Antibiotics

Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis

The selectivity of these agents is a result of differences in the prokaryotic 70S ribosome and the 80S eukaryotic
ribosome. Since mitochondrial ribosomes are similar to prokaryotic ribosomes, these antimetabolites can have some
toxicity. They are mostly bacteriostatic.
A. Antimicrobials that Bind to the 30S Ribosomal Subunit
1. Aminoglycosides (bactericidal)
Streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin and neomycin (topical)
Mode of action: The aminoglycosides irreversibly bind to the 30S ribosome and freeze the 30S initiation
complex (30S-mRNA-tRNA), so that no further initiation can occur. The aminoglycosides also slow down
protein synthesis that has already initiated and induce misreading of the mRNA.
Spectrum of Activity: Aminoglycosides are active against many gram-negative and some gram-positive
bacteria. They are not useful for anaerobic bacteria, since oxygen is required for uptake of the antibiotic, or for
intracellular bacteria.
Resistance: Resistance to these antibiotics is common
Synergy: The aminoglycosides synergize with -lactam antibiotics such as the penicillins. The -lactams
inhibit cell wall synthesis and thereby increase the permeability of the bacterium to the aminoglycosides.
2. Tetracyclines (bacteriostatic)
Tetracycline, minocycline and doxycycline
Mode of action: The tetracyclines reversibly bind to the 30S ribosome and inhibit binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the acceptor site on the 70S ribosome.
Spectrum of activity: These are broad spectrum antibiotics and are useful against intracellular bacteria
Resistance: Resistance to these antibiotics is common
Adverse effects: Destruction of normal intestinal flora often occurs, resulting in increased secondary
infections. There can also be staining and impairment of the structure of bone and teeth
3. Spectinomycin (bacteriostatic)
Mode of action: Spectinomycin reversibly interferes with mRNA interaction with the 30S ribosome. It is
structurally similar to aminoglycosides but does not cause misreading of mRNA
Spectrum of activity: Spectinomycin is used in the treatment of penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Resistance: This is rare in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

B. Antimicrobials that Bind to the 50S Ribosomal Subunit

1. Chloramphenicol, lincomycin, clindamycin (bacteriostatic)
Mode of action: These antimicrobials bind to the 50S ribosome and inhibit peptidyl transferase activity.
Spectrum of activity:
Chloramphenicol - Broad range
Lincomycin and clindamycin - Restricted range
Resistance: Resistance to these antibiotics is common
Adverse effects: Chloramphenicol is toxic (bone marrow suppression) but it is used in the treatment of
bacterial meningitis.
2. Macrolides (bacteriostatic) - Erythromycin (also azithromycin, clarithromycin)
Mode of action: The macrolides inhibit translocation of the peptidyl tRNA from the A to the P site on the
ribosome by binding to the 50S ribosomal 23S RNA.
Spectrum of activity: Gram-positive bacteria, Mycoplasma, Legionella
Resistance: Resistance to these antibiotics is common. Most gram-negative antibiotics are resistant to
macrolides.

C. Antimicrobials that Interfere with Elongation Factors

1. Fusidic acid (bacteriostatic)
Mode of action: Fusidic acid binds to elongation factor G (EF-G) and inhibits release of EF-G from the EFG/GDP complex.
1. Spectrum of activity: Fusidic acid is only effective against gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus,
Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium minutissimum.
Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis and Function
The selectivity of these agents is a result of differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic enzymes affected by the
antimicrobial agent.
A. Inhibitors of RNA Synthesis and Function
1. Rifampin, rifamycin, rifampicin (bactericidal)
Mode of action: These antimicrobials bind to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and inhibit initiation of RNA
synthesis.
Spectrum of activity: They are wide spectrum antibiotics but are used most commonly in the treatment of
tuberculosis
Resistance: Resistance to these antibiotics is common.
Combination therapy: Since resistance is common, rifampin is usually used in combination therapy
B. Inhibitors of DNA Synthesis and Function
1. Quinolones - nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, oxolinic acid (bactericidal)
Mode of action: These antimicrobials bind to the A subunit of DNA gyrase (topoisomerase) and prevent
supercoiling of DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis.
Spectrum of activity: These antibiotics are active against Gram-positive cocci and are used in urinary tract
infections
Resistance: This is common for nalidixic acid and is developing for ciprofloxacin
Antimetabolite Antimicrobials
A. Inhibitors of Folic Acid Synthesis
The selectivity of these antimicrobials is a consequence of the fact that bacteria cannot use pre-formed folic acid and
must synthesize their own folic acid. In contrast, mammalian cells use folic acid obtained from food.
1. Sulfonamides, sulfones (bacteriostatic)
Mode of action: These antimicrobials are analogues of para-aminobenzoic acid and competitively inhibit
formation of dihydropteric acid.
Spectrum of activity: They have a broad range activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and
are used primarily in urinary tract infections and in Nocardia infections.
Resistance: Resistance to these antibiotics is common
Combination therapy: The sulfonamides are used in combination with trimethoprim. This combination blocks
two distinct steps in folic acid metabolism and prevents the emergence of resistant strains.
2. Trimethoprim, methotrexate, pyrimethamine (bacteriostatic)
Mode of action: These antimicrobials bind to dihydrofolate reductase and inhibit formation of tetrahydrofolic
acid.
Spectrum of activity: They have a broad range activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and
are used primarily in urinary tract infections and in Nocardia infections.
Resistance: Resistance to these antibiotics is common
Combination therapy: These antimicrobials are used in combination with the sulfonamides. This combination
blocks two distinct steps in folic acid metabolism and prevents the emergence of resistant strains.

B. Anti-Mycobacterial agents
Anti-mycobacterial agents are generally used in combination with other antimicrobials since treatment is prolonged
and resistance develops readily to individual agents.
1. Para-aminosalicylic acid (PSA) (bacteriostatic)
Mode of action: This is similar to sulfonamides
Spectrum of activity: PSA is specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2. Dapsone (bacteriostatic)
Mode of action: Similar to sulfonamides
Spectrum of activity: Dapsone is used in treatment of leprosy
3. Isoniazid (INH) (bacteriostatic)
Mode of action: Isoniazid inhibit synthesis of mycolic acids.
Spectrum of activity: INH is used in treatment of tuberculosis
Resistance: Resistance has developed
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance
A. Principles and Definitions
1. Clinical Resistance
Clinical resistance to an antimicrobial agent occurs when the MIC of the drug for a particular strain of bacteria
exceeds that which is capable of being achieved with safety in vivo. Resistance to an antimicrobial can arise:
* By mutation in the gene that determines sensitivity/resistance to the agent
* By acquisition of extra chromosomal DNA (plasmid) carrying a resistance gene.
Resistance that appears after introduction of an antimicrobial agent into the environment usually results from a
selective process, i.e. the antibiotic selects for survival of those strains possessing a resistance gene.
Resistance can develop in a single step or it can result from the accumulation of multiple mutations.
2. Cross Resistance
Cross resistance implies that a single mechanism confers resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents while
multiple resistance implies that multiple mechanisms are involved. Cross resistance is commonly seen with
closely related antimicrobial agents while multiple resistance is seen with unrelated antimicrobial agents.
B. Mechanisms of Resistance
1. Altered permeability of the antimicrobial agent
Altered permeability may be due to the inability of the antimicrobial agent to enter the bacterial cell or
alternatively to the active export of the agent from the cell.
2. Inactivation of the antimicrobial agent
Resistance is often the result of the production of an enzyme that is capable of inactivating the antimicrobial
agent.
3. Altered target site
Resistance can arise due to alteration of the target site for the antimicrobial agent.
4. Replacement of a sensitive pathway
Resistance can result from the acquisition of a new enzyme to replace the sensitive one.

List of antibiotics

List of antibiotics
Following is the list of antibiotics, sorted by class. The highest division is between bactericidal antibiotics and
bacteriostatic antibiotics. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly where bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing.
However, these classifications are based on laboratory behavior; in practice, both of these are capable of ending a
bacterial infection.[1]
See also pathogenic bacteria for a list of antibiotics sorted by target bacteria.

Antibiotics by class
Generic name

Brand names

[2]

Common uses

[2]
Possible side effects

Mechanism of action

Aminoglycosides
Amikacin

Amikin

Gentamicin

Garamycin

Kanamycin

Kantrex

Neomycin

Neo-Fradin

Netilmicin

Netromycin

Tobramycin

Nebcin

Paromomycin

Humatin

Spectinomycin

Trobicin

[3]

Infections caused by

Gram-negative bacteria,

such as Escherichia coli and

Klebsiella particularly
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Effective against Aerobic
bacteria (not
obligate/facultative
anaerobes) and tularemia.

Hearing loss
Vertigo
Kidney damage

Binding to the bacterial 30S

ribosomal subunit (some work by
binding to the 50S subunit),
inhibiting the translocation of the
peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to
the P-site and also causing
misreading of mRNA, leaving the
bacterium unable to synthesize
proteins vital to its growth.

Gonorrhea
Ansamycins

Geldanamycin

Experimental, as antitumor
antibiotics

Herbimycin
Rifaximin

Xifaxan

Traveler's diarrhea caused

by E. coli
Carbacephem

Loracarbef

Lorabid

Discontinued

prevents bacterial cell division by

inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

Carbapenems
Ertapenem

Invanz

Doripenem

Doribax

Imipenem/Cilastatin

Primaxin

Meropenem

Merrem

Bactericidal for both

Gram-positive and
Gram-negative organisms
and therefore useful for
empiric broad-spectrum
antibacterial coverage. (Note
MRSA resistance to this
class.)

Gastrointestinal
upset and diarrhea
Nausea
Seizures
Headache
Rash and allergic
reactions

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Cephalosporins (First generation)

Cefadroxil

Duricef

Cefazolin

Ancef

Cefalotin or Cefalothin

Keflin
(discontinued)

Cefalexin

Good coverage against

Gram positive infections.

Gastrointestinal
upset and diarrhea
Nausea (if alcohol
taken concurrently)
Allergic reactions

Keflex
Cephalosporins (Second generation)

Same mode of action as other

beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the
synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer
of bacterial cell walls.

List of antibiotics

Cefaclor

Distaclor

Cefamandole

Mandol
(discontinued)

Cefoxitin

Mefoxin
(discontinued)

Cefprozil

Cefzil

Cefuroxime

Ceftin, Zinnat
(UK)

Less gram positive cover,

improved gram negative
cover.

Gastrointestinal
upset and diarrhea
Nausea (if alcohol
taken concurrently)
Allergic reactions

Same mode of action as other

beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the
synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer
of bacterial cell walls.

Cephalosporins (Third generation)

Cefixime

Suprax

Cefdinir

Omnicef,
Cefdiel

Cefditoren

Spectracef

Cefoperazone

Cefobid
(discontinued)

Cefotaxime

Claforan

Cefpodoxime

Vantin

Ceftazidime

Fortaz

Ceftibuten

Cedax

Ceftizoxime

Cefizox
(discontinued)

Ceftriaxone

Rocephin

Improved coverage of Gram

negative organisms, except
Pseudomonas. Reduced
Gram positive cover.

Gastrointestinal
upset and diarrhea
Nausea (if alcohol
taken concurrently)
Allergic reactions

Same mode of action as other

beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the
synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer
of bacterial cell walls.

Cephalosporins (Fourth generation)

Cefepime

Maxipime

Covers pseudomonal
infections.

Gastrointestinal
upset and diarrhea
Nausea (if alcohol
taken concurrently)
Allergic reactions

Same mode of action as other

beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the
synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer
of bacterial cell walls.

Cephalosporins (Fifth generation)

Ceftaroline fosamil

Teflaro

Used to treat MRSA

Ceftobiprole

Zeftera

Used to treat MRSA

Gastrointestinal
upset and diarrhea
Allergic reaction

Same mode of action as other

beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the
synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer
of bacterial cell walls.

Gastrointestinal
upset and diarrhea
Nausea (if alcohol
taken concurrently)
Allergic reactions

Same mode of action as other

beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the
synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer
of bacterial cell walls.

Glycopeptides
Teicoplanin

Targocid (UK)

Vancomycin

Vancocin

Telavancin

Vibativ

Active against aerobic and

anaerobic Gram positive
bacteria including MRSA;
Vancomycin is used orally
for the treatment of C.
difficile
Lincosamides

inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis

List of antibiotics

Clindamycin

Cleocin

Lincomycin

Lincocin

Serious staph-, pneumo-,

and streptococcal infections
in penicillin-allergic
patients, also anaerobic
infections; clindamycin
topically for acne

Possible C.
difficile-related
pseudomembranous
enterocolitis

Bind to 50S subunit of bacterial

ribosomal RNA thereby inhibiting
protein synthesis

Lipopeptide
Daptomycin

Cubicin

Gram-positive organisms

Bind to the membrane and cause

rapid depolarization, resulting in a
loss of membrane potential leading
to inhibition of protein, DNA and
RNA synthesis

Macrolides
Azithromycin

Zithromax,
Sumamed,
Xithrone

Clarithromycin

Biaxin

Dirithromycin

Dynabac
(discontinued)

Erythromycin

Erythocin,
Erythroped

Streptococcal infections,
syphilis, upper respiratory
tract infections, lower
respiratory tract infections,
mycoplasmal infections,
Lyme disease

Nausea, vomiting,
and diarrhea
(especially at higher
doses)
Prolonged QT
interval (especially
erythromycin)
Jaundice

inhibition of bacterial protein

biosynthesis by binding reversibly
to the subunit 50S of the bacterial
ribosome, thereby inhibiting
translocation of peptidyl tRNA.

Roxithromycin
Troleandomycin

Tao
(discontinued)

Telithromycin

Ketek

Pneumonia

Spiramycin

Rovamycine

Mouth infections

Visual Disturbance,
[4]
Liver Toxicity.

Monobactams
Aztreonam

Azactam

Same mode of action as other

beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the
synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer
of bacterial cell walls.
Nitrofurans

Furazolidone

Furoxone

Bacterial or protozoal
diarrhea or enteritis

Nitrofurantoin

Macrodantin,
Macrobid

Urinary tract infections

Oxazolidonones
Linezolid

Zyvox

Posizolid

Phase II clinical
trials

Radezolid

Phase II clinical
trials

Torezolid

Phase II clinical
trials

VRSA

Thrombocytopenia
Peripheral
neuropathy

Protein synthesis inhibitor; prevents

the initiation step

List of antibiotics

4
Penicillins

Amoxicillin

Novamox,
Amoxil

Ampicillin

Principen
(discontinued)

Wide range of infections;

penicillin used for
streptococcal infections,
syphilis, and Lyme disease

Azlocillin

Carbenicillin

Geocillin
(discontinued)

Cloxacillin

Tegopen
(discontinued)

Dicloxacillin

Dynapen
(discontinued)

Flucloxacillin

Floxapen (Sold
to European
generics
Actavis Group)

Mezlocillin

Mezlin
(discontinued)

Methicillin

Staphcillin
(discontinued)

Nafcillin

Unipen
(discontinued)

Oxacillin

Prostaphlin
(discontinued)

Penicillin G

Pentids
(discontinued)

Penicillin V

Veetids
(Pen-Vee-K)
(discontinued)

Piperacillin

Pipracil
(discontinued)

Penicillin G

Pfizerpen

Temocillin

Negaban (UK)
(discontinued)

Ticarcillin

Ticar
(discontinued)

Gastrointestinal
upset and diarrhea
Allergy with serious
anaphylactic
reactions
Brain and kidney
damage (rare)

Same mode of action as other

beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the
synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer
of bacterial cell walls.

Penicillin combinations
Amoxicillin/clavulanate

Augmentin

Ampicillin/sulbactam

Unasyn

Piperacillin/tazobactam

Zosyn

Ticarcillin/clavulanate

Timentin

The second component prevents

bacterial resistance to the first
component

Polypeptides

List of antibiotics

Bacitracin

Colistin

Coly-Mycin-S

Eye, ear or bladder

Kidney and nerve
infections; usually applied
damage (when given by
directly to the eye or inhaled injection)
into the lungs; rarely given
by injection, although the
use of intravenous colistin is
experiencing a resurgence
due to the emergence of
multi drug resistant
organisms.

Polymyxin B

Inhibits isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a

molecule that carries the building
blocks of the peptidoglycan
bacterial cell wall outside of the
[5]
inner membrane
Interact with the gram negative
bacterial outer membrane and
cytoplasmic membrane. It displaces
bacterial counter ions, which
destabilizes the outer membrane.
They act like a detergent against the
cytoplasmic membrane, which
alters its permeability. Polymyxin B
and E are bactericidal even in an
isosmotic solution.

Quinolones
Ciprofloxacin

Cipro,
Ciproxin,
Ciprobay

Urinary tract infections,

bacterial prostatitis,
community-acquired
pneumonia, bacterial
diarrhea, mycoplasmal
infections, gonorrhea

Enoxacin

Penetrex

Gatifloxacin

Tequin

Levofloxacin

Levaquin

Lomefloxacin

Maxaquin

Moxifloxacin

Avelox

Nalidixic acid

NegGram

Norfloxacin

Noroxin

Ofloxacin

Floxin, Ocuflox

Trovafloxacin

Trovan

Withdrawn

Grepafloxacin

Raxar

Withdrawn

Sparfloxacin

Zagam

Withdrawn

Temafloxacin

Omniflox

Withdrawn

Nausea (rare),
irreversible damage to
central nervous system
(uncommon), tendinosis
(rare)

inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or

the topoisomerase IV enzyme,
thereby inhibiting DNA replication
and transcription.

Folate synthesis inhibition. They

are competitive inhibitors of the
enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase,
DHPS. DHPS catalyses the
conversion of PABA
(para-aminobenzoate) to
dihydropteroate, a key step in folate
synthesis. Folate is necessary for
the cell to synthesize nucleic acids
(nucleic acids are essential building
blocks of DNA and RNA), and in
its absence cells will be unable to
divide.

Sulfonamides
Mafenide

Sulfamylon

Sulfonamidochrysoidine (archaic) Prontosil

Sulfacetamide

Sulamyd,
Bleph-10

Sulfadiazine

Micro-Sulfon

Silver sulfadiazine

Silvadene

Urinary tract infections

(except sulfacetamide, used
for eye infections, and
mafenide and silver
sulfadiazine, used topically
for burns)

Nausea, vomiting,
and diarrhea
Allergy (including
skin rashes)
Crystals in urine
Kidney failure
Decrease in white
blood cell count
Sensitivity to
sunlight

List of antibiotics

Sulfamethizole

Thiosulfil Forte

Sulfamethoxazole

Gantanol

Sulfanilimide (archaic)
Sulfasalazine

Azulfidine

Sulfisoxazole

Gantrisin

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
(Co-trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX)

Bactrim, Septra

Tetracyclines
Demeclocycline

Declomycin

Doxycycline

Vibramycin

Minocycline

Minocin

Oxytetracycline

Terramycin

Tetracycline

Sumycin,
Achromycin V,
Steclin

Syphilis, chlamydial

infections, Lyme disease,

mycoplasmal infections,

acne rickettsial infections,

*malaria *Note: Malaria is

caused by a protist and not a

bacterium.

Gastrointestinal
upset
Sensitivity to
sunlight
Potential toxicity to
mother and fetus
during pregnancy
Enamel hypoplasia
(staining of teeth;
potentially
permanent)
transient depression
of bone growth

inhibiting the binding of

aminoacyl-tRNA to the
mRNA-ribosome complex. They do
so mainly by binding to the 30S
ribosomal subunit in the mRNA
translation complex.

Drugs against mycobacteria

Clofazimine

Lamprene

Antileprotic

Dapsone

Avlosulfon

Antileprotic

Capreomycin

Capastat

Antituberculosis

Cycloserine

Seromycin

Antituberculosis, urinary
tract infections

Ethambutol

Myambutol

Antituberculosis

Ethionamide

Trecator

Antituberculosis

Isoniazid

I.N.H.

Antituberculosis

Pyrazinamide

Aldinamide

Antituberculosis

Rifampicin (Rifampin in US)

Rifadin,
Rimactane

mostly Gram-positive and

mycobacteria

Reddish-orange sweat,
tears, and urine

Rifabutin

Mycobutin

Mycobacterium avium
complex

rash, discolored urine,

GI symptoms

Rifapentine

Priftin

Antituberculosis

Streptomycin

Antituberculosis

Inhibits peptide synthesis

Binds to the subunit of RNA

polymerase to inhibit transcription

Neurotoxicity,
ototoxicity

As other aminoglycosides

Rarely: aplastic anemia.

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

by binding to the 50S subunit of the
ribosome

Others
Arsphenamine

Salvarsan

Spirochaetal infections
(obsolete)

Chloramphenicol

Chloromycetin

meningitis, MRSA, topical

use, or for low cost internal
treatment. Historic: typhus,
cholera. gram negative,
gram positive, anaerobes

List of antibiotics

Fosfomycin

Monurol

Acute cystitis in women

Fusidic acid

Fucidin

Metronidazole

Flagyl

Infections caused by
anaerobic bacteria; also
amoebiasis, trichomoniasis,
Giardiasis

Mupirocin

Bactroban

Ointment for impetigo,

cream for infected cuts

Inactivates enolpyruvyl transferase,

thereby blocking cell wall synthesis

Discolored urine,
headache, metallic taste,
nausea ; alcohol is
contraindicated

Produces toxic free radicals which

disrupt DNA and proteins. This
non-specific mechanism is
responsible for its activity against a
variety of bacteria, amoebae, and
protozoa.
Inhibits isoleucine t-RNA
synthetase (IleRS) causing
inhibition of protein synthesis

Platensimycin
Quinupristin/Dalfopristin

Synercid

Thiamphenicol

Gram-negative,
Gram-positive, anaerobes.
widely used in veterinary
medicine.

Lacks known anemic

side-effects.

upset stomach, bitter

taste, and itchiness

Tigecycline

Tigacyl

Tinidazole

Tindamax
Fasigyn

protozoan infections

Trimethoprim

Proloprim,
Trimpex

Urinary Tract Infections

Generic Name

Brand Names

[2]

Common Uses

A chloramphenicol analog. May

inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
by binding to the 50S subunit of the
ribosome

[2]

Possible Side Effects

Mechanism of action

References
[1] Pelczar, M.J., Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, N.R. (1999) Host-Parasite Interaction; Nonspecific Host Resistance, In: Microbiology Conceptsand
Applications, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, U.S.A. pp. 478-479.
[2] For common Uses and possible side effects reference is: Robert Berkow (ed.) The Merck Manual of Medical Information - Home Edition.
Pocket (September 1999), ISBN 0-671-02727-1.
[3] "Neomycin Drug Information" (http:/ / www. uptodate. com/ contents/ neomycin-drug-information?source=search_result&
search=neomycin& selectedTitle=1~135). uptodate. . Retrieved 2/11/2012.(subscription required)
[4] Splete, Heidi; Kerri Wachter (March 2006). "Liver toxicity reported with Ketek". Internal Medicine News.
[5] Mechanism of Action of Bacitracin: Complexation with Metal Ion and C55-Isoprenyl Pyrophosphate (http:/ / www. pnas. org/ cgi/ content/
abstract/ 68/ 12/ 3223) K. John Stone and Jack L. Strominger

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

List of antibiotics Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=535011950 Contributors: Acgator09, Akjakositz, Andrew c, Arjun024, Arunsingh16, B.f.baumer, Banielse, Blue520,
Bunnyhop11, Buttered corn, Calmer Waters, Camrn86, Correogsk, DRAGON BOOSTER, Denis tarasov, Diptanshu.D, Epastore, Fvasconcellos, GoingBatty, Jacobthechemist, James Robson,
Kappalex, Lambiam, LilHelpa, M9dani0903, Magioladitis, MarnetteD, Materialscientist, Mikael Hggstrm, Open2universe, Peaceray, Petersam, QuiteUnusual, Ray Van De Walker, Rcinda1,
Ronz, Senaiboy, Shalom S., Sky07, Sumsum2010, Swamp Ig, Tedder, Thedeviv, Vanshe, Woohookitty, Xkjq, 62 anonymous edits

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