u 2 + 2a s

u+l '

s= - - 1

Consider an object projected vertically upward from the ground (Neglecting air resi stance and
taking upward as positive):
upward

downward

5m

0
10 ms

/s

-10 ms'

-1 0 - ------------,-- - --. ----- ...

The
The
The
The

time for upward equal s th at for downward.

acceleration is the same for upward and downward (a= -g =-10m s- 2 ).
speed of projection equals th e speed of return.
net di splacement is zero, after returning.

Consider an object projected up a smooth inclined plane (Taking up-slope as positive):

upward

downward

v /ms'

10 ........... ...........................--------------.................. _. ............

i

t Is

!2

-1 0 - --- -------~---- ----------------- .

The acceleration is the same for upward and downward (a= -g sin 30 = -5 ms' 2 )
For an inclined plane at angle 8 to the horizontal , the equation of motions are

v = u - g sin
S

v2

e.t

-1 g sin 8 12

=u 2 -

2 g sin8s

u+v
s=--t
2

Velocity-time

graph
Brief Notes

The area under the v- 1 graph represents the di splacement.

The slope of the v-t graph gives the in stantaneou s acce leration.

~
~

l
~

.J
,~

:I

Chapter 2

Kin e matics

Motion graphs of a bouncing ball (upward positive, with energy loss during impact)
G/ms'

2nd
bo unce

1st
boun ce

3rd

bounce

q
1j

tis

ll

0
-10

1
'!

5m
V/ms '
10 ~----"-------n-----,,

t Is

S/m

O h.-----.----------------~

II

lis

li

li

-5

Termin a l
ve lo c ity

Air resis tance increases with speed of motion. Therefore, whe n an obj ect fa lls in air, its
acce leratio n falls gradually until zero . Then, the o bj ect mo ves with a constan t speed, known
as terminal velocity.

Motion g raphs for a free-fallin g object in air (downward positive)

a

"

"'

initi al slope

=g

constant
velocity

I
V'lope

4 ',

IL1 .

o,L-~------~--------~~

Brief Note s

27

28

Mechanics

Section A

WORKED EXAMPlES
EXAMPlE 1

Fig.a shows a body's initial velocity v 1 and final velocity v 2 . Calculate its change in
velocity .

..

1\/
/<ms'

~'"

120'

4 ms'~

Fig.a

SOlUTION

The cha nge in veloc it y is

()Q"

t
From Fi g.b,
tri angl e,

the

three vecto rs form

an equi lateral

t
f

120

Llv = 4 ms'

pointing downward.

- 1',

r
I
I

Figh

EXAMPlE 2

A ball rolls from rest down an inclined plane of length 2.0 m in a time interval of 1.0 s.
Find the speed of the ball at the bottom of the incline.

SOLUTION

Assume th at the ball rolls with a co nstant acce leration. The speed ' 'of the ball at the bottom is given
by
U+V

S = -- t
2
2=v+0 1

2
:. v = 4.0 m s '

EXAMPlE

SOLUTION

A car moving at a constant acceleration of 0.40 m s 2 passes through a point with a speed
of 4 .0 m s 1 . How long does it take to travel a further distance of 100 m?
The tim e required t is given by
s = ut + ~at 2
!00 =4x t+ ~x 0.4 x r
2

0.21 + 4t- 100

r=

-4:t J4 -4x0.2 x (-JOO)

' - - -- - - - ' - --

r = 14.49 s

Henc e the time req uired is ,lj_s.

Worked Examples

2x0.2
or -34.49 s (rejected)

Kinematics

Chapter 2

EXAMPLE 4

The speed limit of the Tolo Harbour Highway is 100 km h- 1 .

(a) Express the speed limit in m s 1
A police radar speed check system detects a van speeding at its top speed of 40 m s 1 .
Half a minute later, a police car, hiding at a distance 200 m ahead of the speed detector,
accelerates from rest at a rate of 3.0 m s 2 to its full speed of 54 m s 1 .

SOLUTION

(b)

How far must the police car travel before it reaches its top speed?

(c)

Find the distance of the van ahead of the police car, when the police car has just
reached its full speed.

(d)

Calculate the velocity of the police car relative to the van wh en both cars are
travelling at full speed s. Hence, calculate how long the police car takes to catch up
with the van , after reaching its top speed.

(a)

. t IS
Th e spee d I1m1

(b)

By v 2 = u 2 + 2a s, the d is tan ce cove red by the police ca r is g iv e n by

v --

100 103
x

-- 27.8 ms'

3600

54 2 = 0 + 2. 3. s
.. s

486 m

(c)
I
- ------~--- ~

police car
accelerate.Jiwn rest

speed detector

va n

40 ms'
=---c>

~
- - '------------~--=-----------~
~~-~~8--~
-=~
l!f
~
~
- - --- 200

111

-~---- -

Before the police car starts . the distance trave ll ed by the va n is s, = 40 x 30 = 1200 m
The time requ ired for the police car to reach its fu ll spee d is
v = u +at

t=

54
= 18 s
3

In this tim e interval. the van has travell ed s 2 = -10 x 18 = 720 m

a nd t he po li ce car has travelled

486 m.
Since the police car is hidden 200 m ahead the speed c heck, the distance of t he van ahead of the
pol ice car is

d = 1200 + 720 - 486 - 200 = 1234 m = 1200 m

(d)

1234

Ill

The ve locity of the police car re lative to th e va n is

Vpv =up- Vv

=54- 40 = 14 ms ' 1

Thus, the time required is

1234
14

I=-~=

88 s .
Worked Exa mples

29

30

Sec tion A

Mec hanic s

MU LT IPLE CHO ICE QUESTIONS

Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration

D.

l'
1 ----- --~-

1.

A stone rolls along the curved path under the

influence of the gravity.
0

3.

A stone is thrown vertically upward. Which of

the fo llowing quantities reverse(s) in direction at

the highest position?
(I)

(2)
(3)
\Vhich of the followii1g statement is COJTect?
A.

B.

C.
D.

2.

The horizontal speed of the stone is the

same throughout the motion.
The vertical speed of the stone is the same
throughout the motion .
The acceleration of the stone is the same
throughout the motion.
The velocity of the stone is horizontal at
each peak;.

A.
B.

(1) only

c.

(1) and (2) only

D.

(2) and (3) only

A.
B.

C.
D.

5.

c.

b.
6.

0
C.

7.5 m s 1
10m s 1
12.5 m s 1
20m s 1

A coin is thrown vertically upward at 5.0 m s 1

from the top of a building. How long does it take
for the coin to reach the ground which is 50 m
below? Take g = 10m s 2
A.
B.

B.

(3) only

' 4. "'\A car moving at a speed of 10 m s I suddenly

accelerates at 0.50 m s2 . What is the speed of
the car after 5.0 s?

A stone is ,released from rest. W hich of the

following graphs correctly represents the motion
of the stone?
A.

velocity
displacement
acceleration

1.0 s
1.7 s
2.7 s
3.7 s

A train decelerates uniformly before it reaches a

station which is 50 m ahead. If it takes 5 s to
stop the train, what !stheillitial speed of the
train?

"

(b..
s
0

Multiple-Choice Q u estions

B.
C.
D.

10m s 1
15ms 1
20m s 1
Cannot be determin ed
deceleration is not given.

becau se

the

Chapter 2

Questions 7 to 8

9.

For each of the questions below, choose one of

the given velocity-time graphs which best
represents the motion. Take the velocity upward
as positive and neglect air resistance.

L-

31

Kinematics

A stone takes _6.0 s_ to slide down a smooth

inclined plane from rest. The plane makes an
angle of 30 to the horizontal.

A.

:-~.

- -- ~ -~:-:- j

~---;----

What is the length of the inclined plane? Take g

= 10 ms 2 .
B.

A.
B.
'C.
D.

10.
v

c.

30m
45 m
90 m
180m

Two cars, P and Q, are moving in the same

direction with uniform speeds of 6.0 m s 1 and
1
10 m s respectively. At 1 = 0 , P is 10 m ahead
~
~
ofQ.

D.

'1-- La

.J

How long does it take for Q to catch up with p?

A.
g:"

c.
D.

7.

8.

A tennis ball is thrown up and returns to its

original position.
A tennis ball is released so that it falls vertically
onto the ground and bounces to its original
position.

2.0 s
s
3.0 s
3.5 s
?__ )-

~-A ball is projected up a smooth inclined plane

(/

which makes an angle of 60 with the horizontal.

It takes 4.0 s for the ball toreturn to the starting
point. \~is the length of the inclined plane?
Take g = 10 m s 2
A.

(B.

c.

D.

8.7 m
17 .3 m
20.0 m
34.6 m

Multiple-Choice Questions

f..,
..A>

32

Section A
12.

Mechanics

- - - - - - - - -- --

A bouncing ball is thrown vertically downward

with an initial speed of 2 m s 1 from a height of
I .5 m above the ground. Assuming no energy
loss during the impact and neglecting air
resistance, how long does it tike for the. ball to
reach the original level again?
..
Neglect air resistance and take g =10m s 2 .
A.
B.
C.
D.

0.38
0.77
1.00
1.50

Particle P is at a hei ght h. above Q. They are

released from rest at the same time.
p
h

s
s
s
s

---.._, \
13.

15.

- - -.

IV

4-

Two toy cars, A and B, movin at their(constant

eed towards each other, ~reach P - anaQ
respectively at 1 = 0. Tney hit each other at X ,
such th at PX : XQ = 2 : 3.1

---

Which of th e following statements is/arc

true'~

.:_;........,

(1)

(2)
p

(3)

\Vhat is the ratio of the speeds of A to B?

A.
B.

2:3
3:2

D.

4 :9
9:4

c.

C.

(1) and (2) only

(2) and (3) only

(3) only

P and Q are initially located at th e same

horizontal level. P is projected ? ep.j c~ Jy
~with an initial speed:Wnile, at fie
same time, Q is released from rest. While they
are falling, which of the following statements
is/are true? '
The difference in s~e s 6f P and Q
increases with time . .
(2) The separation between and Q increases
: with time.
(3) Preaches the gro und earlier than Q.

(l)

A.
B.

2:3
3:2

D.

4:9
16: 81

c.

(1) only

'D.

Two toy cars, A and B, are initiall y at rest at P

and Q respectively. After released at the same ,
time, they ~ccelf<@te towar<,! each-other. Finall y,' .
they hit each other at X, such that PX _: XQ' = 4:
9. What is the ratio of the acceleratio"iiSlJf-A-to

"1n

A.
B.

'

16.
14.

P and Q strike the g round with th e same

speed.
X
While they are fa llin g, P and Q ha ve the
same speed.
The separation between P and Q remain s
the same before Q hits the ground.

A.

B.
C.
D.

Multiple-Choice Qu estions

(1) only
(3) only
(1) and (2) only
(2) and (3) only "

,
Chapter2

fy.

Kinematics

33

I .
A parachutist falls vertically with a uniform
speed of 20 m s 1 At the moment when he is
I 00 m from the g round, he drops a coin which
accelerates. Neglect air resistanc
Pilland take g =
ms 2 What is the ti~ference
between the coin and the parachutist reachin g
the ground?

f'..

2 1.

stone !ides across an lic s urface and tra ve ls a

in time t whi e sufferin g / unifor
retardation. Which one of the following pairs of
quantities plotted to give a s trai ght-line gra ph?

A.

B.
A.
B.

c.
D.

2.1
2.9
4.5
5.0

s
s
s

and

c.

D.

,z

'(

and
and
and

{2

r'

l
tone _P is !ocated a~a~
the r Jdent1ca! stone Q -Wh1ch 1s at a height h
~ Thet;o stones are released
from res t at the same time. If the time interval
between the stones hitting the ground is 2.0 s,
what is the value of h?

A
B.
C.
D.

19.

80m
100m
115m
180m

A.

des~ending

A lun,ar landing module is

to the
Moons surface at a steady veloc1ty of 10 ms'.
At a height of 120 m , a small object falls from
its landing gear. Taking the Moon's oravitat io na l
"'
.
acce I eratwn
as 1.6 m s 2 , at what speed
does the
object s trike the Moon?

A
B.
C.
D.

A car travels up a hill at constant speed of

1
4 .0 m s and returns down the hill at a constant
~of ~ 1 Calculate the average speed for
the ro u nClti'ip:"'

B.
C.
D.

(c)

2.4 m s 1
4.8 m s 1
5.0 m s 1
Cannot be determined because
distance up the hill is not given .

23.

Two bodies are allowed to fall freely from the

same location, one of which is released a sh011
time before the other. Neglect air res~
Whil e they are fallin g,
( l)

(2)
the
(3)

A.
B.

A car is travelling at a speed of 15 m s _and can

be bwught to rest w'illi <rmrtform retardation in
1.2 s i!_.rne D1al\.--es ~he react10n tlme
ot the driver JS lF.1 s. What is the r:lnse.s t distance
that the moving car can be ~o a stationary object,
if a collision is toJ:Le avo ided'!

A.

--

---

C.
D.

24.

the
two
bodies
have
the
same
acceleration.
the ir speeds always differ by the same
amount.
1;
their dis tance of se paration is always the
sa me.
(l)
(3)
(l)
(2)

only
only
and (2) only
and (3) only

Which of the following statements is correct?

9.00 m

c.

9.75 m
10.5 m

B.

D.

18.0 m

B.

22ms 1
19.6ms 1
16.8 m s 1
10m s 1

c.
D.

A car moving at a uniform speed must

have zero acceleration.

A spacecraft orbiting rou~the earth is a

balanced motion .
When a boat changes in direction, there is
an acceleration. /
A stone falling in air has a n increasing
acceleration.

Multiple-Choice Ot

1"' t l

34

Section A
25.

Mechanics

Consider the velocity-time graph of an object.

26.

The graph shows the variation of velocity of an

object with time.

,.

0
----------

Which of the followin g graphs best represents

the coJTesponding variation of displacement s
with time t?

Which of the following statements is/are true?

(I)

A.

(2)
(3)

27.

C.

There is an in stant when th e object is at

rest.
There is an instant wh en the object
changes its direction.
There is an in stant when th e accel eration
is zero. ~

V.

A.
B.

(1) only

C.
D.

(1) and (2) only

(3) only
(2) and (3) only

A ball rolls down an inclined plane. '[he ball is

firs t released fr~ and then later
from Q.
Q

0
D.

2h

Which of the following statements is correct ?

X [

The ball takes twice as much time to roll

from Q to 0 as it does to roll from P to 0.
B.
The acceleration of the ball at Q is twice
as large as the acceleration at P.
C.
The speed of the ball at 0 is four times as "-,.!_
much when rolling from Q as it is when
rolling from P.
D. The ball takes Jess time to tra ve l~
to 0 when rolling from Q th an it does
~

when rolhng from P .

A.

~-

.
.
;

i-

f~;-~

.. '

Multiple-Choice Questions

.
ailE..

~-

,.
'

~ !'

~-

t -~

..,:-

1 ~.~

~-

'i

28.

Two identical balls, A and B, released from rest

at the same time from P and Q respectively,
slide down a smooth inclined plane as shown.

;'v/

B.

35

Kinematics

ChapteT 2

tIs

21!

~~~~~~

C.

Which of the following statements is/are true?

(1)

(2)
(3)

.
*

The speed of A when it reach x O is half

that of B whe n Breaches 0.
,
When A reaches 0, Breaches P. V
B takes a shorter time to travel from P to .
0 than does A .
B.

A
B.

(1) only

(1) and (2) only

D.

(2) and (3) only

Is

\1

(3) only

29.

30.

Two metal spheres P and Q are released from

rest fro m a bridge 180 m above the river. .Q__is_
I:eleased 2 s after P What is the maximum
vertical separation between P and Q in the air?
Neglect air resistance and take g = 10 m s ~ .
A.

10m

B.

90 m

C
D.

lOOm
120m

A man at the top of a building releases a stone

from rest. ~ater. he throws a marble
downward with an initi~l_~locity . Ignore the
effects of air resistanCe'.- whiC'l'iOnhe following
graphs best represents the velocity-time graph for
the stone (S) and the marble (M)?

....

A.

3 I.

At a construction site. workman A is in an

elevator movi ng upward at a constant speed u.
When the elevator is level with the first tloor. he
~ a spanner: At thesame instant, a second
workman B standmg on the first floor throw s a
hammer upward with initial speed u .

Hammer thrown

~
Ill

II

ElevatOr
moving up

r Is
0

Which of the following statements correctly

describes the motion of the hammer and the
spanner as seen by the workman on the first
floor'l
- '

Multiple-Choice Qu es t io n s

36

Section A

Mechanics

A.

The spanner falls downward ahd the

hammer initially moves upward. I

B.

The spanner lands on the~ at the

same time as the hammer does.

C.

The spanner land s on the floor before the

hammer does.

D.

34.

A boat has a maximum speed of 4.0 km h-1 in

still water. It is moving across a river where the
speed of flow is 2.0 km h-1 If th ~ ca~ain wishes
to ~th s.honest mute (perpendicular to the
stream flci~) a!.Jh.e..maxim~ eed , how should
he s.teer the Q.oat upstream ?
A.

B.
C.
D.

The spanner and the hammer both move

upward. But, th e spanner rises more
slowly.

30.0 with
45.0 with
60.0 with
63.4 with

the
the
th e
the

stream
stream
stream
stream

Relative Motion and Motion in 20

32.

A particle has an initia l. velocity of 15 m s 1 in

the Ox direction. At a later time, its velocity is
1
15 m s at an angle of 60 to Ox.
final velocity

35.

A moving belt of width 3.0 m is running at a

constant speed of 2 m s 1 to the right. A cat can
walk with a maximum speed of 1.5 m s 1 on the
ground. It walks across the belt from P using the
shortest ti ~
movinc belt
2 m ~- 1 to the right
~

a1

initial velocity

What is the change of velocity that has taken

place in this time interval?
A.

B.
C.
D.

33 .

15 m s at an
1
15m s at an
1
26 m s at an
1
26m s at an

angle of 30 to Ox.
angle of 120 to Ox.
angle of 30 to Ox.
angle of 120 to Ox.

A tennis ball travelling at 4 m s 1 due east strikes

on a wall and bounces off at 3 m s 1 due north.
What is the change in velocity of the tennis ball?
A.
B.

c.

D.

1 ms -1
5 m s 1
5 m s 1
5 m s 1

due south
S 53W
N53W
N37W

Multiple-Choice Questions

Find the time needed and the position of the cat

when it reaches the far side.

Shortest time
A.
B.
C.
D.

2s
2s
6s
6s

Distance from R
0
4m
3m
4m

Chapter 2

36.

Two bodies X and Y are moving with constant

velocities in the direction indicated by the
arrows. At time t == 0, they are at the position
shown.

38.

Kinematics

A boy wished to swim across a river with

parallel banks as shown. Assume that the water
current is flowing at 0.2 m s', and the swimming
speed of the boy is 0.4 m s'.
water
current

c..x

... .......... .r-{_;

y

3m s

=---c>
1

II

8m
Along which direction shou ld the boy swim if he
wishes

At time t == 2 s, the magnitude of the velocity of

Y relative to X is

37.

A.
B.

4ms'
5 ms'

C.
D.

6 m s'
7 ms'

A man is walking due east at 1.00 m s' on the

deck of a ship steaming due north at 1.73 ms' .
In what direction will the man be walking
relative to the surface of the earth?
A.
B.
C.
D.

(1)
(2)

( 1) shortest route
A.
B.
D.

39 .

N 30E
N 60 E
NE
N 40.9 E

A.
B.

40.

(2) shortest time

Q
R

p
p

When a man is running due west, he feels that

the wind is blowing towards him from the north .
What is the actual direction of the wind?

D.

from
from
from
from

the east
north-east
so uth -east
south-west

If two ve locit ies each of magnitude v and one of

which is directed due north a~e tompounaeO,
which of the following statements concerning
the res ultant velocity is/are true?
(1)
(2)

(3)

A.
B.

c.
D.

'

R
Q
Q
R

c.

C.

to take the shortest route to the opposite

bank?
to reach the opposite bank in the shortest
time?

It may be zero.
It may act due north.
It may act due east.
(1) only
(3) only
(1) and (2) only
(2) and (3) only

Multiple-Choice Questions

37

38

Section
A
._.
~:

Mechcmics

EXERCISES
In all calculations, take g =10m s 2 and ignore air resistance unless specified otherwise.
VElOCITY , RElATIVE MOTION

I.

Calculate th e total displacement in each of the following cases:

(a)
(b)
(c)

a boy who walks 20 m south and then 20v2 m south-east,

a girl who runs halfway round a circular 400 m running track, startin g at its most easterly point,
a boat movin g with top speed up stream for 10 s and then downstream for another 10 s, th e top
speed of the boat bein g 2.5 m s 1 in sti ll water and the river current being 2.0 m s- 1 downstream.

2.

A light pulse lasts only I0-14 s. What is the length of the pul se? Take the speed of light in air to be
3.0 x 10 8 m sl.

3.

In an athletic meet, the time for a runner on a 100m track is record ed by a stop-watch to be 12.2 s. lf the
largest probable error of the stop-wa tch is 0.20 s and th at of the track length i s 0.5 m, \\hat is the largest
probable error of the average speed of the runner? Do you think the give n uncertainty in track len gth
acce ptable ?

4.

A car and a truck , moving at steady speeds of

30 111 s 1 and 25 111 s 1 re spectively, pa ss a
lamp-post on a straight motor way at the sa me
time. Calculate their distance of separation after
3.0 minutes, if they are traveling
(a)
(b)

in the same direction as shown ,

in the opposite direction.

5.

A boat travels downstream along a river at a speed of 8.0 m s 1 and returns moving against the current at
4.0 m s 1. What is the average speed of the boat?

6.

A shell is fired from a gun with a speed of 20 m s- 1 relative to the gun, which recoils with a speed of
0.20 m s 1 relative to the ground. Determine
(a)
(b)

7.

the recoil speed of the gun relative to the moving shell, and
the speed of the shell relative to the gro und.

A lorry is moving in a straight line at a constant speed of l 0 m s 1 A package is thrown from the lorry
with an initial horizontal velocity of 2.0 m s 1 relative to the lorry , and in a direction opposite to its
motion. The package stays in air for 0.50 s.
(a)
(b)

Exercises

What is the initial speed of the package relative to th e grou nd ?

What is the horizontal separation between the lorry and the package when th e p ackage hits th e
ground?

..

,.~ .

Chapter2

8.

Kinematics

An aircraft from U.S.A. is scheduled to reach the H.K. International Airport at 6:30p.m. However, it is
speeded up by a steady wind so that it arrives H.K. earlier at 5:40 p.m. If the distance of U.S.A. from
H.K. is 7200 km and the average speed of the aircraft relative to the earth surface below is 100 m s- 1,
calculate
(a)
(b)
(c)

the departure time at U.S.A. according to the clock in H.K.,

the actual speed of the aircraft (speed relative to air), and
the average speed of the wind.

[Hint: Since the aircraft has arrived earlier than scheduled, the wind is blowing in the direction of travel.
As a result, the actual speed of the aircraft is less than 100m s- 1. ]

9.

Calculate the change in velocity in each of the following cases:

(a)
(b)
(c)

a boy who walks at steady speed of 0.20 m s- 1 due south a nd th en at steady speed of 0.2v'2 m due
south-east,
a girl who runs with steady speed of 8.0 m s- 1 halfway round a circul ar running track, starting at its
most easterly point due north,

a boat moving with top speed of 2.5 m s- 1 upstream and then downstream, the river current being
2.0 m s- 1 downstream.

* 10.

On a rainy day, the path of each raindrop makes an ang le of 20 wit h the vertical as a wind blows in the
northerly direction. A passenger in a car travelling due north at 15m s- 1 sees perfectly vertical tracks of
rain on the windowpane. Determine the speed of the raindrops relative to the earth .

* 11.

A plane travels with a speed of 100m s- 1 in still air . A 10m s- 1 ,,ind is blowing. The resultant speed of
the plane is still 100m s- 1 and the resultant path is in the northerly direction. What is the direction of the
wind?

* 12.

A plane can attain a speed of 110m s- 1 when there is no wind. The pilot sets out for a destination
700 km due north.
(a)

The pilot find s that there is a wind blowing in the easterly direction (relative to the earth). As a
result, the plane must be headed 25 west of north in order to fly there directly. How long does it
take for the plane to arrive the destination?

(b)

A wind is blowing but the exact direction is unknown. To fly the destination directly, the plane
must be headed 25 west of north and the total time of flight is 3.0 h. What are the magnitude and
direction of the wind velocity?

ACCELERAT I ON

13.

A train slows down smoothly from a speed of 100 km h- 1 to rest within a distance of 1.0 km. Estimate its
average deceleration.

14.

When brakes are applied, a car can be brought to rest from a speed of 20m s- 1 in a time of 1.5 s. If the
driver's reaction time is 0.20 s, calculate the total braking distance of the car moving at an initial speed
of 30m s- 1.

15 . The minimum speed required for a plane to take off is 120m s- 1 If the acceleratio n of the plane on the
ground is 30m s- 2 , what is the minimum length of runway?

ii0

Exer ci ses

39

...

_.,.

40

Section A

Mechanics

16.

A man stands on the edge of a cliff and throws a stone over the edge vertically upwards at 15 m sl.
After what time will the stone hit the ground 50 m below?

17.

A stone is projected up along the greatest slope of a smooth inclined plane with an initial speed of
1.5 m s 1. If the acceleration of the stone is always 2.0 m s 2 down the incline. calculate
(a)
(b)
(c)

18.

the di stance travelled by the stone up the inclined plane,

the time taken for the stone to return its startin g point , and
the average speed up and down the plane.

A ball is released from rest at a height of 45 m abo ve the ground. Another ball is then released exactly
1.0 s after the first ball is rele ased. Wh en the first ball reaches the ground, calculate
(a)
(b)

the speed of the second ball, and

the height of the second ball above the ground.

19.

A half-metre rule is initiall y held vertically with the zero mark at the
upper end. Timothy is ready to catch the rule between hi s thumb and
first finger at the lower end. The rul e is rel eas ed sudd enly and
Timothy catches th e rule at its 30 em mark. Calculate the reaction
time of Timothy.

20.

A water-rocket accelerates from rest at ground le ve l at 5.0 m s 2

vertically upward s for 30 s and then it undergoes free-falling in air.
Calculate

.... 20

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

21.

- 4()

the maximum speed of the train,

the deceleration of the train, and
the total time of travel between the two stations.
Draw a velocity-time graph to represent the motion of the train from one station to the next.

When the traffic light turns green, a car accelerates from rest at a rate of 2.0 m s 2 . At the same time, a
truck, moving at a constant speed of 10m s 1, passes the traffic light, which just turns green , and
overtakes the car. Since the car moves with increa si ng speed , it will overtake the truck some times later.
(a)
(b)

23.

speed and the height of the rocket at 30 s after laum:h,

maximum height reached by th e rocket,
time for which the rocket is air-borne, and
speed of the rocket just before it hits the ground.

A MTR train accelerates from rest at one station at a rate of 1.5 m s 2 for half of the distance to the next
station, the n decelerates for the final half. If the time of acceleration equals the time of deceleration and
the stations are 1500 m apart, find
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

22.

the
the
the
the

. . 30

At what distance from the traffic light will the car overtake the truck?
What is the speed of the car at that instant?

The maximum acceleration (and deceleration) th at is tolerable for passengers in a KCR train is 1.5 m s 2
and the speed limit of the train is 40 m s l.
(a)
(b)

Exercises

What are th e minimum accelerating distance and th e ll111111llUm accelerating time of a KCR train.
assuming that it will mov e at full speecl7
If two sta ti ons are 6.0 km apa rt , what is th e minimum time of trave l bet ween the se two stations"

Chapter 2

41

Kinematics

24.

An ambulance is speeding along the fast-lane of a highway. As there is some road works in the fast-lane,
it has to cut into the slow-lane. As soon as it shifts into the slow-lane, the driver is shocked to find a
truck 100 m ahead moving at a slow steady speed of 0.50 m s 1. At that instant , the speed of the
ambulance is 40 m s 1 and the driver of the ambulance immediately applies the brake . Wh at must be the
deceleration of the ambulance if a collision is to be just avoided?
25.

A ball is dropped from rest at a certain height hand strikes the ground with a speed of 20m s 1
(a)
(b)

26.

rl:

Find the value of h .

How long does it take to fall
i) the first h/2,
ii ) th e second h/2?

An object falls from a bridge that is 55 m above the water. It falls directly into a small boat moving with
co nstant ve locity v. If the boat was 14 m from the point of impact when the object was relea sed, what
was th e speed of th e boat?

""
~

27 . A shell is shot vertically downward from a gun. The speed of the shell just before it strike s the grou nd is
250m s 1 . If the she ll imbeds itself 0.40 minto the ground, find

(a)
(b)

..._
;t.
~

28.

At the Science Museum, balls are released one by o ne from a machine at a regular time interval of 12 s.
The ball ro ll s down a track with an average acceleration of 0.2 m s 2 When the first ball reaches the end
of the track, the lOth ball begins to fall. Determine th e di stan ce of se paration betwee n
(a)
(b)

29.

the average deceleration requi red to stop th e shell, and

the time required fo r it to come to rest.

the firs t and the seco nd balls,

the 9th and the lOth balls ?

A ball is dropped from the Phys ics Lab of a sc hool building. On e second after the first ball is dropped,
another ball is thrown vertically down ward with an initial speed of I 5 m s 1 The two balls strike the
playground at the same time.
(a)
(b)

Determine the height of the Phy sics Lab above the playground.
Plot a speed-time graph for each ball, taking the in stant the first ball was released to bet= 0.

30.

A balloon is ascending at the rate of 16 m s 1. At a height of 120 m above the gro und , a package
dropped from rest relati ve to the balloon. How long doe s it take for th e package to reach the ground?

31.

An open elevator is ascending with a constant speed of I 0 m s 1 A ball is thrown straight up by a ma n

on the ele va to r when it is at a heigh t of 25 m above the gro und. The initial speed of the ball relati ve to
the elevator is 20 m s 1
(a) What is the maximum he ig ht attained by th e ball above the ground?
(b) How long does it take for the ball to return to the elevator?

IS

Exercises

42

Section A

Mechanics

EXAM-TYPE QUESTIONS
1.
vlms'

10

5
1 /s

-5
-10

-15 ---------------------------------

The velocity-time graph shows the first 1.6 s of the motion of a ball which is thrown downward at
6 m s I The ball hits the ground and rebounds directly upwards. taking a negligible time to bounce.

(a)

How far does the ball travel before first hitting the ground?

(b)

Calculate the change in velocity as the ball rebounds.

(c)

How high does the ball rise after rebounding?

(d)

Calculate the acceleration of the ball between C and D.

(1 mark)

(e)

At what time does the ball next reach the ground?

(1 mark)

(f)

If the ratio of the downward velocity .to the upward velocity has a constant value, determine the
upward velocity of the ball on its

(2 marks)
(I mark)
(2 marks)

i) second rebound,
ii) third rebound.
(g)

(2 marks)

Extend the velocity-time graph to illustrate the motion of the ball up to the highest position after
the third rebound.
(3 marks)

Exam-Type Questions

Chapter 2

2.

(a)

Kinematics

Determine whether each of the following situations is possible or not . lf it is possible, give an
example to support your answer.
i) A body instantaneously at rest is accelerating.
ii) A body has a constant velocity but varying speed.
(3 marks)

iii) A body has varying velocity but instantaneous zero acceleration.

(b)

An astronaut has reached a planet where the atmosphere is absent and the acceleration due to
gravity is l m s 2 .
i)

A ball is projected vertically upward with a speed of 2 m s When the ball return s, it is
caught at a point 2m vertically below where it is projected. The motion of the ball is recorded
in the acceleration-time (a-t) graph which is partially drawn in Fig.a. Downward is taken as
positive.

L---------------------------L---~

Fig.a

,_

<

i i)

( l)

Complete the a-t g raph in Fig.a by putting appropriate numbers on the time-scale. Also.
mark on the graph to show when the ball was at its highest position.

(2)

By taking downward as positive, carefully sketch the velocity-time (v-1) graph and
displacement-time (s-1) graph of the ball.
(4 marks)

A g un is placed with its mouth just below the surface of a long column of viscous liquid as
shown in Fig. b. A bullet is fired from the gun. It is noticed that after a while, the bullet falls
with a uniform speed of 2 m s 1 downward. The a-t graph which represents the motion of the
bullet is recorded in Fig.c. Again, downward is taken as positive. The e~periment is carried
out on the planet.

:;

a /ms'
10

Fig.b

Is

Fig.c

( l)

Estimate the initial firing speed of the bullet.

(2)

Roughly sketch the v-t graph of the bullet.

(3)

If the gun is placed at the bottom of the liquid column and the bullet is fired vertically
upward, estimate the initial acceleration of the bullet.
(5 marks)
Exam-Type Questions

43

.., ...

44

Mechanics

Section A
3.

A motion sensor used in a laboratory send s out short pulses of ultrasound at a reg ular time interval of
0 .05 s. Give n th at the duration of each pulse is 1 m s and th e speed of so und in a ir is 340 m s 1
(a) The re are tw o limitation s of the device:

I.

(b)

(c)

2.

Whil e the de vice is tran smittin g a pul se, it cannot detect any re fl ecte d pul ses.
Th e ec ho of th e first pul se mu st arri ve before the second pul se is tra nsmitted; Otherw ise, th e
f irst pul se will be ignored .

i)
ii )

Wh at is th e mi nimum range (di stance of th e objec t to be measured) of th e d ev ice'i

Wh at i s the max imum range of th e dev ice?

(4 marks)

In measurin g th e speed of a tro lley m o vin g at a co nstant ve loc ity . th e ro und -tri p t ime of the first
and the second pul ses are measured to be 8.1 ms and 9.4 ms res pecti vely.
i)

Find th e pos iti o n of th e trolley fr om th e dev ice w hen

(1 ) the first pul se is refl ected
(2) th e seco nd pul se is refl ected

ii)

H e nce, fi nd the ave rage speed o f th e tro ll ey.

iii )

Di sc uss w het her th e ave rage speed in ii) is eq ual to th e in sta nta neo us speed of the tro ll ey or
not.
( 4 ma rks)

A tro ll ey is pl aced o n an inclin ed pl ane whi ch has a sprin g fi xed near th e botto m as show n in Fig.a .
As soon as th e tro ll ey is re lea sed , th e mo ti o n se nsor starts to reco rd th e speed of the tro ll ey. A
velocity- time grap h is pl o tted as shown in Fi g. b.
moti on
sensor

Fig. a

v /ms'
3

Is

0
-1

-2

Fig.b
-3

i)

Find the slopes of th e

(l )
(2)

ii )

v- 1 graph

when the troll ey is

movin g dow n th e pl ane and

mov in g up th e plane .

Estim ate th e ang le o f in clin ati o n of th e in clin ed pl ane, statin g a n y ass ump t io n(s) yo u have
made.
(4 m arks)

Exam-Typ e Questions

-....

.1-J