CHAPTER 1 The HUMAN

BODY
Name the general human organ systems. (11 total)
1. Cardiovascular 2. Digestive
3. Endocrine 4. Integumentary
5. Lymphatic 6. Muscular
7. Nervous 8. Reproductive
9. Respiratory 10. Skeletal
11. Urinary

What 6 organs are involved in the cardiovascular system?

1. Blood vessels
2. Sinusoids
3. Blood
4. Lymphatic organs
5. Bone marrow
6. Heart

How do body systems work together?

[3 examples]
1. Maintain health
2. Protect species
3. Allows for reproduction.

What is homeostasis?
Tendency of the body to maintain a state of balance or equilibrium while continually changing.

Explain Regulation.
The adjustments or direct internal bodily function in the face of environmental changes organism make throughout the day.

Define: Body Cavities.

Spaces within the body which contain vital organs

Body Cavities
1.thoracic cavity; 2.abdominal cavity-diaphragm (separates thoracic from abdominopelvic cavities); 3.pelvic cavity; 4.abdominopelvic cavity;
5.ventral cavity - composed of thoracic (#1), abdominal (#2) and pelvic (#3) cavities; 6.cranial cavity; 7.spinal cavity; 8.dorsal cavity composed of cranial (#6) and spinal (#7) cavities

Thoracic Cavity

also known as chest cavity, thorax; surrounds and protects the heart and lungs

Abdominal Cavity [organs within]

stomach, liver, pancreas and intestines.part of abdominopelvic cavity

Pelvic Cavity

Region between the hip bones and interior to the horizontal plane between the superior ridges of the hip bones. This cavity includes the
urinary bladder, urethra, some of the large intestines, and the internal reproductive organs.

What are the organs of the digestive system?

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, transverse, ascending and descending colon, small intestine, cecum, appendix,
rectum/anal canal, anus

What are the organs of the endocrine system?

1.

Pituitary gland

2.

Thyroid

3.

Pancreas

4.

Adrenal Gland

5.

Gonads

What organs are in the integumentary system?

-hair
-nails
-skin
-ceruminous glands
-sebaceous glands
-sudoriferous glands

What organs are in the lymphatic system?

red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, thoracic duct, lymphatic vessels

What are the main organs of the muscular system?Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
What are the organs of the nervous system?brain and spinal cord, sensory receptors of sense organs, nerves that connect nervous
system with other systems

What organs are in the reproductive system?Female: ovaries, uterus, Fallopian tubes, vagina mammary glands
Male: testes, urethra, prostate gland, penis

What organs are in the respiratory system?

1.

larynx

2.

trachea

3.

bronchus

4.

lung

What are the main organs of the skeletal system?

Bones

Cartilages
Associated ligaments
Bone Marrow

What organs are in the urinary system?

Kidneys (2) - filter the blood
Urinary bladder
Ureters (2)
Urethra

CELLS

Identify and function

Microvilli tiny plasma membrane extensions used to increase the cell's surface area for absorption.

Identify and functionSecretory Vesicles fuses with the cell membrane and expels its
contents. transport components of secretory pathway; they move proteins from ER to golgi complex to plasma membrane

Identify gray area and function

Cytosol Semi-fluid material surrounding organelles; contains enzymes that catalyze cellular reactions.

What are the black substances and what is their function? Lysosomes
Contains digestive enzymes;
Autophagy
breaks things down,Digestion of macromolecules
Destruction of microbes

Identify space & the 2 sunstances and function

Centrosome; centrioles

Interphase

90% of the cell cycle; (g1, s, and g2)

Nucleus is well formed

Chromosomes are not clearly discerned in the nucleus

The cell is engaged in metabolic activity and preforming it's preparations for mitosis

Prophase

Chromosomes condense and shorten

Spindle fibers begin to form

Centrioles begin to move apart

Metaphase

Spindle fibers attach to each chromosome.

Chromosomes align along the cell equator.

Anaphase

Chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell.

Cytokinesis usually begins in late anaphase or telophase.

Telophase

Spindle fibers disappear

Nuclear membrane forms

2 nuclei form

Cleavage furrow visible

Microtubules disassembles

cytokinesis

Chromosomes start to uncoil

Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm after mitosis

What phase?
Interphase

What phase?
Prophase

What phase?
Metaphase

What phase?
Anaphase

What stage?
Telophase

Cytokinesis

CELLULAR ORGANELLES
The cytoplasm is composed of
3 things

cytosol

inclusions - ions, carbs...anything that balances out organelles.

organelles - compartment structures

Which organelles are membranous?

6 things

nucleus

golgi apparatus

endoplasmic reticulum

lysosomes

peroxisomes

mitochondria

Which organelles are nonmembranous? 3 things?

cytoskeleton
centrioles
ribosomes

What stage?

Mitochondria
def:
membrane structure?
provides?
contains?
similar to?
capable of?

organelle that transforms the usable energy in food molecules

provides most of the cells ATP - requires oxygen

contains its own dna, rna, ribosomes

similar to bacteria

capable of cell division called fission

granules containing protein and rRNA

Located in cytoplasm, on rough ER, and in mitochondria

double membrane structure with inner shelf-like cristae with matrix

Ribosomes located in? makes? contains?

Make proteins

2 types of ribosomes
1. free- suspended in cytoplasm, make proteins that stay in cytoplasm
2. bound- attached to ER, make proteins that become parts of membranes packaged in Golgi, exported

Endoplasmic Reticulum acts as?

acts as an anchor for many enzymes and also as a surface on which some biochemical reactions take place
acts as a transport system carrying various chemicals from one part to another

Rough ER external surface? manufactures? synthesizes?

what substances move through and where do they go?

External surface studded with ribosomes lipid bi-layer membrane

Sythesizes membrane integral proteins and phospholipids

Assembled proteins move to ER interior, enclosed in vesicle that goes to golgi apparatus.

Manufactures all secreted proteins

Smooth ER network of tubules continuous with rough er

Smooth ER enzymes function in:

metabolism of lipids

detoxification

converting glycogen to free glucose

storage and release of calcium

absorption, synthesis and transport of fats

Golgi apparatus
modifies

concentrates
sorts
packages
transports
lipids and proteins from rough er

Three types of vesicles from concave trans face

Secretory vesicles

Lysosomes

Vesicles of lipids and transmembrane proteins

Sequence of events from protein synthesis to distribution from golgi: 3 events

1.

Protein containing vesicles pinch off rough ER and migrate to fuse with membranes of golgi apparatus

2.

Proteins are modified within the golgi compartments

3.

Proteins are then packages within different vesicle types depending on ultimate destination

Peroxisomes what are they and what do they contain? three things they do? most abundant in?

Membranous sacs that contain digestive enzymes.

Catalysis and synthesis of fatty acids

Neutralize dangerous free radicles

Most abundant in the liver

Detoxify harmful, toxic substances

Peroxisomes contain what two enzymes? oxidase and catalases

Oxidases convert to? H2O2
Catalases convert H2O2 to? water and oxygen
Lysosomes what are they? 5 things they do?
spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes; safe sites for intracellular digestion.

digest ingested bacteria, viruses, & toxins

autolysis to destroy cells

metabolic breakdown & release glycogen

breakdown bone to release calcium

degrade non-functional organelles

What is autolysis

The destruction of cells or tissues by their own enzymes

Endomembrane systems?
6 organelles
ER
Golgi
Secretory vesicles
Lysosomes
Nuclear envelope
Plasma membrane

Function of the endomembrane system?

produce
degrade harmful substances
store
export

What is not included in endomembrane system?smooth ER

Endomembrane system 4 step process

dna sends info for protein

proteins arrive at golgi

proteins can be used as membrane proteins, enzymes and lysosomes.

proteins are manufactured in rough er

Cytoskeleton

elaborate series of rods throughout cytosol

transports substances out

backbone for cell

3 Types of filaments in the Cytoskeleton

1. Microfilament
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Microtubule

Microfilaments

thinnest of cytoskeletal elements

each cell has unique arrangement

change inshape

involved in cell motility

subunits are actin

Intermediate filaments

tough, ropelike insoluble protein fibers

composed of tetramer fibrils
resist pulling forces on cell
attach to desmosomes

Examples Of Intermediate Filaments

-desmin - in muscle cells
-keratin - in epithelium (skin & hair)
-neurofilaments - in nerve cells

Microtubules

largest of cytoskeltal elements

most radiant from centrosome

composed of tubulins

dynamic hollow tubes

determine overall shape of cell

direct movement of cell

Neutrophil (# of lobes, class of leukocyte function)

2+, multilobed

phagocytize bacteria

granular

Eosinophil (# of lobes, class of leukocyte, function)

bi lobed

kills parasites, destroy antigen-antibody complexes, inactivate some inflammatory allergy chemicals

like lysosomes

granular

Basophil (class of leukocyte, function, 2 facts)

granular

rarest

dark cytoplasm

release histamine for inflammation, contains heparin

Lymphocyte (type of nucleus, class of leukocyte, function)

spherical

mount immune response by direct cell attack or antibodies

agranular

Monocyte (what does nucleus look like, class of leukocyte, function)

Nucleus U

phagocytosis and develop into macrophages in tissues

agranular