Gatye Temp

GATE EC
2004
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Q.1 - 30 Carry One Mark Each

MCQ 1.1 Consider
the network graph shown in the figure. Which one of the following is
NOT
a tree of this graph ?
(A) a (B) b
(C) c (D) d
SOL 1.1 For a tree there must not be any loop. So a, c, and d dont have any loop. Only b
has loop.
Hence (B) is correct option.
MCQ 1.2 The equivalent inductance measured between the terminals 1 and 2 for the
circuit
shown in the figure is
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(A) L1+ L2+M (B) L1+ L2M
(C) L1+ L2+ 2M (D)L1+ L2 2M
SOL 1.2 The sign of M is as per sign of L If current enters or exit the dotted terminals of
both coil. The sign of M is opposite of L If current enters in dotted terminal of a
coil and exit from the dotted terminal of other coil.
Thus Leq = L1+ L2 2M
Hence (D) is correct option.
MCQ 1.3 The circuit shown in the figure, with R , L H 3
1
4
= = 1 and C = 3 F has input

voltage v(t) = sin2t . The resulting current i (t) is
(A) 5 sin(2t + 53.1c) (B) 5 sin(2t 53.1c)
(C) 25 sin(2t + 53.1c) (D) 25 sin(2t 53.1c)
SOL 1.3 Here = 2 and V = 1+0c
Y
R
jC
jL
11
=++
3 j2 3 3 4
j
j
2
1
4
1#
#
=++=+
5 tan .
34
= + -1 = 5+53 11c
I = V * Y = (1+0c)(5+53.1c) = 5+53.1c
Thus i (t) = 5 sin(2t + 53.1c)
Hence (A) is correct option.
MCQ 1.4 For the circuit shown in the figure, the time constant RC = 1 ms. The input
voltage
is vi (t) 2 sin10 t
= 3 . The output voltage v (t) o is equal to

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(A) sin(103t 45c) (B) sin(103t + 45c)
(C) sin(103t 53c) (D) sin(103t + 53c)
SOL 1.4 Hence (A) is correct option.
vi (t) = 2 sin103t
Here = 103 rad and Vi = 2 +0c
Now V0 .
R
jC
jCV
j CR
V
1
1
1
1
ti
=
+
=
+
1 j 10 10
1 2 0 33# #
=+c
+= 1 45c
v0(t) = sin(103t 45c)
the R L circuit shown in the figure, the input voltage vi (t) = u(t). The
current i (t) is
SOL 1.5 Hence (C) is correct option.
Input voltage vi (t) = u(t)
Taking laplace transform Vi (s)
s
=1
MCQ 1.5 For

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Impedance Z(s) = s + 2
I (s)
()
s()
Vs
2ss2
=i1
+
=
+
or I (s)
2ss
11
2
=1
;+E
Taking inverse laplace transform
i (t) 2 (1 e )u(t)
= 1 2t
At t = 0, i (t) = 0
At t 2
1 = , i (t) = 0.31
At t = 3, i (t) = 0.5
Graph (C) satisfies all these conditions.
MCQ 1.6 The impurity commonly used for realizing the base region of a silicon n p n
transistor is
(A) Gallium (B) Indium
(C) Boron (D) Phosphorus
SOL 1.6 Trivalent impurities are used for making p type semiconductor. Boron is trivalent.
Hence option (C) is correct
MCQ 1.7 If for a silicon npn transistor, the base-to-emitter voltage (VBE) is 0.7 V and the
collector-to-base voltage (VCB) is 0.2 V, then the transistor is operating in the
(A) normal active mode (B) saturation mode
(C) inverse active mode (D) cutoff mode
SOL 1.7 Here emitter base junction is forward biased and base collector junction is
reversed
biased. Thus transistor is operating in normal active region.
Hence option (A) is correct.

MCQ 1.8 Consider the following statements S1 and S2.
S1 : The of a bipolar transistor reduces if the base width is increased.
S2 : The of a bipolar transistor increases if the dopoing concentration in the base
is increased.
Which remarks of the following is correct ?
(A) S1 is FALSE and S2 is TRUE
(B) Both S1 and S2 are TRUE
(C) Both S1 and S2 are FALSE
(D) S1 is TRUE and S2 is FALSE
SOL 1.8 Hence option (D) is correct.
We have
1
=

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Thus -" ." .
If the base width increases, recombination of carrier in base region increases and
decreases & hence decreases. If doping in base region increases, recombination
of carrier in base increases and decreases thereby decreasing . Thus S1 is true
and S2 is false.
MCQ 1.9 An ideal op-amp is an ideal
(A) voltage controlled current source (B) voltage controlled voltage source
(C) current controlled current source (D) current controlled voltage source
SOL 1.9 An ideal OPAMP is an ideal voltage controlled voltage source.
MCQ 1.10 Voltage series feedback (also called series-shunt feedback) results in
(A) increase in both input and output impedances
(B) decrease in both input and output impedances
(C) increase in input impedance and decrease in output impedance
(D) decrease in input impedance and increase in output impedance
SOL 1.10 In voltage series feed back amplifier, input impedance increases by factor (1 +
A)
and output impedance decreases by the factor (1 + A).
Rif = Ri (1 + A)
Rof
(A)
R
1
o
=
+
Hence (C) is correct option.
MCQ 1.11 The
circuit in the figure is a

(A) low-pass filter (B) high-pass filter
(C) band-pass filter (D) band-reject filter
SOL 1.11 This is a Low pass filter, because
At = 3
V
V
in
0
and at = 0
V
V
0=
in
1
0=

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MCQ 1.12 Assuming VCEsat = 0.2 V and = 50, the minimum base current (IB) required to
drive the transistor in the figure to saturation is
(A) 56 A (B) 140 mA
(C) 60 mA (D) 3 mA
SOL 1.12 Applying KVL we get
VCC ICRC VCE = 0
or IC
R
VV
C
= CC CE . 2.8
1k
= 3 0 2 = mA
Now IB I 2.8 56
50
Cm A
===
MCQ 1.13 A master - slave flip flop has the characteristic that
(A) change in the output immediately reflected in the output
(B) change in the output occurs when the state of the master is affected
(C) change in the output occurs when the state of the slave is affected
(D) both the master and the slave states are affected at the same time
SOL 1.13 A master slave D-flip flop is shown in the figure.
In the circuit we can see that output of flip-flop call be triggered only by transition
of clock from 1 to 0 or when state of slave latch is affected.
Hence (C) is correct answer.
MCQ 1.14 The range of signed decimal numbers that can be represented by 6-bits 1s
complement number is
(A) -31 to +31 (B) -63 to +63

(C) -64 to +63 (D) -32 to +31

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SOL 1.14 The range of signed decimal numbers that can be represented by n bits 1s
complement number is (2n- 1 1) to +(2n- 1 1).
Thus for n = 6 we have
Range = (26 - 1 1) to (26 1 1) + -
= 31 to + 31
Hence (A) is correct answer.
MCQ 1.15 A digital system is required to amplify a binary-encoded audio signal. The user
should be able to control the gain of the amplifier from minimum to a maximum
in 100 increments. The minimum number of bits required to encode, in straight
binary, is
(A) 8 (B) 6
(C) 5 (D) 7
SOL 1.15 The minimum number of bit require to encode 100 increment is
2n $ 100
or n $ 7
Hence (D) is correct answer.
MCQ 1.16 Choose the correct one from among the alternatives A,B,C,D after matching an
item from Group 1 most appropriate item in Group 2.
Group 1 Group 2
P. Shift register 1. Frequency division
Q. Counter 2. Addressing in memory chips
R. Decoder 3. Serial to parallel data conversion
(A) P 3,Q 2,R 1 (B) P 3,Q 1,R 2
(C) P 2,Q 1,R 3 (D) P 1,Q 2,R 2
SOL 1.16 Shift Register " Serial to parallel data conversion
Counter " Frequency division
Decoder " Addressing in memory chips.
Hence (B) is correct answer.
MCQ 1.17 The figure the internal schematic of a TTL AND-OR-OR-Invert (AOI) gate. For
the inputs shown in the figure, the output Y is
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) AB (D) AB
SOL 1.17 For the TTL family if terminal is floating, then it is at logic 1.
Thus Y = (AB + 1) = AB.0 = 0

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MCQ 1.18 Given figure is the voltage transfer characteristic of
(A) an NOMS inverter with enhancement mode transistor as load
(B) an NMOS inverter with depletion mode transistor as load
(C) a CMOS inverter
(D) a BJT inverter

SOL 1.18 Hence option (C) is correct
MCQ 1.19 The impulse response h[n] of a linear time-invariant system is given by
h[n] = u[n + 3] + u[n 2) 2n[n 7] where u[n] is the unit step sequence. The
above system is
(A) stable but not causal (B) stable and causal
(C) causal but unstable (D) unstable and not causal
SOL 1.19 A system is stable if h(n) <
n
3
3
3
=
/ . The plot of given h(n) is

Thus h(n)
n3
3
=
/ h(n)
n3
6
=
=
/
=1+1+1+1+2+2+2+2+2
= 15 < 3
Hence system is stable but h(n) ! 0 for n < 0. Thus it is not causal.
MCQ 1.20 The distribution function Fx (x) of a random variable x is shown in the figure.
The
probability that X = 1 is

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(A) zero (B) 0.25
(C) 0.55 (D) 0.30
SOL 1.20 Hence (D) is correct option.
F(x1 # X < x2) = p(X = x2) P(X = x1)
or P(X = 1) = P(X = 1+) P(X = 1-)
= 0.55 0.25 = 0.30
MCQ 1.21 The z -transform of a system is H(z) z .
z
= . If the ROC is z < 0.2, then the

impulse response of the system is
(A) (0.2)nu[n] (B) (0.2)nu[ n 1]
(C) (0.2)nu[n] (D) (0.2)nu[ n 1]
SOL 1.21 Hence (D) is correct answer.
H(z)
z.
z
02
02
=
z < 0.2
We know that
anu[ n 1]
1 az
1
1*
z < a
Thus h[n] = (0.2)nu[ n 1]
MCQ 1.22 The Fourier transform of a conjugate symmetric function is always
(A) imaginary (B) conjugate anti-symmetric
(C) real (D) conjugate symmetric
SOL 1.22 The Fourier transform of a conjugate symmetrical function is always real.
MCQ 1.23 The gain margin for the system with open-loop transfer function
G(s)H(s)
()
s
21s
2= +
, is
(A) 3 (B) 0
(C) 1 (D) 3
SOL 1.23 The open loop transfer function is
G(s)H(s)
()
s
21s
2= +
Substituting s = j we have
G(j)H(j)
2(1 j )
2
=
+
...(1)

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+G(j)H(j) = 180c + tan1
The frequency at which phase becomes 180c, is called phase crossover frequency.
Thus 180 = 180c + tan 1
or tan 1
= 0
or = 0
The gain at = 0 is
G(j)H(j) 2 1
2
2
=+=
Thus gain margin is 1 0
3
= = and in dB this is 3.
Hence (D) is correct option
MCQ 1.24 Given ( ) ( )
( )( )
GsHs
sss
K
13
=
+ + .The point of intersection of the asymptotes of
the root loci with the real axis is
(A) 4 (B) 1.33
(C) 1.33 (D) 4
SOL 1.24 Centroid is the point where all asymptotes intersects.
No.of Open Loop Pole No.of Open Loop zero

Real of Open Loop Pole Real Part of Open Loop Pole
=
3
= 1 3 = 1.33
MCQ 1.25 In a PCM system, if the code word length is increased from 6 to 8 bits, the
signal
to quantization noise ratio improves by the factor
(A)
6
8 (B) 12
(C) 16 (D) 8
SOL 1.25 When word length is 6
NS
N=6 ` j = 22#6 = 212
When word length is 8
NS
N=8 ` j = 22#8 = 216
Now
NS
N
NS
N
6
=8
=^
^
h
h
2
2 2 16 12
16
= = 4=
Thus it improves by a factor of 16.
MCQ 1.26 An AM signal is detected using an envelop detector. The carrier frequency and
modulating signal frequency are 1 MHz and 2 kHz respectively. An appropriate
value for the time constant of the envelop detector is
(A) 500sec (B) 20sec

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(C) 0.2sec (D) 1sec
SOL 1.26 Hence (B) is correct option.
Carrier frequency fc 1 106 = # Hz
Modulating frequency
fm 2 103 = # Hz
For an envelope detector
2fc
Rc
> 1 > 2fm
2f
1
c RC
2f
<<1
m
2f
1
c RC
2f
<<1
m
2 10
1
6
RC
2 10
< < 1 3#
1.59 10 7 # - < RC < 7.96 10 5 # so, 20 sec sec best lies in this interval.
MCQ 1.27 An AM signal and a narrow-band FM signal with identical carriers, modulating
signals and modulation indices of 0.1 are added together. The resultant signal can
be closely approximated by
(A) broadband FM (B) SSB with carrier
(C) DSB-SC (D) SSB without carrier
SAM (t) = Ac [1 + 0.1 cosmt]cosmt
sNBFM (t) = Ac cos [c t + 0.1 sinmt]
s(t) = SAM (t) + SNB fm(t)
= Ac [1 + 0.1 cosmt]cosc t + Ac cos (c t + 0.1 sinmt)
= Ac cosc t + Ac0.1 cosmt cosc t
+Ac cosc t cos (0.1 sinmt) Ac sinc t. sin(0.1 sinmt)
As 0.1 sinmt ,+ 0.1 to 0.1
so cos (0.1 sinmt) . 1
As when is small cos . 1 and sin , , thus
sin(0.1 sinmt) = 0.1 sincosc t cosmt + Ac cosc tAc0.1 sinmt sinc t
2A cos t 0.1A cos ( ) t
cosec
ccccm
USB
=++
1442443 1444442444443
Thus it is SSB with carrier.
MCQ 1.28 In the output of a DM speech encoder, the consecutive pulses are of opposite
polarity during time interval t1 # t # t2. This indicates that during this interval
(A) the input to the modulator is essentially constant
(B) the modulator is going through slope overload

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(C) the accumulator is in saturation
(D) the speech signal is being sampled at the Nyquist rate
SOL 1.28 Consecutive pulses are of same polarity when modulator is in slope overload.
Consecutive pulses are of opposite polarity when the input is constant.
MCQ 1.29 The phase velocity of an electromagnetic wave propagating in a hollow
metallic
rectangular waveguide in the TE10 mode is
(A) equal to its group velocity
(B) less than the velocity of light in free space
(C) equal to the velocity of light in free space
(D) greater than the velocity of light in free space
SOL 1.29 We know that vp > c > vg .
MCQ 1.30 Consider
a lossless antenna with a directive gain of +6 dB. If 1 mW of power is
fed
to it the total power radiated by the antenna will be
(A) 4 mW (B) 1 mW
(C) 7 mW (D) 1/4 mW
We have GD(,)
(,)
P
4U
rad
=
For lossless antenna
Prad = Pin
Here we have Prad = Pin = 1 mW
and 10 logGD(,) = 6 dB
or GD(,) = 3.98
Thus the total power radiated by antenna is
4U(,) = PradGD(,) = 1 m #3.98 = 3.98 mW
Q.31 - 90 Carry Two Marks Each

MCQ 1.31 For
the lattice shown in the figure, Za = j2 and Zb = 2 . The values of the
open
circuit impedance parameters z
z
z
z
z
11
21
12
22
6 @ = = G are

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(A)
j
j
j
j
1
1
1
1
+
+
= + G (B)
j
j
j
j
1
1
1
1
+
+
=G
(C)
j
j
j
j
1
1
1
1
+
+
= G (D)
j
j
j
j
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
=+G
SOL 1.31 We know that
V1 = z11I1+ z12I2
V2 = z11I1+ z22I2
where z11 I
V
1I
1
20
=
=
z21 I
V
1I
2
10
=
=
Consider the given lattice network, when I2 = 0. There is two similar path in the
circuit for the current I1. So I I
2
1
=1
For z11 applying KVL at input port we get
V1 = I (Za + Zb)
Thus V1 I (Z Z )
2
1
= 1a+ b
z11 (Z Z )
2
1
= a+ b
For Z21 applying KVL at output port we get
V2 Z I Z I
2 2 ab
= 1 1
Thus V2 I (Z Z )
2
1
= 1a b
z21 (Z Z )
2
1
= a b
For this circuit z11 = z22 and z12 = z21. Thus
z
z
z
z
11
21
12
22
=G
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
2
2
2
2
ab
ab
ab
ab=
+
R
T
SSSS
S
V
X
WWWW
W
Here Za = 2j and Zb = 2
Thus
z
z
z
z
11
21
12
22
=G
j
j
j
j
1
1
1
=1
+
=+G

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MCQ 1.32 The circuit shown in the figure has initial current iL (0) = 1 A through the
inductor
and an initial voltage vC (0) = 1 V across the capacitor. For input v(t) = u(t),
the Laplace transform of the current i (t) for t $ 0 is
(A)
ss
s
2+ + 1
(B)
ss
s
1
2
2+ +
+
(C)
ss
s
1
2
2+ +
(D)
ss1
1
2+ +
SOL 1.32 Applying
KVL,
v(t) ( )
()
Ri t ( )
dt
Ldi t
C
1 i t dt
0
= + +3 #
Taking L.T. on both sides,
V(s) ( ) ( ) ( )
()()
RI s LsI s Li
sC
Is
sC
v
0
= + ++ + c0
+
v(t) = u(t) thus V(s)

s
=1
Hence
s
1()()
()
I s sI s
s
Is
s
=+1+1
s
2+1
()
s
Is
= 6s2+ s + 1@
or I (s)
ss
s
1
2
2=
++
+
MCQ 1.33 Consider the Bode magnitude plot shown in the fig. The transfer function H(s)
is
(A)
( )( )
()
ss
s
1 100
10
++
+
(B)
( )( )
()
ss
s
10 100
10 1
++
+
(C)
( )( )
()
ss
s
10 100
102 1
++
+
(D)
( )( )
()
ss
s
1 10
103 100
++
+

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SOL 1.33 The given bode plot is shown below
At = 1 change in slope is +20 dB " 1 zero at = 1
At = 10 change in slope is 20 dB " 1 poles at = 10
Thus T(s)
( )( )
K(s )
11
1
ss
10 100
=
++
+
Now 20 log10K = 20 " K = 0.1
Thus T(s)
( )( )
.()
( )( )
s()
ss
s
11
011
10 100
100 1
ss
10 100
=
++
+=
++
+
MCQ 1.34 The transfer function ( )
()
()
Hs
Vs
Vs
i
= o of an RLC circuit is given by

H(s)
s 20s 10
10
26
6
=
++
The Quality factor (Q-factor) of this circuit is
(A) 25 (B) 50
(C) 100 (D) 5000
SOL 1.34 Characteristics equation is
s2+ 20s + 106 = 0
Comparing with s 2 n s n 0
2+ + 2 = we have
n = 106 = 103
2 = 20
Thus 2 .
10
20 0 02 3 = =
Now Q
2.
1
0 02
1 50
===
MCQ 1.35 For the circuit shown in the figure, the initial conditions are zero. Its transfer
function ( )
()
()
Hs
Vs
Vs
i
= c is
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(A)
s 10 s 10
1
2+ 6 + 6
(B)
s 10 s 10
10
236
6
++
(C)
s 10 s 10
10
236
3
++
(D)
s 10 s 10
10
266
6
++
SOL 1.35 Hence
(D) is correct option.
H(s)
()
()
Vs
Vs
i
=0
R sL
sC
sC
1 s LC sCR
1
1
1
2=
++
=
++
s (10 10 ) s(10 10 ) 1
1
22444# #
=
+ +
10 s s 1 s s
1
10 10
10
62266
6
=
++
=
+ +
MCQ 1.36 A
system described by the following differential equation ( )
dt
dy
dt
3dy 2y x t 2
2
+ + = is
initially at rest. For input x(t) = 2u(t), the output y(t) is
(A) (1 2et + e2t)u(t) (B) (1 + 2et 2e2t)u(t)
(C) (0.5 + et + 1.5e2t)u(t) (D) (0.5 + 2e__________t + 2e2t)u(t)
SOL 1.36 Hence Correct Option is (A)
Given, 3
dt
dy
dt
dy 2y 2
2
+ + = x^t h
Taking Laplace Transformation both sides, we have
6s2+ 3s + 2@Y^s h X s s
=^h=2
or Y^s h
ss1s2
=2
^ + h^ + h s s s
1
1
2
2
=1+++
Increasing Laplace transformation gives,
y^t h = 1 2et + e2t u t ^ h ^ h
MCQ 1.37 Consider the following statements S1 and S2
S1 : At the resonant frequency the impedance of a series RLC circuit is zero.
S2 : In a parallel GLC circuit, increasing the conductance G results in increase in
its Q factor.

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Which one of the following is correct?

(C) S1 is TRUE and S2 is FALSE
(D) Both S1 and S2 are FALSE
SOL 1.37 Impedance of series RLC circuit at resonant frequency is minimum, not zero.
Actually imaginary part is zero.
ZRjL
C
1
=+`j
At resonance L
C
10
= and Z = R that is purely resistive. Thus S1 is false

Now quality factor Q R
L
=C
Since G
R1
=,Q
GL
=1C
If G - then Q . provided C and L are constant. Thus S2 is also false.
MCQ 1.38 In an abrupt p n junction, the doping concentrations on the p side and nside
are NA 9 10
16 = # /cm3 respectively. The p n junction is reverse biased and the
total depletion width is 3 m. The depletion width on the p side is
(A) 2.7 m (B) 0.3 m
(C) 2.25 m (D) 0.75 m
WpNA = WnND
or Wp
N
WN
A
= n # D 0.3
9 10
3 10
16
16
#
= # = m
Hence option (B) is correct.
resistivity of a uniformly doped n type silicon sample is 0.5 - mc. If the

electron mobility (n) is 1250 cm2/V-sec and the charge of an electron is 1.6 10 19 # Coulomb, the donor impurity concentration (ND) in the sample is
(A) 2 1016 # /cm3 (B) 1 1016 # /cm3
(C) 2.5 1015 # /cm3 (D) 5 1015 # /cm3
SOL 1.39 Hence option (B) is correct.
Conductivity = nqun
or resistivity
nq
11
n
==
Thus n
q
1
n
=
1.6 10 0.5 1250
1 10 19
MCQ 1.39 The
16
###
= = - /cm3
For n type semiconductor n = ND

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MCQ 1.40 Consider an abrupt p n junction. Let Vbi be the built-in potential of this
junction
and VR be the applied reverse bias. If the junction capacitance (Cj) is 1 pF for
Vbi + VR = 1 V, then for Vbi + VR = 4 V, Cj will be
(A) 4 pF (B) 2 pF
(C) 0.25 pF (D) 0.5 pF
Cj
(V V )(N N )
eNN
2 bi R A D
SAD2
=
;++E
Thus Cj
(V V )
1
1
bi R
\+
Now
C
C
j
j
1
2
()
()
VV
VV
4
1
2
1
bi R
bi R
2
=1
+
+==
or Cj2 0.5
C
22
= j1 = 1 = pF
Hence option (D) is correct.
MCQ 1.41 Consider the following statements Sq and S2.
S1 : The threshold voltage (VT) of MOS capacitor decreases with increase in gate
oxide thickness.
S2 : The threshold voltage (VT) of a MOS capacitor decreases with increase in
substrate doping concentration.
Which Marks of the following is correct ?
(C) Both S1 and S2 are FALSE
(D) S1 is TRUE and S2 is FALSE
SOL 1.41 Increase in gate oxide thickness makes difficult to induce charges in channel.
Thus
VT increases if we increases gate oxide thickness. Hence S1 is false.
Increase in substrate doping concentration require more gate voltage because
initially induce charges will get combine in substrate. Thus VT increases if we
increase substrate doping concentration. Hence S2 is false.
Hence option (C) is correct.
MCQ 1.42 The drain of an n-channel MOSFET is shorted to the gate so that VGS = VDS .
The
threshold voltage (VT) of the MOSFET is 1 V. If the drain current (ID) is 1 mA for
VGS = 2 V, then for VGS = 3 V, ID is
(A) 2 mA (B) 3 mA
(C) 9 mA (D) 4 mA

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
SOL 1.42 We
know that
ID K(VGS VT)
=2
Thus
I
I
DI
DS
()
()
VV
VV
GS T
GS T
1
2
2
2
Substituting the values we have

I
I
D
D
1
2
()
()
21
31
42
2
=
or ID2 = 4IDI = 4 mA
MCQ 1.43 The longest wavelength that can be absorbed by silicon, which has the
bandgap
of 1.12 eV, is 1.1 m. If the longest wavelength that can be absorbed by another
material is 0.87 m, then bandgap of this material is
(A) 1.416 A/cm2 (B) 0.886 eV
(C) 0.854 eV (D) 0.706 eV
SOL 1.43 Hence option (A) is correct.
Eg \ 1
Thus
E
E
g
g
1
2
.
.
0 87
11
2
1
==
or Eg2
.
...
0 87
= 1 1 # 1 12 = 1 416 eV
MCQ 1.44 The neutral base width of a bipolar transistor, biased in the active region, is 0.5
m. The maximum electron concentration and the diffusion constant in the base are
1014/cm3 and Dn = 25 cm2/sec respectively. Assuming negligible recombination in
the base, the collector current density is (the electron charge is 1.6 10 19 # - Coulomb)
(A) 800 A/cm2 (B) 8 A/cm2
(C) 200 A/cm2 (D) 2 A/cm2
SOL 1.44 Concentration gradient
dx
dn
0.5 10
10 2 10 4
14
18
#
==#q 1.6 10 19C = # Dn = 25
dx
dn
0.5 10
10
4
14
#
=JC qD
dx
dn
=n
1.6 10 19 25 2 1018 = # - # # # = 8 A/cm2
PUBLISHING FOR GATE

MCQ 1.45 Assume that the of transistor is extremely large and VBE = 0.7V, IC and VCE in
the circuit shown in the figure
(A) IC = 1mA,VCE = 4.7 V (B) IC = 0.5 mA, VCE = 3.75 V
(C) IC = 1 mA, VCE = 2.5 V (D) IC = 0.5 mA, VCE = 3.9 V
SOL 1.45 The thevenin equivalent is shown below
VT
RR
R VC
12
=1
+5
41
=1#1
+
=V
Since is large is large, IC . IE, IB . 0 and
IE
R
VV
E
= T BE .
300
= 1 0 7 = 3 mA
Now VCE = 5 2.2kIC 300IE
= 5 2.2k#1m 300#1m
= 2.5 V
Hence (C) is correct option
MCQ 1.46 A bipolar transistor is operating in the active region with a collector current of 1
mA. Assuming that the of the transistor is 100 and the thermal voltage (VT) is
25 mV, the transconductance (gm) and the input resistance (r) of the transistor in
the common emitter configuration, are
(A) gm = 25 mA/V and r = 15.625 k
(B) gm = 40 mA/V and r = 4.0 k
(C) gm = 25 mA/V and r = 2.5 k
(D) gm = 40 mA/V and r = 2.5 k

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
SOL 1.46 When IC >> ICO
gm
V
I
T
C=
25
1
mV
= mA = 0.04 = 40 mA/V
r .
g 40 10
100 2 5
m3#
= = = - k
MCQ 1.47 The value of C required for sinusoidal oscillations of frequency 1 kHz in the
circuit
of the figure is
(A)
2
1
F (B) 2 F
(C)
26
1
F (D) 2 6 F]
SOL 1.47 The given circuit is wein bridge oscillator. The frequency of oscillation is
2f
RC
=1
or C
2 Rf
1
=
2 10 10
1
33 # #
=
2
1
=
MCQ 1.48 In the op-amp circuit given in the figure, the load current iL is
(A)
R
Vs
2
(B)
R
Vs
2

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
(C)
R
V
L
s (D)
R
Vs
1
SOL 1.48 The
circuit is as shown below

We know that for ideal OPAMP
V- = V+
Applying KCL at inverting terminal
R
VV
R
sV V
11
-
+ - 0 = 0
or 2V- Vo = Vs ...(1)
Applying KCL at non-inverting terminal
R
VI
R
VV
L
o
22
+ + = 0
or 2V+ Vo + ILR2 = 0 ...(2)
Since V- = V+, from (1) and (2) we have
Vs + ILR2 = 0
or IL
R
Vs
++
=
MCQ 1.49 In the voltage regulator shown in the figure, the load current can vary from 100
mA to 500 mA. Assuming that the Zener diode is ideal (i.e., the Zener knee current
is negligibly small and Zener resistance is zero in the breakdown region), the value
of R is
(A) 7 (B) 70
(C)
3
70 (D) 14
SOL 1.49 If IZ is negligible the load current is

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
R
12 Vz I= L
as per given condition
100 mA
R
# 12 VZ # 500 mA
At IL = 100 mA
R
12 5 = 100 mA V 5 Z = V
or R = 70
At IL = 500 mA
R
12 5 = 500 mA V 5 Z = V
or R = 14
Thus taking minimum we get
R = 14
MCQ 1.50 In a full-wave rectifier using two ideal diodes, Vdc and Vm are the dc and peak
values
of the voltage respectively across a resistive load. If PIV is the peak inverse voltage
of the diode, then the appropriate relationships for this rectifier are
(A) Vdc V , PIV 2V
m
m
= = (B) Idc 2V , PIV 2V
m
m
==
(C) Vdc 2V , PIV V
m
m
= = (D) VdcV , PIV V
m
m
=
MCQ 1.51 The minimum number of 2-
to -1 multiplexers required to realize a 4- to -1

multiplexers is
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
SOL 1.51 Number of MUX is
34
= 2 and
22
= 1. Thus the total number 3 multiplexers is
required.

MCQ 1.52 The Boolean expression AC + BC is equivalent to
(A) AC + BC + AC (B) BC + AC + BC + ACB
(C) AC + BC + BC + ABC (D) ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
AC + BC = AC1 + BC1
= AC(B + B) + BC(A + A)
= ACB + ACB + BCA + BCA
MCQ 1.53 11001, 1001, 111001 correspond to the 2s complement representation of
which one
of the following sets of number
(A) 25,9, and 57 respectively (B) -6, -6, and -6 respectively

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
(C) -7, -7 and -7 respectively (D) -25, -9 and -57 respectively
SOL 1.53 Hence (C) is correct answer.
11001 1001 111001
00110 0110 000110
+1 +1 +1
00111 0111 000111
777
Thus 2s complement of 11001, 1001 and 111001 is 7. So the number given in the
question are 2s complement correspond to -7.
MCQ 1.54 The 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface is used as described below.
(i) An A/D converter is interface to a microprocessor through an 8255.
The conversion is initiated by a signal from the 8255 on Port C. A signal on Port
C causes data to be stobed into Port A.
(ii) Two computers exchange data using a pair of 8255s. Port A works as a
bidirectional data port supported by appropriate handshaking signals.
The appropriate modes of operation of the 8255 for (i) and (ii) would be
(A) Mode 0 for (i) and Mode 1 for (ii)
(B) Mode 1 for (i) and Mode 2 for (ii)
(C) Mode for (i) and Mode 0 for (ii)
(D) Mode 2 for (i) and Mode 1 for (ii)
SOL 1.54 For 8255, various modes are described as following.
Mode 1 : Input or output with hand shake
In this mode following actions are executed
1. Two port (A & B) function as 8 - bit input output ports.
2. Each port uses three lines from C as a hand shake signal
3. Input & output data are latched.
Form (ii) the mode is 1.
Mode 2 : Bi-directional data transfer
This mode is used to transfer data between two computer. In this mode port A can
be configured as bidirectional port. Port A uses five signal from port C as hand
shake signal.
For (1), mode is 2

MCQ 1.55 The number of memory cycles required to execute the following 8085
instructions
(i) LDA 3000 H
(ii) LXI D, FOF1H
would be

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
(A) 2 for (i) and 2 for (ii) (B) 4 for (i) and 3 for (ii)
(C) 3 for (i) and 3 for (ii) (D) 3 for (i) and 4 for (ii)
SOL 1.55 LDA 16 bit & Load accumulator directly this instruction copies data byte from
memory location (specified within the instruction) the accumulator.
It takes 4 memory cycle-as following.
1. in instruction fetch
2. in reading 16 bit address
1. in copying data from memory to accumulator
LXI D, (F0F1)4 & It copies 16 bit data into register pair D and E.
It takes 3 memory cycles.
MCQ 1.56 In the modulo-6 ripple counter shown in figure, the output of the 2- input gate is
used to clear the J-K flip-flop
The 2-input gate is
(A) a NAND gate (B) a NOR gate
(C) an OR gate (D) a AND gare
SOL 1.56 In the modulo - 6 ripple counter at the end of sixth pulse (i.e. after 101 or at
110)
all states must be cleared. Thus when CB is 11 the all states must be cleared. The
input to 2-input gate is C and B and the desired output should be low since the
CLEAR is active low
Thus when C and B are 0, 0, then output must be 0. In all other case the output
must be 1. OR gate can implement this functions.
MCQ 1.57 Consider the sequence of 8085 instructions given below
LXI H, 9258
MOV A, M
CMA
MOV M, A
Which one of the following is performed by this sequence ?
(A) Contents of location 9258 are moved to the accumulator

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
(B) Contents of location 9258 are compared with the contents of the accumulator
(C) Contents of location 8529 are complemented and stored in location 8529
(D) Contents of location 5892 are complemented and stored in location 5892
SOL 1.57 Hence (A) is correct answer.
LXI H, 9258H ; 9258H " HL

MOV A, M ; (9258H) " A
CMa ; A " A
MOV M, A ; A " M
This program complement the data of memory location 9258H.
MCQ 1.58 A Boolean function f of two variables x and y is defined as follows :
f (0,0) = f (0,1) = f (1,1) = 1; f (1,0) = 0
Assuming complements of x and y are not available, a minimum cost solution for
realizing f using only 2-input NOR gates and 2- input OR gates (each having unit
cost) would have a total cost of
(A) 1 unit (B) 4 unit
(C) 3 unit (D) 2 unit
We have f (x,y) = xy + xy + xy = x(y + y) + xy = x + xy
or f (x,y) = x + y
Here compliments are not available, so to get x we use NOR gate. Thus desired
circuit require 1 unit OR and 1 unit NOR gate giving total cost 2 unit.
MCQ 1.59 It is desired to multiply the numbers 0AH by 0BH and store the result in the
accumulator. The numbers are available in registers B and C respectively. A part
of the 8085 program for this purpose is given below :
MVI A, 00H
LOOP --------------HLT
END
The sequence of instructions to complete the program would be
(A) JNX LOOP, ADD B, DCR C
(B) ADD B, JNZ LOOP, DCR C
(C) DCR C, JNZ LOOP, ADD B
(D) ADD B, DCR C, JNZ LOOP
MVI A, 00H ; Clear accumulator
LOOP ADD B ; Add the contents of B to A

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
DCR C ; Decrement C
JNZ LOOP ; If C is not zero jump to loop
HLT
END
This instruction set add the contents of B to accumulator to contents of C times.
MCQ 1.60 A 1 kHz sinusoidal signal is ideally sampled at 1500 samples/sec and the
sampled
signal is passed through an ideal low-pass filter with cut-off frequency 800 Hz. The
output signal has the frequency.
(A) zero Hz (B) 0.75 kHz

(C) 0.5 kHz (D) 0.25 kHz
SOL 1.60 Hence Correct Option is (C)
Here fs = 1500 samples/sec, fm = kHz
The sampled frequency are 2.5 kHz, 0.5 kHz, Since LPF has cut-off frequency
800 Hz, then only output signal of frequency 0.5 kHz would pass through it
MCQ 1.61 A rectangular pulse train s(t) as shown in the figure is convolved with the signal
cos2(4p 103t) # . The convolved signal will be a
(A) DC (B) 12 kHz sinusoid
(C) 8 kHz sinusoid (D) 14 kHz sinusoid
SOL 1.61 Hence Correct Option is (D)
S^t h T1 1 2 cos t 2 cos 2 t .....................
s
= 6 + s + s + @
cos24 103t #
cos t
2
1 8 103 #
=
^+h
s
0.1 10
2 2 10 10 3
3
#
##==
S^t h* x^t h = S # t d
3
3
# ^h^h
10 10 1 2 cos s t 2 cos 2 s t ........ dt
3= # + + +
3
3
# 6@
cos t
2
1 8 103 #
#
6+@

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
So, frequencies present will be fs!fm,2fs!3fs!fm; fs = 10 kHz
fm 2 4 kHz
8 103 #

==
Hence 14 kHz sinusoidal signal will be present
MCQ 1.62 Consider the sequence x[n] = [ 4 j51 + j25]
-
. The conjugate anti-symmetric part

of the sequence is
(A) [ 4 j2.5, j2, 4 j2.5] (B) [ j2.5, 1, j2.5]
(C) [ j2.5, j2, 0] (D) [ 4, 1, 4]
We have x(n) = [ 4 j5, 1 + 2j, 4]
-
x *( n) = [ 4 + j5, 1 2j, 4]
-
x *( n) = [4, 1 2j, 4 + j5]

-
xcas (n)
x(n) x ( n)
2
*
=
[ 4 j , 2j 4 j ] 2
5
2
=5
-
MCQ 1.63 A
causal LTI system is described by the difference equation

2y[n] = y[n 2] 2x[n] + x[n 1]
The system is stable only if
(A) = 2, < 2 (B) > 2, > 2
(C) < 2, any value of (D) < 2, any value of
We have 2y(n) = y(n 2) 2x(n) + x(n 1)
Taking z transform we get
2Y(z) = Y(z)z2 2X(z) + X(z)z1
or
()
()
Xz
Yz
z
z
2
2
2
1
c m ...(i)
or H(z)
()
()
z
zz
2
2
=2
It has poles at ! /2 and zero at 0 and /2. For a stable system poles must lie
inside the unit circle of z plane. Thus
2
<1
or < 2
But zero can lie anywhere in plane. Thus, can be of any value.

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
MCQ 1.64 A causal system having the transfer function H(s) = 1/(s + 2) is excited with
10u(t). The time at which the output reaches 99% of its steady state value is
(A) 2.7 sec (B) 2.5 sec
(C) 2.3 sec (D) 2.1 sec
We have r(t) = 10u(t)
or R(s)
s
= 10
Now H(s)
s2
=1
+
C(s) ( ) ( )
()
HsRs
s2sss
1 10
2
= $ = $ 10
++
or C(s)
ss
5
2
=5
+
c(t) = 5[1 e2t]
The steady state value of c(t) is 5. It will reach 99% of steady state value reaches
at t , where
5[1 e2t] = 0.99 # 5
or 1 e2t = 0.99
e2t = 0.1
or 2t = ln0.1
or t = 2.3 sec
MCQ 1.65 The impulse response h[n] of a linear time invariant system is given as
h[n]
,
,
n
n
2211
4222
0 otherwise
=
=
* =
If the input to the above system is the sequence ejn/4, then the output is
(A) 4 2 ejn/4 (B) 4 2 ejn/4
(C) 4ejn/4 (D) 4ejn/4
We have x(n) = ejn/4
and h(n) = 4 2 (n + 2) 2 2 (n + 1) 2 2 (n 1)
+4 2 (n 2)
Now y(n) = x(n)* h(n)
x(n k)h(k)
k
=
3
3
=
/ x(n k)h(k)
k2
2
=
=
/
or y(n) = x(n + 2)h( 2) + x(n + 1)h( 1)
+x(n 1)h(1) + x(n 2)h(2)
4 2 ej (n 2) 2 2 ej (n 1) 2 2 ej (n 1) 4 2 ej (n 2) = +
4

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
4 2 ej (n 2) ej (n 2) 2 2 ej (n 1) ej (n 1) = + +
4 2 ej n ej e j 2 2 ej n ej e j = + +
4 2 ej n [0] 2 2 ej n [2 cos ]
4
42
24
6@6@
6@6@
=
or y(n) 4ej n =
MCQ 1.66 Let x(t) and y(t) with Fourier transforms F(f) and Y(f) respectively be related as
shown in Fig. Then Y(f) is
(A) 2X(f/2)e
1 jf (B) X(f/ )e
2
1 2 j2f
(C) X(f/2)ej2f (D) X(f/2)ej2f
SOL 1.66 From given graph the relation in x(t) and y(t) is
y(t) = x[2(t + 1)]
x(t) X(f) F
Using scaling we have
x(at)
a
X
a
F1 f c m
Thus x(2t) X f
2
1
2
Fc m
Using shifting property we ge
( ) x t t0
= ej2ft X(f)
Thus x[2(t + 1)] e X f e X f
2
1
222
4
4r
F j f( )
jf
21
2
blbl
x[2(t + 1)] e X f
22
F j2 f
cm
MCQ 1.67 A system has poles at 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz and 80 Hz; zeros at 5 Hz, 100 Hz and 200
Hz.
The approximate phase of the system response at 20 Hz is

(A) 90c (B) 0c
(C) 90c (D) 180c
SOL 1.67 Approximate (comparable to 90c) phase shift are
Due to pole at 0.01 Hz " 90c
Due to pole at 80 Hz " 90c
Due to pole at 80 Hz " 0
Due to zero at 5 Hz " 90c

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
Due to zero at 100 Hz " 0
Due to zero at 200 Hz " 0
Thus approximate total 90c phase shift is provided.
MCQ 1.68 Consider the signal flow graph shown in Fig. The gain
x
x
1
5 is
(A)
()
abcd
1 be + cf + dg
(B)
(be cf dg)
bedg
1 + +
(C)
(be cf dg) bedg
abcd
1 + + + (D)
()
abcd
1 be + cf + dg + bedg
SOL 1.68 Mason Gain Formula
T(s) pk k
3
=3
In given SFG there is only one forward path and 3 possible loop.
p1 = abcd
31 = 1
3= 1 (sum of indivudual loops) - (Sum of two non touching loops)
= 1 (L1+ L2+ L3) + (L1L3)
Non touching loop are L1 and L3 where
L1L2 = bedg
Thus
()
()
Rs
Cs
(be cf dg) bedg
p
1
= 131
+++
(be cf dg) bedg
abcd
1
=
+++
MCQ 1.69 If A
2
1
2
=3
= G, then sinAt is
(A)
()()
()()
()()
()()
sin sin
sin sin
sin sin
sin sin
tt
tt
tt
3tt
142
4
242
24
+
+
+
=+G
(B)
()
()
()
()
sin
sin
sin
sin
t
t
t
t
22
3
=G
(C)
()()
( ) ()
()()
()()
sin sin
sin sin
sin sin
sin sin
tt
tt
tt
3tt
142
4
242
24
+
+
=+G
(D)
( ) ()
()()
()()
( ) ()
cos cos
cos cos
cos cos
cos cos
tt
tt
tt
3tt
12
4
242
24
+
+
+
=+G

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
SOL 1.69 Hence (A) is correct option
We have A
2
1
2
=3
=G
Characteristic equation is
[I A] = 0
or
2
1
2
3
+=0
or ( + 2)( + 3) 2 = 0
or 2+ 5 + 4 = 0
Thus 1 = 4 and 2 = 1
Eigen values are 4 and 1.
Eigen vectors for 1 = 4
(1I A)X1 = 0
or
x
x
2
1
2
3
1
1
11
21
+
= + G= G = 0
x
x
2
1
2
1
11
21
= G= G = 0
or 2x11 2x21 = 0
or x11+ x21 = 0
We have only one independent equation x11 = x21.
Let x21 = K, then x11 = K, the Eigen vector will be
x
x
11
21
=G
K
KK
1
=1
=G=G
Now Eigen vector for 2 = 1
(2I A)X2 = 0
or
x
x
2
1
2
3
2
2
12
22
= + G= G = 0
or
1
1
2
2
=G
x
x
12
22
=G=0
We have only one independent equation x12 = 2x22
Let x22 = K, then x12 = 2K. Thus Eigen vector will be
x
x
12
22
=G
K
K
2
==GK
2
= =1 G
Digonalizing matrix
M
x
x
x
x
1
1
2
1
11
21
12
22
==
=G=G
Now M1
3
11
1
2
=1
` j= G

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
Now Diagonal matrix of sin At is D where
D
()
()
sin
sin
t
0t
10
2
==G
()
()
sin
sin
t
t
4
0
0
2 =
=G
Now matrix B = sinAt = MDM1
()
()
sin
sin
t
3t
11
1
2
1
4
0
01
1
2
= 1
` j= G= G= G
( 4) 2 ( )
( ) ()
()()
()()
sin sin
sin sin
sin sin
sin sin
tt
tt
tt
3tt
1
42
242
= 2 4
` j= G
()()
()()
()()
()()
sin sin
sin sin
sin sin
sin sin
tt
tt
tt
3tt
142
4
242
= 2 4 2
` j= + G
()()
(()
()()
()()
sin sin
sin sin
sin sin
sin sin
tt
tt
tt
tts
3
142
4
242
=24
+
+
+
` j= + G
MCQ 1.70 The open-loop transfer function of a unity feedback system is
G(s)
s(s s )(s )
K
22 3 =
+++
The range of K for which the system is stable is
(A) K
4
21 > > 0 (B) 13 > K > 0
(C) K
4
21 < < 3 (D) 6 < K < 3
SOL 1.70 For ufb system the characteristic equation is
1 + G(s) = 0
s(s s )(s )
1K
223
G(s)
2
1
+
+++
+
=0
s4+ 4s3+ 5s2+ 6s + K = 0
The routh table is shown below. For system to be stable,
0 < K and
/
()K
0
27
< 21 4
This gives 0 K
4
< < 21
s4 1 5 K
s3 4 6 0
s2
2
7K
s1
/
K
72
0
s0 K
214

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
Hence (A) is correct option
MCQ 1.71 For the polynomial P(s) = s2+ s4+ 2s3+ 2s2+ 3s + 15 the number of roots which
lie in the right half of the s plane is
(A) 4 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 1
We have P(s) = s5+ s4+ 2s3+ 3s + 15
The routh table is shown below.
If " 0+ then 2 12
+ is
positive and 2 12
15 2 24 144
is negative. Thus there are two sign

change in first column. Hence system has 2 root on RHS of plane.
s5 1 2 3
s4 1 2 15
s3 12 0
s2 2 12
+ 15
s1
2 12
15 2 24 144
s0 0
state variable equations of a system are : xo1 = 3x1 x2 = u,xo2 = 2x1 and
y = x1+ u. The system is
(A) controllable but not observable
(B) observable but not controllable
(C) neither controllable nor observable
(D) controllable and observable
We have
x
x
MCQ 1.72 The
1
2
=G
x
xu
3
2
1
0
1
0
1
2
=+
= G= G = G
and Y = [1 0]
x
xu
1
2
1
2
= G+= G
Here A
3
2
1
=0
= G, B
1
= =0G and C = [1 0]
The controllability matrix is
QC = [B AB]
1
0
3
=2
=G
detQC ! 0 Thus controllable
The observability matrix is

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Q0 = [CT ATCT]
1
0
3
=1!0
=G
detQ0 ! 0 Thus observable
MCQ 1.73 Given A
1
0
0
= = 1G, the state transition matrix eAt is given by
(A)
e
0e
t0
t
> H (B)
e
0e
t0
= tG
(C)
e
0e
t0
t
> H (D)
e
0e
t0
t
=G
SOL 1.73 Hence
(B) is correct option.
(sI A)
s
0s
01
0
0
= = G= 1G
s
s
1
0
0
=1
=G
(sI A)1
()
()
s()
s
1s
11
0
0
21 =
=G0
0s
s
1
1
1
= 1
>H
eAt = L1[(sI A)]1
e
0e
t0
== tG
MCQ 1.74 Consider the signal x(t) shown in Fig. Let h(t) denote the impulse response of
the
filter matched to x(t), with h(t) being non-zero only in the interval 0 to 4 sec. The
slope of h(t) in the interval 3 < t < 4 sec is
(A) sec
2
1 -1 (B) 1 sec-1
(C) sec
2
1 -1 (D) 1 sec-1
SOL 1.74 The impulse response of matched filter is
h(t) = x(T t)
Since here T = 4, thus
h(t) = x(4 t)
The graph of h(t) is as shown below.

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From graph it may be easily seen that slope between 3 < t < 4 is 1.
MCQ 1.75 A 1 mW video signal having a bandwidth of 100 MHz is transmitted to a
receiver
through cable that has 40 dB loss. If the effective one-side noise spectral density at
the receiver is 10-20 Watt/Hz, then the signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver is
(A) 50 dB (B) 30 dB
(C) 40 dB (D) 60 dB
SOL 1.75 The SNR at transmitter is
SNRtr
B
P
N
= tr
10 100 10
10
20 6
3
##-
109 =
In dB SNRtr = 10 log 109 = 90 dB
Cable Loss = 40 db
At receiver after cable loss we have
SNRRc = 90 40 = 50 dB
MCQ 1.76 A 100 MHz carrier of 1 V amplitude and a 1 MHz modulating signal of 1 V
amplitude are fed to a balanced modulator. The ourput of the modulator is passed
through an ideal high-pass filter with cut-off frequency of 100 MHz. The output
of the filter is added with 100 MHz signal of 1 V amplitude and 90c phase shift as
shown in the figure. The envelope of the resultant signal is
(A) constant (B) 1 sin(2 106t) + #
(C) sin( t)
4
5 2 106 (D) cos ( t)
4
5 2 106 + #
We have fc = 100 MHz 100 106 = # and fm = 1 MHz
1 106 = #

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The output of balanced modulator is
VBM (t) = [cosc t][cosc t]
[cos ( ) t cos ( ) t]
2
1
= c + m + c m
If VBM (t) is passed through HPF of cut off frequency fH 100 10
6 = # , then only
(c + m) passes and output of HPF is
VHP (t) cos ( ) t
2
1
= c + m
Now V0(t) VHP (t) sin(2 100 10 ) t
6= + # #
cos [2 100 10 2 1 10 t] sin(2 100 10 ) t
2
= 1 # 6+ # # 6 + # # 6
cos [ t] sin( ) t
2
= 1 2108+ 2106 + 2108
[cos (2 10 t) t cos (2 10 t)] sin[2 10 t sin(2 10 t) sin2 10 t]
2
= 1 8 6 8 6+ 8
cos ( t)cos t sin t sin t
2
1 2 10 2 10 1
2
= 6 8 +` 1 2106 j 2108
This signal is in form
= Acos 2108t + Bsin2108t
The envelope of this signal is
= A2+ B2
cos ( t) sin( t
2
1 2 10 1
2
6 2 1 2 106 2 = ` j +` j
cos ( t) sin ( t) sin( t)
4
1 2 10 1
4
= 2 6 + + 1 2 2106 2106
sin( t)
4
= 1 + 1 2106
sin( t)
4
= 5 2106
MCQ 1.77 Two sinusoidal signals of same amplitude and frequencies 10 kHz and 10.1
kHz are
added together. The combined signal is given to an ideal frequency detector. The
output of the detector is
(A) 0.1 kHz sinusoid (B) 20.1 kHz sinusoid
(C) a linear function of time (D) a constant
s(t) Acos [2 10 103t] Acos [2 10.1 103t] = # + #
Here T1 sec
10 10
1 100 3 #
==
and T2
.
sec
10 1 10
1 99 3 #
==
Period of added signal will be LCM [T1,T2]

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Thus T = LCM[100,99] = 9900sec
Thus frequency f .
9900
101
= = kHz
MCQ 1.78 Consider a binary digital communication system with equally likely 0s and 1s.
When binary 0 is transmitted the detector input can lie between the levels 0.25
V and +0.25 V with equl probability : when binary 1 is transmitted, the voltage
at the detector can have any value between 0 and 1 V with equal probability. If the
detector has a threshold of 0.2 V (i.e., if the received signal is greater than 0.2 V,
the bit is taken as 1), the average bit error probability is
(A) 0.15 (B) 0.2
(C) 0.05 (D) 0.5
SOL 1.78 The pdf of transmission of 0 and 1 will be as shown below :
Probability of error of 1
P(0 # X # 0.2) = 0.2
Probability of error of 0 :
P(0.2 # X # 0.25) = 0.05 # 2 = 0.1
Average error
P( X . ) P( . X . )
2
0 # # 0 2 0 2 # # 0 25 = +
...
0
= 0 2 + 0 1 = 0 15
MCQ 1.79 A random variable X with uniform density in the interval 0 to 1 is quantized as
follows :
If 0 # X # 0.3, xq = 0
If 0.3 < X # 1, xq = 0.7
where xq is the quantized value of X.
The root-mean square value of the quantization noise is
(A) 0.573 (B) 0.198
(C) 2.205 (D) 0.266
The square mean value is
2 (x xq) f (x)dx
=2
3
3
-

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(x xq) f (x)dx
2
0
1
=#
(x 0) f (x)dx (x 0.7) f (x)dx
.
.2.2
03
01
0
03
=# +#
xx.xx
33
0 49 14
2
.
.
3
0
0332
03
= ; E +; + E
or 2 = 0.039
RMS = 2 = 0.039 = 0.198
MCQ 1.80 Choose the current one from among the alternative A,B,C,D after matching an
item from Group 1 with the most appropriate item in Group 2.
Group 1 Group 2
1. FM P. Slope overload
2. DM Q. -law
3. PSK R. Envelope detector
4. PCM S. Hilbert transform
T. Hilbert transform
U. Matched filter
(A) 1 - T, 2 - P, 3 - U, 4 - S (B) 1 - S, 2 - U, 3 - P, 4 - T
(C) 1 - S, 2 - P, 3 - U, 4 - Q (D) 1 - U, 2 - R, 3 - S, 4 - Q
FM $ Capture effect
DM $ Slope over load
PSK $ Matched filter
PCM $ law
MCQ 1.81 Three analog signals, having bandwidths 1200 Hz, 600 Hz and 600 Hz, are
sampled
at their respective Nyquist rates, encoded with 12 bit words, and time division
multiplexed. The bit rate for the multiplexed. The bit rate for the multiplexed
signal is
(A) 115.2 kbps (B) 28.8 kbps
(C) 57.6 kbps (D) 38.4 kbps
SOL 1.81 Since fs = 2fm, the signal frequency and sampling frequency are as follows
fm1 = 1200 Hz $2400 samples per sec
Thus by time division multiplexing total 4800 samples per second will be sent.
Since each sample require 12 bit, total 4800 # 12 bits per second will be sent
Thus bit rate Rb = 4800 # 12 = 57.6 kbps
MCQ 1.82 Consider a system shown in the figure. Let X(f) and Y(f) and denote the
Fourier

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transforms of x(t) and y(t) respectively. The ideal HPF has the cutoff frequency
10 kHz.
The positive frequencies where Y(f) has spectral peaks are
(A) 1 kHz and 24 kHz (B) 2 kHz and 244 kHz
(C) 1 kHz and 14 kHz (D) 2 kHz and 14 kHz
SOL 1.82 The input signal X(f) has the peak at 1 kHz and 1 kHz. After balanced
modulator
the output will have peak at fc ! 1 kHz i.e. :

10 ! 1 $11 and 9 kHz
10 ! ( 1) $9 and 11 kHz
9 kHz will be filtered out by HPF of 10 kHz. Thus 11 kHz will remain. After
passing through 13 kHz balanced modulator signal will have 13 ! 11 kHz signal i.e.
2 and 24 kHz.
Thus peak of Y(f) are at 2 kHz and 24 kHz.
MCQ 1.83 A parallel plate air-filled capacitor has plate area of 10-4 m2 and plate
separation
of 10-3 m. It is connect - ed to a 0.5 V, 3.6 GHz source. The magnitude of the
displacement current is ( 10 36
= 19
- F/m)
(A) 10 mA (B) 100 mA
(C) 10 A (D) 1.59 mA
SOL 1.83 The capacitance is
C.
d
A
10
o 8 85 10 10
3
12 4 =
--
=##-
8.85 10 13 = # The charge on capacitor is

Q = CV 8.85 10 13 4.427 10 13 = # - = # Displacement current in one cycle
I
T
= Q = fQ 4.427 10 13 3.6 109 1.59 = # - # # = mA

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MCQ 1.84 A source produces binary data at the rate of 10 kbps. The binary symbols are
represented as shown in the figure given below.
The source output is transmitted using two modulation schemes, namely Binary
PSK (BPSK) and Quadrature PSK (QPSK). Let B1 and B2 be the bandwidth
requirements of BPSK and QPSK respectively. Assume that the bandwidth of he
above rectangular pulses is 10 kHz, B1 and B2 are
(A) B1 = 20 kHz,B2 = 20 kHz (B) B1 = 10 kHz,B2 = 20 kHz
(C) B1 = 20 kHz,B2 = 10 kHz (D) B1 = 20 kHz,B2 = 10 kHz
SOL 1.84 The required bandwidth of M array PSK is
BW
n
= 2Rb
where 2n = M and Rb is bit rate
For BPSK, M = 2 = 2n$n = 1
Thus B1 R1
= 2 b = 2 # 10 = 20 kHz
For QPSK, M = 4 = 2n$n = 2
Thus B2 R2
= 2 b = 10 kHz
MCQ 1.85 Consider a 300 , quarter - wave long (at 1 GHz) transmission line as shown
in
Fig. It is connected to a 10 V, 50 source at one end and is left open circuited at
the other end. The magnitude of the voltage at the open circuit end of the line is
(A) 10 V (B) 5 V
(C) 60 V (D) 60/7 V
V
V
in
L
Z
Z
in
=O

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or VL
Z
ZV
in
O
= in 6
50
= 10 # 300 = 0 V
MCQ 1.86 In a microwave test bench, why is the microwave signal amplitude modulated
at 1
kHz
(A) To increase the sensitivity of measurement
(B) To transmit the signal to a far-off place
(C) To study amplitude modulations
(D) Because crystal detector fails at microwave frequencies
MCQ 1.87 If E (ax jay)e
= t + t jkz - kt and H (k/ ) (a ka )e y x
= t + t jkz - jt , the time-averaged Poynting
vector is
(A) null vector (B) (k/)atz
(C) (2k/)atz (D) (k/2)atz

Ravg Re[ ]
2
1 E H* = #
E H* # (ax jay)e k ( ja a )e
jkz j t
xy
jkz j t
= t + t # t + t +
a k ( j) (j) k 0
z
=t;E=
Thus Ravg Re[ ]
2
1 E H* = # = 0
MCQ 1.88 Consider an impedance Z = R + jX marked with point P in an impedance Smith
chart as shown in Fig. The movement from point P along a constant resistance
circle in the clockwise direction by an angle 45c is equivalent to
(A) adding an inductance in series with Z
(B) adding a capacitance in series with Z
(C) adding an inductance in shunt across Z
(D) adding a capacitance in shunt across Z

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SOL 1.88 Suppose at point P impedance is
Z = r + j ( 1)
If we move in constant resistance circle from point P in clockwise direction by an
angle 45c, the reactance magnitude increase. Let us consider a point Q at 45c from
point P in clockwise direction. Its impedance is
Z1 = r 0.5j
or Z1 = Z + 0.5j
Thus movement on constant r - circle by an +45c in CW direction is the addition
of inductance in series with Z .
MCQ 1.89 A plane electromagnetic wave propagating in free space is incident normally
on a
large slab of loss-less, non-magnetic, dielectric material with > 0. Maxima and
minima are observed when the electric field is measured in front of the slab. The
maximum electric field is found to be 5 times the minimum field. The intrinsic
impedance of the medium should be
(A) 120 (B) 60
(C) 600 (D) 24
We have VSWR
E
E5
1
1
min
max
= = =+
or
3
=2
Thus
3
=2
Now
21
21
=
+ or
3
2
120
120
2
2
=
+
or 2 = 24
MCQ 1.90 A lossless transmission line is terminated in a load which reflects a part of the
incident power. The measured VSWR is 2. The percentage of the power that is
reflected back is
(A) 57.73 (B) 33.33
(C) 0.11 (D) 11.11
The VSWR 2
1
1
=
+
or
3
=1
PUBLISHING FOR GATE

Thus
P
P
inc
ref
9
= 2= 1
or Pref P
9
= inc
i.e. 11.11% of incident power is reflected.
Answer Sheet
1. (B) 19. (A) 37. (D) 55. (B) 73. (B)

2. (D) 20. (D) 38. (B) 56. (C) 74. (B)
3. (A) 21. (D) 39. (B) 57. (A) 75. (A)
4. (A) 22. (C) 40. (D) 58. (D) 76. (C)
5. (C) 23. (D) 41. (C) 59. (D) 77. (A)
6. (C) 24. (C) 42. (D) 60. (C) 78. (A)
7. (A) 25. (C) 43. (A) 61. (D) 79. (B)
8. (D) 26. (B) 44. (B) 62. (A) 80. (C)
9. (B) 27. (B) 45. (C) 63. (C) 81. (C)
10. (C) 28. (A) 46. (D) 64. (C) 82. (B)
11. (A) 29. (D) 47. (A) 65. (D) 83. (D)
12. (A) 30. (A) 48. (A) 66. (B) 84. (C)
13. (C) 31. (D) 49. (D) 67. (A) 85. (C)
14. (A) 32. (B) 50. (B) 68. (C) 86. (D)
15. (D) 33. (C) 51. (C) 69. (A) 87. (A)
16. (B) 34. (B) 52. (D) 70 (A) 88. (A)
17. (A) 35. (D) 53. (C) 71 (B) 89. (D)
18. (C) 36. (A) 54. (D) 72 (D) 90. (D)
GATE EC
2003
PUBLISHING FOR GATE
Q. 1-30 Carry One Mark Each

MCQ 1.1 The
minimum number of equations required to analyze the circuit shown in the

figure is
(A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 6 (D) 7
Number of loops = b n + 1
= minimum number of equation
Number of branches = b = 8
Number of nodes = n = 5
Minimum number of equation
=85+1=4
MCQ 1.2 A source of angular frequency 1 rad/sec has a source impedance consisting of
1
resistance in series with 1 H inductance. The load that will obtain the maximum
power transfer is
(A) 1 resistance
(B) 1 resistance in parallel with 1 H inductance
(C) 1 resistance in series with 1 F capacitor
(D) 1 resistance in parallel with 1 F capacitor
SOL 1.2 For maximum power transfer
ZL Z*
= S = Rs jXs

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
Thus ZL = 1 1j
MCQ 1.3 A series RLC circuit has a resonance frequency of 1 kHz and a quality factor
Q = 100. If each of R,L and C is doubled from its original value, the new Q of the
circuit is
(A) 25 (B) 50
(C) 100 (D) 200
Q
RC
=1L
When R,L and C are doubled,
Q'
RC
L
RC
LQ
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
===
Thus Q'
2
= 100 = 50
MCQ 1.4 The Laplace transform of i (t) is given by
I (s)
s(1 s)
=2
+
At t " 3, The value of i (t) tends to
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 3
SOL 1.4 From the Final value theorem we have
limi (t)
t"3
limsI (s)
s0
=
"
()()
lims lim
s1ss
2
1
22
s0s0
=
+
=
+
=
""
Hence (C) is correct answer

MCQ 1.5 The differential equation for the current i (t) in the circuit of the figure is
(A) ( ) sin
dt
di
dt
2 2 di i t t 2
2
+ + = (B) ( ) cos
dt
di
dt
2 di 2i t t 2
2
++=
(C) ( ) cos
dt
di
dt
2 2 di i t t 2
2
+ + = (D) ( ) sin
dt
di
dt
2 di 2i t t 2
2
++=
SOL 1.5 Applying
KVL we get,
sin t ( )
()
Ri t L ( )
dt
di t
C
= + + 1 #i t dt

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
or sin t ( )
()
it()
dt
di t
= 2 + 2 + #i t dt
Differentiating with respect to t , we get
cos t
()()
()
dt
di t
dt
dit
it
22
2
2
=++
MCQ 1.6 n-type silicon is obtained by doping silicon with
(A) Germanium (B) Aluminium
(C) Boron (D) Phosphorus
SOL 1.6 Pentavalent make n type semiconductor and phosphorous is pentavalent.
MCQ 1.7 The Bandgap of silicon at 300 K is
(A) 1.36 eV (B) 1.10 eV
(C) 0.80 eV (D) 0.67 eV
SOL 1.7 Hence option (B) is correct.
For silicon at 0 K Eg0 = 1.21 eV
At any temperature
EgT Eg0 3.6 10 T
4= # At T = 300 K,
Eg300 1.21 3.6 10 4 300 = # - # = 1.1 eV
This is standard value, that must be remembered.
MCQ 1.8 The intrinsic carrier concentration of silicon sample at 300 K is 1.5 1016 # /m3. If
after doping, the number of majority carriers is 5 1020 # /m3, the minority carrier
density is
(A) 4.50 1011 # /m3 (B) 3.333 104 # /m3
(C) 5.00 1020 # /m3 (D) 3.00 10 5 # - /m3
SOL 1.8 By Mass action law
np ni
=2
p
n
ni
2
=..
5 10
1 5 10 1 5 10
20
16 16
#
= # # # 4.5 1011 = #
MCQ 1.9 Choose proper substitutes for X and Y to make the following statement correct
Tunnel diode and Avalanche photo diode are operated in X bias ad Y bias
respectively
(A) X: reverse, Y: reverse (B) X: reverse, Y: forward
(C) X: forward, Y: reverse (D) X: forward, Y: forward
SOL 1.9 Tunnel diode shows the negative characteristics in forward bias. It is used in
forward

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bias.
Avalanche photo diode is used in reverse bias.
MCQ 1.10 For an n channel enhancement type MOSFET, if the source is connected at
a
higher potential than that of the bulk (i.e. VSB > 0), the threshold voltage VT of the
MOSFET will
(A) remain unchanged (B) decrease
(C) change polarity (D) increase
MCQ 1.11 Choose the correct match for input resistance of various amplifier
configurations
shown below :
Configuration Input resistance
CB : Common Base LO : Low
CC : Common Collector MO : Moderate
CE : Common Emitter HI : High
(A) CB LO, CC MO, CE HI
(B) CB LO, CC HI, CE MO
(C) CB MO, CC HI, CE LO
(D) CB HI, CC LO, CE MO
SOL 1.11 For the different combinations the table is as follows
CE CE CC CB
Ai High High Unity
Av High Unity High
Ri Medium High Low
Ro Medium Low High
MCQ 1.12 The circuit shown in the figure is best described as a
(A) bridge rectifier (B) ring modulator
(C) frequency discriminator (D) voltage double
SOL 1.12 This circuit having two diode and capacitor pair in parallel, works as voltage

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doubler.
MCQ 1.13 If the input to the ideal comparators shown in the figure is a sinusoidal signal of
8
V (peak to peak) without any DC component, then the output of the comparators
has a duty cycle of
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/3
(C) 1/6 (D) 1/2
SOL 1.13 If the input is sinusoidal signal of 8 V (peak to peak) then
Vi = 4 sint
The output of comparator will be high when input is higher than Vref = 2 V and
will be low when input is lower than Vref = 2 V. Thus the waveform for input is
shown below
From fig, first crossover is at t1 and second crossover is at t2 where
4 sint1 = 2V
Thus t1 sin
2
1
6
= -1 =
t2
66
= = 5
Duty Cycle
23
61
5
6
Thus the output of comparators has a duty cycle of

3
1.
MCQ 1.14 If the differential voltage gain and the common mode voltage gain of a
differential
amplifier are 48 dB and 2 dB respectively, then common mode rejection ratio is
(A) 23 dB (B) 25 dB

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(C) 46 dB (D) 50 dB
CMMR
A
A
c
=d
or 20 logCMMR = 20 logAd 20 logAc
= 48 2 = 46 dB
Where Ad "Differential Voltage Gain
and AC " Common Mode Voltage Gain
MCQ 1.15 Generally, the gain of a transistor amplifier falls at high frequencies due to the
(A) internal capacitances of the device
(B) coupling capacitor at the input
(C) skin effect
(D) coupling capacitor at the output
SOL 1.15 The gain of amplifier is
Ai
gjC
g
b
m
=
+
Thus the gain of a transistor amplifier falls at high frequencies due to the internal
capacitance that are diffusion capacitance and transition capacitance.
MCQ 1.16 The
number of distinct Boolean expressions of 4 variables is

(A) 16 (B) 256
(C) 1023 (D) 65536
SOL 1.16 The number of distinct boolean expression of n variable is 22n . Thus
22 = 216 = 65536
MCQ 1.17 The minimum number of comparators required to build an 8-bits flash ADC is
(A) 8 (B) 63
(C) 255 (D) 256
SOL 1.17 In the flash analog to digital converter, the no. of comparators is equal to 2n- 1,
where n is no. of bit.s
So, 2n- 1 = 28 1 = 255
MCQ 1.18 The output of the 74 series of GATE of TTL gates is taken from a BJT in
(A) totem pole and common collector configuration
(B) either totem pole or open collector configuration
(C) common base configuration
4

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(D) common collector configuration
SOL 1.18 When output of the 74 series gate of TTL gates is taken from BJT then the
configuration is either totem pole or open collector configuration .
MCQ 1.19 Without any additional circuitry, an 8:1 MUX can be used to obtain
(A) some but not all Boolean functions of 3 variables
(B) all functions of 3 variables but non of 4 variables
(C) all functions of 3 variables and some but not all of 4 variables
(D) all functions of 4 variables
SOL 1.19 A 2n:1 MUX can implement all logic functions of (n + 1) variable without andy
additional circuitry. Here n = 3. Thus a 8 : 1 MUX can implement all logic functions
of 4 variable.
Here (D) is correct answer.
MCQ 1.20 A 0 to 6 counter consists of 3 flip flops and a combination circuit of 2 input gate
(s). The common circuit consists of
(A) one AND gate (B) one OR gate
(C) one AND gate and one OR gate (D) two AND gates
SOL 1.20 Counter must be reset when it count 111. This can be implemented by following
circuitry
MCQ 1.21 The Fourier series expansion of a real periodic signal with fundamental
frequency
f0 is given by gp (t) c e
n
n
j2 f t =
3
=-
/ . It is given that c3 = 3 + j5. Then c
is
(A) 5 + j3 (B) 3 j5
(C) 5 + j3 (D) 3 j5
HereC 3 = 3 + j5
For real periodic signal
Ck C*
=k
Thus C3 = Ck = 3 j5
MCQ 1.22 Let x(t) be the input to a linear, time-invariant system. The required output is
4(t 2). The transfer function of the system should be
(A) 4ej4f (B) 2ej8f
(C) 4ej4f (D) 2ej8f

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
y(t) = 4x(t 2)
Taking Fourier transform we get
Y(ej2f ) = 4ej2f2X(ej2f) Time Shifting property
or
()
()
Xe
Ye
jf
jf
2
2
= 4e4jf
Thus H(ej2f ) = 4e4jf
MCQ 1.23 A sequence x(n) with the z transform X(z) = z4+ z2 2z + 2 3z4 is applied as
an
input to a linear, time-invariant system with the impulse response h(n) = 2(n 3)
where
(n)
,
,
1n0
0 otherwise
=
=)
The output at n = 4 is
(A) 6 (B) zero
(C) 2 (D) 4
SOL 1.23 Hence (B) is correct answer.
We have h(n) = 3(n 3)

or H(z) = 2z3 Taking z transform
X(z) = z4+ z2 2z + 2 3z4
Now Y(z) = H(z)X(z)
= 2z3(z4+ z2 2z + 2 3z4)
= 2(z + z1 2z2+ 2z3 3z7)
Taking inverse z transform we have
y(n) = 2[(n + 1) + (n 1) 2(n 2)+2(n 3) 3(n 7)]
At n = 4, y(4) = 0
MCQ 1.24 Fig. shows the Nyquist plot of the open-loop transfer function G(s)H(s) of a
system.
If G(s)H(s) has one right-hand pole, the closed-loop system is
(A) always stable
(B) unstable with one closed-loop right hand pole
(C) unstable with two closed-loop right hand poles
(D) unstable with three closed-loop right hand poles

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
Z=PN
N " Net encirclement of ( 1 + j0) by Nyquist plot,
P " Number of open loop poles in right hand side of s plane
Z " Number of closed loop poles in right hand side of s plane
Here N = 1 and P = 1
Thus Z = 0
Hence there are no roots on RH of s plane and system is always stable.
MCQ 1.25 A PD controller is used to compensate a system. Compared to the
uncompensated
system, the compensated system has
(A) a higher type number (B) reduced damping
(C) higher noise amplification (D) larger transient overshoot
SOL 1.25 PD Controller may accentuate noise at higher frequency. It does not effect the
type
of system and it increases the damping. It also reduce the maximum overshoot.
MCQ 1.26 The input to a coherent detector is DSB-SC signal plus noise. The noise at the
detector output is
(A) the in-phase component (B) the quadrature - component
(C) zero (D) the envelope
SOL 1.26 The input is a coherent detector is DSB - SC signal plus noise. The noise at the
detector output is the in-phase component as the quadrature component nq (t) of
the noise n(t) is completely rejected by the detector.
MCQ 1.27 The noise at the input to an ideal frequency detector is white. The detector is
operating above threshold. The power spectral density of the noise at the output is
(A) raised - cosine (B) flat
(C) parabolic (D) Gaussian

SOL 1.27 The noise at the input to an ideal frequency detector is white. The PSD of noise
at
the output is parabolic
MCQ 1.28 At a given probability of error, binary coherent FSK is inferior to binary
coherent
PSK by.
(A) 6 dB (B) 3 dB
(C) 2 dB (D) 0 dB
We have Pe E
2
1
2
= erfc dc m

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
Since Pe of Binary FSK is 3 dB inferior to binary PSK
MCQ 1.29 The unit of 4# H is
(A) Ampere (B) Ampere/meter
(C) Ampere/meter2 (D) Ampere-meter
SOL 1.29 By Maxwells equations
4# H
t
DJ
2
=2+
Thus 4# H has unit of current density J that is A/m2
MCQ 1.30 The depth of penetration of electromagnetic wave in a medium having
conductivity
at a frequency of 1 MHz is 25 cm. The depth of penetration at a frequency of 4
MHz will be
(A) 6.25 dm (B) 12.50 cm
(C) 50.00 cm (D) 100.00 cm
We know that
f
\1
Thus
1
2
f
2
=1
25
2
4
=1
or 2 .
4
= 1 # 25 = 12 5 cm
Q.31-90 Carry Two Marks Each

MCQ 1.31 Twelve
1 resistance are used as edges to form a cube. The resistance
between two
diagonally opposite corners of the cube is
(A) 6
5 (B) 1
(C) 5
6 (D) 2
3
SOL 1.31 For current i there is 3 similar path. So current will be divide in three path

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
so, we get
Vii
31613
1 ab b # lb # lb #1l = 0
i
Vab R
3
1
6
1
3
1
= eq = + +
65
=
MCQ 1.32 The current flowing through the resistance R in the circuit in the figure has the
form Pcos 4t where P is
(A) (0.18 + j0.72) (B) (0.46 + j1.90)
(C) (0.18 + j1.90) (D) (0.192 + j0.144)
SOL 1.32 Data are missing in question as L1&L2 are not given
The circuit for Q. 33 & 34 is given below.

Assume that the switch S is in position 1 for a long time and thrown to position
2 at t = 0.
MCQ 1.33 At
t = 0+, the current i1 is
(A)
R
V
2
(B)
R
V

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
(C)
R
V
4
(D) zero
SOL 1.33 Data are missing in question as L1&L2 are not given
MCQ 1.34 I1(s) and I2(s) are the Laplace transforms of i1(t) and i2(t) respectively. The
equations for the loop currents I1(s) and I2(s) for the circuit shown in the figure,
after the switch is brought from position 1 to position 2 at t = 0, are
(A)
()
()
R Ls
Ls
Ls
R
Is
Is0
Cs
Cs
sV
1
1
1
2
++
> + H= G = = G
(B)
()
()
R Ls
Ls
Ls
R
Is
Is0
Cs
Cs
sV
1
1
1
2
++
+=
> H= G = G
(C)
()
()
R Ls
Ls
Ls
R Ls
Is
Is0
Cs
Cs
sV
1
1
1
2
++
++=
> H= G = G
(D)
()
()
R Ls
Ls
Cs
R Ls
Is
Is0
Cs
Cs
sV
1
1
1
2
++
> + + H= G = = G
SOL 1.34 At
t = 0- circuit is in steady state. So inductor act as short circuit and capacitor

act as open circuit.
At t = 0-, i1(0 )
- i (0 ) 0 = 2 = vc (0 )
-= V
At t = 0+ the circuit is as shown in fig. The voltage across capacitor and current in
inductor cant be changed instantaneously. Thus
At t = 0+, i1 i
R
V
2 = 2 =

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
MCQ 1.35 An input voltage v(t) = 10 2 cos (t + 10c) + 10 5 cos (2t + 10c) V is applied to a
series combination of resistance R = 1 and an inductance L = 1 H. The resulting
steady-state current i (t) in ampere is
(A) 10 cos (t + 55c) + 10 cos (2t + 10c + tan12)
(B) 10 cos (t 55 ) 10 cos (2t 55 ) 2
+ c + 3+ c
(C) 10 cos (t 35c) + 10 cos (2t + 10c tan12)
(D) 10 cos (t 35 ) cos (2t 35 ) 2
c + 3 c
SOL 1.35 Hence (C) is correct option
v(t) 10 2 cos (t 10 ) 10 5 cos (2t 10 )
v v 12
=+c++c
14444244443 14444244443
Thus we get 1 = 1 and 2 = 2
Now Z1 = R + j1L = 1 + j1
Z2 = R + j2L = 1 + j2
i (t)
()()
Z
vt
Z
vt
1
1
2
=+2
cos ( ) cos ( )
j
t
j
t
1
10 2 10
12
c 10 5 2 10c = +
+++
+
()()
tan
cos
tan
t cos t
121
10 2 10
122
10 5 2 10
221221
cc
+
=
+
++
+
+
()()
tan
cos
tan
t cos t
2 45
10 2 10
52
10 5 2 10
1c 1
cc
+
=+++
i (t) = 10 cos (t 35c) + 10 cos (2t + 10c tan12)

MCQ 1.36 The driving point impedance Z(s) of a network has the pole-zero locations as
shown in the figure. If Z(0) = 3, then Z(s) is
(A)
()
ss
s
23
33
2+ +
+
(B)
()
ss
s
22
23
2+ +
+
(C)
()
ss
s
22
33
2+ +
+
(D)
()
ss
s
23
23
2
SOL 1.36 Hence
(B) is correct option.
Zeros = 3
Pole1 = 1 + j
Pole2 = 1 j

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
Z(s)
( )( )
()
sjsj
Ks
11
=3
+++
+
()
()
()
()
sj
Ks
s
Ks
1
3
11
3
222=
+
+=
++
+
From problem statement Z(0) 3 0 = =
Thus K
2
3 = 3 and we get K = 2
Z(s)
()
ss
s
22
23
2=
++
+
MCQ 1.37 The impedance parameters z11 and z12 of the two-port network in the figure are
(A) z11 = 2.75 and z12 = 0.25 (B) z11 = 3 and z12 = 0.5
(C) z11 = 3 and z12 = 0.25 (D) z11 = 2.25 and z12 = 0.5
SOL 1.37 Using 3 Y conversion
R1 .
211
21
4
=#205
++
==
R2 .
211
11
4
= # 1 0 25
++
==
R3 .
211
=2#105
++
=
Now the circuit is as shown in figure below.
Now z11 . . .
IV
2 05 025 275
1I
1
02
= =+ + =
=
z12 = R3 = 0.25

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
MCQ 1.38 An n type silicon bar 0.1 cm long and 100 m2 i cross-sectional area has a
majority
carrier concentration of 5 1020 # /m2 and the carrier mobility is 0.13 m2/V-s at 300
K. If the charge of an electron is 1.5 10 19 # - coulomb, then the resistance of the bar
is
(A) 106 Ohm (B) 104 Ohm
(C) 10-1 Ohm (D) 10-4 Ohm
SOL 1.38 Hence option (A) is correct.
We that R ,
A
l 1
= = and = nqun
From above relation we have
R
nq A
1
n
=
..
.
5 10 1 6 10 0 13 100 10
0 1 10
20 19 12
2
######
= #- -
= 106
MCQ 1.39 The
electron concentration in a sample of uniformly doped n-type silicon at 300

K varies linearly from 1017/cm3 at x = 0 to 6 1016 # /cm3 at x = 2m. Assume a
situation that electrons are supplied to keep this concentration gradient constant
with time. If electronic charge is 1.6 10 19 # - coulomb and the diffusion constant
Dn = 35 cm2/s, the current density in the silicon, if no electric field is present, is
(A) zero (B) -112 A/cm2
(C) +1120 A/cm2 (D) -1120 A/cm2
dx
dn
2 10 0
6 10 10
4
16 17
#
=#
2 1020 = #
Now Jn nq E D q
dx
dn
= e + n
Since no electric field is present, E = 0 and we get
So, Jn qD
dx
dn
=n
1.6 10 19 35 ( 2 1020) = # - # # # = 1120 A/cm2
MCQ 1.40 Match items in Group 1 with items in Group 2, most suitably.
Group 1 Group 2
P. LED 1. Heavy doping
Q. Avalanche photo diode 2. Coherent radiation
R. Tunnel diode 3. Spontaneous emission
S. LASER 4. Current gain

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
(A) P - 1, Q - 2, R - 4, S - 3
(B) P - 2, Q - 3, R - 1, S - 4
(C) P - 3 Q - 4, R - 1, S - 2
(D) P - 2, Q - 1, R - 4, S - 3
SOL 1.40 LED works on the principal of spontaneous emission.
In the avalanche photo diode due to the avalanche effect there is large current gain.
Tunnel diode has very large doping.
LASER diode are used for coherent radiation.
MCQ 1.41 At 300 K, for a diode current of 1 mA, a certain germanium diode requires a
forward bias of 0.1435 V, whereas a certain silicon diode requires a forward bias of
0.718 V. Under the conditions state above, the closest approximation of the ratio
of reverse saturation current in germanium diode to that in silicon diode is

(A) 1 (B) 5
(C) 4 103 # (D) 8 103 #
SOL 1.41 Hence option (C) is correct.
We know that I Io e V 1
V
si T
= ` j
where = 1 for germanium and = 2 silicon. As per question
Io e e 1
D1
V
n
V
Dsi
` T j Io e V 1
h
V
Ge T
= ` j
or
I
I
DGe
o
o
si
si
e
e
1
1
V
V
V
V
T
DGe
T
Dsi
e
e
1
1 4 10 .
.
26 10
0 1435
2 26 10
0 718
3
3
3
=#
=
#
##
-
MCQ 1.42 A
particular green LED emits light of wavelength 5490 Ac. The energy
bandgap of
the semiconductor material used there is

(Planks constant 6.626 10 34J s = # - )
(A) 2.26 eV (B) 1.98 eV
(C) 1.17 eV (D) 0.74 eV
SOL 1.42 Hence option (A) is correct
Eg hc
=.
54900 10
6 626 10 3 10
10
34 8
#
=###
= 3.62 J
In eV Eg (eV)
()
e
= Eg J
.
. 2.26
1 6 10
3 62 10
19
19
#
=#=
eV
Alternatively
Eg
()
1.24
m
= eV . 2.26
5490 10
1 24
4m #
= = eV
MCQ 1.43 When the gate-to-source voltage (VGs) of a MOSFET with threshold voltage of
400
mV, working in saturation is 900 mV, the drain current is observed to be 1 mA.

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
Neglecting the channel width modulation effect and assuming that the MOSFET is
operating at saturation, the drain current for an applied VGS of 1400 mV is
(A) 0.5 mA (B) 2.0 mA
(C) 3.5 mA (D) 4.0 mA

ID K(VGS VT)
=2
Thus
I
I
D
D
1
2
()
()
VV
VV
GS T
GS T
1
2
2
2
Substituting the values we have

I
I
D
D
1
2
(..)
(..)
0904
1404
42
2
=
or ID2 = 4IDI = 4 mA
MCQ 1.44 If P is Passivation, Q is n well implant, R is metallization and S is source/drain
diffusion, then the order in which they are carried out in a standard n well CMOS
fabrication process, is
(A) P Q R S (B) Q S R P
(C) R P S Q (D) S R Q P
SOL 1.44 In n well CMOS fabrication following are the steps :
(i) n well implant (Q)
(ii) Source drain diffusion (S)
(iii) Metalization (R)
(iv) Passivation (P)

MCQ 1.45 An amplifier without feedback has a voltage gain of 50, input resistance of 1 k
and output resistance of 2.5 k. The input resistance of the current-shunt negative
feedback amplifier using the above amplifier with a feedback factor of 0.2, is
(A) k
11
1 (B) k
5
1
(C) 5 k (D) 11 k
We have Ri = 1k, = 0.2,A = 50
Thus, Rif
(A)
R
1
i
=
+
11
= 1 k
MCQ 1.46 In
the amplifier circuit shown in the figure, the values of R1 and R2 are such that
the transistor is operating at VCE = 3 V and IC = 1.5 mA when its is 150. For a
transistor with of 200, the operating point (VCE, IC) is

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
(A) (2 V, 2 mA) (B) (3 V, 2 mA)
(C) (4 V, 2 mA) (D) (4 V, 1 mA)
SOL 1.46 The DC equivalent circuit is shown as below. This is fixed bias circuit operating
in
active region.
In first case
VCC IC1R2 VCE1 = 0
or 6 1.5mR2 3 = 0
or R2 = 2k
IB1 I 1.5
150
Cm
1
1
= = = 0.01 mA
In second case IB2 will we equal to IB1 as there is no in R1.
Thus IC2 = 2IB2 = 200 # 0.01 = 2 mA
VCE2 = VCC IC2R2 = 6 2m# 2 k = 2 V

MCQ 1.47 The oscillator circuit shown in the figure has an ideal inverting amplifier. Its
frequency of oscillation (in Hz) is
(A)
(2 6 RC)
1
(B)
(2 RC)
1
(C)
( 6 RC)
1 (D)
(2 RC)
6

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
SOL 1.47 The given circuit is a R C phase shift oscillator and frequency of its oscillation
is
f
2 6 RC
1
=
MCQ 1.48 The output voltage of the regulated power supply shown in the figure is
(A) 3 V (B) 6 V
(C) 9 V (D) 12 V
SOL 1.48 If we see th figure we find that the voltage at non-inverting terminal is 3 V by the
zener diode and voltage at inverting terminal will be 3 V. Thus Vo can be get by
applying voltage division rule, i.e.
V
20 40
20
+ o= 3
or V0 = 9 V
MCQ 1.49 The action of JFET in its equivalent circuit can best be represented as a
(A) Current controlled current source
(B) Current controlled voltage source
(C) Voltage controlled voltage source
(D) Voltage controlled current source
SOL 1.49 For a JFET in active region we have
IDS I
V
1 V DSS
P
cm
From above equation it is clear that the action of a JFET is voltage controlled
current source.
MCQ 1.50 If the op-amp in the figure is ideal, the output voltage Vout will be equal to
GS 2 =

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
(A) 1 V (B) 6 V
(C) 14 V (D) 17 V
SOL 1.50 The circuit is as shown below
V+ (3)
18
8
3
= = 8 k
+
V+ = V- V
3
=8
Now applying KCL at inverting terminal we get
VVV
1
2
5
- + - o = 0
or Vo = 6V- 10
6
3
= # 8 10 = 6 V
MCQ 1.51 Three identical amplifiers with each one having a voltage gain of 50, input
resistance
of 1 k and output resistance of 250 are cascaded. The opened circuit voltages
gain of the combined amplifier is
(A) 49 dB (B) 51 dB
(C) 98 dB (D) 102 dB
SOL 1.51 The equivalent circuit of 3 cascade stage is as shown in fig.

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
V2
k.k
kV
1 025
= 1 50 1
+ = 40V1
Similarly V3
k.k
kV
1 025
= 1 50 2
+ = 40V2
or V3 = 40 # 40V1
Vo = 50V3 = 50 # 40 # 40V1
or AV
V
Vo 50 40 40 8000
1
==##=
or 20 logAV = 20 log 8000 = 98 dB
MCQ 1.52 An ideal sawtooth voltages waveform of frequency of 500 Hz and amplitude 3
V
is generated by charging a capacitor of 2 F in every cycle. The charging requires
(A) Constant voltage source of 3 V for 1 ms
(B) Constant voltage source of 3 V for 2 ms
(C) Constant voltage source of 1 mA for 1 ms
(D) Constant voltage source of 3 mA for 2 ms
SOL 1.52 If a constant current is made to flow in a capacitor, the output voltage is
integration
of input current and that is sawtooth waveform as below :
VC
C
1 idt t
0
=#
The time period of wave form is
T
f1
500
= = 1 = 2 m sec
Thus 3 idt
2 10
1
6
0
20 10 3
#
=#
or i (2 10 3 0) # - 6 10 6 = # or i = 3 mA
Thus the charging require 3 mA current source for 2 msec.
Hence (D) is correct option
MCQ 1.53 The circuit in the figure has 4 boxes each described by inputs P,Q,R and
outputs
Y,Z with Y = P 5 Q 5 R and Z = RQ + PR + QP
The circuit acts as a

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
(A) 4 bit adder giving P + Q
(B) 4 bit subtractor giving P Q
(C) 4 bit subtractor giving Q-P
(D) 4 bit adder giving P + Q + R
SOL 1.53 Hence (B) is correct answer.
We have Y = P 5 Q 5 R
Z = RQ + PR + QP
Here every block is a full subtractor giving P Q R where R is borrow. Thus
circuit acts as a 4 bit subtractor giving P Q.
MCQ 1.54 If the function W,X,Y and Z are as follows
W = R + PQ + RS X = PQRS + PQRS + PQRS
Y = RS + PR + PQ + P.Q Z = R + S + PQ + P.Q.R + PQ.S
Then,
(A) W = Z,X = Z (B) W = Z,X = Y
(C) W = Y (D) W = Y = Z
W = R + PQ + RS
X = PQRS + PQRS + PQRS
Y = RS + PR + PQ + PQ
= RS + PR $ PQ $ PQ
= RS + (P + R)(P + Q)(P + Q)
= RS + (P + PQ + PR + QR)(P + Q)
= RS + PQ + QR(P + P) + QR
= RS + PQ + QR
Z = R + S + PQ + PQR + PQS
= R + S + PQ $ PQR $ PQS
= R + S + (P + Q)(P + Q + R)(P + Q + S)
= R + S + PQ + PQ + PQS + PR + PQR
+PRS + PQ + PQS + PQR + QRS
= R + S + PQ + PQS + PR + PQR + PRS

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
+PQS + PQR + QRS
= R + S + PQ(1 + S) + PR(1 + P) + PRS
+PQS + PQR + QRS
= R + S + PQ + PR + PRS + PQS
+PQR + QRS
= R + S + PQ + PR(1 + Q) + PQS + QRS
= R + S + PQ + PR + PQS + QRS
Thus W = Z and X = Z
MCQ 1.55 A 4 bit ripple counter and a bit synchronous counter are made using flip flops
having a propagation delay of 10 ns each. If the worst case delay in the ripple
counter and the synchronous counter be R and S respectively, then
(A) R = 10 ns, S = 40 ns (B) R = 40 ns, S = 10 ns
(C) R = 10 ns S = 30 ns (D) R = 30 ns, S = 10 ns
SOL 1.55 Propagation delay of flip flop is
tpd = 10 nsec
Propagation delay of 4 bit ripple counter
R = 4tpd = 40 ns
and in synchronous counter all flip-flop are given clock simultaneously, so
S = tpd = 10 ns
MCQ 1.56 The DTL, TTL, ECL and CMOS famil GATE of digital ICs are compared in the
following 4 columns
(P) (Q) (R) (S)
Fanout is minimum DTL DTL TTL CMOS
Power consumption is
minimum
TTL CMOS ECL DTL
Propagation delay is
minimum
CMOS ECL TTL TTL
The correct column is
(A) P (B) Q
(C) R (D) S
SOL 1.56 The DTL has minimum fan out and CMOS has minimum power consumption.
Propagation delay is minimum in ECL.
MCQ 1.57 The circuit shown in the figure is a 4 bit DAC

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
The input bits 0 and 1 are represented by 0 and 5 V respectively. The OP AMP
is ideal, but all the resistance and the 5 v inputs have a tolerance of !10%. The
specification (rounded to nearest multiple of 5%) for the tolerance of the DAC is
(A) !35% (B) !20%
(C) !10% (D) !5%
Vo V R
RbR
RbR
RbR
R b = 1: o + 2 1+ 4 2+ 4 3D
Exact value when V1 = 5, for maximum output
VoExact 5 1 2 9.375
1
4
1
8
= : + + + 1D =
Maximum Vout due to tolerance
Vomax 5.5 90
110
2 90
110
4 90
110
8 90
110
###
= : + + + D
= 12.604
Tolerance = 34.44% = 35%
MCQ 1.58 The circuit shown in figure converts
(A) BCD to binary code (B) Binary to excess - 3 code
(C) Excess -3 to gray code (D) Gray to Binary code
Let input be 1010; output will be 1101
Let input be 0110; output will be 0100

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
Thus it convert gray to Binary code.
MCQ 1.59 In the circuit shown in the figure, A is parallel-in, parallel-out 4 bit register,
which
loads at the rising edge of the clock C . The input lines are connected to a 4 bit bus,
W. Its output acts at input to a 16 # 4 ROM whose output is floating when the
input to a partial table of the contents of the ROM is as follows
Data 0011 1111 0100 1010 1011 1000 0010 1000
Address 0 2 4 6 8 10 11 14
The clock to the register is shown, and the data on the W bus at time t1 is 0110.
The data on the bus at time t2 is
(A) 1111 (B) 1011
(C) 1000 (D) 0010
SOL 1.59 After t = t1, at first rising edge of clock, the output of shift register is 0110, which
in input to address line of ROM. At 0110 is applied to register. So at this time data
stroed in ROM at 1010 (10), 1000 will be on bus.
When W has the data 0110 and it is 6 in decimal, and its data value at that add
is 1010

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
then 1010 i.e. 10 is acting as odd, at time t2 and data at that movement is 1000.
MCQ 1.60 In an 8085 microprocessor, the instruction CMP B has been executed while
the
content of the accumulator is less than that of register B. As a result
(A) Carry flag will be set but Zero flag will be reset
(B) Carry flag will be rest but Zero flag will be set
(C) Both Carry flag and Zero flag will be rest
(D) Both Carry flag and Zero flag will be set
SOL 1.60 CMP B & Compare the accumulator content with context of Register B
If A < R CY is set and zero flag will be reset.
MCQ 1.61 Let X and Y be two statistically independent random variables uniformly
distributed in the ranges ( 1,1) and ( 2,1) respectively. Let Z = X + Y . Then
the probability that (z # 1) is
(A) zero (B)
6
1
(C)
3
1 (D)
12
1
SOL 1.61 The pdf of Z will be convolution of pdf of X and pdf of Y as shown below.
Now p[Z # z] fZ (z)dz
z=
3-
p[Z # 2] fZ (z)dz
2
=
-3
-
= Area [z # 2]
2
1
6
11
12
1=##=

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
MCQ 1.62 Let
P be linearity, Q be time-invariance, R be causality and S be stability. A

discrete time system has the input-output relationship,
y(n)
()1
0, 0
()
xnn
n
xn1n1
$
#
==
+
*
where x(n) is the input and y(n) is the output. The above system has the properties
(A) P, S but not Q, R (B) P, Q, S but not R
(C) P, Q, R, S (D) Q, R, S but not P
SOL 1.62 System is non causal because output depends on future value
For n # 1 y( 1) = x( 1 + 1) = x(0)
( ) y n n0 = x(n n0+ 1) Time varying
y(n) = x(n + 1) Depends on Future
i.e. y(1) = x(2) None causal
For bounded input, system has bounded output. So it is stable.
y(n) = x(n) for n $ 1
= 0 for n = 0
= x(x + 1) for n # 1
So system is linear.
Common data for Q 63 & 64 :


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The system under consideration is an RC low-pass filter (RC-LPF) with

R = 1 k and C = 1.0 F.
MCQ 1.63 Let
H(f) denote the frequency response of the RC-LPF. Let f1 be the highest
frequency such that
()
()
ff.
H
Hf
0
0
1 0 95
1
# # $ . Then f1 (in Hz) is
(A) 324.8 (B) 163.9

(C) 52.2 (D) 104.4
SOL 1.63 The frequency response of RC-LPF is
H(f)
1 j2 fRC
1
=
+
Now H(0) = 1
()
()
H
Hf
0
1.
14fRC
1 0 95 2
1
222
=
+
or 1 4 2f R C
1
+ 2 2 2 # 1.108
or 4 2f R C
1
2 2 2 # 0.108
or 2f1RC # 0.329
or f1 .
2 RC
# 0 329
or f1 .
2 RC
# 0 329
or f1 0.
2 1k 1
329
#
#
or f1 # 52.2 Hz
Thus f1max = 52.2 Hz
MCQ 1.64 Let tg (f) be the group delay function of the given RC-LPF and f2 = 100 Hz.
Then
tg (f2) in ms, is
(A) 0.717 (B) 7.17

(C) 71.7 (D) 4.505
SOL 1.64 Hence (A) is correct answer
H()
1 j RC
1
=
+
() = tan1RC
tg ( )
d
d
RC
RC
1 222
= =
+
0.717
1 4 10 10
10
246
3
##
=
+
=
ms
Common Data for Questions 65 & 66 :


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X(t) is a random process with a constant mean value of 2 and the auto
correlation function R ( ) 4(e . 1)
xx
= -0 2 + .
MCQ 1.65 Let X be the Gaussian random variable obtained by sampling the process at t
= ti
and let
Q() e dy
2
1
x
= 3
The probability that 6x # 1@ is

(A) 1 Q(0.5) (B) Q(0.5)
(C) Q
22
1
c m (D) 1 Q
22
1cm
We have RXX () = 4(e-0.2 + 1)
RXX (0) = 4(e-0.2 0 + 1) = 8 = 2
or = 2 2 Given
mean = 0
Now P(x # 1) = Fx (1)
1QX
=
c m at x = 1
1Q
22
=10
cm1Q
22
=1cm
MCQ 1.66 Let Y and Z be the random variable obtained by sampling X(t) at t = 2 and t = 4
respectively. Let W = Y Z . The variance of W is
(A) 13.36 (B) 9.36
(C) 2.64 (D) 8.00
W=YZ
E[W2] = E[Y Z]2
= E[Y2] + E[Z2] 2E[YZ]
w2
=
We have E[X2(t)] = Rx (10)
= 4[e-0.2 0 + 1] = 4[1 + 1] = 8
E[Y2] = E[X2(2)] = 8
E[Z2] = E[X2(4)] = 8
E[YZ] = RXX (2) = 4[e0.2(42)+ 1] = 6.68
[ ] E W2 . 8 8 2 6 68 w
2 = = + # = 2.64
MCQ 1.67 Let x(t) = 2 cos (800) + cos (1400t).x(t) is sampled with the rectangular pulse
train shown in the figure. The only spectral components (in kHz) present in the
sampled signal in the frequency range 2.5 kHz to 3.5 kHz are

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
(A) 2.7, 3.4 (B) 3.3, 3.6
(C) 2.6, 2.7, 3.3, 3.4, 3.6 (D) 2.7, 3.3
The frequency of pulse train is
f
10
1
-3 = 1 k Hz
The Fourier Series coefficient of given pulse train is
Cn T1 Ae dt
/
/
o
jn t
T
T
2
2
o
o
o
T1 Ae dt
/
/
o
jt
T
T
6
6
o
o
o
()
[]
Tj
Ae/
/
oo
jt
TT
66
o
o
o
()
()
jn
Aee
2
j o t j oTo/6
=
jn()
Aee2
j /3 j /3
=
or Cn sin
n
An
3
=`j
From Cn it may be easily seen that 1,2,4,5,7, harmonics are present and 0,3,6,9,..
are absent. Thus p(t) has 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 4 kHz, 5 kHz, 7 kHz,... frequency component
and 3 kHz, 6 kHz.. are absent.
The signal x(t) has the frequency components 0.4 kHz and 0.7 kHz. The sampled
signal of x(t) i.e. x(t)* p(t) will have
1 ! 0.4 and 1 ! 0.7 kHz
2 ! 0.4 and 2 ! 0.7 kHz
4 ! 0.4 and 4 ! 0.7 kHz
Thus in range of 2.5 kHz to 3.5 kHz the frequency present is
2 + 0.7 = 2.7 kHz
4 0.7 = 3.3 kHz
MCQ 1.68 The signal flow graph of a system is shown in Fig. below. The transfer function
C(s)/R(s) of the system is

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
(A)
s 29s 6
6
2+ +
(B)
ss
s
29 6
6
2+ +
(C)
()
ss
ss
29 6
2
2+ +
+
(D)
()
ss
ss
29 6
27
2+ +
+
SOL 1.68 Mason
Gain Formula
T(s) pk k
3
=3
In given SFG there is only forward path and 3 possible loop.
p1 = 1
31
sss
= 1 + 3 + 24 = s + 27
L1 ,
s
L
s
2 24
= 2 = and L
s
3
3=
where L1 and L3 are non-touching
This
()
()
Rs
Cs
1(
p
loop gain) pair of non touching loops
131
+
=
1 ssss. s
s
s
3 24 2 2 3
27
1 ss
s
s
29 6
27
2
=
+
=
+
++
+
^
^^
h
hh
()
ss
ss
29 6
27
2=
++
+
MCQ 1.69 The root locus of system G(s)H(s)
s(s )(s )
K
23
=
+ + has the break-away point
located at
(A) ( 0.5,0) (B) ( 2.548,0)
(C) ( 4,0) (D) ( 0.784,0)
SOL 1.69 We have
1 + G(s)H(s) = 0
or
s(s )(s )
1K
23
+
++=0
or K = s(s2+ 5s2+ 6s)
ds
dK = (3s2+ 10s + 6) = 0
which gives s 0.784, 2.548
6
= 10 ! 100 72 =
The location of poles on s plane is

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
Since breakpoint must lie on root locus so s = 0.748 is possible.
MCQ 1.70 The approximate Bode magnitude plot of a minimum phase system is shown in
Fig.
below. The transfer function of the system is
(A)
( )( )
( .)
ss
s
10
10 100
80 1
2
3
++
+
(B)
( )( )
( .)
ss
s
10
10 100
70 1
3
++
+
(C)
( )( )
( .)
ss
s
10 100
01
2
2
++
+
(D)
( )( )
( .)
ss
s
10 100
01
2
3
++
+
SOL 1.70 The
given bode plot is shown below

At = 0.1 change in slope is +60 dB " 3 zeroes at = 0.1
Thus T(s)
( )( )
K( )
11
1.
ss
s
10
2
100
01
3
=
++
+
Now 20 log10K = 20
or K = 10
Thus T(s)
( )( )
()
11
10 1 .
ss
s
10
2
100
01
3
=
++
+
( )( )
( .)
ss
s
10 100
10 0 1
2
83
=
++
+

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
MCQ 1.71 A second-order system has the transfer function
()
()
Rs
Cs
s s4 4
4
2=
++
With r(t) as the unit-step function, the response c(t) of the system is represented
by
SOL 1.71 The characteristics equation is
s2+ 4s + 4 = 0
Comparing with
s 2 nn
2+ + 2 = 0
we get 2 n 4 = and 4 n
2 =
Thus = 1 Critically damped
ts 4
12
42
n #
===
MCQ 1.72 The gain margin and the phase margin of feedback system with
G(s)H(s)
(s 100)
8
3=
+
are
(A) dB,0c (B) 3,3
(C) 3,0c (D) 88.5 dB, 3
MCQ 1.73 The zero-input response of a system given by the state-space equation
x
x
x
x
1
1
0
1
1
2
1
2
=
o
o= G = G= G and
()
()
x
x
0
0
1
0
1
2
= G = = G is

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
(A)
te
t
t
= G (B)
e
t
t
=G
(C)
e
te
t
= t G (D)
t
=tet G
SOL 1.73 We have
x
x
1
2o
o
=G
x
x
1
1
0
1
1
2
== =G G and
()
()
x
x
0
0
1
0
1
2
=G==G
A
1
1
0
= = 1G
(sI A)
s
s
s
0s
01
1
0
1
1
1
0
1==
=G=G=G
(sI A)1
()
()
s()
s
1s
11
1
0
1
0
()
s
ss
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
+=
>H>H
L1[(sI A)1] e
e
te e
0 At
t
=== ttG
x(t) e [x(t )]
e
te e
e
te
01
0
At
t
tt
t
= # 0 = = G= G = = t G
MCQ 1.74 A DSB-SC signal is to be generated with a carrier frequency fc = 1 MHz using a
non-linear device with the input-output characteristic V a v a v i i 0 0 1
3 = + where a0
and a1 are constants. The output of the non-linear device can be filtered by an
appropriate band-pass filter.
Let Vi Ac cos (2 f c ) m(t)
= i i t + is the message signal. Then the value of fc
i (in MHz)
is
(A) 1.0 (B) 0.333
(B) 0.5 (D) 3.0
vi Ac cos (2 fc t) m(t)
= 1 +
v0 a v av o i i
3= +
v0 a [A' cos (2 f ' t) m(t)] a [A' cos (2 f ' t) m(t)]
0cc1cc
=+++3
a A' cos (2 f ' t) a m(t) a [(A' cos 2 f ' t)
0cc01cc
++
(A' cos (2 f ') t) m(t) 3A' cos (2 f ' t)m (t) m (t)]
3=
cccc
++
a A' cos (2 f ' t) a m(t) a (A' cos 2f ' t)
223+
0cc01cc
3=
()
++3
()
cos
aA
ft
mt
2
'1 4
'
c
c
1
2+
+
;E
3a A' cos (2 f ' t)m (t) m (t)
1cc
= 2+ 3
The term 3a A' ( cos4 )m(t)
c
ft
12
'
is a DSB-SC signal having carrier frequency 1. MHz.

Thus f 2 1 '
c = MHz or . f 0 5 '
c = MHz
c

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
Common Data for Question 75 & 76 :

Let m(t) cos [(4 103) t] = # be the message signal &
c(t) 5 cos [(2 106t)] = # be the carrier.
MCQ 1.75 c(t) and m(t) are used to generate an AM signal. The modulation index of the
generated AM signal is 0.5. Then the quantity
Carrier power
Total sideband power is
(A)
2
1 (B)
4
1
(C)
3
1 (D)
8
1
PT P 1
2c
2 = c + m
Psb
PP(.)
22
cc0 5
22= =
or
P
P
c
sb
8
=1
MCQ 1.76 c(t)
and m(t) are used to generated an FM signal. If the peak frequency
deviation
of the generated FM signal is three times the transmission bandwidth of the AM
signal, then the coefficient of the term cos [2 (1008 103t)] # in the FM signal (in
terms of the Bessel coefficients) is
(A) 5J4(3) (B) J ( )
25
83
(C) J ( )
25
8 4 (D) 5J4(6)
AM Band width = 2fm
Peak frequency deviation = 3(2fm) = 6fm
Modulation index
f
6f 6
m
= m=
The FM signal is represented in terms of Bessel function as
xFM (t) Ac Jn ( )cos ( c n n) t
n
=
3
3
=-
c + nm 2 (1008 103) = #
2 106 n4 103 + # 2 (1008 103),n 4 = # =
Thus coefficient = 5J4(6)
MCQ 1.77 Choose the correct one from among the alternative A,B,C,D after matching an
item in Group 1 with most appropriate item in Group 2.
Group 1 Group 2
P. Ring modulator 1. Clock recovery

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Q. VCO 2. Demodulation of FM
R. Foster-Seely discriminator 3. Frequency conversion
S. Mixer 4. Summing the two inputs
5. Generation of FM
6. Generation of DSB-Sc
(A) P 1;Q 3;R 2;S 4 (B) P 6;Q = 5;R 2;S 3
(C) P 6;Q 1;R 3;S 2 (D) P 5;Q 6;R 1;S 3
Ring modulation $ Generation of DSB - SC
VCO $ Generation of FM
Foster seely discriminator $ Demodulation of fm
mixer $ frequency conversion
MCQ 1.78 A superheterodyne receiver is to operate in the frequency range 550 kHz 1650
kHz, with the intermediate frequency of 450 kHz. Let R = Cmax/Cmin denote the
required capacitance ratio of the local oscillator and I denote the image frequency
(in kHz) of the incoming signal. If the receiver is tuned to 700 kHz, then
(A) R = 4.41, I = 1600 (B) R = 2.10, I 1150
(C) R = 3.0, I = 600 (D) R = 9.0, I = 1150
fmax = 1650 + 450 = 2100 kHz
fmin = 550 + 450 = 1000 kHz
or f
2 LC
1
=
frequency is minimum, capacitance will be maximum
R(.)
C
C
f
f21
min
max
min
max
2
2
===2
or R = 4.41
fi = fc + 2fIF = 700 + 2(455) = 1600 kHz
MCQ 1.79 A sinusoidal signal with peak-to-peak amplitude of 1.536 V is quantized into
128
levels using a mid-rise uniform quantizer. The quantization-noise power is
(A) 0.768 V (B) 48 10 6V2 # (B) 12 10 6V2 # - (D) 3.072 V
Step size . .
L
2m
128
= p = 1 536 = 0 012 V
Quantization Noise power
(.)
12 12
2 0 012 2 = =
12 10 6 = # V2

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
MCQ 1.80 If Eb , the energy per bit of a binary digital signal, is 10-5 watt-sec and the onesided
power spectral density of the white noise, N0 10
= -6 W/Hz, then the output SNR
of the matched filter is
(A) 26 dB (B) 10 dB
(C) 20 dB (D) 13 dB
Eb = 10-6 watt-sec
No = 10-5 W/Hz
(SNR) matched filler E .
2 10
10 05 N
o
2
5
6
#
===(SNR)dB = 10 log 10(0.05) = 13 dB
MCQ 1.81 The input to a linear delta modulator having a step-size 3= 0.628 is a sine
wave
with frequency fm and peak amplitude Em. If the sampling frequency fx = 40 kHz,
the combination of the sine-wave frequency and the peak amplitude, where slope
overload will take place is
E m fm
(A) 0.3 V 8 kHz
(B) 1.5 V 4 kHz
(C) 1.5 V 2 kHz
(D) 3.0 V 1 kHz
For slopeoverload to take place E
f
f
2m
o
3s
$
This is satisfied with Em = 1.5 V and fm = 4 kHz
MCQ 1.82 If S represents the carrier synchronization at the receiver and represents the
bandwidth efficiency, then the correct statement for the coherent binary PSK is
(A) = 0.5,S is required (B) = 1.0,S is required
(C) = 0.5,S is not required (D) = 1.0,S is not required
If s " carrier synchronization at receiver
" represents bandwidth efficiency
then for coherent binary PSK = 0.5 and s is required.
MCQ 1.83 A signal is sampled at 8 kHz and is quantized using 8 - bit uniform quantizer.
Assuming SNRq for a sinusoidal signal, the correct statement for PCM signal with
a bit rate of R is
(A) R = 32 kbps, SNRq = 25.8 dB (B) R = 64 kbps, SNRq = 49.8 dB
(C) R = 64 kbps, SNRq = 55.8 dB (D) R = 32 kbps, SNRq = 49.8 dB

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
Bit Rate = 8k # 8 = 64 kbps
(SNR)q = 1.76 + 6.02n dB
= 1.76 + 6.02 # 8 = 49.8 dB
MCQ 1.84 Medium 1 has the electrical permittivity 1 = 1.50 farad/m and occupies the
region to the left of x = 0 plane. Medium 2 has the electrical permittivity 2 = 2.50
farad/m and occupies the region to the right of x = 0 plane. If E1 in medium 1 is
E1 = (2ux 3uy + 1uz) volt/m, then E2 in medium 2 is
(A) (2.0ux 7.5uy + 2.5uz) volt/m (B) (2.0ux 2.0uy + 0.6uz) volt/m
(C) (2.0ux 3.0uy + 1.0uz) volt/m (D) (2.0ux 2.0uy + 0.6uz) volt/m
We have E1 = 2ux 3uy + 1uz
E1t = 3uy + uy and E1n = 2ux
Since for dielectric material at the boundary, tangential component of electric field
are equal
E1t = 3uy + uy = E2t (x = 0 plane)
E1n = 2ux
At the boundary the for normal component of electric field are
D1n = D2n
or 1E1n = 2E2n
or 1.5o2ux = 2.5oE2n
or E2n
.
u.u
25
3 1 2 = x= x
Thus E2 = E2t + E2n = 3uy + uz + 1.2ux
MCQ 1.85 If
the electric field intensity is given by E = (xux + yuy + zuz) volt/m, the potential
difference between X(2,0,0) and Y(1,2,3) is
(A) +1 volt (B) 1 volt
(C) +5 volt (D) +6 volt
We have E = xux + yuy + zuz
dl = utx dx + utydy + utz dz
VXY E.dl
X
Y
= #
xdxux ydyuz zdzuz
2
0
1
2
3
0
=# t+# t+# t
xyz
222
2
1
22
2
02
3
0
== + + G
[]
2
=1 22 12+ 02 22+ 02 32 = 5
MCQ 1.86 A uniform plane wave traveling in air is incident on the plane boundary
between

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
air and another dielectric medium with r = 4. The reflection coefficient for the
normal incidence, is
(A) zero (B) 0.5+180c
(B) 0.333+0c (D) 0.333+180c
=
Reflection coefficient
21
21
=
+
Substituting values for 1 and 2 we have
or
o
o
o
or
o
o
0
=
+
1
1
14
14
r
r
=
+
=
+
since 4 r =
.
3
= 1 = 0 333+180c
MCQ 1.87 If the electric field intensity associated with a uniform plane electromagnetic
wave
traveling in a perfect dielectric medium is given by E(z, t) = 10 cos (2107 t 0.1z)
V/m, then the velocity of the traveling wave is
(A) 3.00 108 # m/sec (B) 2.00 108 # m/sec
(C) 6.28 107 # m/sec (D) 2.00 107 # m/sec
We have E(z, t) 10 cos (2 107 t 0.1 z) = #
where 2 107 t = #
= 0.1
Phase Velocity u
0.1
2 10 2 10
7
# # 8
= = = m/s
MCQ 1.88 A short - circuited stub is shunt connected to a transmission line as shown in
fig. If Z0 = 50 ohm, the admittance Y seen at the junction of the stub and the
transmission line is

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
(A) (0.01 j0.02) mho (B) (0.02 j0.01) mho
(C) (0.04 j0.02) mho (D) (0.02 + j0) mho
SOL 1.88 The fig of transmission line is as shown below .
We know that Zin
[]
[]
tan
tan
Z
Z jZ l
Z jZ l
o
oL
Lo
=
+
+
For line 1, l
2
= and 2 ,ZL1 100
==
Thus Zin1
[]
[]
tan
tan
Z
Z jZ
Z jZ
o Z 100
oL
Lo
L
=
+
+==
For line 2, l
8
= and 2 ,ZL2 0
= = (short circuit)
Thus Zin2
[ 0]
[ tan ]
Z
Z
jZ
jZ j
0
o 50
o
o
o
4
+
=
+
==
Y
ZZ
11
in1 in2
=+..
j
j
100
1
50
= + 1 = 0 01 0 02

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MCQ 1.89 A rectangular metal wave guide filled with a dielectric material of relative
permittivity
r = 4 has the inside dimensions 3.0 cm # 1.2 cm. The cut-off frequency for the
dominant mode is
(A) 2.5 GHz (B) 5.0 GHz
(C) 10.0 GHz (D) 12.5 GHz
uc.
2
3 10 1 5 10
0
8
##8
===
In rectangular waveguide the dominant mode is TE10 and
fC v
am
bn
2
= ` j2+` j2
.
2.b
1 5 10
0 03
108
= # ` j2+` j2
.
..
0 06
1 5 10 2 5
8 = # = GHz
MCQ 1.90 Two identical antennas are placed in the = /2 plane as shown in Fig. The
elements have equal amplitude excitation with 180c polarity difference, operating
at wavelength . The correct value of the magnitude of the far-zone resultant
electric field strength normalized with that of a single element, both computed for
= 0, is
(A) 2 cos 2 s
b l (B) 2 sin 2 s
bl
(C) 2cos s
a k (D) 2 sin s
a k
Normalized array factor 2 cos
2
=
= d sin cos +
= 90c,
d=2s,
= 45c,
= 180c
Now 2 cos
2
2 cos d sin cos
2
=+
;E
.
2 cos s cos
2
2 2 45
2
c 180
=8+B

PUBLISHING FOR GATE
2 cos s 90c
= 8 + B 2 sin s
=`j
Answer Sheet
1. (B) 19. (D) 37. (A) 55. (B) 73. (C)

2. (C) 20. (D) 38. (A) 56. (B) 74. (C)
3. (B) 21. (D) 39. (D) 57. (A) 75. (D)
4. (C) 22. (C) 40. (C) 58. (D) 76. (D)
5. (C) 23. (B) 41. (C) 59. (C) 77. (B)
6. (D) 24. (A) 42. (A) 60. (A) 78. (A)
7. (B) 25. (C) 43. (D) 61. (D) 79. (C)
8. (A) 26. (A) 44. (B) 62. (A) 80. (D)
9. (C) 27. (C) 45. (A) 63. (C) 81. (B)
10. (D) 28. (B) 46. (A) 64. (A) 82. (A)
11. (B) 29. (C) 47. (A) 65. (D) 83. (B)
12. (D) 30. (B) 48. (C) 66. (C) 84. (C)
13. (B) 31. (A) 49. (B) 67. (D) 85. (C)
14. (C) 32. (*) 50. (B) 68. (D) 86. (D)
15. (B) 33. (*) 51. (C) 69. (D) 87. (B)
16. (D) 34. (A) 52. (D) 70 (A) 88. (A)
17. (C) 35. (C) 53. (B) 71 (B) 89. (A)
18. (B) 36. (B) 54. (A) 72 (B) 90. (D)

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GATE EC

Q.1 - 30 Carry One Mark Each

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= = 1 and C = 3 F has input

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Hence option (A) is correct.

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MCQ 1.11 The

circuit in the figure is a

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(A) -31 to +31 (B) -63 to +63

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(D) a BJT inverter

/ . The plot of given h(n) is

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= . If the ROC is z < 0.2, then the

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No.of Open Loop Pole No.of Open Loop zero

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MCQ 1.30 Consider

a lossless antenna with a directive gain of +6 dB. If 1 mW of power is

Q.31 - 90 Carry Two Marks Each

the lattice shown in the figure, Za = j2 and Zb = 2 . The values of the

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v(t) = u(t) thus V(s)

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= o of an RLC circuit is given by

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(D) is correct option.

system described by the following differential equation ( )

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(A) S1 is FALSE and S2 is TRUE

= and Z = R that is purely resistive. Thus S1 is false

resistivity of a uniformly doped n type silicon sample is 0.5 - mc. If the

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Substituting the values we have

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PUBLISHING FOR GATE

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SOL 1.48 The

circuit is as shown below

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to -1 multiplexers required to realize a 4- to -1

Hence (C) is correct answer.

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Hence (D) is correct answer.

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LXI H, 9258H ; 9258H " HL

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(A) zero Hz (B) 0.75 kHz

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. The conjugate anti-symmetric part