4.

ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Life Cycle Impact Assessment(LCIA) imprecise interpretation of emission
inventory. According to ISO 14044, LCIA define in section 3.4 as a "phase of life
cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and
significance of potential environmental impact for a product system throughout the
life cycle of the product".
This environmental impact assessment study focus on most highly impact on Global
Warming Potential (GWP) and energy demand. Rather than GWP and energy
impact, solid waste disposal, air missions and waste water discharge and water usage
also kind of environmental impact.

Impact/Inventory

Description

category
Global
Warning Represents
Potential (GWP)

the

heat

LCI/LCA Methodology

Units

IPCC(2007) GWP 100a

kgCO2

trapping capacity of the

greenhouse

eq

gases,

important emissions: CO2

Demand

fossil, CH4, N2O

energy Measures the total energy Cumulative energy

Demand (CED)

from point of extraction: inventory item; includes

results are categorized by both fossil & non-fossil
fuel energy profile

energy; results also shown

specifically for expended
energy separate from
feedstock energy

Summary of study's LCI/LCIA Methodologies

MJ

They are many type of production process in plastic production which contribute
environmental effect according to their personal wastage. Example of production
process are; Ethylene Glycol production, crude oil exploration and drilling,
desalting, P-Kylee production and others.
4.1

Environmental impact by Solid waste disposal

Solid waste generated by environment effect from Desalting process: the
quantities of desalted sludge generated depends on solid content of the
crude, separation efficiency and applied dislodging mode and
frequency. Basically a desalted clean-out was done twice per-year,
yielding from 60-1500 ton/year oily sludge, it's depend on the
throughput and efficiency of the process to capture solids. The
generated sludge contain of iron rust, clay, san, water(5-10%,
emulsified oil and wax(20-50% w/w) and metals.
Sample of Solid waste produce 1 kg PET plastic as per-below:

4.2

Solid Waste

Unit

Average

Mineral waste

mg

30000

Stags and Ash

mg

9600

Mixed Industry

mg

3500

Regulated Chemicals

mg

130

Inert Chemical

mg

1900

Total solid Waste

gr

45.13

Enviromental effects

The quantity of inorganic impurities in the crude oil depends on both crude oil
and crude 1900handling during transport from crude well to the refinery.
Air Emission
Potential release into air as per-below:

Flue gases arising from the combustion of fuel in the furnaces to heat
the crude oil

Pressure relief valve: relief from overhead accumulator are piped to

flare as well as the vent points.

Glands and seal on pumps, compressors and valve

De-coking vents from heaters process. During the furnace decoking

process some emission of soot can occur if it's not properly operate
which not control in terms of temperature or steam/air injection.

Fugitive emissions from atmosphere and vacuum distillation units

account for 5-190 ton/year from refinery.

Sample of Air Emissions to produce 1 kg PET Plastic as per-below:

Air Emission

Unit

Average

Dust

mg

3800

Carbon Monoxide

mg

18000

Carbon Dioxide

mg

2330000

Nitrogen oxides

mg

20200

Sulphur oxides

mg

25000

Hydrogen Chloride

mg

110

Hydrocarbons

mg

40000

Organics

mg

9400

Metals

mg

10

Total Air Emissions

kg

2.45

Waste Water- desalting process is main contribute to waste water(30-100

litters/tonne feedstock desalted). The desalting process are create an oily
desalted sludge and a high-temperature salt water waste stream which was
typically added to refinery waste water treatment plant. The waste water

generated from desalting process contains of high contaminated elements. The

contains are show as below:
Sample of water emission to produce 1 kg PET Plastic as per-below:
Water Emissions

Units

Average

COD

mg

3300

BOD

mg

1000

Sodium Ions

mg

1500

Acid as H+

mg

180

Metals

mg

120

Chloride Ions

mg

170

Dissolved Organics

mg

13000

Suspended Solids

mg

600

Detergent/oil

mg

20

Hydrocarbons

mg

400

Dissolve Solids

mg

580

Phosphate as P205

mg

10

Sulphate ions

mg

40

Other Nitrogen

mg

Total

kg

21.461

Emissions

Water