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Introduction
The activated-sludge process is still the most widely used biological treatment process
for reducing the concentration of organic pollutants in wastewater. Well-established
design standards based on empirical data have evolved over the years. Our understanding of the process has advanced from a system originally designed simply for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) reduction, to one that now is designed to remove
nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Despite these advances, poor process performance can still present problems for many plants.
The objective of this manual is to help operators and other wastewater treatment
professionals acquire a greater understanding of the process, solve performance problems, and improve operations. The manual is intended as both a training and reference
tool. The format will make the book useful to newcomers and experienced professionals alike.
This manual describes the process variations and focuses on operation, addressing
pertinent process theory, alternative process control strategies, energy conservation,
and troubleshooting the activated-sludge process. Since the last printing of this manual
in 1987, there have been advancements and improvements in process configurations
and control strategies to achieve higher degrees of treatment efficiency.
Section 2 provides an overview of the activated-sludge process starting with the
fundamental concepts of microbiology and biochemistry. It describes how the propagation and control of living organisms are key to achieving the basic process goals of
removing BOD, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Conventional process configurations are discussed along with current modifications including sequencing batch reactors, coupled
systems, and combined systems. A description of facilities and equipment is provided.
Control of activated-sludge systems is based on maintaining proper aeration and
mixing in the biological reactor and controlling the biomass inventory of the system.
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Copyright 2006 Water Environment Federation.
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