On Bottom Stability

Onbottom Stability of Jackets
ONBOTTOM STABILITY
OF JACKETS
5/24/2014
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
OUTLINE
Onbottom Stability
Piling Sequence
Mudmat
Concepts
Stability
Requirements
Design
5/24/2014
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
ONBOTTOM STABILITY
What is Onbottom Stability ?
When the jacket is floated and upended
from horizontal floating position, it shall
stand vertically on the seabed. The
stability of the same shall be maintained
until its is fixed on to the seabed by
piles. This temporary phase is called
Unpiled Stability or Onbottom
Stability.
The jacket with pile segment and
hammer should be able to stand
without, sliding, settling and overturning
due to external forces.
5/24/2014
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
PILING SEQUENCE
Planning a piling sequence can reduce the offshore
construction and installation time to considerable
extent.
Since the piles or pile segment and hammer is
temporarily supported on to the jacket, the weight of
the same needs to be taken in to consideration
during the onbottom stability.
Further, during this period, external environmental
forces from wave, current and wind also needs to be
considered.
5/24/2014
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Preferred Piling Sequence

A1
For example, if four corner piles (A1,

A2, B1 and B2) needs to installed on to
a jacket, following sequence can be
adopted. extent.
B1
A2
B2
Each time the crane lifts the pile

including rigging and de-rigging, the
handling time approximately 3 to 6
hours. This is due to manual handling
of rigging for the pile and hammer.
To avoid, multiple rigging and derigging activities, one would consider
the piling sequence 2 (refer to table)
5/24/2014
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Preferred Piling Sequence

ID
Piling sequence 1
Piling sequence 2
ID
1A
Place pile at corner A1 and release

the crane hook.
Place pile at corner A1 and release the

crane hook.
1A
1B
Lift hammer place on top of pile at

corner A1 and drive to target
penetration
Place pile at corner B2 and release the

crane hook.
2A
2A
Place pile at corner B2 and release

the crane hook.
Place pile at corner A2 and release the

crane hook.
3A
2B

corner B2 and drive to target
penetration
Place pile at corner B1 and release the

crane hook.
4A
3A
Place pile at corner A2 and release

the crane hook.
Lift hammer place on top of pile at corner

A1 and drive to target penetration.
1B
3B

corner A2 and drive to target
penetration

B2 and drive to target penetration
2B
4A
Place pile at corner B1 and release

the crane hook.

A2 and drive to target penetration
3B
4B

corner B1 and drive to target
penetration

B1 and drive to target penetration
4B
5/24/2014
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

PILING SEQUENCE
1A
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2A
3A
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
5/24/2014
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
4A
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu

LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR BEARING CHECK
For bearing pressure check and mudmat design maximum possible gravity
loads shall be considered. The dead loads of the jacket shall be considered
including contingency applied at that stage.
Case Set 100
Maximum Jacket weight
Installation Wave and current (8 directions)
Case Set 200
Main pile section P1 inserted into B2 Leg
Case Set 300
Main pile section P1 inserted into A1 Leg
Case Set 400
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Case Set 500

Case Set 600
Pile section P2 stabbed and welded on B2 leg
Dr. S. Nallayarasu

LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR STABILITY CHECK
For sliding and overturning stability checks minimum gravity loads applicable
shall be considered. The dead loads of the jacket shall be considered without
any contingency.
Case Set 700
Minimum Jacket weight
Case Set 800
Main pile section P1 inserted into B2 Leg.
Case Set 900
Main pile section P1 inserted into A1, B1 and A2 Leg
Pile section P1+P2 stabbed and welded on B2 leg
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Ultimate Bearing Capacity
D
B
qu 5Su 1 0.2 1 0.2 e
Be
Le
Where
Su Undrained shear strength at 0.5Be
from the bottom of the Mudmat
Be Effective Mudmat width
Le Effective Mudmat length
D Depth of Embedment of the
Mudmat below seabed
Undrained shear strength at depth 0.5Be below the Mudmat bottom shall be
evaluated using the linear interpolation of the shear strength of layers.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Mudmat
Mudmats are temporary floor support for the
jacket immediately after the jacket has been
upended from floating horizontal position prior to
supported by piles.
Need to designed with adequate surface area and
sufficient strength strength to avoid excessive
settlement of the jacket.
Usually made of steel plate and reinforced by
steel beams. However, alternate materials like
Timber and FRP has been used to reduce weight
and cost
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Advantages of
FRP and Timber Mudmat
FRP and Timber mudmats are used when lift
weight is a concern. They will reduce the weight
considerably.
The design requirement for Cathodic Protection
will also be reduced
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Large Timber Mudmat
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FRP Mudmat
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MUDMAT CONCEPTS
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Jacket with Rectangular Mudmat
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Triangular Mudmat
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Rectangular Mudmat
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Circular Mudmat
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Triangular Mudmat
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Mudmat Panels
Mudmat panels can be any one of the following.
Flate Plate (Steel)
Corrugated Plate (Steel)
Timber Plank
Profiled Panel (FRP)
These panels will be appropriately supported by
steel structural members attached to the jacket
structure
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Flat Steel plate
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Timber Plank
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Corrugated Steel plate
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FRP PANEL
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Design Requirements
When the jacket is resting on seabed, it shall
satisfy following requirements
Stability against bearing
Stability against sliding
Stability against overturning
Structural members shall have adequate
strength
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Design Loads
Dead loads
Bouyancy Loads
Wave and Current Loads
Wind Loads
Loads from Pile stabbing sequence
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Design Requirements
When the jacket is resting on seabed, it shall
satisfy following requirements (API RP 2A)
Stability against bearing
Stability against sliding
Stability against overturning
Sometimes it is also called Unpiled Stability since
this is prior to the piling of the jacket after which the
jacket is firmly fixed to the seabed by piles
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Stability Against Bearing

As explained earlier, stability against bearing is to
have adequate bearing area to avoid excessive
settlement of jacket / failure of mudmat. This has
two parts.
Geotechnical Requirement
Structural Requirement
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Factor of Safety against Bearing

The Factor of Safety against bearing shall be
calculated as below.
Q
F .O.S
P
Where Qu is the ultimate bearing capacity of soil

and Pa is the applied pressure
The minimum Factor of Safety shall be 2.0 for
loads arising from dead weight of the jacket only
and 1.5 for dead weight + environmental loads.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Applied Mudmat Pressure (Dead Load)
The applied mudmat pressure can be calculated for dead
loads alone very easily.
W eW H
P
A
I 2
S
yy
Where WS is the total submerged weight of the jacket
including ballast water on any compartments of legs, buoyancy

tanks and AM is the total mudmat area
If the Jacket is not symmetrical and has self weight acting at
an eccentricity of ex, and not at the geometric centre of
mudmat, then the effect shall be included as moment
component.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Applied Mudmat Pressure
(Dead Load + Environment Load)
The applied mudmat pressure can be calculated for dead
loads alone very easily.
P
a
W eW H Fh H
A
I 2 I 2
S
yy
yy
Where Fe is the total environmental loads from wave,
current and wind and h is the height from seabed at which the
environmental loads are applied and Iyy is the moment of
inertia of the mudmat system about YY axis.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Factor of Safety against Sliding

The Factor of Safety against sliding shall be
calculated as below.
F .O.S
Where Fe is the total environmental loads applied

and is the friction coefficient between the soil
and mudmat system.
The minimum FOS of 1.5 shall be required.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Factor of Safety against Overturning

The Factor of Safety against Overturning shall be
calculated as below (for each edge).
Wx
F .O.S
Fh
s
Where x is the distance between the vertical

load (jacket submerged weight) and the geometric
centre of mudmat system at mudline.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu

SLIDING STABILITY IN UNDRAINED CONDITION
API RP 2A requires the mudmat sliding stability to be considered
using undrained methodology.
CA
F .O.S
F
u
Where Fe is the total environmental loads applied and Cu is

the undrained shear strength and Am is the total area of the
mudmat.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu

COMBINED HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL STABILITY
The revised APRI RP 2GEO requires consideration of combined effect
of horizontal and vertical loading on the stability of jackets.
The FOS against this combined loading for drained and undrained
conditions are shown in figure below.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Jacket Settlement
Most of Settlement will take place immediately after the
jacket has been placed on seabed.
Hence the only immediate settlement using elastic theory

will suffice.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
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Fe
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Jacket Settlement
Settlement of jacket is an important criteria in designing
the mudmat system as excessive settlement woill lead

submergence of bottom framing in to the soil. This will lead
following issues.
The mudline framing will be subjected to constant
upward force on the members
The conductor guide if any will be submerged in to mud
thus driving conductors will become difficult
Boulder if present at shallow depth may damage
structural braces
The jacket cut-off level will get affected
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Jacket Settlement
Elastic settlement of jacket on to the seabed can
be calculated as below.
qB
(1 ) I
E
2
Where q is the uniform applied pressure, B is the

width of the mudmat, E is the Modulus of the soil,
is the poissons ratio and Is is the influence
coefficient and shall be calculated depending on the
shape of the mudmat.
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Settlement of Circular Footing

Vertical settlement of circular footing is given by
1
Q
4GR

Where
= Vertical displacement
Q = Vertical load
G = elastic shear modulus of the soil

= poissons ratio of the soil
R = radius of the base
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Rectangular Mudmat system
Am 4bh
Pa
Ws M ( y ) M ( x)
Am
I xx
I yy
4bh 3
I xx
4bh( H / 2 h / 2) 2
12
4b 3h
I yy
4bh( B / 2 b / 2) 2
12
Where x and y are co-ordinates of points at which the mudmat pressure is
required
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Circular Mudmat system
Am 4
Pa
D2
Ws M ( y ) M ( x)
Am
I xx
I yy
4 4 4D 2 H 2
I xx
D
2
64
4
4 4 4 D 2 B
I yy
D
2
64
4
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Triangular Mudmat system
bh
Am 4
2
Pa
Ws M ( y ) M ( x)
Am
I xx
I yy
4bh3
I xx
2bh H 1 b
2
3
36
4bh3
I yy
2bh B 1 b
2
3
36
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Triangular Mudmat system
bh
Am 4
2
Pa
Ws M ( y ) M ( x)
Am
I xx
I yy
3bh3
I yy
2bh B b
2
2
48
2
2
bh 2 H
3bh 3
I xx
bh H 2 h
1 h
3
3
2
3
36
2
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu

Determine the factor of safety against bearing, sliding and over turning
for the jacket shown in the sketch subjected to environmental forces as
shown in the table. Estimate the immediate settlement of jacket.
W
X COG
Y COG
= 12000 kN
= -6 m
= 1.0 m
Direction
Force
Centre of force
F1
2000 kN
52 m
F2
2800 kN
45 m
F3
2500 kN
48 m
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
5/24/2014
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Dr. S. Nallayarasu

On Bottom Stability

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Onbottom Stability of Jackets