Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
15. 53 =
integers, then a a = a
m+ n
3. 52 5 = 52 +1 = 53 = 125
4.
5. y 4 y 3 = y 4 +3 = y 7
6.
7.
( 6 y ) ( y ) = 6 ( 1) y
2
10.
11.
12.
24.
= 56 4 = 52 = 25
16a
10a
24b5
16b3
8 2 a
8
8
= a 65 = a
5
52 a
5
5
=
284
an
5
z7
= 5y 3
y 3
( 10 )0 = 1
2
5
2
3 3 9
3
= = =
4 4 16
4
3
= ( 4 ) = ( 4 ) ( 4 ) ( 4 ) = 64
2
x x x1+1 x 2
x
= = =
=
3 3
9
9
3
= 5 22 = 5 4 = 20
3 8 b5 3 53
3
=
b
= b2
2 8 b3
2
2
26.
27.
103
10
= 10
3( 5 )
( 4 x2 y3 ) (5xy 4 ) = 4 5 x2 x y3 y4
13. a 0 = 1, provided a 0.
14. a n =
1
1
3 + 5
=
25. 63 65 = 6 ( ) = 62 =
2
36
6
= y 8 6 = y 2
6
19. 40 = 1 40 = 1 1 = 1
8. True
54
3
23.
x
= 6 y 5
9.
1
125
= x4
1
22.
4
= 6 y 3+ 2
56
4
21.
3
2+ 5
= 10 x 7
3
17.
20.
( 5 x 2 ) ( 2 x 5 ) = 5 ( 2 ) x 2 x 5
= 10 x
16. 5 z 7 = 5
18.
3+ 4
= 20 x 2 +1 y ( )
= 20 x3 y 1
=
, provided a 0.
20 x3
y
3
8
3 8
28. a3b a 2b3 = a3 a 2 b b3
4
9
4 9
3 4 2 3+( 2 ) 1+3
=
a
b
433
2
= a1b4
3
2
= ab4
3
39.
( 3x 2 )
( )
= 34 x 2
= 81x 2 4
= 81x8
40.
( 4a 3 )
31.
32.
15s 5t 4
( 22 )
(58 )
x
42.
2
50 s 2 t
=
15 s 5 t 4
10 5 2 5 1( 4 )
=
s
t
35
10
= s 3t1+ 4
3
10t 5
=
3s 3
25 32
2
= =
=
x
x 5 x5
( ) = x 2 4 = x8
4
34
12
( ) y y
4
x2
x2
43. =
y3
y3
35.
( z3 )
( )
( )
= 22 3 = 26 = 64
= 58 0 = 50 = 1
= a3 5 = a15
1
3 6
= z ( ) = z 18 =
z18
36.
(s )
37.
( 5 y )3 = 53 y3 = 125 y3
38.
( 6 y ) 0 = 60 y 0 = 1 1 = 1
3 7
3
33 a 2
3a 2
44.
=
3
b4
b4
32
6
33. ( 4 ) = ( 4 )
= ( 4 ) = 4096
3 2
a ( )
( a3 )
z4 z4
z
41. =
=
3
34 81
3 2
34.
4
1
= a 6
16
1
=
16a 6
24 b5
=
29.
16 b3
16b 3
3 8 5( 3)
=
b
2 8
3 5+3
=
b
2
3
= b8
2
30.
( )
= 4 2 a 3
=
24b5
50s 2 t
45.
( 3x 2 y )
12 xy 2
=
=
2 3
27a( )
b4 3
27a 6
b12
27
a 6 b12
( )
32 x 2
y2
12 xy 2
4 2
9x y
12 xy 2
3 3 41 2( 2 )
=
x y
3 4
3x3 y 4
=
4
3 7
= s ( ) ( ) = s 21
285
46.
(3ab3 ) ( 6a2b2 )
3
2
2
= 33 a3 ( b3 ) 62 ( a 2 ) ( b 2 )
= ( 27 a3b9 ) a 4 b 4
36
27 3+( 4 ) 9+( 4 )
=
a
b
36
3 9 1 5
=
a b
49
3b5
=
4a
2
2 x 2 y 1 4 x 3 y 2
47.
x 2 y 2 xy 2
2 2
= 2 x ( ) y 1 2
) (4x
2
31 2 ( 2 )
) ( 4 x2 y4 )
2
2
1
1
= 22 ( x 4 ) ( y 3 ) 41 ( x 2 ) ( y 4 )
= ( 4 x8 y 6 ) x 2 y 4
4
56.
57.
= 2 x 4 y 3
4 8+( 2 ) 6 +( 4 )
x
y
4
= x 6 y 10
=
x6
58.
10
532 = 5.32 10
= 2.4 10
59.
60.
6 108
6 108
=
= 2 102
6
6
3
3 10
10
6.8 108
3.4 105
286
6.8 108
3.4 105
8 5
= 2 10 ( )
=
= 2 103
61.
4.8 107
4.8 107
67. 52 = 1 25 = 25
= 5 101 104
3
69. 52 =
= 5 10
62.
3 105
8 107
4
73.
9
13
75.
= ( 8 3) 10 10
6
= 24 1010
92 81
9
= =
=
4
42 4
11
= 2.4 10
= 240, 000, 000, 000
0.000000012 1.2 108
=
0.000004
4 106
1.2 108
=
4 106
= 0.3 102
77.
65.
)(
)
7
5
= ( 2.5 3) (10 10 )
= 2.5 107 3 105
= 7.5 102
= 750
0.000039
3.9 10
66.
=
13, 000, 000 1.3 107
3.9 105
=
1.3 107
1
27
= 64
79.
23 32
22 34
( 3)3
( 4 ) 2
2 1
= ( 4 ) ( )
1
( 4 )
3
= ( 4 )
= 3 101 102
= 3 103
= 0.003
10
= 2.4 10 10
64.
1
25
2+ 2
71. 82 82 = 8 ( ) = 80 = 1
3 105
=
8 107
= 0.375 1012
3 2
2 4
= 2 ( ) 3 ( )
= 25 32
= 32 9
= 288
83.
1
1
1+ 2
85. xy 20 xy 2 = 20 x1+1 y ( )
4
4
= 5 x 2 y 1
1
= 5x2
y
= 3 1012
= 0.000000000003
5 x2
y
287
87.
36 x7 y 3
36 7 5 3 2
x y
9
9 x5 y 2
101.
= 4x2 y
89.
91.
21a 2 b
( )
12 x 2
=
y
= x 2 4
15a 2 b3
103.
3a 4b5
( 3x2 y )
( )
= 33 x 2
97.
(3a3 )
z 3
4
23 3
43
z
z3
( )
105.
a 3 2
32
1
= a6
9
a6
=
9
99.
( 2 a 2 b 3 )
= ( 2 )
=
( 2 )
a 6 2 b 2 2
( 4 x4 y2 ) ( 2 x2 y 1 )
1
1
2
2
= 41 ( x 4 ) ( y 2 ) 22 ( x 2 ) ( y 1 )
1
1 4 2
x y 4 x 4 y 2
4
4
2 + 2
= x 4+ 4 y ( )
4
= 1 x0 y0
=1
=
( a 2 ) ( b3 )
4
a 2 4 b3 4
1
= a 8 b 12
16
1 1 1
=
16 a8 b12
1
=
16a8b12
288
5
1 12 4
=
a b
25
b4
=
25a12
64
)
2
2
= 52 ( a 6 ) ( b 2 )
3 3
= 32 a 3
=
2 4
= 5a ( )b35
= 27 x6 y 3
3
8 xy 2
= 5a 6 b 2
= 27 x
z
95.
4
12 x 2 2 y
12 x 4 y
8 1 4
= x ( ) y 2 1
12
2
= x5 y 3
3
2 x5
=
3 y3
21 23 1( 2 )
a b
3 2
14
14a b
3
= a 1b3
2
3b3
=
2a
( x2 )
8 xy 2
=x
1
=
x8
93.
23 xy 2
107.
( 2 )2 x3 ( yz )2
4 xy 2 z
4 x3 y 2 z 2
4 xy 2 z
4 31 2 ( 2 ) 2 1
x y
z
=
4
= 1 x 2 y 4 z
= x2 y 4 z
109.
(3x1 yz 2 )
3
( xy 2 z )
( ) y2 ( z2 )
3
x3 ( y 2 ) z 3
2
32 x 1
117.
5 106
=
8 104 8 104
6 4
= 0.625 10 ( )
= 6.25 101 102
9 x 2 y 2 z 4
= 6.25 103
x3 y 6 z 3
2 6
= 9 x 2 3 y ( ) z 4 3
= 9 x 5 y8 z1
=
5 106
119.
9 y8 z
x5
( 6a3b2 ) 3ab3 2
2
2 3
( 2a2b ) 2a b
1
1
2
61 ( a3 ) ( b 2 ) 3
3 3
=
a1 2 b ( )
2
2
22 ( a 2 ) b2
3 104
24 1010
=
3 104
111.
=
=
=
=
=
=
113.
a 1b6
2
6a b
2
2
2
2 34 2( 2 ) 3
a 1 b6
a
b
3
2
2 7 4 9 2 12
a b a b
3
4
2 9 7 +( 2 ) 4+12
a
b
3 4
3 9 16
a b
2
3b16
2 a b
= 8 106
121.
6.2 103
(3.1104 ) ( 2 107 )
4 2
2a
=
=
6.2 103
6.2 103
=1
( )( )
123.
= ( 4 3) 106 106
= 12 1012
= 8 1010 4
2 3 2
3 104
24 1010
( 4 106 )
125.
0.00008 8 105
=
0.002
2 103
8 105
=
2 103
= 4 10
= 4 102
= 0.04
( )
= 43 106
= 64 1018
5( 3)
= 6.4 10
289
127.
( 8 2 ) (104 103 )
6.4 100
16 10
6.4
0 7
=
10 ( )
16
= 0.4 107
143. a.
pop. density =
3.54 106
2.81 108
=
3.54 106
= 4 101 107
= 4 106
= 4, 000, 000
0.794 1086
= x 23 = x 6
b.
pop. density =
meters.
0.879 1086
c.
1.53 1013
=
3.1 108
0.49355 10138
= 4.9355 10
= 49,355
The per capita GDP of the United States in 2011
was $49,355.
290
= 8.79 10
= 87.9
The population density of the U.S. in 2011
was roughly 87.9 people per square mile.
This means that, on average, each square
mile of land contained about 88 people.
3.1108
139.
3.11 108
3.54 106
3.11 108
=
3.54 106
1.53 1013
= 7.94 10
= 79.4
The population density of the U.S. in 2000
was roughly 79.4 people per square mile.
This means that, on average, each square
mile of land contained about 79 people.
s = x 2 , the volume is
( )
129. V = s 3
Since each side of the cube has a length of
V = x2
2.81108
145.
2 x +3 2 x + 3
=
= 2 x +32 = 2 x +1
2
4
2
( )
3 x +1
147. 3x 273 x +1 = 3x 33
= 3x 39 x +3
= 3x +9 x + 3
= 310 x +3
149.
3x = 5
( )
3x
= ( 5)
= x4
Notice that the bases are the same. When we
divide the two expressions on the left, we will
need to subtract the exponents to get the result
on the right.
34 x = 54
34 x = 625
151.
2x = 7
(2 )
x 4
= (7)
24 x = 74
2
4 x
4 x
( x y ) ( x y ) ( x y ) ( x y ) = ( x y )4
= 14
7
= 1
2401
( x4 )
( x x x x ) ( y y y y ) = ( x y )4
Using the Product Rule for Exponents, rewrite
the expressions inside the parentheses to get
= x 43 = x12
x4 y4 = ( x y ) .
expression a m a n . If either m, n, or m + n is 0,
then a cannot be 0 or we would have the
Section 4.1
= 5 x 2 2 x2 3x 6 x + 1 + 3
= ( 5 2 ) x 2 + ( 3 6 ) x + (1 + 3)
= 3x2 9 x + 4
5 x 2 3x + 1 2 x 2 6 x + 3
R3. 4 ( x 3) = 4 x 4 ( 3)
= 4 x + 12
R4.
f ( x ) = 4 x + 3
f ( 3 ) = 4 ( 3 ) + 3
= 12 + 3
= 9
291
14.
x 1
is not a polynomial because it is the
x +1
quotient of two polynomials and the polynomial
in the denominator has degree greater than 0.
3 x 2 9 x + 27
= x 2 3x + 9 is a polynomial. The
3
degree is n = 2 .
15.
17. False, 5 y 3 + 7 y 3 = 12 y 3
18.
= 2 x2 3x + 1 + 4 x2 + 5x 3
= 2 x2 + 4 x2 3x + 5x + 1 3
= ( 2 + 4 ) x 2 + ( 3 + 5 ) x + (1 3)
( 2 x2 3x + 1) + ( 4x2 + 5x 3)
= 6 x2 + 2 x 2
19.
4
2
1
1
20. x 2 x + 1 + x 2 + x 8
2
3
4
3
1 2 4
1 2 2
= x x +1+ x + x 8
2
3
4
3
1 2 1 2 4
2
= x + x x + x +1 8
2
4
3
3
1 1 2 4 2
= + x + + x + (1 8)
2 4
3 3
3
2
= x2 x 7
4
3
11. True
12. 3x3 + 7 x 2 x + 5 is a polynomial with degree
n =3.
13. 5 z 1 + 3 is not a polynomial because the
exponent on the first term, 1 , is negative.
292
) (
21. 8 x 2 y + 2 x 2 y 2 7 xy 2 + 3 x 2 y + 5 x 2 y 2 + 3xy 2 = 8 x 2 y + 2 x 2 y 2 7 xy 2 3x 2 y + 5 x 2 y 2 + 3 xy 2
= 8 x 2 y 3x 2 y + 2 x 2 y 2 + 5 x 2 y 2 7 xy 2 + 3 xy 2
= ( 8 3) x 2 y + ( 2 + 5 ) x 2 y 2 + ( 7 + 3) xy 2
= 5 x 2 y + 7 x 2 y 2 4 xy 2
22.
= 5 x3 4 x3 6 x 2 10 x 2 + x + 6 x + 9 7
= ( 5 4 ) x3 + ( 6 10 ) x 2 + (1 + 6 ) x + ( 9 7 )
= x3 16 x 2 + 7 x + 2
(8 y3 5 y 2 + 3 y + 1) ( 3 y3 + 6 y + 8) = 8 y3 5 y 2 + 3 y + 1 + 3 y3 6 y 8
23.
= 8 y3 + 3 y3 5 y 2 + 3 y 6 y + 1 8
= ( 8 + 3) y 3 5 y 2 + ( 3 6 ) y + (1 8 )
= 11y 3 5 y 2 3 y 7
) (
24. 8 x 2 y + 2 x 2 y 2 7 xy 2 3x 2 y + 5 x 2 y 2 + 3 xy 2 = 8 x 2 y + 2 x 2 y 2 7 xy 2 + 3x 2 y 5 x 2 y 2 3xy 2
= 8 x 2 y + 3x 2 y + 2 x 2 y 2 5 x 2 y 2 7 xy 2 3xy 2
= ( 8 + 3) x 2 y + ( 2 5 ) x 2 y 2 + ( 7 3) xy 2
= 11x 2 y 3x 2 y 2 10 xy 2
25. g ( x ) = 2 x3 + 7 x + 1
3
a.
g ( 0 ) = 2 ( 0 ) + 7 ( 0 ) + 1
= 0 + 0 +1
=1
b.
g ( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) + 7 ( 2 ) + 1
= 2 ( 8 ) + 7 ( 2 ) + 1
= 16 + 14 + 1
= 1
c.
g ( 3) = 2 ( 3) + 7 ( 3) + 1
= 2 ( 27 ) + 7 ( 3) + 1
= 54 21 + 1
= 34
293
b.
27.
f ( x ) = 3x 2 x + 1 and g ( x ) = x 2 + 5 x 6
a.
(f
+ g )( x ) = f ( x ) + g ( x )
) (
= 3x2 x + 1 + x 2 + 5 x 6
2
= 3x x + 1 x + 5 x 6
= 3x 2 x 2 x + 5 x + 1 6
= 2 x2 + 4 x 5
b.
(f
g )( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x )
) (
= 3x 2 x + 1 x 2 + 5 x 6
2
= 3x x + 1 + x 5 x + 6
= 3x2 + x2 x 5 x + 1 + 6
= 4 x2 6 x + 7
c.
Because
(f
d.
28. a.
+ g )( x ) = 2 x 2 + 4 x 5 , we have
2
Because
(f
(f
(f
g )( x ) = 4 x 2 6 x + 7 , we have
2
g )( 2 ) = 4 ( 2 ) 6 ( 2 ) + 7
= 4 ( 4 ) 6 ( 2 ) + 7
= 16 + 12 + 7
= 35
294
b.
P ( x ) = 4 x 1250
P ( 800 ) = 4 ( 800 ) 1250
= 3200 1250
= 1950
If the company manufactures and sells
800 calculators, its profit will be $1950.
4.1 Exercises
2 xy 4 + 3x 2 y 2 + 4
55. 4 pqr + 2 p 2 q + 3 pq1/4 is not a polynomial
because there is a fractional exponent.
29. Coefficient: 3
Degree: 2
57. 5 z 3 + 8 z 3 = ( 5 + 8) z 3 = 13 z 3
31. Coefficient: 8
Degree: 2 + 3 = 5
59.
4
33. Coefficient:
3
Degree: 6
= x 2 + 5 x + 1 + 3x 2 2 x 3
= x 2 + 3x2 + 5 x 2 x + 1 3
= (1 + 3) x 2 + ( 5 2 ) x + (1 3)
35. Coefficient: 2
Degree: 0
= 4 x2 + 3x 2
4
is not a polynomial because there is a
z 1
variable in the denominator. The expression
cannot be written in the standard form for a
polynomial.
61.
20
is not a polynomial because there is a
n
variable in the denominator.
= 6 p3 + 2 p3 p 2 + 3 p 7 p 4 + 3
= ( 6 + 2 ) p3 p 2 + ( 3 7 ) p + ( 4 + 3)
= 8 p3 p 2 4 p 1
63.
7 x3 + 2 x 2 6 x + 8
65.
49. 5 8 y + 2 y 2
Yes; trinomial; degree 2; standard form is
(5x2 + 9 x + 4) (3x2 + 5x + 1)
= 5 x 2 + 9 x + 4 3x 2 5 x 1
= 5 x 2 3x2 + 9 x 5x + 4 1
= ( 5 3) x 2 + ( 9 5 ) x + ( 4 1)
5
8
Yes; monomial; degree 0; already in standard
form.
8 x3 + 4 x 2 3x + 1
+ x3 2 x 2 3x + 7
1/3
47.
( 6 p3 p 2 + 3 p 4 ) + ( 2 p3 7 p + 3)
= 6 p3 p 2 + 3 p 4 + 2 p3 7 p + 3
41. 5 x 2 9 x + 1
Yes; trinomial; degree 2; already in standard
form.
43.
( x2 + 5x + 1) + (3x2 2x 3)
= 2 x2 + 4 x + 3
67.
2 y2 8 y + 5
Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
295
69.
(3 5x + x2 ) + ( 2 + 3x 5x2 )
81.
= 3 5 x + x 2 2 + 3x 5 x 2
71.
= 5 x 3 5 x + 3 4 x3 + x 2 2 x + 1
= x 2 5 x 2 5 x + 3x + 3 2
= 5 x 3 4 x3 + x 2 5 x 2 x + 3 + 1
= (1 5 ) x 2 + ( 5 + 3) x + ( 3 2 )
= ( 5 4 ) x3 + x 2 + ( 5 2 ) x + ( 3 + 1)
= 4 x 2 2 x + 1
= x3 + x 2 7 x + 4
( 6 2 y + y3 ) ( 2 + y 2 2 y3 )
83.
= 6 2 y + y3 + 2 y 2 + 2 y3
= y3 + 2 y3 y 2 2 y + 6 + 2
= 2b3 4b3 + 5b 2 + b 2 b 3b + 3 + 1
= (1 + 2 ) y y 2 y + ( 6 + 2 )
= ( 2 4 ) b3 + ( 5 + 1) b 2 + ( 1 3) b + ( 3 + 1)
= 3 y3 y 2 2 y + 8
= 2b3 + 6b 2 4b + 4
85. (2 x 2 3x + 1) + ( x 2 + 9) (4 x 2 2 x 5)
3
1
1
1
73. x 2 + x + 3 + x 2 x 2
2
4
4
2
1 2 3
1 2 1
= x + x +3+ x x 2
4
2
2
4
1 2 1 2 3
1
= x + x + x x +32
4
2
2
4
1 1 2 3 1
= + x + x + (3 2)
4 2
2 4
3 2 5
= x + x +1
4
4
75.
(5x3 5x + 3) + ( 4 x3 + x2 2x + 1)
( 5x
2 2
y 8 x y + xy
) + ( 3x
2 2
= 2 x2 3x + 1 + x2 + 9 4 x2 + 2 x + 5
= 2 x2 + x2 4 x2 3x + 2 x + 1 + 9 + 5
= (2 + 1 4) x 2 + (3 + 2) x + (1 + 9 + 5)
= x 2 x + 15
87. (4n 3) + (n3 9) (2n 2 7n + 3)
= 4 n 3 + n3 9 2 n 2 + 7 n 3
= n3 2 n 2 + 4 n + 7 n 3 9 3
2
y + x y 4 xy
= 5 x 2 y 2 8 x 2 y + xy 2 + 3 x 2 y 2 + x 2 y 4 xy 2
= 5 x 2 y 2 + 3x 2 y 2 8 x 2 y + x 2 y + xy 2 4 xy 2
= n3 2n2 + (4 + 7)n + (3 9 3)
= n3 2n2 + 11n 15
89. a.
f ( 0) = ( 0) 4 ( 0) + 1
= 0 0 +1
=1
= ( 5 + 3) x 2 y 2 + ( 8 + 1) x 2 y + (1 4 ) xy 2
= 8 x 2 y 2 7 x 2 y 3xy 2
77.
(3x2 y + 7 xy2 + xy ) ( 2 x2 y 4 xy 2 xy )
b.
= 3 x 2 y + 7 xy 2 + xy 2 x 2 y + 4 xy 2 + xy
= ( 3 2 ) x 2 y + ( 7 + 4 ) xy 2 + (1 + 1) xy
c.
f ( x ) = x2 4 x + 1
2
f ( 3) = ( 3) 4 ( 3) + 1
= 9 + 12 + 1
= 22
9a3 + 2a 2 5a 8
79.
f ( x ) = x2 4 x + 1
f ( 2) = ( 2) 4 ( 2) + 1
= 4 8 +1
= 3
= 3 x 2 y 2 x 2 y + 7 xy 2 + 4 xy 2 + xy + xy
= x 2 y + 11xy 2 + 2 xy
f ( x ) = x2 4 x + 1
5a 3 2 a 2 + a 6
4a 3 + 4a 2 6a 2
91. a.
f ( x ) = 2 x3 7 x + 3
3
f ( 0) = 2 ( 0) 7 ( 0) + 3
= 00+3
=3
296
b.
f ( x ) = 2 x3 7 x + 3
d.
f ( 2) = 2 ( 2) 7 ( 2) + 3
= 2 8 14 + 3
= 16 14 + 3
=5
c.
( f g )( x ) = 7 x + 4 , we have
( f g )(1) = 7 (1) + 4
Since
= 7+4
= 11
97. a.
f ( x ) = 2 x3 7 x + 3
(f
+ g )( x ) = f ( x ) + g ( x )
f ( 3 ) = 2 ( 3 ) 7 ( 3 ) + 3
= 2 27 + 21 + 3
= 54 + 21 + 3
= 30
93. a.
= x 2 5 x + 3 + 2 x2 + 3
= 3x2 5 x + 6
(f
g )( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x )
f ( 3 ) = ( 3 ) + 3 ( 3 ) 2 ( 3 ) + 3
= ( 27 ) + 3 9 + 6 + 3
= 27 + 27 + 6 + 3
= 63
95. a.
b.
c.
(f
(f
+ g )( x ) = f ( x ) + g ( x )
= ( 2 x + 5 ) + ( 5 x + 1)
= 2 x + 5 5x + 1
= 2 x 5x + 5 + 1
= 3 x + 6
g )( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x )
= ( 2 x + 5) ( 5 x + 1)
= 2 x + 5 + 5x 1
= 2 x + 5x + 5 1
= 7x + 4
Since
(f
= x2 2 x2 5 x + 3 3
c.
Since
(f
f ( x) = x3 + 3x 2 2 x + 3
3
= x2 5x
f ( 2) = ( 2) + 3( 2) 2 ( 2) + 3
= 8 + 3 4 4 + 3
= 8 + 12 4 + 3
=3
c.
= x 5x + 3 2x 3
f ( x) = x3 + 3x 2 2 x + 3
3
) (
= x2 5 x + 3 2 x2 + 3
f ( 0) = ( 0) + 3( 0) 2 ( 0) + 3
= 0+00+3
=3
b.
= x2 + 2 x2 5x + 3 + 3
b.
f ( x ) = x3 + 3 x 2 2 x + 3
3
) (
= x2 5 x + 3 + 2 x 2 + 3
d.
99. a.
(f
+ g )( x ) = 3 x 2 5 x + 6 , we have
2
+ g )( 2 ) = 3 ( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) + 6
= 3 4 10 + 6
= 12 10 + 6
=8
Since
(f
g )( x ) = x 2 5 x , we have
2
(f
(f
+ g )( x ) = f ( x ) + g ( x )
) (
= x3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 2 + x3 8
3
= x + 6 x + 12 x + 2 + x 8
= x3 + x3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 2 8
= 2 x3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x 6
b.
(f
g )( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x )
( f + g )( x ) = 3x + 6 , we have
+ g )( 2 ) = 3 ( 2 ) + 6
= 6 + 6
=0
) (
= x3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 2 x3 8
3
= x + 6 x + 12 x + 2 x + 8
= x3 x3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 2 + 8
= 6 x 2 + 12 x + 10
297
c.
Since
(f
d.
101. a.
+ g )( x ) = 2 x3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x 6 , we have
3
+ g )( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) + 6 ( 2 ) + 12 ( 2 ) 6
= 2 8 + 6 4 + 24 6
= 16 + 24 + 24 6
= 58
Since
(f
(f
(f
g )( x ) = 6 x 2 + 12 x + 10 , we have
2
A ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 6 x
2
A ( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) + 6 ( 2 )
= 2 4 + 12
= 8 + 12
=4
The area of the region is 4 square units.
b.
A ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 6 x
2
Since the rectangular region is in quadrant I and has one corner at the origin, the coordinates of the vertex
give us the length and width of the rectangle. Since the area of a rectangle can be found by multiplying the
length and width, we can just multiply the coordinates together to get the area of the region.
( 2, 2 ) 2 2 = 4 The area is 4 square units.
(1, 4 ) 1 4 = 4
In 1995, t = 0.
In 2015, t = 20.
) (
107.
f ( x ) = 3x + 2 ; g ( x ) = ax 5
(f
+ g )( x ) = ( 3 x + 2 ) + ( ax 5)
= 3x + 2 + ax 5
= 3x + ax + 2 5
= (3 + a ) x 3
( f + g )( 3) = 12 , we have
( 3 + a )( 3) 3 = 12
Since
9 + 3a 3 = 12
3a + 6 = 12
3a = 6
a=2
109. a.
(f
+ g )( 2 ) = f ( 2 ) + g ( 2 )
= 2 +1
=3
b.
(f
+ g )( 4 ) = f ( 4 ) + g ( 4 )
= 1 + ( 3 )
= 2
c.
(f
g )( 6 ) = f ( 6 ) g ( 6 )
= 0 (1)
= 1
299
d.
( g f )( 6 ) = g ( 6 ) f ( 6 )
= 1 0
=1
f ( 4 ) = 57
Monomials: 3, 4 x, 7 x 2
f ( 2 ) = 33
Binomials: x + 2, 4 x3 + 3 x
Trinomials: x 2 7 x + 2, 2 x5 + 4 x 2 x
Linear Polynomial: x, 3x + 5, 7 x .
117. Answers will vary. When adding polynomials
we add like terms by adding the coefficients of
variables with the same exponent. If the
polynomials have the same degree, the sum will
have that degree as well (assuming the leading
terms do not cancel each other out). If one
polynomial has a higher degree, there will be no
like term to add to that leading term, so the
leading term of the higher-degree polynomial
will be the leading term of the sum.
119. a.c. f ( x ) = 4 x 7 x + 1
2
f ( 6 ) = 263
Section 4.2
= 12 x 2+3
= 12 x5
R2.
( 3 x ) 2 = ( 3 ) 2 x 2 = 9 x 2
R3. 4 ( x 5 ) = 4 x 4 5
= 4 x 20
Section 4.2 Quick Checks
1.
( 3 x5 ) ( 2 x 2 ) = ( 3 2 ) ( x5 x 2 )
= 6 x 5+ 2
= 6 x7
2.
f ( 4 ) = 37
f ( 2 ) = 31
f ( 6 ) = 103
300
2 15 2 15
3. x 4 x = x 4 x
3 8 3 8
5
= x 4+1
4
5 5
= x
4
13.
= z 2 2 z 2 + z 2 z + z 2 6 3z 2 z 2 3z z
3z 6 + 2 2 z 2 + 2 z + 2 6
5. 5 x x 2 + 3 x + 2 = 5 x x 2 + 5 x 3x + 5 x 2
2 2
= 6 x y 10 x y + 4 xy
= 2 z 4 5 z 3 + 7 z 2 16 z + 12
3
3 24 2 2
16
7.
y y + y+
4 3
9
3
3 2 4 2 3 2 2
3
16
= y y + y y + y2
4
3
4
9
4
3
3 4 2 2 3 2 2
3 16
= y y + y y + y2
4 3
4 9
4 3
4 1 3
2
= y + y + 4y
6
8. The acronym FOIL stands for First, Outer, Inner,
Last.
9.
( x + 4 )( x + 1) = x x + x 1 + 4 x + 4 1
= x2 + x + 4 x + 4
= x2 + 5x + 4
10.
( 3v + 5 )( 2v 3) = 3v 2v 3v 3 + 5 2v 5 3
= 6v 2 9v + 10v 15
2
= 6v + v 15
11.
+ 4 z 2 + 2 z + 12
= 2 xy 3x 2 2 xy 5 xy + 2 xy 2 y 2
3
= 2 z 4 + z 3 + 6 z 2 6 z 3 3z 2 18 z
= 5 x3 + 15 x 2 + 10 x
6. 2 xy 3x 2 5 xy + 2 y 2
( z 2 3z + 2)( 2z 2 + z + 6)
( 2a b )( a + 5b ) = 2a a + 2a 5b b a b 5b
= 2a 2 + 10ab ab 5b2
( 5 y + 2 )( 5 y 2 ) = ( 5 y )2 ( 2 )2
= 25 y 2 4
17.
( 7 y + 2z3 )( 7 y 2 z3 ) = ( 7 y )2 ( 2 z3 )
= 49 y 2 4 z 6
18. ( A B) 2 = A2 2 AB + B 2 ;
( A + B)2 = A2 + 2 AB + B 2
19. x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 is referred to as a perfect square
trinomial.
2
20. False; ( x + a ) = x 2 + 2ax + a 2
21.
( z 8 ) 2 = z 2 2 z 8 + 82
= z 2 16 z + 64
22.
( 6 p + 5 ) 2 = ( 6 p ) 2 + 2 6 p 5 + 52
= 36 p 2 + 60 p + 25
= 2a 2 + 9ab 5b2
12.
( 2 y 3) ( y 2 + 4 y + 5 )
23.
= 2 y 3 + 8 y 2 + 10 y 3 y 2 12 y 15
( 4a 3b )2 = ( 4a )2 2 ( 4a ) ( 3b ) + ( 3b )2
= 16a 2 24ab + 9b2
= 2 y y2 + 2 y 4 y + 2 y 5 3 y2 3 4 y 3 5
3
= 2 y + 5 y 2 y 15
25.
f ( x ) = 5x 3 ; g ( x ) = x2 + 3x + 1
a.
f ( 2) = 5 ( 2) 3
g ( 2) = ( 2) + 3( 2) + 1
= 10 3
= 4 + 6 +1
=7
= 11
f ( 2 ) g ( 2 ) = 7 11 = 77
301
( f g )( x )
= f ( x) g ( x)
= ( 5 x 3) ( x 2 + 3x + 1)
b.
= 4a b 3a
= 5 x3 + 15 x 2 + 5 x 3x 2 9 x 3
35.
= 5 x + 12 x 4 x 3
( f g )( 2 ) = 5 ( 2 )3 + 12 ( 2 )2 4 ( 2 ) 3
= 5 ( 8 ) + 12 ( 4 ) 4 ( 2 ) 3
c.
= 40 + 48 8 3
= 77
26.
2 3 2 9 3
ab a b ab + 6ab
3 4
8
2
3 2
2
9 3 2
= ab a b ab ab + ab 6ab
3
4
3
8
3
1 3 2 3 2 4
2 2
= a b a b + 4a b
2
4
f ( x 3 ) = ( x 3) 2 ( x 3)
39.
( x + 3)( x + 5 ) = x x + x 5 + 3 x + 3 5
= x 2 + 5 x + 3x + 15
= x2 6 x + 9 2 x + 6
= x 2 + 8 x + 15
= x 2 8 x + 15
f ( x + h) f ( x)
41.
2
= ( x + h ) 2 ( x + h ) x 2 2 x
2
2
2
= x + 2 xh + h 2 x 2h x 2 x
= x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 2 x 2h x 2 + 2 x
= 2 xh + h2 2h
( a + 5 )( a 3) = a ( a 3) + 5 ( a 3)
= a a a 3 + 5 a 53
= a 2 3a + 5a 15
= a 2 + 2a 15
43.
( 4a + 3)( 3a 1) = 4a 3a 4a 1 + 3 3a 3 1
= 12a 2 4a + 9a 3
= 12a 2 + 5a 3
4.2 Exercises
(5xy 2 )( 3x2 y3 ) = (5 3) ( x x2 )( y 2 y3 )
45.
( 4 5 x )( 3 + 2 x ) = 4 3 + 4 2 x 5 x 3 5 x 2 x
= 12 + 8 x 15 x 10 x 2
= 15 x1+ 2 y 2+3
= 12 7 x 10 x 2
= 15 x3 y 5
= 10 x 2 7 x + 12
3
20 3 2 3 20
29. yz 3
y z = y y3
4
9
4 9
5
= y1+3 z 3+ 2
3
5
= y 4 z5
3
)( z3 z 2 )
31. 5 x x 2 + 4 x + 2 = 5 x x 2 + 5 x 4 x + 5 x 2
302
= x 2 2 x 3 + 32 2 x + 2 3
27.
b.
f ( x ) = x2 2 x
a.
= 12a 4 b 8a3b2 + 4a 2 b3
= 5 x x + 5 x 3 x + 5 x 1 3 x 3 3 x 3 1
3
)
+ ( 4a b ) 2ab ( 4a 2 b ) b2
33. 4a 2b 3a 2 + 2ab b2
= 5 x3 + 20 x 2 + 10 x
2
1
47. x + 2 x 4
3
2
2 1
2
1
= x x x4 + 2 x 24
3 2
3
2
1 2 8
= x x + x 8
3
3
1 2 5
= x x 8
3
3
49.
( 4a + 3b )( a 5b )
63.
= 4a a 4a 5b + 3b a 3b 5b
= w 2 2 w 2 w 2 3w + w 2 1 + 2 w 2 w 2 2 w 3w
+ 2 w 1 + 1 2 w 2 1 3w + 1 1
= 4a 2 17ab 15b2
51. (2 x 2 + 1)( x 2 3)
= 2w4 + w3 3w2 w + 1
= 2 x 2 x 2 + 2 x 2 (3) + 1 x 2 + 1(3)
= 2 x 4 6 x2 + x2 3
4
= 2x 5x 3
53.
= (b 2 b 2)(b + 3)
( x + 1) ( x 2 + 4 x + 2 )
= b3 + 3b2 b 2 3b 2b 6
= b3 + 2b 2 5b 6
= x x 2 + x 4 x + x 2 + 1 x2 + 1 4 x + 1 2
= x3 + 4 x 2 + 2 x + x 2 + 4 x + 2
3
67.
= x + 5x + 6 x + 2
55.
( w2 + 2w + 1)( 2w2 3w + 1)
( 3a 2 ) ( 2a 2 + a 5 )
= 3a 2a + 3a a 3a 5 2 2a 2 a 2 ( 5)
2
= 6a3 + 3a 2 15a 4a 2 2a + 10
3
( 2ab + 5 ) ( 4a 2 2ab + b 2 )
69.
( x 6 )( x + 6 ) = x 2 62
= x 2 36
= 6a a 17a + 10
57.
( 5 z 2 + 3 z + 2 ) ( 4 z + 3)
71.
= a 2 + 16a + 64
= 5 z 2 4 z + 5 z 2 3 + 3z 4 z + 3z 3 + 2 4 z + 2 3
= 20 z 3 + 15 z 2 + 12 z 2 + 9 z + 8 z + 6
= 20 z 3 + 27 z 2 + 17 z + 6
73.
= ( x 2 3x)( x 3)
75.
77.
( 5a + 3b )( 5a 3b ) = ( 5a )2 ( 3b )2
= 25a 2 9b2
( 8 z + y )2 = ( 8 z )2 + 2 8 z y + y 2
= x + 3x 3 x + 9 x
= 64 z 2 + 16 zy + y 2
or
= x3 + 9 x
= y 2 + 16 yz + 64 z 2
61.
( 3 y 1)2 = ( 3 y )2 2 3 y 1 + 12
= 9 y2 6 y + 1
1
59. x(2 x + 6)( x 3)
2
1
1
= x 2 x + x (6) ( x 3)
2
2
2
( a + 8 ) 2 = a 2 + 2 a 8 + 82
( 4 + y ) ( 2 y2 3 + 5 y )
79.
(10 x y )2 = (10 x )2 2 10 x y + y 2
= 100 x 2 20 xy + y 2
= 4 2 y2 4 3 + 4 5 y + y 2 y2 y 3 + y 5 y
= 8 y 2 12 + 20 y + 2 y 3 3 y + 5 y 2
= 2 y 3 + 13 y 2 + 17 y 12
81.
( a3 + 2b )( a3 2b ) = ( a3 )
( 2b )
= a 6 4b 2
303
83. a.
( f g )( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x )
= ( x + 4 )( x 1)
b.
= ( x + h ) + 1 x 2 + 1
2
2
= x + 2 xh + h + 1 x 2 + 1
= x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 1 x 2 1
2
= x x x 1 + 4 x 4 1
= x2 x + 4x 4
= x 2 + 3x 4
b.
Since
( f g )( x ) = x
( f g )( 3) = ( 3)
= 2 xh + h2
+ 3x 4 , we have
91. a.
+ 3 ( 3) 4
= 9+94
= 14
85. a.
= x 2 + 4 x + 4 + 5 x + 10 2
( f g )( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x )
= ( 4 x 3)( 2 x + 5 )
= x 2 + 9 x + 12
b.
= 8 x 2 + 14 x 15
( f g )( x ) = 8 x 2 + 14 x 15 , we have
( f g )( 3) = 8 ( 3)
87. a.
= x3 + 5 x 2 3x 2 x 2 10 x + 6
= x3 + 3x 2 13x + 6
Since
( f g )( x ) = x3 + 3x 2 13x + 6 , we
have
( f g )( 3) = ( 3)3 + 3 ( 3)2 13 ( 3) + 6
= 27 + 3 9 39 + 6
= 27 + 27 39 + 6
= 21
89. a.
93. a.
f ( x ) = 3x 2 x + 1
2
f ( x + 2) = 3( x + 2) ( x + 2) + 1
= 3x + 12 x + 12 x 1
= 3x 2 + 11x + 11
b.
f ( x + h) f ( x)
2
= 3 ( x + h ) ( x + h ) + 1 3 x 2 x + 1
2
2
2
= 3 x + 2 xh + h x h + 1 3 x x + 1
2
2
2
= 3 x + 6 xh + 3h x h + 1 3x + x 1
= 6 xh h + 3h 2
2
(
)
2
2
= 5ab ( a 2ab + b )
f ( x ) = x2 + 1
2
f ( x + 2) = ( x + 2) + 1
2
= x + 2 x 2 + 2 +1
= x2 + 4x + 4 + 1
= x2 + 4x + 5
304
= 3 x2 + 4 x + 4 x 2 + 1
( f g )( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x )
= ( x 2 ) ( x 2 + 5 x 3)
= x x2 + x 5x x 3 2 x 2
2 5 x 2 ( 3)
b.
= 2 xh + 5h + h2
+ 14 ( 3) 15
= 8 9 + 42 15
= 72 + 42 15
= 99
f ( x + h) f ( x)
2
= ( x + h ) + 5 ( x + h ) 2 x 2 + 5 x 2
2
2
2
= x + 2 xh + h + 5 x + 5h 2 x + 5 x 2
= x 2 + 2 xh + h2 + 5 x + 5h 2 x 2 5 x + 2
= 8 x 2 + 20 x 6 x 15
Since
f ( x ) = x2 + 5x 2
f ( x + 2) = ( x + 2) + 5 ( x + 2) 2
= 4x 2x + 4x 5 3 2x 3 5
b.
f ( x + h) f ( x)
= ( z + 9)( z 9)
( 2 p 1)( p + 3) + ( p 3)( p + 3)
= 2 p ( p + 3) 1( p + 3) + p 2 32
= ( z 2 ) 2 92
= 2 p p + 2 p 3 1 p 1 3 + p2 9
= z 4 81
= 2 p2 + 6 p p 3 + p2 9
113.
= 3 p 2 + 5 p 12
= 4 x 6 + 12 x3 + 9
103.
115.
(
)( x2 9) x x2 x 3 + 1 x2 1 3
= ( x 2 9 )( x 2 9 ) ( x3 3 x + x 2 3)
2
= ( x 2 ) 2 ( x 2 ) ( 9 ) + 92 x 3 + 3 x x 2 + 3
= x 2 32
( 2m 3n )( 4m + n ) ( m 2n )2
= 2m 4m + 2m n 3n 4m 3n n
m 2 2 m 2 n + ( 2n )
= 8m 10mn 3n m + 4mn 4n
= x 4 18 x 2 + 81 x3 + 3x x 2 + 3
= x 4 x3 19 x 2 + 3x + 84
= 7m 2 6mn 7 n2
105.
( x + 3) ( x
3x + 9
= x3 3 x 2 + 9 x + 3x 2 9 x + 27
= x3 + 27
2
A1
A3
A2
= x2 + 4 x + 2 x
= x2 + 6 x
An alternate method is to note that the length is
( x + 4 ) and width is ( x + 2 ) . The area of the
corner piece that is missing is 2 ( 4 ) = 8 square
( p + 2)
2
= ( p + 2 )( p + 2 )
= ( p + 2 ) ( p 2 + 2 p 2 + 22 )
= ( p + 2) p2 + 4 p + 4
= x2 + 2 x + 4 x + 8 8
= x2 + 6 x
= p p2 + p 4 p + p 4 + 2 p 2 + 2 4 p + 2 4
= p3 + 4 p 2 + 4 p + 2 p 2 + 8 p + 8
= p3 + 6 p 2 + 12 p + 8
( 7 x 5 y + 2 )( 3 x 2 y + 1)
= 7 x 3x 7 x 2 y + 7 x 1 5 y 3x + 5 y 2 y
5 y 1 + 2 3x 2 2 y + 2 1
= 21x 2 14 xy + 7 x 15 xy + 10 y 2 5 y
+ 6x 4 y + 2
2
A = A1 + A2 + A3
1
1 1
2
107. 2 x = ( 2 x ) 2 2 x +
2
2 2
1
2
= 4x 2x +
4
111.
117.
= x x x 3x + x 9 + 3 x 3 3x + 3 9
109.
( x + 3)( x 3) ( x 2 9 ) ( x + 1) ( x2 3)
= 21x 29 xy + 13x + 10 y 9 y + 2
4x
A1
5
A2
A3
A4
119.
A = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
= 4 x ( x ) + 5 ( x ) + 6 ( 4 x ) + 6 ( 5)
= 4 x 2 + 5 x + 24 x + 30
= 4 x 2 + 29 x + 30
An alternate method is to note that the length is
( 4 x + 5 ) and the width is ( x + 6 ) . Since the area
of a rectangle is the product of the length and
305
129.
( 2 x + 3)( 2x 4) = 2x 2 x 2x 4 + 3 2x 3 4
= 2 x + x 2 x 12
= 4 x 2 + 24 x + 5 x + 30
= 22 x 2 x 12
= 4 x 2 + 29 x + 30
Notice how the FOIL method gives each of the
individual areas.
121. A = ( 2 x + 4 )( 3x 1) ( x + 2 )( 2 x 5 )
(
) (
2
= ( 6 x + 10 x 4 ) ( 2 x 2 x 10 )
2
= 6 x 2 x + 12 x 4 2 x 5 x + 4 x 10
131.
R1.
b.
R2.
A1 = a 2 ; A2 = ab; A3 = ab; A4 = b2
A1
A2
A3
A4
15 x5
12 x3
15 x5 5 53 5 2
= x
= x
12 x3 4
4
2 5 2+5 7
+ =
= =1
7 7
7
7
A = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
2.
= a 2 + 2ab + b2
The length of the region is a + b and the
width is also a + b .
The area of the region would be
A = ( a + b )( a + b )
= (a + b)
3.
9 p 4 12 p3 + 3 p 2 9 p 4 12 p3 3 p 2
=
+
3p
3p
3p
3p
9 4 1 12 31 3 2 1
= p p + p
3
3
3
3
2
= 3p 4p + p
20a5 10a 2 + 1
5a
125. 3x ( y + 1) 3x + ( y + 1)
2
2
= ( 3x ) ( y + 1)
= 9 x2 y2 + 2 y + 1
2
= 9x y 2 y 1
2
127. 2a + ( b 3) = ( 2a ) + 2 2a ( b 3) + ( b 3)
= 4a 2 + 4a ( b 3) + b 2 2 b 3 + 32
= 4a 2 + 4ab 12a + b2 6b + 9
306
4 x4 + 8 x2
is to
2x
4 x4 + 8 x2
4 x4 8x 2
as
+
.
2x
2x
2x
( )
= a 2 + ab + ab + b2
c.
2 5 y 1 + 12
Section 4.3
= 4 x 2 + 11x + 6
= 52 y 2 5 y + 1
= 6 x 2 + 10 x 4 2 x 2 + x + 10
123. a.
(5 y 1) = (5 y )
20a5
3
10a 2
3
5a
5a
5a3
20 53 10 23 1 3
a
=
a
+ a
5
5
5
2
1 1 3
= 4a 2a + a
5
1
2 2
= 4a +
a 5a3
4.
x 4 y 4 + 8 x 2 y 2 4 xy
x2 + 5 x + 4
10. 2 x 3 2 x3 + 7 x 2 7 x 12
4 x3 y
=
x4 y4
8 x2 y 2
3
5. True
3x2 + 2 x 1
= 3x 1, the remainder
x +1
6 x3 x 2 9 x + 8
10
= 6 x2 7 x 2 +
, we call
x +1
x +1
3
2 x3 3 x 2
4x y 4x y 4x y
1 43 41 8 2 3 2 1 4 13 11
= x y + x y x y
4
4
4
1 3
1
2
= xy + 2 x y x
4
xy 3 2 y 1
=
+
4
x x2
6. Because
4 xy
10 x 2 7 x
10 x 2 15 x
0
3
2 x + 7 x 7 x 12
= x2 + 5 x + 4
2x 3
Check:
( 2 x 3) ( x 2 + 5 x + 4 )
= 2 x3 + 10 x 2 + 8 x 3x 2 15 x 12
= 2 x3 + 7 x 2 7 x 12
so our answer checks.
x3 5 x 2 + 2
11. x 2 2 x5 5 x 4 2 x3 + 12 x 2 + 2
x5
x 4x
7 x 28 x
5 x 4
+ 10 x 2
2 x2 + 2
2 x2 4
6
3
2 + 12 x 2 x 5 x + x
x 2
= x3 5 x 2 + 2 +
6
2
x 2
Check:
( x2 2)( x3 5x2 + 2) + 6
= x5 5 x 4 + 2 x 2 2 x3 + 10 x 2 4 + 6
3x + 21
( 3x + 12 )
= x5 5 x 4 2 x3 + 12 x 2 + 2
so our answer checks.
9
3
)
+ 12 x 2
7 x 2 31x
2 x3
5x4
8 x 12
( 8 x 12 )
x2 + 7 x 3
9. x 4 x3 + 3x 2 31x + 21
x + 3 x 31x + 21
9
= x2 + 7 x 3 +
x4
x4
Check:
( x 4 ) ( x2 + 7 x 3) + 9
= x3 + 3x 2 31x + 21
so our answer checks.
= x3 + 7 x 2 3x 4 x 2 28 x + 12 + 9
307
b.
2 2 1 7 13
4 10
6
2 5 3 7
2 x3 + x 2 7 x 13
7
= 2 x2 + 5x + 3
x2
x2
16.
x + 1 3 x 2 + 4 x3 4 x 3 3 x 2 + x + 1
=
x+2
x+2
The divisor is x + 2 so c = 2.
2 4 3 1
1
8 8 22 46
4 11 23 45
19.
f ( x ) = 3x3 + 10 x 2 9 x 4
a.
3 1
8 15 2 6
3 15 0 6
1 5
0 2 0
x + 8 x + 15 x 2 x 6
= x3 + 5 x 2 2
x+3
18.
g ( x ) = x2 2
a.
3x 2 4 x + 3
2
4
3
x 2 3x 4 x 3x 2 + 10 x 5
3x4
6 x2
4 x3
+ 8x
3x 2 + 2 x 5
3x2
by x + 4 , the remainder is 0.
20.
4 x3 + 3 x 2 + 10 x
f ( x ) = 2 x3 9 x 2 6 x + 5
a.
2x + 1
f
2x + 1
Thus, ( x ) = 3x 2 4 x + 3 +
.
x2 2
g
f ( 4 ) = 3 ( 4 ) + 10 ( 4 ) 9 ( 4 ) 4
= 3 ( 64 ) + 10 (16 ) 9 ( 4 ) 4
= 192 + 160 + 36 4
=0
f ( x ) = 3x 4 x 3 x + 10 x 5 ;
3
f ( 2 ) = 3 ( 2 ) + 10 ( 2 ) 9 ( 2 ) 4
= 3 ( 8 ) + 10 ( 4 ) 9 ( 2 ) 4
= 24 + 40 18 4
= 42
x + 1 3x 2 + 4 x3
45
= 4 x 2 11x + 23
x+2
x+2
2 ( 3) + 1
f
2
( 3 ) = 3 ( 3) 4 ( 3) + 3 + 2
g
( 3) 2
6 +1
= 3 ( 9 ) 4 ( 3) + 3 +
92
7
= 27 12 + 3 +
7
= 19
f ( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) 9 ( 2 ) 6 ( 2 ) + 5
= 2 ( 8 ) 9 ( 4 ) 6 ( 2 ) + 5
= 16 36 + 12 + 5
= 35
Since f ( c ) = f ( 2 ) 0 , we know that
x c = x + 2 is not a factor of f ( x ) .
b.
f ( 5) = 2 ( 5 ) 9 ( 5 ) 6 ( 5 ) + 5
= 2 (125 ) 9 ( 25 ) 6 ( 5 ) + 5
= 250 225 30 + 5
=0
Since f ( c ) = f ( 5 ) = 0 , we know that
x c = x 5 is a factor of f ( x ) .
308
5 2 9 6 5
10 5 5
2 1 1 0
x+3
29. x + 2 x 2 + 5 x + 6
x2 + 2 x
f ( x ) = ( x 5) 2 x2 + x 1
3x + 6
( 3x + 6 )
4.3 Exercises
21.
23.
25.
27.
x2 + 5x + 6
= x+3
x+2
8 x + 12 x 8 x
12 x
=
+
4x
4x
4x
8 21 12 11
= x + x
4
4
= 2x + 3
2x + 5
31. x 2 2 x 2 + x 4
+
5a
5a
5a
5a
2 31 15 21 10 11
= a a + a
5
5
5
2 2
= a 3a + 2
5
2 y3 + 6 y
4y
2 y3
2
6y
2 x2 4 x
5x 4
( 5 x 10 )
6
2
2x + x 4
6
= 2x + 5 +
x2
x2
w+6
33. 2 w 7 2w2 + 5w 49
4y
4 y2
2
6
= y 3 2 + y1 2
4
4
1
3 1
= y+ y
2
2
1
3
= y+
2
2y
2 w2 7 w
12w 49
(12w 42 )
7
2
4m 2 n2 + 6m2 n 18mn2
4m 2 n 2
4m n
6m2 n 18mn2
=
+
4m 2 n 2 4 m 2 n 2 4 m 2 n 2
4
6
18
= m 2 2 n 2 2 + m 2 2 n12 m12 n 2 2
4
4
4
0 0 3 0 1 9 1 0
=m n + m n m n
2
2
3
9
= 1+
2n 2m
2 2
2w + 5w 49
7
= w+6
2w 7
2w 7
x 2 + 5 x 14
35. x + 3 x3 + 8 x 2 + x 42
x3 + 3 x 2
5x + x
5 x 2 + 15 x
14 x 42
( 14 x 42 )
0
3
x + 8 x + x 42
= x 2 + 5 x 14
x+3
309
w2 4 w 5
37. w + 4 w3 + 0 w2 21w 20
w3 + 4 w2
4 w2 21w
4w2 16 w
5w 20
( 5w 20 )
0
3
w 21w 20
= w2 4 w 5
w+ 4
3x 2 14 x 5
39. 2 x + 5 6 x3 13x 2 80 x 25
6 x3 + 15 x 2
28 x 2 80 x
28 x 2 70 x
10 x 25
( 10 x 25 )
0
3
6 x 13x 80 x 25
= 3 x 2 14 x 5
2x + 5
x7
41. x 2 + 3 x3 7 x 2 + 3x 21
x3
+ 3x
7 x2
7x
)
21
21
0
x 7 x + 3x 21
x2 + 3
310
= x7
3z 3
+ z
21z 2 + 4 z + 2
21z 2
+7
4z 5
3
3 z + 21z + 5 z + 2
2
3z + 1
= z+7+
4z 5
3z 2 + 1
2 x 2 15 x + 28
45. x 2 + 2 x + 5 2 x 4 11x3 + 8 x 2 22 x + 144
2 x 4 + 4 x3 + 10 x 2
3
15 x 2 x 22 x
15 x3 30 x 2 75 x
28 x 2 + 53x + 144
28 x 2 + 56 x + 140
3x + 4
4
2 x 11x + 8 x 22 x + 144
2
x + 2x + 5
= 2 x 2 15 x + 28 +
3 x + 4
2
x + 2x + 5
5 1 3 10
5
10
1 2
0
x 2 3x 10
= x+2
x5
49. The divisor is x + 4 so c = 4 .
12
4 2 11
8 12
2 3
0
2 x 2 + 11x + 12
= 2x + 3
x+4
51. The divisor is x 6 so c = 6 .
6 1 3 14
6
18
1 3
4
x 2 3 x 14
4
= x +3+
x6
x6
311
63. a.
5 1 0 19 15
5 25 30
1 5
6 15
x3 19 x 15
15
= x2 + 5x + 6 +
x5
x 5
f
( x) = x + 3
g
3 3 5 21
17
25
9 12 27 30
3 4 9 10 5
b.
3 x4 5 x3 21x2 +17 x + 25
x 3
= 3 x3 + 4 x 2 9 x 10
5
x3
65. a.
6 1
0 40 0 109
6 36 24 144
1 6 4 24 35
b.
5
5
so c = .
2
2
2 3 14 15
5
20 15
2 8
6
0
2 x3 + 3 x 2 14 x 15
= 2 x2 + 8x + 6
5
x
2
61. a.
b.
312
f
4 x3 8 x 2 + 12 x
( x) =
4x
g
3
4x
8 x 2 12 x
=
+
4x
4x
4x
4 31 8 2 1 12 11
= x x + x
4
4
4
= x2 2 x + 3
Using the result from part a, we have:
f
2
( 2) = ( 2) 2 ( 2) + 3
g
= 44+3
=3
f
( 2) = 2 + 3 = 5
g
f
2 x2 + 5x 1
x
=
(
)
x+3
g
The divisor is x + 3 so c = 3 .
3 2 5 1
6 3
2 1 2
f
2
( x) = 2x 1 +
g
x
+3
x 4 40 x 2 + 109
35
= x3 6 x 2 4 x + 24
x+6
x+6
5
2
f
x 2 x 12
( x) =
x4
g
The divisor is x 4 so c = 4 .
4 1 1 12
4 12
1 3
0
67. a.
f
2
( 2) = 2 ( 2) 1 +
2+3
g
2
= 4 1 +
5
17
=
5
f
2 x3 + 9 x 2 + x 12
( x) =
2x + 3
g
x 2 + 3x 4
2 x + 3 2 x3 + 9 x 2 + x 12
2 x3 + 3 x 2
6 x2 + x
6 x2 + 9 x
8 x 12
( 8 x 12 )
0
3
2 x + 9 x + x 12
= x 2 + 3x 4
2x + 3
b.
69. a.
f
2
( 2) = ( 2) + 3( 2) 4
g
= 4+64
=6
f (1) = (1) + 1
= 1+1
=2
The remainder is 2.
f
x3 13x 12
( x) =
x2 9
g
x
x 2 9 x3 + 0 x 2 13x 12
x3
9x
79. c = 2
2
f ( 2) = ( 2) 3( 2) + 2
= 46+2
=0
Since the remainder is 0, x 2 is a factor.
4 x 12
x3 13x 12
2
x 9
b.
4 x + 12
= x
x2 9
4( x + 3)
= x
( x 3)( x + 3)
4
= x
x3
4 ( 2 ) + 12
f
( 2) = 2
g
( 2 )2 9
8 + 12
= 2
49
20
= 2
5
= 2+4
=6
83. c = 3
3
f ( 4 ) = ( 4 ) 2 ( 4 ) + 5 ( 4 ) 3
= 64 2 (16 ) 20 3
= 64 32 20 3
= 119
The remainder is 119.
f ( 5) = 2 ( 5 ) 4 ( 5 ) + 1
= 2 (125 ) 20 + 1
= 250 20 + 1
= 231
The remainder is 231.
f ( 3) = 4 ( 3) 9 ( 3) 49 ( 3) 30
= 4 ( 27 ) 9 ( 9 ) 147 30
= 108 81 147 30
= 150
Since the remainder is not 0, x 3 is not a factor
of f ( x ) .
f ( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) + 5 ( 2 ) + 2
= 2 ( 4 ) 10 + 2
= 8 10 + 2
=0
Since the remainder is 0, x + 2 is a factor.
f ( x ) = ( x + 2 )( 2 x + 1)
81. c = 2
5 2
4 2
2
1 0
f ( 2) = ( 2) 5 ( 2) + 1
= 4 10 + 1
= 5
The remainder is 5.
2
f ( x ) = ( x 2 )( x 1)
2 2
2 1 3 2
2 2
1 1 0
85. c = 1
3
f ( 1) = 4 ( 1) 7 ( 1) 5 ( 1) + 6
= 4 7 + 5 + 6
=0
Since the remainder is 0, x + 1 is a factor.
1 4 7
4
4 11
5 6
11 6
6 0
f ( x ) = ( x + 1) 4 x 2 11x + 6
)
313
87.
3a3b2 9a 2 b + 18ab
3ab
3a3b2 9a 2b 18ab
=
+
3ab
3ab
3ab
3 31 2 1 9 2 1 11 18 11 11
= a b a b + a b
3
3
3
= a 2 b 3ab0 + 6a0 b0
x2 8
97. 3x + 5 3x3 + 5 x 2 24 x 40
3x3 + 5 x 2
0 24 x 40
( 24 x 40 )
0
= a 2 b 3a + 6
3 x + 5 x 24 x 40
= x2 8
3x + 5
y+3
89. 3 y + 2 3 y 2 + 11y + 6
3y2 + 2 y
4 x2 + 6 x + 9
99. 2 x 3 8 x3 + 0 x 2 + 0 x 27
9y + 6
(9 y + 6)
8 x3 12 x 2
+ 5x
6x
+ 30
0
8 x 27
= 4 x2 + 6 x + 9
2x 3
101.
3x + 2
3
x + 6 x + 8 x + 32
2
x +5
93.
8 x3 + 6 x
12 x 2
8 x3
= x+6+
6x
12 x 2 12 x 2
2
1
= x+
3
2x
3x + 2
f ( x)
= 3x + 5
x 5
f ( x ) = ( x 5)( 3 x + 5 )
= x 3 x + x 5 5 3x 5 5
= 3x 2 + 5 x 15 x 25
x +5
2 x3 2
1
+
3
2 x 2 1
= 3x 2 10 x 25
103.
f ( x)
4
x3
4
f ( x ) = ( x 3) x + 8 +
x3
x 3
= x +8+
= x ( x 3) + 8 ( x 3) +
4 1
7
2 46
4 12
40
1 3 10 6
= x 2 3x + 8 x 24 + 4
= x 2 + 5 x 20
6
x3 + 7 x 2 + 2 x 46
= x 2 + 3x 10
x+4
x+4
314
6 x 2 + 3 x + 32
27
18 x 27
(18 x 27 )
x+6
91. x 2 + 5 x3 + 6 x 2 + 8 x + 32
12 x 18 x
3 y 2 + 11y + 6
= y+3
3y + 2
12 x 2
4
( x 3)
x 3
15 x 2 5 x
111.
6x 2
( 6x 2)
2 x3 3x 2 26 x 37
13
= 2 x 2 7 x 12 +
.
x+2
x+2
This gives us a = 2 , b = 7 , c = 12 , and
d = 13 .
Thus,
a + b + c + d = 2 + ( 7 ) + ( 12 ) + ( 13) = 30
0
The area of the rectangle is given by
A = 15 x 2 + x 2 = ( 3x 1)( 5 x + 2 ) .
The length of the rectangle is 5 x + 2 feet.
107. The volume of a rectangular box is the product
of the length, width, and height. The product of
the width and height is given by
( x + 5 )( x 3) = x 2 3x + 5 x 15
= x 2 + 2 x 15
To find the length, we need to divide the volume
by this quantity.
2x + 5
2
x + 2 x 15 2 x3 + 9 x 2 20 x 75
2 x3 + 4 x 2 30 x
5 x + 10 x 75
0
The volume of the box is given by
V = 2 x3 + 9 x 2 20 x 75 = ( 2 x + 5)( x + 5)( x 3)
The length of the box is 2 x + 5 centimeters.
109. a.
1. 5m 4 2m3 + 3m + 8
Degree: 4
2.
+
+
x
x
x
x
400
2
= 0.01x 0.4 x + 13 +
x
2
C ( 50 ) = 0.01( 50 ) 0.4 ( 50 ) + 13 +
= 7 a 2 4a 3 + 7 a 1 + 2a 2 6a 7
C ( x) =
= 4 a 3 + 7 a 2 + 2 a 2 + 7 a 6 a 1 7
= 4 a 3 + ( 7 + 2 ) a 2 + ( 7 6 ) a + ( 1 7 )
= 4 a 3 + 9 a 2 + a 8
3.
b.
6 x3 x 2 9 x + 4 = ( 3x + 4 ) 2 x 2 3 x + 1
5 x + 10 x 75
2 x3 3x 2 26 x 37
d
= ax 2 + bx + c +
x+2
x+2
Since the divisor is linear, we can use synthetic
division.
2 2 3 26 37
4
14 24
2 7 12 13
400
50
= 25 20 + 13 + 8
= 26
The average cost of manufacturing x = 50
wristwatches in a day is $26.
( 15 y 2 + 2 y 6) ( 4 y 2 y + 2)
=
=
=
1 y2 + 2 y 6 4 y2 + y 2
5
1 y2 4 y2 + 2 y + y 6 2
5
19
y2 + 3y 8
5
315
4.
f ( x ) = 2 x3 x 2 + 4 x + 9
3
5 z 2 + 3z 7
12. 2 z + 7 10 z 3 + 41z 2 + 7 z 49
f ( 2) = 2 ( 2) ( 2) + 4 ( 2) + 9
= 2 (8) 4 + 8 + 9
= 16 4 + 8 + 9
= 29
5.
(f
10 z 3 + 35 z 2
+ g )( x ) = ( 6 x + 5 ) + x 2 + 2 x + 3
= 6 x + 5 x2 + 2 x + 3
6z2 + 7z
6 z 2 + 21z
6.
+ g )( 3) = ( 3) + 8 ( 3) + 8
= 9 24 + 8
= 25
) (
( f g )( x ) = 2 x2 + 7 x 2 4 x 3
2
= 2 x2 x2 + 4 x + 7 + 3
( 3a 5b )2 = ( 3a )2 2 ( 3a )( 5b ) + ( 5b )2
= 9a 2 30ab + 25b2
9.
( 3)
( ) ( x) = x
+ 2 x2 4 x + 5
x 1
The divisor is x 1 so c = 1 .
1 1 2 4 5
1 3 1
1 3 1 4
f
g
( ) ( x) = x
+ 3x 1 +
4
x 1
f ( x ) = 3x3 + 8 x 2 23x + 60
( 3a + 2b ) ( 6a 2 2ab + b2 )
2b 2ab + 2b b2
3
is a factor of f ( x ) .
( f g )( x ) = ( x + 2 ) ( x 2 4 x + 11)
5 3
= x3 4 x 2 + 11x + 2 x 2 8 x + 22
f ( 5 ) = 3 ( 5) + 8 ( 5 ) 23 ( 5 ) + 60
= 3 ( 125 ) + 8 ( 25 ) + 115 + 60
= 375 + 200 + 115 + 60
=0
Since f ( 5 ) = 0 , the remainder is 0 and x + 5
= 18a3 + 6a 2 b ab 2 + 2b3
= x x 2 x 4 x + x 11 + 2 x 2
2 4 x + 2 11
8 23
15
7
60
35 60
12
0
f ( x ) = ( x + 5 ) 3 x 2 7 x + 12
= x3 2 x 2 + 3x + 22
316
9
3
= 3a 6a 2 3a 2ab + 3a b 2 + 2b 6a 2
11.
14.
f
g
= 49n 4 9
10.
18 63
7 1
2 x3 + 25 x 2 + 62 x 6
3
= 2 x2 + 7 x 1 +
x+9
x+9
= x 2 + 4 x + 10
10 z + 41z + 7 z 49
= 5 z 2 + 3z 7
2z + 7
= 2x + 7 x + 4x + 3
7. 2mn3 m 2 n 4mn + 6
14 z 49
( 14 z 49 )
= x2 + 8x + 8
(f
7 z 2 14 z = 7 z z 7 z 2 = 7 z ( z 2 )
R1. 24 = 8 3
= 423
= 22 23
R2. 4 ( 3x 5 ) = 4 3 x 4 5
= 43 x 45
= 12 x 20
6 y 3 14 y 2 + 10 y = 2 y 3 y 2 2 y 7 y + 2 y 5
= 2 y 3y2 7 y + 5
3xy 3 .
2m 4 n 2 + 8m3 n 4 6m 2 n5
= 2m 2 n 2 m 2 + 2m 2 n2 4mn 2 2m 2 n 2 3n3
= 2m 2 n 2 m 2 + 4mn2 3n3
5 y 2 + 10 y = 5 y y + ( 5 y ) ( 2 ) = 5 y ( y 2 )
13. First we find that the GCF is 3a . Next we
rewrite each term as the product of the GCF and
a remaining factor, then factor out the GCF.
3a3 + 6a 2 12a
= 3a a 2 + ( 3a ) ( 2a ) + ( 3a ) ( 4 )
= 3a a 2 2a + 4
317
= ( w 3) w + 4
18 z 3 + 14 z 2 + 4 z
= x ( 2 x + 1) + ( 5 )( 2 x + 1)
= ( 2 x + 1)( x 5 )
4.4 Exercises
= 2 z 9 z 2 + ( 2 z )( 7 z ) + ( 2 z )( 2 )
= 2 z 9 z 2 7 z 2
33. 5c ( 3c 2 ) 3 ( 3c 2 )
GCF: 3c 2
5c ( 3c 2 ) 3 ( 3c 2 ) = ( 3c 2 ) 5c + ( 3c 2 ) ( 3 )
19. 5a + 35
GCF: 5
5a + 35 = 5 a + 5 7
= 5( a + 7)
= ( 3c 2 )( 5c 3)
35.
( 4a + 3)( a 3) + ( 2a 7 )( a 3)
GCF: a 3
( 4a + 3)( a 3) + ( 2a 7 )( a 3)
= ( a 3) ( 4a + 3) + ( a 3)( 2a 7 )
= ( a 3)( 4a + 3 + 2a 7 )
= ( a 3)( 6a 4 )
The binomial 6a 4 has a greatest common
factor of 2. We can write the result as
( a 3)( 2 3a 2 2 ) = ( a 3) 2 ( 3a 2 )
21. 3 y + 21
GCF: 3
3 y + 21 = 3 y + ( 3) ( 7 )
= 3 ( y 7 )
23. 14 x 2 21x
GCF: 7x
14 x 2 21x = 7 x 2 x 7 x 3
= 7 x ( 2 x 3)
Thus,
( 4a + 3)( a 3) + ( 2a 7 )( a 3) = 2 ( a 3)( 3a 2 )
25. 3z 3 6 z 2 + 18 z
GCF: 3z
3z 3 6 z 2 + 18 z = 3z z 2 ( 3z ) 2 z + 3 z 6
= 3z z 2 2 z + 6
37. 5 x + 5 y + ax + ay = ( 5 x + 5 y ) + ( ax + ay )
= 5( x + y) + a ( x + y)
= ( x + y )( 5 + a )
39. 2 z 3 + 10 z 2 5 z 25 = 2 z 3 + 10 z 2 + ( 5 z 25 )
= 2 z 2 ( z + 5 ) + ( 5 )( z + 5 )
27. 5 p 4 + 10 p3 25 p 2
= ( z + 5) 2 z 2 5
GCF: 5 p 2
3
5 p + 10 p 25 p
)
2
2
= 5 p ( p 2 p + 5 )
= 5 p 2 p 2 + 5 p 2 ( 2 p ) + 5 p 2 5
318
31. 18 z 3 + 14 z 2 + 4 z
GCF: 2z
18. 2 x 2 + x 10 x 5 = 2 x 2 + x + ( 10 x 5 )
= 7mn 7m + 12n 5m n
= w2 ( w 3 ) + 4 ( w 3 )
41. w2 5w + 3w 15 = w2 5w + ( 3w 15 )
= w ( w 5) + 3 ( w 5 )
= ( w 5 )( w + 3)
2 x 8 x 4 x + 16 = 2 x 4 x 2 x + 8
= 2 x 2 4 x + ( 2 x + 8 )
= 2 x ( x 4 ) + ( 2 )( x 4 )
= 2 ( x 4 )( x 2 )
45. Pull out the GCF first, then factor by grouping.
3x3 + 15 x 2 12 x 2 60 x
= 3 x x 2 + 5 x 4 x 20
= 3 x x + 5 x + ( 4 x 20 )
= 3 x x ( x + 5 ) + ( 4 )( x + 5 )
= 3 x ( x + 5)( x 4 )
2
GCF: ( x 2 )
x ( x 2 ) + 3 ( x 2 )( x 2 )
= ( x 2 ) x + ( x 2 )( 3)( x 2 )
= ( x 2) ( x + 3 ( x 2 ))
= ( x 2 )( x + 3x 6 )
= ( x 2 )( 4 x 6 )
= ( x 2 )( 2 2 x 2 3)
= 2 ( x 2 )( 2 x 3)
2
GCF: x 2 ( 4 x + 1)
2
3x 2 ( 4 x + 1) + 8 x3 ( 4 x + 1)
( w + 3)( w 3) ( w 2 )( w 3)
GCF: ( w 3)
( w + 3)( w 3) ( w 2 )( w 3)
= ( w 3 ) ( w + 3) ( w 3 ) ( w 2 )
= ( w 3)( w + 3 w + 2 )
= ( w 3)( 5 )
= 5 ( w 3)
59. 3x 2 ( 4 x + 1) + 8 x3 ( 4 x + 1)
57. x ( x 2 ) + 3 ( x 2 )
51. 2 y 2 + 5 y 4 y 10 = 2 y 2 + 5 y + ( 4 y 10 )
= y ( 2 y + 5 ) + ( 2 )( 2 y + 5 )
= ( 2 y + 5 )( y 2 )
53. 6 x3 y3 + 9 x 2 y 21x3 y 2
= x 2 ( 4 x + 1) 3 ( 4 x + 1) + x 2 ( 4 x + 1) 8 x
= x 2 ( 4 x + 1) 3 ( 4 x + 1) + 8 x
= x 2 ( 4 x + 1)(12 x + 3 + 8 x )
= x 2 ( 4 x + 1)( 20 x + 3)
61. 3 ( x + 9 )
( 2 x + 5 ) + 2 ( x + 9 )3
GCF: ( x + 9 )
( 2 x + 5 ) + 2 ( x + 9 )3
2
2
= ( x + 9 ) 3 ( 2 x + 5) + ( x + 9 ) 2 ( x + 9 )
2
= ( x + 9 ) 3 ( 2 x + 5) + 2 ( x + 9 )
2
= ( x + 9 ) ( 6 x + 15 + 2 x + 18 )
2
= ( x + 9 ) ( 8 x + 33)
3( x + 9)
63. 4 ( 2 x 1)( x 5 ) + 3 ( x 5)
GCF: ( 2 x 1)( x 5 )
( 2 x 1)2
( 2 x 1)2
GCF: 3x 2 y
4 ( 2 x 1)( x 5 ) + 3 ( x 5 )
6 x3 y 3 + 9 x 2 y 21x3 y 2
= ( 2 x 1)( x 5 ) 4 ( x 5 )
= 3 x 2 y 2 xy 2 + 3 x 2 y 3 + 3x 2 y ( 7 xy )
(
)
= 3 x 2 y ( 2 xy 2 7 xy + 3)
= 3 x 2 y 2 xy 2 + 3 7 xy
+ ( 2 x 1)( x 5 ) 3 ( 2 x 1)
2
= ( 2 x 1)( x 5 ) 4 ( x 5 ) + 3 ( 2 x 1)
2
= ( 2 x 1)( x 5 ) ( 4 x 20 + 6 x 3)
2
55. x3 + x 2 + 3x + 3 = x3 + x 2 + ( 3x + 3)
( x + 1) + 3 ( x + 1)
= ( x + 1) ( x 2 + 3)
=x
319
73. a.
b.
c.
65. 2 x 2 + 1 2 x ( 4 x 3) + 3 ( 4 x 3) 4 x 2 + 1
GCF:4 x 2 + 1 ( 4 x 3)
2 x 2 + 1 2 x ( 4 x 3) + 3 ( 4 x 3) 4 x 2 + 1
= 4 x 2 + 1 ( 4 x 3) x ( 4 x 3 )
+4 x 2 + 1 ( 4 x 3 ) 3 x 2 + 1
( )
( )
( )
(
)
2
= 4 ( x 2 + 1) ( 4 x 3) ( 7 x 2 3x + 3)
2
= 4 x 2 + 1 ( 4 x 3) x ( 4 x 3) + 3 x 2 + 1
2
2
2
2
= 4 x + 1 ( 4 x 3) 4 x 3 x + 3 x + 3
= 1.265 x
d.
75.
= ( 2 x ) x 2
= 4 x 2 x 2
= x ( 4 )
The area of the shaded region is
2
x 2 ( 4 ) square units.
69. S = 2r + 8r
= 2r r + 2r 4
= 2r ( r + 4 )
inches.
c.
d.
320
1
7 1
1
x = x 7
4
4 4
4
1
= ( x 7)
4
1 3 8
5
8
b + b = b3 + b
5
25
25
25
1
1
= b 5b 2 + b 8
25
25
1
= b 5b 2 + 8
25
79. x n + 3x n +1 + 6 x 2n
b.
77.
x = 20
1.265 ( 20 ) = 25.30
After two years, the value of the stock will
be $25.30.
71. a.
GCF: x n
x n + 3x n +1 + 6 x 2n
= x n + 3x n x1 + 6 x n x n
= x n 1 + x n 3 x + x n 6 x n
= x n 1 + 3x + 6 x n
81. 4 y n +3 8 y n + 2 + 6 y n +5
GCF: 2y n + 2
4 y n +3 8 y n + 2 + 6 y n +5
= 4 y n + 2 y1 8 y n + 2 + 6 y n + 2 y 3
= 2 y n+ 2 2 y 2 y n+ 2 4 + 2 y n +2 3 y3
= 2 y n+ 2 2 y 4 + 3 y3
R1. 4 x 2 9 x + 2
The coefficients are the numeric factors of the terms. The coefficients are 4, 9 , and 2.
R2.
factors
1, 6
2, 3
sum
7
5
2 and 3 are two integers whose sum is 5 and product is 6.
R3.
factors
1, 32
2, 16
4, 8
8, 4
16, 2
32, 1
sum
31
14
14
31
factor 1, 40
sum
39
2, 20
4, 10
5, 8
8, 5
10, 4
20, 2
40, 1
18
18
39
factors 1, 32
2, 16
4, 8
1, 32
2, 16
4, 8
sum
18
12
33
18
12
33
factors 1, 18 2, 9 3, 6
sum
19
11
9
9 and 2 are the factors of 18 that sum to 11.
R7.
factors 1, 24 2, 12 3, 8 4, 6
sum
23
10
5
2
6 and 4 are the factors of 24 that sum to 2 .
(note: since the sum is negative, we restrict our choice of factors so that the larger factor (in absolute value) is
negative.
321
Factors
Sum
19
11
y 2 + 9 y + 18 = ( y + 6 )( y + 3)
5. p 2 + 14 p + 24
We are looking for two factors of c = 24 whose
sum is b = 14 . Since both c and b are positive,
the two factors must both be positive.
Factors 1, 24 2,12 3,8 4, 6
Sum
25
11
14
10
p + 14 p + 24 = ( p + 2 )( p + 12 )
2
6. q 2 6q + 8
We are looking for two factors of c = 8 whose
sum is b = 6 . Since c is positive the factors
have the same sign, and since b is negative both
factors are negative.
Factors 1, 8 2, 4
Sum
x 2 8 x + 12 = ( x 2 )( x 6 )
Sum
20
7,3
4
w2 4w 21 = ( w 7 )( w + 3)
322
16
q 9q 36 = ( q 12 )( q + 3 )
2
1, 8 2, 4
12. q 2 + 4q 45
We are looking for two factors of c = 45 whose
sum is b = 4. Since c is negative, the two factors
will have opposite signs. Since b is positive, the
factor with the larger absolute value will be
positive.
Factors
Sum
8. w2 4w 21
We are looking for two factors of c = 21 whose
sum is b = 4 . Since c is negative, the two
factors will have opposite signs. Since b is
negative, the factor with the larger absolute
value will be negative.
Factors 21,1
35
Sum
6, 6
sum, so t 2 5t + 8 is prime.
1, 12 2, 6 3, 4
13
Factors
9
6
Sum
None of the possible factors yield the desired
7. x 2 8 x + 12
We are looking for two factors of c = 12 whose
sum is b = 8 . Since c is positive the factors
have the same sign, and since b is negative the
two factors are negative.
Sum
9. q 2 9q 36
We are looking for two factors of c = 36
whose sum is b = 9 . Since c is negative, the
two factors will have opposite signs. Since b is
negative, the factor with the larger absolute
value will be negative.
Factors
q 2 6q + 8 = ( q 4 )( q 2 )
Factors
5, 9
1, 45 3, 15
44
12
q 2 + 4q 45 = (q + 9)(q 5)
13. x 2 + 8 xy + 15 y 2
We are looking for two factors of c = 15 whose
sum is b = 8 . Since c and b are both positive, the
two factors will be positive.
Factors
Sum
1,15
3,5
16
x 2 + 8 xy + 15 y 2 = ( x + 3 y )( x + 5 y )
Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
14. m 2 + mn 20n 2
We are looking for two factors of c = 20
whose sum is b = 1 . Since c is negative, the
factors will have opposite signs. Since b is
positive, the factor with the larger absolute value
will be positive.
Factors
1, 20
2,10
4,5
19
Sum
m 2 + mn 20n 2 = ( m 4n )( m + 5n )
15. False; the second factor, 3x 15, has a common
factor of 3.
16. 2 x3 12 x 2 54 x
First we factor out the GCF.
2 x3 12 x 2 54 x = 2 x x 2 6 x 27
Sum
= 2b2 3b + (10b 15 )
= b ( 2b 3) + 5 ( 2b 3)
= ( 2b 3)( b + 5 )
20. 10 x 2 + 27 x + 18
There are no common factors, so a = 10, b = 27,
c = 18. We find that a c = 10 18 = 180 .
Therefore, we are looking for two factors of 180
whose sum is b = 27. Since the product and the
sum are both positive, both factors must be
positive and neither can be greater than 27.
9,3
factor 1
factor 2
sum
26
10
18
28
too big
20
29
too big
12
15
27
okay
= 2 x ( x 9 )( x + 3)
10 x 2 + 27 x + 18 = 10 x 2 + 12 x + 15 x + 18
17. 3z 21z 30
Begin by factoring out the GCF.
3z 2 21z 30 = 3 z 2 + 7 z + 10
1,10
2,5
11
3z 2 21z 30 = 3 z 2 + 7 z + 10
= 10 x 2 + 12 x + (15 x + 18 )
= 2x (5x + 6) + 3 (5x + 6)
= ( 5 x + 6 )( 2 x + 3)
Sum
2b2 + 7b 15 = 2b 2 3b + 10b 15
27,1
2 x3 12 x 2 54 x = 2 x x 2 6 x 27
Factors
Factors
19. 2b2 + 7b 15
There are no common factors, so a = 2 , b = 7 ,
and c = 15 . Thus, a c = 2 ( 15 ) = 30 . We
= 3 ( z + 5 )( z + 2 )
21. 8 x 2 + 14 x + 5
First note that there are no common factors and
that a = 8 , b = 14 , and c = 5 .
Since c is positive the signs in our factors will be
the same. Since b is positive, the two signs will
be positive. We will consider factorizations with
this form:
( __ x + __ )( __ x + __ ) .
Since a = 8 can be factored as 1 8 and 2 4 , we
have the following forms:
323
( x + __ )( 8 x + __ )
( 2 x + __ )( 4 x + __ )
c = 5 = 5 can be factored as 1 5 . This gives us
the following possibilities:
( x + 1)( 8 x + 5) 8 x 2 + 13x + 5
( 2 x + 1)( 4 x + 5 ) 8 x 2 + 14 x + 5
( x + 5 )(8 x + 1) 8 x 2 + 41x + 5
( 2 x + 5 )( 4 x + 1) 8 x 2 + 22 x + 5
The correct factorization is
8 x 2 + 14 x + 5 = ( 2 x + 1)( 4 x + 5 ) .
22. 12 y 2 + 32 y 35
First note that there are no common factors and
that a = 12 , b = 32 , and c = 35 .
Since c is negative, the signs in our factors will
be opposites. We will consider factorizations
with this form:
( __ y + __ )( __ y __ ) .
If our choice results in a middle term with the
wrong sign, we simply switch the signs of the
factors.
Since a = 12 can be factored as 1 12 , 2 6 , and
3 4 , we have the following forms:
( y + __ )(12 y __ )
( 2 y + __ )( 6 y __ )
( 3 y + __ )( 4 y __ )
( y + 1)(12 y 35 ) 12 y 2 23 y 35
( 2 y + 1)( 6 y 35 ) 12 y 2 64 y 35
( 3 y + 1)( 4 y 35 ) 12 y 2 101y 35
( y + 5 )(12 y 7 ) 12 y 2 + 53 y 35
( 2 y + 5 )( 6 y 7 ) 12 y 2 + 16 y 35
( 3 y + 5 )( 4 y 7 ) 12 y 2 y 35
( y + 35)(12 y 1) 12 y 2 + 419 y 35
( 2 y + 35)( 6 y 1) 12 y 2 + 208 y 35
( 3 y + 35 )( 4 y 1) 12 y 2 + 137 y 35
( y + 7 )(12 y 5 ) 12 y 2 + 79 y 35
( 2 y + 7 )( 6 y 5 ) 12 y 2 + 32 y 35
( 3 y + 7 )( 4 y 5 ) 12 y 2 + 13 y 35
The correct factorization is
12 y 2 + 32 y 35 = ( 2 y + 7 )( 6 y 5 )
324
23. 30 x 2 + 7 xy 2 y 2
First note that there are no common factors and
that a = 30 , b = 7 , and c = 2 .
Since c is negative, the signs in our factors will
be opposites. We will consider factorizations of
the form:
( __ x + __ y )( __ x __ y ) .
If our choice results in a middle term with the
wrong sign, we simply switch the signs of the
factors.
Since a = 30 can be factored as 1 30 , 2 15 ,
3 10 , and 5 6 , we have the following forms:
( x + __ y )( 30 x __ y )
( 2 x + __ y )(15x __ y )
( 3x + __ y )(10 x __ y )
( 5 x + __ y )( 6 x __ y )
( x + 2 y )( 30 x y ) 30 x2 + 59 xy 2 y 2
( 2 x + y )(15 x 2 y ) 30 x 2 + 11xy 2 y 2
( 3x + 2 y )(10 x y ) 30 x 2 + 17 xy 2 y 2
( 5 x + 2 y )( 6 x y ) 30 x2 + 7 xy 2 y 2
The correct factorization is
30 x 2 + 7 xy 2 y 2 = ( 5 x + 2 y )( 6 x y ) .
24. 8 x 2 10 xy 42 y 2
Begin by factoring out 2.
8 x 2 10 xy 42 y 2 = 2 4 x 2 5 xy 21y 2
( x + y )( 4 x 21y ) 4 x2 17 xy 21y 2
( x + 3 y )( 4 x 7 y ) 4 x 2 + 5 xy 21y 2
( x + 7 y )( 4 x 3 y ) 4 x 2 + 25 xy 21 y 2
( x + 21y )( 4 x y ) 4 x2 + 83xy 21y 2
( 2 x + y )( 2 x 21y ) 4 x2 40 xy 21y 2
( 2 x + 3 y )( 2 x 7 y ) 4 x 2 8 xy 21 y 2
( 2 x + 7 y )( 2 x 3 y ) 4 x 2 + 8 xy 21y 2
( 2 x + 21y )( 2 x y ) 4 x2 + 40 xy 21y 2
( 4 x + y )( x 21y ) 4 x2 83xy 21y 2
( 4 x + 3 y )( x 7 y ) 4 x 2 25 xy 21y 2
( 4 x + 7 y )( x 3 y ) 4 x 2 5 xy 21y 2
( 4 x + 21y )( x y ) 4 x2 + 17 xy 21y 2
9 x 2 21xy 10 y 2
(
)
2
= ( 9 x + 6 xy + 15 xy + 10 y 2 )
= ( 9 x 2 + 6 xy ) + (15 xy + 10 y 2 )
= 9 x 2 + 21xy + 10 y 2
= ( 3 x + 2 y )( 3 x + 5 y )
25. 6 y 2 + 23 y + 4
Begin by factoring out 1 .
u = x2 .
6 y 2 + 23 y + 4 = 6 y 2 23 y 4
(
)
2
= ( 6 y 24 y + y 4 )
= ( 6 y 2 24 y ) + ( y 4 )
( )
2
y 4 2 y 2 24 = ( y 2 ) 2 ( y 2 ) 24
2
Let u = y 2 . Then u 2 = y 2 = y 4 and we get
= u 2 2u 24
= ( u 6 )( u + 4 )
)(
= y2 6 y2 + 4
30. 4 ( x 3) + 5 ( x 3) 6
6 y 2 + 23 y + 4 = 6 y 2 23 y 4
2
Let u = x 3 . Then u 2 = ( x 3) and we get
2
4 ( x 3 ) + 5 ( x 3) 6
= 4u 2 + 5u 6
= ( 4u 3)( u + 2 )
= 6 y ( y 4 ) + 1( y 4 )
= ( y 4 )( 6 y + 1)
= ( 4 ( x 3) 3 ) ( ( x 3 ) + 2 )
= ( 4 x 12 3)( x 3 + 2 )
= ( 4 x 15 )( x 1)
26. 9 x 2 21xy 10 y 2
Begin by factoring out 1 .
= 3x ( 3x + 2 y ) + 5 y ( 3x + 2 y )
9 x 2 21xy 10 y 2 = 9 x 2 + 21xy + 10 y 2
325
1, 15
3, 5
16
1,18
2,9
3 , 6
17
1, 25
5, 5
26
10
17
11
s + 7 s 60 = ( s + 12 )( s 5 )
2
23
10
43. x 2 + 7 xy + 12 y 2
We are looking for two factors of c = 12 that
sum to b = 7 . Since both c and b are positive,
the two factors are both positive.
2, 6
3, 4
13
p3 + 2 p 2 q 24 pq 2 = p( p 2 + 2 pq 24q 2 )
We are looking for two factors of c = 24
whose sum is b = 2. Since c is negative the two
factors have opposite signs. Since b is positive
the factor with the larger absolute value must be
positive.
Sum
2 x 2 30 x + 112 = 21x 2 15 x + 56
1,12
45. p3 + 2 p 2 q 24 pq 2
Start by factoring out p.
Factors
39. 2 x 2 30 x + 112
Start by factoring out 2.
326
x 2 + 7 xy + 12 y 2 = ( x + 3 y )( x + 4 y )
15
Sum
37. s 2 + 7 s 60
We are looking for two factors of c = 60
whose sum is b = 7 . Since c is negative the two
factors have opposite signs, and since b is
positive the factor with the larger absolute value
must be positive.
59
1 w2 + 2w 24
Factors
r 2 + 10r + 25 = ( r + 5)( r + 5 ) = ( r + 5 )
Sum
18
w2 2w + 24 = ( w 4 )( w + 6 )
35. r 2 + 10r + 25
We are looking for two factors of c = 25 whose
sum is b = 10 . Since both c and b are positive,
the two factors must be positive.
Factors
30
41. w2 2w + 24
Start by factoring out a 1 .
Sum
p + 3 p 18 = ( p + 6 )( p 3)
Sum
57
Factors
Factors 1, 56 2, 28 4, 14 7, 8
2 x 2 30 x + 112 = 2( x 7)( x 8)
33. p 2 + 3 p 18
We are looking for two factors of c = 18
whose sum is b = 3 . Since c is negative the two
factors have opposite signs, and since b is
positive the factor with the larger absolute value
must be positive.
Sum
Sum
x 2 + 8 x + 15 = ( x + 3)( x + 5 )
Factors
1, 24 2,12 3,8 4, 6
23
10
p3 + 2 p 2 q 24 pq 2 = p( p 4q)( p + 6q)
2 p 2 15 p 8 = 2 p 2 + p 16 p 8
= p ( 2 p + 1) 8 ( 2 p + 1)
= ( 2 p + 1)( p 8 )
Trial and Error Method:
First note that there are no common factors and
that a = 2 , b = 15 , and c = 8 . Since c is
negative, the signs in our factors will be
opposites. We will consider factorizations with
this form:
( ___ p + ___ )( ___ p ___ )
If our choice results in a middle term with the
wrong sign, we simply switch the signs of the
factors.
Since a = 2 can be factored as 2 1 , we have the
following form:
( 2 p + ___ )( p ___ )
( 2 p + 1)( p 8) 2 p 2 15 p 8
The correct factorization is
2 p 2 15 p 8 = ( 2 p + 1)( p 8 )
49. ac Method:
a c = 4 6 = 24
We are looking for two factors of 24 whose sum
is 11 . Since the product is positive, the factors
will have the same sign. The sum is negative so
the factors will be negative.
factor 1 factor 2 sum
1
24
25
2
12
14
3
8
11 okay
4
6
10
4 y 2 11y + 6 = 4 y 2 8 y 3 y + 6
= 4 y ( y 2) 3( y 2)
= ( y 2 )( 4 y 3)
Trial and Error Method:
First note that there are no common factors and
that a = 4 , b = 11 , and c = 6 . Since c is
positive the signs of our factors will be the same.
Since b is negative, the signs in our factors will
be negative. We will consider factorizations with
this form:
( ___ y ___ )( ___ y ___ )
Since a = 4 can be factored as 1 4 or 2 2 , we
have the following forms:
( y ___ )( 4 y ___ )
( 2 y ___ )( 2 y ___ )
( y 6 )( 4 y 1) 4 y 2 25 y + 6
( y 2 )( 4 y 3) 4 y 2 11 y + 6
The correct factorization is
4 y 2 11y + 6 = ( y 2 )( 4 y 3)
51. ac Method:
a c = 8 3 = 24
We are looking for two factors of 24 whose
sum is 2. Since the product is negative, the
factors will have opposite signs. The sum is
positive so the factor with the larger absolute
value will be positive.
factor 1 factor 2 sum
1
24
23
2
12
10
3
8
5
4
6
2 okay
8s 2 + 2 s 3 = 8s 2 4 s + 6 s 3
= 4s ( 2s 1) + 3 ( 2s 1)
= ( 2s 1)( 4 s + 3)
Trial and Error Method:
First note that there are no common factors and
that a = 8 , b = 2 , and c = 3 . Since c is
negative, the signs in our factors will be
opposites. We will consider factorizations with
this form:
( ___ s + ___ )( ___ s ___ )
327
( 2s + ___ )( 4s ___ )
( s + 1)(8s 3) 8s 2 + 5s 3
( s + 3)(8s 1) 8s 2 + 23s 3
( 2s + 1)( 4s 3) 8s 2 2s 3
( 2s + 3)( 4s 1) 8s 2 + 10s 3
Notice that our third choice is correct except that
the sign of the middle term is wrong. Therefore,
we simply need to switch the signs of the factors.
The correct factorization is
8s 2 + 2s 3 = ( 2s 1)( 4s + 3)
53. ac Method:
a c = 16 15 = 240
We are looking for two factors of 240 whose
sum is 8 . Since the product is negative, the
factors will have opposite signs. The sum is
positive so the factor with the largest absolute
value will be positive.
factor 1 factor 2 sum
8
30
22 too large
10
24
14 too large
12
20
8 okay
16 z 2 + 8 z 15 = 16 z 2 12 z + 20 z 15
= 4 z ( 4 z 3 ) + 5 ( 4 z 3)
= ( 4 z 3)( 4 z + 5 )
Trial and Error Method:
First note that there are no common factors and
that a = 16 , b = 8 , and c = 15 . Since c is
negative, the signs in our factors will be
opposites. We will consider factorizations with
this form:
( ___ z + ___ )( ___ z ___ )
If our choice results in a middle term with the
wrong sign, we simply switch the signs of the
factors.
Since a = 16 can be factored as 1 16 , 2 8 , and
4 4 , we have the following forms:
328
( z + 15 )(16 z 1) 16 z 2 + 239 z 15
( z + 3)(16 z 5) 16 z 2 + 43z 15
( z + 5 )(16 z 3) 16 z 2 + 77 z 15
( 2 z + 1)( 8 z 15) 16 z 2 22 z 15
( 2 z + 15 )( 8 z 1) 16 z 2 + 118 z 15
( 2 z + 3)(8 z 5 ) 16 z 2 + 14 z 15
( 2 z + 5 )( 8 z 3) 16 z 2 + 34 z 15
( 4 z + 1)( 4 z 15 ) 16 z 2 56 z 15
( 4 z + 3)( 4 z 5 ) 16 z 2 8 z 15
16 z 2 + 8 z 15 = ( 4 z 3)( 4 z + 5 )
55. 18 y 2 17 y 4 = (18 y 2 + 17 y + 4)
ac Method:
a c = 18 4 = 72
We are looking for two factors of 72 whose sum
is 17. Since the product is positive, the factors
will have the same sign. The sum is positive so
the factors will both be positive. Since we are
adding two positive numbers to get 17, neither
factor can exceed 17.
factor 1 factor 2 sum
6
12
18
8
9
17 okay
18 y 2 + 17 y + 4 = 18 y 2 + 9 y + 8 y + 4
= 9 y ( 2 y + 1) + 4 ( 2 y + 1)
= ( 2 y + 1)( 9 y + 4 )
18 y 2 17 y 4 = (2 y + 1)(9 y + 4)
Trial and Error Method:
First note that there are no common factors and
that a = 18 , b = 17 , and c = 4 . Since c is
positive, the signs in our factors will be the
same. Since b is also positive, the signs of our
factors will be positive. We will consider
( y + 4 )(18 y + 1) 18 y 2 + 73 y + 4
( 2 y + 1)( 9 y + 4 ) 18 y 2 + 17 y + 4
( 3 y + 4 )( 6 y + 1) 18 y 2 + 27 y + 4
The correct factorization is
18 y 2 + 17 y + 4 = ( 2 y + 1)( 9 y + 4 )
18 y 2 17 y 4 = (2 y + 1)(9 y + 4)
57. ac Method:
a c = 2 21 = 42
We are looking for two factors of 42 whose
sum is 11. Since the product is negative, the
factors will have opposite signs. The sum is
positive so the factor with the larger absolute
value will be positive. Since the sum is not too
large, we want factors whose absolute values are
near each other.
factor 1 factor 2 sum
21
2
19 too large
7
6
1 too small
14
3
11 okay
( x + y )( 2 x 21y ) 2 x2 19 xy 21y 2
( x + 21y )( 2 x y ) 2 x2 + 41xy 21y 2
( x + 3 y )( 2 x 7 y ) 2 x 2 xy 21y 2
( x + 7 y )( 2 x 3 y ) 2 x 2 + 11xy 21y 2
The correct factorization is
2 x 2 + 11xy 21y 2 = ( x + 7 y )( 2 x 3 y )
59. 12r 2 69rs + 45s 2 = 3(4r 2 23rs + 15s 2 )
ac Method:
a c = 4 15 = 60
We are looking for two factors of 60 whose sum
is 23 . Since the product is positive, the factors
will have the same sign. The sum is negative so
the factors will be negative. Since we are adding
two negatives to get 23 , neither factor can be
less than 23 .
factor 1 factor 2 sum
10
6
16 too large
15
4
19 too large
20
3
23 okay
329
24r 2 + 23rs 12 s 2 = ( 3r + 4s )( 8r 3s )
63. x 4 + 3 x 2 + 2
4r 2 23rs + 15s 2 = ( r 5s )( 4r 3s )
u 2 + 3u + 2 = ( u + 2 )( u + 1)
Now get back in terms of x.
u 2 + 5u 14 = ( u + 7 )( u 2 )
Now get back in terms of m and n.
c = 12 = 12 can be factored as 1 12 , 2 6 ,
330
65. m 2 n 2 + 5mn 14
)(
x 4 + 3x 2 + 2 = x 2 + 2 x 2 + 1
m 2 n 2 + 5mn 14 = ( mn + 7 )( mn 2 )
67.
( x + 1)2 6 ( x + 1) 16
Let u = x + 1 . This gives us u 2 6u 16 .
We need two factors of 16 whose sum is 6 .
Since the product is negative, the factors will
have opposite signs. Since the sum is negative,
the factor with the largest absolute value will be
negative.
u 2 6u 16 = ( u 8)( u + 2 )
Now get back in terms of x.
( x + 1)2 6 ( x + 1) 16 = ( x + 1 8 )( x + 1 + 2 )
= ( x 7 )( x + 3)
69.
( 3r 1)2 9 ( 3r 1) + 20
Let u = 3r 1 . This gives us u 2 9u + 20 .
We need two factors of 20 whose sum is 9 .
Since the product is positive, the factors will
u 2 9u + 20 = ( u 5 )( u 4 )
Now get back in terms of r.
( 3r 1)2 9 ( 3r 1) + 20 = ( 3r 1 5 )( 3r 1 4 )
= ( 3r 6 )( 3r 5 )
= 3 ( r 2 )( 3r 5 )
2
71. 2 ( y 3) + 13 ( y 3) + 15
c = 21 = 21 can be factored as 1 21 or 3 7 .
2
2u 2 + 13u + 15 = 2u 2 + 10u + 3u + 15
= 2u ( u + 5 ) + 3 ( u + 5)
= ( u + 5)( 2u + 3)
Now get back in terms of y.
2
2 ( y 3) + 13 ( y 3) + 15
= ( y 3 + 5 ) ( 2 ( y 3 ) + 3)
75. 4 ( 2 y + 1) 3 ( 2 y + 1) 1
= ( y + 2 )( 2 y 6 + 3)
= ( y + 2 )( 2 y 3)
73. ac Method:
a c = 10 21 = 210
We are looking for two factors of 210 whose
sum is 41. Since the product is positive, the
factors will have the same sign. The sum is
positive so the factors will both be positive.
factor 1 factor 2 sum
1
210
211
2
105
107
3
70
73
5
42
47
6
35
41 okay
4u 2 3u 1 = 4u 2 4u + u 1
= 4u ( u 1) + ( u 1)
= ( u 1)( 4u + 1)
Now get back in terms of y.
4 ( 2 y + 1) 3 ( 2 y + 1) 1
2
= ( 2 y + 1 1) ( 4 ( 2 y + 1) + 1)
= ( 2 y )( 8 y + 4 + 1) = 2 y ( 8 y + 5 )
331
12 x 2 + 23xy + 10 y 2 = 12 x 2 + 8 xy + 15 xy + 10 y 2
= 4 x ( 3x + 2 y ) + 5 y ( 3 x + 2 y )
= ( 3 x + 2 y )( 4 x + 5 y )
Trial and Error Method:
First note that there are no common factors and
that a = 12 , b = 23 , and c = 10 .
Since c is positive the signs in our factors will be
the same, and since b is positive we know that
the signs will both be positive. We will consider
factorizations with this form:
( __ x + __ y )( __ x + __ y ) .
Since a = 12 can be factored as 1 12 , 2 6 , and
3 4 , we have the following forms:
(1x + __ y )(12 x + __ y )
( 2 x + __ y )( 6 x + __ y )
( 3x + __ y )( 4 x + __ y )
c = 10 = 10 can be factored as 1 10 or 2 5 .
Since the original expression had no common
factors, the binomials we select cannot have a
common factor.
( x + 10 y )(12 x + y ) 12 x2 + 121xy + 10 y 2
( 3x + 10 y )( 4 x + y ) 12 x 2 + 43xy + 10 y 2
( x + 2 y )(12 x + 5 y ) 12 x 2 + 29 xy + 10 y 2
( 3x + 2 y )( 4 x + 5 y ) 12 x 2 + 23xy + 10 y 2
The correct factorization is
12 x 2 + 23xy + 10 y 2 = ( 3x + 2 y )( 4 x + 5 y )
79. y 2 + 2 y 27
We are looking for two factors of c = 27
whose sum is b = 2 . Since c is negative the two
factors have opposite signs, and since b is
positive the factor with the larger absolute value
must be positive.
332
Factors 1, 27 3,9
Sum
26
y 2 + 2 y 27 is prime.
81. x 4 + 6 x 2 + 8
Let u = x 2 . This gives us u 2 + 6u + 8 .
We need two factors of c = 8 whose sum is
b = 6 . Since the product is positive, the two
factors will have the same sign. Since the sum is
also positive, the factors will both be positive.
u 2 + 6u + 8 = ( u + 4 )( u + 2 )
Now get back in terms of x.
)(
x4 + 6 x2 + 8 = x2 + 4 x2 + 2
83. z 6 + 9 z 3 + 20
Let u = z 3 . This gives us u 2 + 9u + 20 .
We need two factors of 20 whose sum is 9. Since
the product is positive, the two factors will have
the same sign. Since the sum is also positive, the
factors will both be positive.
u 2 + 9u + 20 = ( u + 5 )( u + 4 )
Now get back in terms of z.
)(
z6 + 5z3 + 4 = z3 + 5 z3 + 4
85. r 2 12rs + 32 s 2
We are looking for two factors of c = 32 whose
sum is b = 12 . Since c is positive the two
factors must have the same sign, and since b is
negative the factors must both be negative.
Factors
Sum
1, 32
2, 16
4, 8
33
18
12
r 2 12rs + 32s 2 = ( r 4s )( r 8s )
2
87. 8 ( z + 1) + 2 ( z + 1) 1
Let u = z + 1 . This gives us 8u 2 + 2u 1 .
a c = 8 1 = 8
We need two factors of 8 whose sum is 2.
Since the product is negative, the factors will
have opposite signs. Since the sum is positive,
the factor with the larger absolute value will be
positive.
Factors 1, 40 2, 20 4, 10 5, 8
Sum
8u 2 + 2u 1 = 8u 2 + 4u 2u 1
= 4u ( 2u + 1) 1( 2u + 1)
= ( 2u + 1)( 4u 1)
Now get back in terms of z.
= ( 2 z + 2 + 1)( 4 z + 4 1)
= ( 2 z + 3)( 4 z + 3)
89. 3x 2 7 x 12
We need two factors of c = 12 whose sum is
b = 7 . Since c is negative, the two factors will
have opposite signs. Since b is also negative, the
factor with the larger absolute value will be
negative.
Factors
1, 12
2, 6
3, 4
Sum
11
95. ac Method:
Start by factoring out the GCF.
(
)
= 2 ( 8m2 20m + 14m 35 )
= 2 ( 4 m ( 2 m 5 ) + 7 ( 2 m 5 ) )
= 2 ( 2m 5 )( 4m + 7 )
91. 2 x 2 + 12 x 54
Start by factoring out the GCF.
1, 27
3,9
26
2 x 2 + 12 x 54 = 2 ( x 3)( x + 9 )
93. 3r 2 + 39r 120
Start by factoring out the GCF.
3 r 2 13r + 40
3x 2 7 x 12 is prime.
Sum
13
3r 2 + 39r 120 = 3 ( r 5 )( r 8)
Factors
14
= ( 2 ( z + 1) + 1) ( 4 ( z + 1) 1)
22
8 ( z + 1) + 2 ( z + 1) 1
2 x 2 + 6 x 27
41
333
( z + 1)(12 z + 7 ) 12 z 2 + 19 z + 7
( z + 7 )(12 z + 1) 12 z 2 + 85 z + 7
( 2 z + 1)( 6 z + 7 ) 12 z 2 + 20 z + 7
( 2 z + 7 )( 6 z + 1) 12 z 2 + 44 z + 7
( 3z + 1)( 4 z + 7 ) 12 z 2 + 25 z + 7
( 3z + 7 )( 4 z + 1) 12 z 2 + 31z + 7
The correct factorization is
48 z 2 + 124 z + 28 = 4 12 z 2 + 31z + 7
48 z 2 + 124 z + 28 = 4 12 z 2 + 31z + 7
= 4 ( 3z + 7 )( 4 z + 1)
(
)
= 4 (12 z 2 + 3z + 28 z + 7 )
48 z 2 + 124 z + 28 = 4 12 z 2 + 31z + 7
3x3 6 x 2 240 x = 3x x 2 2 x 80
48 z 2 + 124 z + 28 = 4 12 z 2 + 31z + 7
Factors
1, 80 2, 40 4, 20 5, 16 8, 10
Sum
79
38
16
11
3x3 6 x 2 240 x = 3x x 2 2 x 80
= 3x ( x 10 )( x + 8 )
101. Start by factoring out the GCF.
8 x3 y 2 76 x 2 y 2 + 140 xy 2
= 4 xy 2 2 x 2 19 x + 35
= 4 ( 3z ( 4 z + 1) + 7 ( 4 z + 1) )
= 4 ( 4 z + 1)( 3 z + 7 )
Trial and Error Method:
Start by factoring out the GCF.
8 x3 y 2 76 x 2 y 2 + 140 xy 2
(
)
= 4 xy 2 ( 2 x 2 14 x 5 x + 35 )
= 4 xy 2 2 x 2 19 x + 35
= 4 xy
= 4 xy
( 2x ( x 7) 5 ( x 7))
( x 7 )( 2 x 5)
3
(
)
2
= 2r s ( 35r 28r + 10r 8 )
15 x 10
( 15 x 10 )
0
The other factor is 2x 5.
6 x 2 11x 10 = ( 3x + 2 )( 2 x 5)
109.
1 2
1
6
8
x + 3x + 4 = x2 + x +
2
2
2
2
1 2
= x + 6x + 8
2
1
= ( x + 4 )( x + 2 )
2
111.
= 2r 2 s 35r 2 18r 8
1 2 2
1
2
3
p p 1 = p2 p
3
3
3
3
3
1 2
= p 2p 3
3
1
= ( p 3)( p + 1)
3
= 2r 2 s ( 7r ( 5r 4 ) + 2 ( 5r 4 ) )
= 2r 2 s ( 5r 4 )( 7r + 2 )
b.
105. a.
d.
6x2 + 4 x
V ( 3) = 4 ( 3)( 3 15 )( 3 12 )
= 12 ( 12 )( 9 )
= 144 ( 9 )
= 1296
The volume is 1296 cubic inches.
c.
V ( 3) = 4 ( 3) 108 ( 3) + 720 ( 3)
= 4 ( 27 ) 108 ( 9 ) + 720 ( 3)
= 108 972 + 2160
= 1296
When 3-inch square corners are cut from the
piece of cardboard, the resulting box will
have a volume of 1296 cubic inches.
113.
4 2 8
4
8
96
a a 32 = a 2 a
3
3
3
3
3
4 2 4
4
= a 2a 24
3
3
3
4 2
= a 2a 24
3
4
= ( a 6 )( a + 4 )
3
V ( x ) = 4 x3 108 x 2 + 720 x
= 4 x x 2 27 x + 180
= 4 x ( x 15)( x 12 )
335
115. 22n 4 2n 5
2. A2 2 AB + B 2 = ( A B)2 .
u 2 4u 5 = ( u 5 )( u + 1)
Now get back in terms of n.
)(
2 2n 4 2n 5 = 2n 5 2n + 1
( 2 x )2 + 2 2 x 3 + ( 3)2 .
4. x 2 18 x + 81 = x 2 2 9 x + 92
= ( x 9)
5. 4 x 2 + 20 xy + 25 y 2 = ( 2 x ) + 2 2 x 5 y + ( 5 y )
= (2x + 5 y )
117. 42 x 12 4 x + 32
Let u = 4 x. This gives us u 2 12u + 32. We
need two factors of 32 whose sum is 12. Since
the product is positive and the sum is negative,
the factors will both be negative.
u 2 12u + 32 = ( u 8 )( u 4 )
Now get back in terms of x.
42 x 12 4 x + 32 = (4 x 8)(4 x 4)
= (4 x 8)(2 x 2)(2 x + 2)
119. The Trial and Error method would be better
when a c gets large and there are lots of factors
of the product whose sums must be determined.
121. The problem was not completely factored. The
first binomial has a common factor of 3 than can
be pulled out.
3 p 2 9 p 30 = 3 p 2 3 p 10
= 3 ( p + 2 )( p 5 )
Section 4.6
32 = 3 3 = 9 ;
)
2
= 2 ( 3 p 2 ) 2 ( 3 p 2 ) 7 + 72
2
= 2 (3 p2 7 )
( )
= ( 2a 3b2 )( 2a + 3b 2 )
22 = 2 2 = 4 ;
52 = 5 5 = 25
3
3 3 9
R2. = =
2
2 2 4
12. True
13. 3b4 48 = 3 b 4 16
( )
= 3 b
42
2
2
=3 b 4 b +4
2 2
= 2 9 p 4 42 p 2 + 49
42 = 4 4 = 16 ;
6. 18 p 4 84 p 2 + 98
11. 4a 2 9b 4 = ( 2a ) 3b 2
( )( )
= 3 ( b 2 22 )( b 2 + 4 )
= 3 ( b 2 )( b + 2 ) ( b 2 + 4 )
(
)
2
= ( p 2 4 p + 42 ) q 2
23. 36 + 12w + w2 = 62 + 2 6 w + w2
= ( p 4) q2
= ( p 4 q )( p 4 + q )
25. 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1 = ( 2 x ) + 2 2 x 1 + 12
14. p 2 8 p + 16 q 2 = p 2 8 p + 16 q 2
= ( 6 + w)
= ( 2 x + 1)
= ( 3 p 5)
2
(
)
2
= ( z + 4 ) ( z 4 z + 16 )
= ( 5a + 9 )
= ( z + 4 ) z 2 4 z + 42
= ( 3x + 4 y )
( )
2
2
= ( 5 p 6q 2 ) ( 5 p ) + 5 p 6q 2 + ( 6q 2 )
= ( 5 p 6q 2 )( 25 p 2 + 30 pq 2 + 36q 4 )
3
32m3 + 500n6
= 4 8m3 + 125n6
20.
(
)
= 3 ( w 2 2 w 5 + 52 )
= 3 ( w 5)
(
)
2
= 5 ( t + 2 t 7 + 7 2 )
( )
)
)(
3
= 4 ( 2 m ) + 5n 2
2
2
2
= 4 2m + 5n ( 2m ) 2m 5n2 + 5n2
= 4 2m + 5n 2 4m 2 10mn2 + 25n 4
(
(
31. 9 x 2 + 24 xy + 16 y 2 = ( 3x ) + 2 ( 3x )( 4 y ) + ( 4 y )
17. z 3 + 64 = z 3 + 44
19.
27. 9 p 2 30 p + 25 = ( 3 p ) 2 3 p 5 + 52
16. A3 B3 = ( A B)( A2 + AB + B 2 )
( w + 6 )2
or
15. A3 + B3 = ( A + B)( A2 AB + B 2 )
= ( 5 p ) 6q 2
( )
)
= 5 ( t + 7 )
(
= ( 2 x + 1) (13x 2 + 5 x + 1)
= ( 2 x + 1) x 2 + 2 x + 1 + 3x 2 + 3x + 9 x 2
4.6 Exercises
21. x 2 + 4 x + 4 = x 2 + 2 x 2 + 22
= ( x + 2)
= 2 ( 4a ) 2 4a 5b + ( 5b )
= 2 ( 4a 5b )
( x + 1) 27 x3
3
3
= ( x + 1) ( 3x )
2
2
= ( x + 1 3 x ) ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) 3 x + ( 3x )
( ) 2 z 2 3 + 32
2
= ( z 2 3)
39. z 4 6 z 2 + 9 = z 2
41. x 2 9 = x 2 32
= ( x 3)( x + 3)
43. 4 y 2 = 22 y 2
= ( 2 y )( 2 + y )
2
45. 4 z 2 9 = ( 2 z ) 32
= ( 2 z 3)( 2 z + 3)
Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
337
65.
( ) ( 6 n3 )
= ( m 2 6n3 )( m 2 + 6n3 )
49. m 4 36n6 = m 2
51. 8 p 2 18q 2 = 2 4 p 2 9q 2
= 2 ( 2 p ) ( 3q )
(
= ( p 2 ) ( p 2 + 5 p + 13)
= ( p 2) p2 + 2 p + 1 + 3 p + 3 + 9
67.
= 5r ( 4 p ) ( 7b )
= 5r ( 4 p 7b )( 4 p + 7b )
55.
( x + y )2 9 = ( x + y )2 32
= ( x + y 3)( x + y + 3)
57. x3 8 = x3 23
(
)
= ( x 2 ) ( x2 + 2 x + 4 )
= ( x 2 ) x 2 + x ( 2 ) + 22
(
)
2
= ( 5 + m ) ( 25 5m + m )
= ( m + 5 ) ( m2 5m + 25 )
( ) ( 4 y )3
2
2
= ( x2 4 y ) ( x2 ) + x 2 4 y + ( 4 y )
= ( x 2 4 y )( x 4 + 4 x 2 y + 16 y 2 )
2 3
24 x3 375 y 3
= 3 8 x3 125 y 3
)
3
= 3 ( 2 x 5 y ) ( 2 x ) + 2 x 5 y + (5 y )
= 3 ( 2 x 5 y ) 4 x + 10 xy + 25 y
338
73. 25 x 2 y 2 = ( 5 x ) y 2
= ( 5 x y )( 5 x + y )
3
75. 8 x3 + 27 = ( 2 x ) + 33
= ( 2 x + 3) ( 2 x ) 2 x 3 + 32
77. z 2 8 z + 16 = z 2 2 z 4 + 42
)
2
( ) + ( z3 )
2
2
= ( y 2 + z3 ) ( y 2 ) y2 z3 + ( z3 )
= ( y 2 + z 3 )( y 4 y 2 z 3 + z 6 )
69. y 6 + z 9 = y 2
= ( 2 x + 3) 4 x 6 x + 9
= 3 ( 2x ) (5 y )
(
= ( 5 y + 1) ( 7 y 2 + 4 y + 1)
= ( 5 y + 1) 9 y 2 + 6 y + 1 6 y 2 2 y + 4 y 2
( ) 13
2
= ( y 3 1) ( y 3 ) + y 3 1 + 12
= ( y 3 1)( y 6 + y 3 + 1)
= ( y 3 13 )( y 6 + y 3 + 1)
= ( y 1) ( y 2 + y + 1)( y 6 + y 3 + 1)
= ( 5 + m ) 52 5m + m2
63.
( 3 y + 1)3 + 8 y3
3
3
= ( 3 y + 1) + ( 2 y )
2
2
= ( 3 y + 1 + 2 y ) ( 3 y + 1) ( 3 y + 1) 2 y + ( 2 y )
71. y 9 1 = y 3
59. 125 + m3 = 53 + m3
61. x 6 64 y 3 = x
= 2 ( 2 p 3q )( 2 p + 3q )
53. 80 p 2 r 245b2 r = 5r 16 p 2 49b2
( p + 1)3 27
3
= ( p + 1) 33
2
= ( p + 1 3) ( p + 1) + ( p + 1) 3 + 32
= ( z 4)
79. 5 x 4 40 xy 3 = 5 x x3 8 y 3
)
3
= 5 x x3 ( 2 y )
= 5x ( x 2 y ) x2 + x 2 y + ( 2 y )
= 5 x ( x 2 y ) x + 2 xy + 4 y
2
81. 49m 2 42 mn + 9n 2 = ( 7m ) 2 ( 7m )( 3n ) + ( 3n )
= ( 7m 3n )
83. 4 x + 16 = 4 x + 4
( )
= 3 ( y 3 23 )
= 3( y 2) ( y2 + 2 y + 4)
95. 3 y 3 24 = 3 y 3 8
97. 16 x 2 + 24 xy + 9 y 2 100
2
)
2
2 2
= y2 2
= ( y 2 )( y + 2 )
= ( y 2)
( y + 2 )2
2
= ( 2ab + 3)
2
89. p 2 + 2 p + 4 = p 2 + 2 p + ( 2 )
93.
2n 2m + 40m 200
= 2 n2 m2 + 20m 100
2
+ 2 4x 3 y + (3 y )
) 10
x 2 32 = ( x 3)( x + 3)
The area of the shaded region is
( x 3)( x + 3) square units.
101. The area of the shaded region is the area of the
large square minus the total area of the four
square corners.
( )
x 2 4 22 = x 2 16
= x 2 42
= ( x 4 )( x + 4 )
R 2 r 2 = R 2 r 2
= 10a3 10ab 2
= 10a a 2 b 2
= 2 ( n ( m 10 ) ) ( n + ( m 10 ) )
= 2 ( n m + 10 )( n + m 10 )
= 2 n m 20m + 100
))
( (
= 2 ( n ( m 2 m 10 + 10 ) )
= 2 ( n ( m 10 ) )
2
(( 4x)
square units.
= ( R r )( R + r )
= ( 4 x + 3 y ) 102
= ( 4 x + 3 y 10 )( 4 x + 3 y + 10 )
( ) 2 y 2 4 + 42
2
= ( y2 4)
85. y 4 8 y 2 + 16 = y 2
= 16 x 2 + 24 xy + 9 y 2 100
= 10a ( a b )( a + b )
The volume of the shaded region is
10a ( a b )( a + b ) cubic units.
339
= a + ab + ab + b
119.
= a 2 + 2ab + b 2
= (a + b)
109. 4 x 2 + bx + 81
To be a perfect square trinomial, the middle term
must equal twice the product of the quantities
that are squared to get the first and last terms.
4x = (2x )
2
81 = 92
Thus, the middle term must equal twice the
product of 2 x and 9.
bx = 2 2 x 9
bx = 36 x
Therefore, b = 36.
111. x 2 + 18 x
To be a perfect square trinomial, we need to
have the form a 2 + 2ab + b 2 . Here we know that
a = x and we want 2ab = 18x.
2ab = 18 x
2 ( x ) b = 18 x
2bx = 18 x
2b = 18
b=9
x3 y 3 x y
=
8 27 2 3
2
2
x y y
x y x
= + +
2 3 3
2 3 2
2
2
xy y
x y x
=
+ +
2
3
4
6
9
Section 4.7
Section 4.7 Quick Checks
= 2q ( p 9q )( p + 5q )
2. 45 x 2 y + 66 xy + 27 y = 3 y 15 x 2 22 x 9
x 2 + 18 x + 81 = ( x + 9 )
(
)
2
2
= 3n ( m 7 )
4. 3m 2 n + 147n = 3n m 2 49
= 3n ( m 7 )( m + 7 )
= ( b 0.2 )
115. 9b 2
340
1
2 1
= ( 3b )
25
5
1
1
= 3b 3b +
5
5
6. 20 x 2 + 60 x + 45 = 5 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9
= 5 ( 2 x ) + 2 2 x 3 + 32
= 5 ( 2 x + 3)
117.
2
5. p 2 16 pq + 64q 2 = p 2 2 p 8q + ( 8q )
= ( p 8q )
= 3 y ( 3x + 1)( 5 x 9 )
1. 2 p 2 q 8 pq 2 90q3 = 2q p 2 4 pq 45q 2
7. 64 y3 125 = ( 4 y ) 53
= ( 4 y 5 ) ( 4 y ) + 4 y 5 + 52
= ( 4 y 5 ) 16 y 2 + 20 y + 25
x2 y 2 x y
=
9 25 3 5
x y x y
= +
3 5 3 5
= 2 ( 2m ) + n3
= 16 m 2 + 8mn + 16n 2
2
= 2 ( 2m + n ) ( 2m ) 2m n + n 2
= 2 ( 2m + n ) 4m2 2mn + n2
9. 10 z 2 15 z + 35 = 5 2 z 2 3 z + 7
= 16 m + 2 m 4n + ( 4n )
= 42 ( m + 4n )
15. G ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 3x 14
= ( 2 x + 7 )( x 2 )
16. F ( p ) = 27 p 2 12
= 3 9 p2 4
11. 2 x + 5 x + 4 x + 10 = 2 x + 5 x
) + ( 4 x + 10)
( 2 x + 5) + 2 ( 2 x + 5)
= ( 2 x + 5) ( x2 + 2)
=x
((
= 3 3x3 + x 2 + ( 3x 1)
=3 x
4.7 Exercises
( )
= 3 ( y 2 32 )
19. 3 y 2 + 27 = 3 y 2 9
= 3 ( y 3)( y + 3)
2
= ( 2b + 5 )
(( 2x )
)
3
3
= 2 ( 2w ) + ( y 2 )
2
= 2 ( 2w + y 2 ) ( 2 w ) 2w y 2 + ( y 2 )
2
2
2
4
= 2 ( 2w + y )( 4 w 2 wy + y )
= 2 8w3 + y 6
+ 2 2 x y + y 2 81
2
23. 16w3 + 2 y 6
13. 4 x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 81
= 2 ( x 12 )( x + 6 )
= 3 ( 3x + 1)( x 1)( x + 1)
= 4 x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 81
17. 2 x 2 12 x 144 = 2 x 2 6 x 72
( 3 x + 1) 1( 3 x + 1) )
= 3 ( 3x + 1) x 2 1
= 3 ( 3 p + 2 )( 3 p 2 )
12. 9 x3 + 3 x 2 9 x 3 = 3 3x3 + x 2 3x 1
= 3 (3 p ) ( 2)
= x2 + 2 ( 2 x + 5)
= ( 4 ( m + 4n ) ) ( 4 + ( m + 4n ) )
= ( 4 m 4n )( 4 + m + 4n )
= ( 2 x + y ) 92
= ( 2 x + y 9 )( 2 x + y + 9 )
25. 3z 2 + 12 z 18 = 3 z 2 4 z + 6
341
= 4q ( 3q + 1)
= x2 ( x 4) + 5 ( x 4)
= 3mn 8m + 6m 28m 21
= 3mn ( 2m ( 4m + 3) 7 ( 4m + 3) )
= 3mn ( 4m + 3)( 2m 7 )
41. 3r 5 24r 2 s 3 = 3r 2 r 3 8s 3
= 3r
(r
)
3
( 2s )
2
= 3r 2 ( r 2 s ) r 2 + r 2s + ( 2s )
= 3r
35. a c = 3 16 = 48
We need two factors of 48 that add to get 7 .
Since the product is negative, they must have
different signs, and since the sum is negative, the
factor with the larger absolute value must be
negative. The sum is also not too far from 0 so
we want the factors to be near each other in
magnitude.
factor 1 factor 2 sum
1
48
47
2
24
22
3
16
13
4
12
8
6
8
2
None of the possibilities work. The expression is
prime.
342
3mn 8m 2 22m 21
( ) ( 9 )2
= ( x 2 9 )( x 2 + 9 )
= ( x 2 32 )( x 2 + 9 )
= ( x 3)( x + 3) ( x 2 + 9 )
33. x 4 81 = x 2
= ( x 4) x + 5
29. x3 4 x 2 + 5 x 20 = x3 4 x 2 + ( 5 x 20 )
2
= 4q ( 3q ) + 2 3q 1 + 12
20 y 2 9 y 18 = 20 y 2 + 15 y 24 y 18
= 5 y ( 4 y + 3) 6 ( 4 y + 3)
= ( 4 y + 3)( 5 y 6 )
43.
( r 2s ) ( r
2 x3 + 8 x 2 18 x 72
= 2 x3 + 4 x 2 9 x 36
) + ( 9 x 36 ))
= 2 ( x2 ( x + 4 ) 9 ( x + 4 ))
= 2 ( x + 4 ) ( x2 9 )
= 2 ( x + 4 ) ( x 2 32 )
((
= 2 x + 4x
= 2 ( x + 4 )( x 3)( x + 3)
( ) 12
= ( 3 x 2 1)( 3x 2 + 1)
45. 9 x 4 1 = 3 x 2
+ 2rs + 4s
3u 2 + 4u 15
a c = 3 15 = 45
We need factors of 45 that add to get 4. Since
the product is negative, they must have different
signs, and since the sum is positive, the factor
with the larger absolute value must be positive.
factor 1 factor 2 sum
15
3
12 too large
9
5
4 okay
2
3u + 4u 15 = 3u + 9u 5u 15
= 3u ( u + 3) 5 ( u + 3)
= ( u + 3)( 3u 5 )
Now get back in terms of w.
)(
3w4 + 4 w2 15 = w2 + 3 3w2 5
49.
( ) 12
= ( p3 1)( p3 + 1)
= ( p 1) ( p 2 + p + 1) ( p + 1) ( p 2 p + 1)
= ( p 1)( p + 1) ( p 2 + p + 1)( p 2 p + 1)
55. p 6 1 = p3
= 3 x3 + 5 x 2 9 x 45
59. 3a 27a3 = 3a 1 9a 2
5 ( 2 y + 3) + 6 = ( 2 y + 3 3 )( 2 y + 3 2 )
= 2 y ( 2 y + 1)
(
)
2
= ( p 2 p 5 + 52 ) 36q 2
= p 2 10 p + 25 36q 2
= ( p 5 ) 36q 2
= ( p 5 ) ( 6q )
= ( p 5 6q )( p 5 + 6q )
= ( p 6q 5 )( p + 6q 5)
2t 4t 4 + 7t 2 36
= 2t 4t + 16t 9t 2 36
53. y + 6 y 16
( (t + 4) 9 (t + 4))
= 2t 4t
u + 6u 16 = ( u + 8 )( u 2 )
2
( )( )
2
= 2t ( t 2 + 4 ) ( ( 2t ) 32 )
= 2t ( t 2 + 4 ) ( 2t 3)( 2t + 3)
= 2t t 2 + 4 4t 2 9
( )( )
= ( y 3 + 23 )( y 3 2 )
= ( y + 2 ) ( y 2 2 y + 22 )( y 3 2 )
= ( y + 2 ) ( y 2 2 y + 4 )( y 3 2 )
y 6 + 6 y 3 16 = y 3 + 8 y 3 2
51. p 2 10 p + 25 36q 2
= 3a (1 3a )(1 + 3a )
= 3a 1 ( 3a )
u 2 5u + 6 = ( u 3)( u 2 )
= 3 ( x + 5)( x 3)( x + 3)
( 2 y + 3)
= 3 x3 + 5 x 2 + ( 9 x 45 )
2
= 3 x ( x + 5 ) 9 ( x + 5 )
= 3 ( x + 5 ) x 2 9
( 2 y + 3)2 5 ( 2 y + 3) + 6
343
63. 2 x 4 y + 10 x3 y 18 x 2 y 90 xy
(
)
2
= 2 xy ( x ( x + 5 ) 9 ( x + 5 ) )
= 2 xy ( x + 5) ( x 2 9 )
= 2 xy ( x + 5) ( x 2 32 )
= 2 xy x3 + 5 x 2 9 x 45
= 2 xy ( x + 5)( x 3)( x + 3)
65.
= ( 3x 4 ) 9 x + 12 x + 16
f ( x ) = x 2 2 x 63
= ( x 9 )( x + 7 )
= 3 4 x 49
= 3 ( 2 x ) ( 7 )
( 3x 4 ) ( 9 x 2 + 12 x + 16 )
1/2
=x
= x1/2 ( x 3)( x + 3)
=x
= 2 a + 5a
) + ( 32a 80)
= a 2 ( 2a + 5 ) + ( 16 )( 2a + 5 )
= ( 2a + 5 ) a 2 16
= ( 2a + 5 ) ( a ) ( 4 )
( 2 x + 5 )2 ( x + 2 )2
= ( 2 x + 5 ) ( x + 2 ) ( 2 x + 5 ) + ( x + 2 )
= ( 2 x + 5 x 2 )( 2 x + 5 + x + 2 )
= ( x + 3)( 3x + 7 )
( x + 4 )( x + 2 )
= ( 2a + 5 )( a + 4 )( a 4 )
x+4 =0
x+44 = 04
x = 4
Solution set: {4}
344
85. 1 + 6 x 1 + 8 x 2 = x 2 x 2 + 6 x + 8
= 16 ( t 8 )( t + 2 )
( )
( x2 32 )
cubic units.
= 3 ( 2 x + 7 )( 2 x 7 )
= 16 t 2 6t 16
67. P ( m ) = 7m 2 + 31m + 12
= ( 7m + 3)( m + 4 )
69. G ( x ) = 12 x 2 + 147
( 3x )3 ( 4 )3 = ( 3x 4 ) ( 3x )2 + 3x 4 + ( 4 )2
R6.
When x = 2, we get
2
2 x 2 + 3x + 1 = 2 ( 2 ) + 3 ( 2 ) + 1
= 2 ( 4) + 3( 2) + 1
= 8 + 6 +1
= 15
b.
When x = 1, we get
x = 0 or x + 7 = 0
x = 7
2 x 2 + 3x + 1 = 2 ( 1) + 3 ( 1) + 1
= 2 (1) + 3 ( 1) + 1
= 2 3 +1
=0
R4.
Check:
( 7 )( 7 + 7 ) = 0
?
( 7 )( 0 ) = 0
0=0 !
The solution set is {7, 0} .
f ( x) = 4x + 3
11 = 4 x + 3
11 3 = 4 x + 3 3
8 = 4x
8 4x
=
4 4
2= x
Solution set: {2}
4.
2
x6
3
2
x6 = 0
3
2
x=6
3
2 x = 18
x=9
9 is the zero of f (x).
R3. 2 x 2 + 3x + 1
a.
f ( x) =
f ( x ) = 2 x + 8
f ( 4 ) = 2 ( 4 ) + 8
= 8 + 8
=0
The point ( 4, 0 ) is on the graph of f.
( x 3)( 4 x + 3) = 0
x 3 = 0 or 4 x + 3 = 0
x=3
4 x = 3
3
x=
4
Check:
( 3 3 ) ( 4 ( 3 ) + 3)! 0
0 (15)! 0
0=0
3
3
3 4 + 3 ! 0
4
4
15
( 0) ! 0
4
0=0
3
The solution set is , 3 .
4
5. A quadratic equation is an equation equivalent to
one of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, and
c are real numbers and a 0.
345
Check:
2
x 2 7 x + 4 = 0.
8.
( 2 ) 2 5 ( 2 ) + 6!0
4 10 + 6!0
0=0
( 3) 2 5 ( 3) + 6!0
9 15 + 6!0
0=0
The solution set is {2, 3}.
x 2 + 3 x = 2
x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0
( x + 1)( x + 2 ) = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 1
x = 2
Check:
( 2 )( 2 + 3)! 2
2 (1)! 2
2 = 2
( 1)( 1 + 3)! 2
( 1)( 2 )! 2
2 = 2
The solution set is {2, 1}.
3t 14t = 5
2
3t 14t 5 = 0
( 3t + 1)( t 5) = 0
or t 5 = 0
t =5
1
1
3 14 !5
3
3
1 14
+ !5
3 3
5=5
3 ( 5 ) 14 ( 5 )!5
75 70!5
5=5
x 3x + 5 x 15 = 9
1
The solution set is , 5 .
3
4 y2 + 8 y + 3 = y2 1
3y2 + 8 y + 4 = 0
( 3 y + 2 )( y + 2 ) = 0
3y + 2 = 0
3 y = 2
2
y=
3
346
or
( x 3)( x + 5 ) = 9
13.
2
10.
x ( x + 3 ) = 2
12.
3t + 1 = 0
3t = 1
1
t=
3
Check:
2
2
2
4 + 8 + 3! 1
3
3
3
16 16
4
+ 3! 1
9 3
9
5
5
=
9
9
2
The solution set is 2, .
3
p2 5 p + 6 = 0
( p 3)( p 2 ) = 0
p 3 = 0 or p 2 = 0
p=3
p=2
Check:
9.
4 ( 2 ) + 8 ( 2 ) + 3!( 2 ) 1
16 16 + 3! 4 1
3=3
y+2=0
y = 2
x 2 + 2 x 24 = 0
( x + 6 )( x 4 ) = 0
x+6 = 0
or x 4 = 0
x = 6
x=4
Check:
( 6 3)( 6 + 5)!9
( 9 )( 1)!9
9=9
4
3
4
+
5
!
( )(
) 9
(1)( 9 )!9
9=9
The solution set is {6, 4}.
17. g ( x ) = x 2 8 x + 3
( y3 y 2 ) + ( 9 y + 9) = 0
x 8 x + 3 = 12
x2 8x 9 = 0
( x 9 )( x + 1) = 0
x 9 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x=9
x = 1
The solution set is {1, 9}. The points
(1, 12) and (9, 12) are on the graph of g.
( y 1) 9 ( y 1) = 0
( y 1) ( y 2 9 ) = 0
( y 1)( y 3)( y + 3) = 0
y
y 1 = 0 or y 3 = 0 or y + 3 = 0
y =1
y=3
y = 3
Check:
3
x 8 x + 3 = 4
x2 8 x + 7 = 0
( x 7 )( x 1) = 0
x 7 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x=7
x =1
The solution set is {1, 7}. The points (1, 4)
and (7, 4) are on the graph of g.
1 1 9 + 9!0
0=0
27 9 27 + 9!0
0=0
The solution set is {3, 1, 3}.
16.
g ( x ) = 4
b.
( 3) ( 3) 9 ( 3) + 9!0
27 9 + 27 + 9!0
0=0
g ( x ) = 12
a.
y3 y 2 9 y + 9 = 0
h ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 3 x 20
h ( x) = 0
18.
2n 3n 2n = 0
2 x 2 + 3x 20 = 0
( 2 x 5 )( x + 4 ) = 0
n(2n 2 3n 2) = 0
n(2n + 1)(n 2) = 0
or n 2 = 0
n = 0 or 2n + 1 = 0
2n = 1
n=2
1
n=
2
5
(4, 0) and , 0 .
2
1
1
1
2 3 2 ! 0
2
2
2
1 3
+1 ! 0
4 4
0=0
2(2)3 3(2)2 2(2) ! 0
16 12 4 ! 0
0=0
2x 5 = 0
2x = 5
5
x=
2
or x + 4 = 0
x = 4
5
; the x-intercepts are
2
19. F ( x) = 5 x 2 3x 2
F ( x) = 0
5 x2 3x 2 = 0
(5 x + 2)( x 1) = 0
5x + 2 = 0
or x 1 = 0
5 x = 2
x =1
2
x=
5
2
The zeros are and 1; the x-intercepts are
5
2
, 0 and (1, 0).
5
347
x 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 3 or x = 1
The solution set is {1, 3}.
135 = w2 + 6w
0 = w2 + 6w 135
0 = ( w + 15 )( w 9 )
25. 2 x ( 3x + 4 ) = 0
2x = 0
x=0
or 3x + 4 = 0
3x = 4
4
x=
3
4
The solution set is , 0 .
3
w + 15 = 0
or w 9 = 0
w = 15
w=9
Since the width must be positive, we discard the
negative solution. The width is 9 miles and the
length is 9 + 6 = 15 miles.
21. Let x = the number of boxes ordered. The price
per box is then given by 100 ( x 30 ) = 130 x .
27. y ( y 5 )( y + 3) = 0
y = 0 or y 5 = 0 or y + 3 = 0
y=5
y = 3
The solution set is {3, 0, 5}.
x 2 130 x + 4200 = 0
( x 60 )( x 70 ) = 0
x 60 = 0 or x 70 = 0
x = 60
x = 70
Since the number of boxes ordered must be
between 30 and 65, we discard the second
solution. The customer ordered 60 boxes of CDs.
22. s ( t ) = 16t 2 + 160t
29. 3 p 2 12 p = 0
3 p ( p 4) = 0
3 p = 0 or p 4 = 0
p=0
p=4
The solution set is {0, 4}.
31.
2 w = 0 or w 8 = 0
w=0
w=8
The solution set is {0, 8}.
t 2 10t + 24 = 0
( t 4 )( t 6 ) = 0
33.
m 2 + 2m 15 = 0
( m + 5 )( m 3) = 0
m + 5 = 0 or m 3 = 0
m = 5
m=3
The solution set is {5, 3}.
35.
w2 13w = 36
t 4 = 0 or t 6 = 0
t=4
t =6
The rocket will be 384 feet above the
ground after 4 seconds and after 6 seconds.
b.
s (t ) = 0
16t 2 + 160t = 0
t 2 10t = 0
t ( t 10 ) = 0
t = 0 or t 10 = 0
t = 10
The rocket will strike the ground after
10 seconds.
348
2w2 = 16w
2 w2 16w = 0
2w ( w 8 ) = 0
s ( t ) = 384
a.
( x 3)( x + 1) = 0
w2 13w + 36 = 0
( w 9 )( w 4 ) = 0
w 9 = 0 or w 4 = 0
w=9
w=4
The solution set is {4, 9}.
37. p 2 6 p + 9 = 0
( p 3)
47.
=0
p 3 = 0
p=3
The solution set is {3}.
x 2 + 4 x 12 = 0
( x + 6 )( x 2 ) = 0
x+6 = 0
or x 2 = 0
x = 6
x=2
The solution set is {6, 2}.
5 x2 = 2 x + 3
39.
5x2 2 x 3 = 0
( 5 x + 3)( x 1) = 0
5 x + 3 = 0 or x 1 = 0
5 x = 3
x =1
3
x=
5
3
The solution set is , 1 .
5
49.
2 x 2 + 3x 14 = 0
( 2 x + 7 )( x 2 ) = 0
2x + 7 = 0
2 x = 7
7
x=
2
m 2 + 6m + 9 = 0
(m + 3)2 = 0
m+3 = 0
m = 3
The solution set is {3}.
51.
3 p 2 + 3 p 40 = 0
3 ( p + 8 )( p 5) = 0
p +8 = 0
or p 5 = 0
p = 8
p=5
The solution set is {8, 5}.
45.
4b 2 14b + 60 = 0
x 2 + 8 x = 33
x 2 + 8 x 33 = 0
( x + 11)( x 3) = 0
x + 11 = 0
or x 3 = 0
x = 11
x=3
The solution set is {11, 3}.
x2 + 5 x 6 = 9 + 3x
2 ( 2b 5 )( b + 6 ) = 0
or b + 6 = 0
b = 6
x ( x + 8 ) = 33
53. ( x + 6)( x 1) = 9 + 3 x
2 2b 2 + 7b 30 = 0
2b 5 = 0
2b = 5
5
b=
2
or x 2 = 0
x=2
7
The solution set is , 2 .
2
3 p 2 + 9 p 120 = 0
2 2
14
x +x=
3
3
14
2 2
3 x + x = 3
3
3
2 x 2 + 3x = 14
41. m 2 + 7m + 9 = m
43.
1 2
x + 2x 6 = 0
2
1
2 x2 + 2x 6 = 2 0
2
5
.
2
x 2 + 2 x 15 = 0
( x + 5)( x 3) = 0
x + 5 = 0 or x 3 = 0
x = 5
x=3
The solution set is {5, 3}.
349
2 z3 5z 2 = 3z
55.
2 z 3 5 z 2 3z = 0
z 2 z 2 5z 3 = 0
z ( 2 z + 1)( z 3) = 0
z = 0 or 2 z + 1 = 0
or z 3 = 0
2 z = 1
z=3
1
z=
2
1
The solution set is , 0, 3 .
2
( 2 p + 5) 4 ( 2 p + 5) = 0
( 2 p + 5) ( p2 4 ) = 0
( 2 p + 5 )( p 2 )( p + 2 ) = 0
x + 7 x + 12 = 2
x 2 + 7 x + 10 = 0
( x + 5 )( x + 2 ) = 0
x + 5 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 5
x = 2
The solution set is {5, 2}.
2p +5 = 0
2 p = 5
5
p=
2
or
p 2 = 0 or
p=2
x + 7 x + 12 = 20
p+2 =0
p = 2
x2 + 7 x 8 = 0
( x + 8 )( x 1) = 0
x + 8 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 8
x =1
The solution set is {8, 1}.
The points (5, 2), (2, 2), (8, 20), and (1, 20)
are on the graph of f.
2x 6x 5 = 3
2b ( 5b + 3)( 3b + 2 ) = 0
2 x2 6 x 8 = 0
2b = 0 or 5b + 3 = 0
or 3b + 2 = 0
5b = 3
3b = 2
b=0
3
2
b=
b=
5
3
2
3
The solution set is , , 0 .
3
5
( x 2 )3 = x3 2 x
( x 2 )( x 2 )( x 2 ) = x3 2 x
( x 2 4 x + 4 ) ( x 2 ) = x3 2 x
x 3 4 x 2 + 4 x 2 x 2 + 8 x 8 = x3 2 x
x3 6 x 2 + 12 x 8 = x3 2 x
6 x 2 + 14 x 8 = 0
2 3 x 2 7 x + 4 = 0
2 ( 3x 4 )( x 1) = 0
350
g ( x) = 3
65. a.
2b 15b 2 + 19b + 6 = 0
61.
f ( x ) = 20
b.
5
The solution set is , 2, 2 .
2
59.
4
.
3
f ( x) = 2
63. a.
2 p3 + 5 p 2 8 p 20 = 0
57.
or x 1 = 0
x =1
2 x2 3x 4 = 0
2 ( x 4 )( x + 1) = 0
x 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x=4
x = 1
The solution set is {1, 4}.
g ( x ) = 15
b.
2
2 x 6 x 5 = 15
2 x 2 6 x 20 = 0
2 x 2 3x 10 = 0
2 ( x 5 )( x + 2 ) = 0
x 5 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x=5
x = 2
The solution set is {2, 5}.
The points (1, 3), (4, 3), (2, 15), and (5, 15)
are on the graph of g.
67. a.
73. s ( d ) = 2d 3 + 2d 2 40d
3x 2 + 12 x + 5 = 5
0 = 2d 3 + 2d 2 40d
3x 2 + 12 x = 0
3 x ( x 4 ) = 0
3x = 0 or x 4 = 0
x=0
x=4
The solution set is {0, 4}.
0 = 2d d 2 + d 20
0 = 2d ( d + 5 )( d 4 )
2d = 0 or d + 5 = 0 or d 4 = 0
d =0
d = 5
d =4
The zeros of s(d) are 5, 0, and 4.
The x-intercepts are (5, 0), (0, 0), and (4, 0).
F ( x ) = 10
b.
2
3x + 12 x + 5 = 10
x + 3x 5 x 15 = 9
3 x 2 4 x 5 = 0
x 2 2 x 15 = 9
3 ( x 5)( x + 1) = 0
x 5 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x=5
x = 1
The solution set is {1, 5}.
x 2 2 x 24 = 0
( x 6 )( x + 4 ) = 0
f ( x ) = x 2 + 9 x + 14
0 = x 2 + 9 x + 14
0 = ( x + 7 )( x + 2 )
x+7 = 0
or x + 2 = 0
x = 7
x = 2
The zeros of f(x) are 7 and 2.
The x-intercepts are (7, 0) and (2, 0).
x 6 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
x=6
x = 4
The solution set is {4, 6}.
77.
2q 2 + 3q 14 = 0
( 2q + 7 )( q 2 ) = 0
2q + 7 = 0
or q 2 = 0
2q = 7
q=2
7
q=
2
7
The solution set is , 2 .
2
71. g ( t ) = 6t 2 25t 9
0 = 6t 2 25t 9
0 = ( 3t + 1)( 2t 9 )
3t + 1 = 0
3t = 1
1
t=
3
( x + 3)( x 5 ) = 9
75.
3x 2 + 12 x + 15 = 0
or 2t 9 = 0
2t = 9
9
t=
2
1
9
The zeros of g(t) are and .
2
3
1
9
The x-intercepts are , 0 and , 0 .
3
3b = 0 or b 7 = 0
b=0
b=7
The solution set is {0, 7}.
81. ( x + 2)( x + 3) = x ( x 2)
x 2 + 5x + 6 = x 2 2x
7x + 6 = 0
7 x = 6
6
x=
7
6
The solution set is .
7
351
83.
u 2 5u = 6
x3 + 5 x 2 4 x 20 = 0
x2 ( x + 5) 4 ( x + 5) = 0
u 2 5u + 6 = 0
( u 3)( u 2 ) = 0
( x + 5) ( x2 4) = 0
( x + 5 )( x 2 )( x + 2 ) = 0
u 3 = 0 or u 2 = 0
u=3
u=2
Now get back in terms of a.
a + 3 = 3 or a + 3 = 2
a=0
a = 1
The solution set is {1, 0}.
x + 5 = 0 or x 2 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 5
x=2
x = 2
The solution set is {5, 2, 2}.
85.
( 2 x + 1)( x 3) x 2 = ( x 2 )( x 3)
2 x 2 6 x + x 3 x 2 = x2 3x 2 x + 6
x 2 5 x 3 = x2 5 x + 6
3 = 6
Because we arrived at this contradiction, the
solution set is or { }.
87. x3 + x 2 + x + 6 = 3x 2 + 6 x
x3 2 x 2 5 x + 6 = 0
Use synthetic division to find a factor. Try c = 1.
1 1 2 5 6
1 1 6
1 1 6 0
So x 1 is a factor of x3 2 x 2 5 x + 6, which
factors as ( x 1)( x 2 x 6).
( x 1)( x 2 x 6) = 0
( x 1)( x 3)( x + 2) = 0
x 1 = 0 or x 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x =1
x=3
x = 2
The solution set is {2, 1, 3}.
89.
4 x 4 17 x 2 + 4 = 0
( 4 x 1)( x 4) = 0
(( 2x )2 12 ) ( x2 22 ) = 0
2
( 2 x 1)( 2 x + 1)( x 2 )( x + 2 ) = 0
2 x 1 = 0 or 2 x + 1 = 0 or x 2 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x=2
x = 2
2x = 1
2 x = 1
1
1
x=
x=
2
2
1 1
The solution set is 2, , , 2 .
2 2
91.
( a + 3)2 5 ( a + 3) = 6
Let u = a + 3 .
352
93.
f ( x) =
x 4
The domain is all real numbers except where the
denominator equals 0.
x2 4 = 0
( x 2 )( x + 2 ) = 0
x 2 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x=2
x = 2
The domain is all real numbers except 2. That
is, { x | x 2} .
4x + 3
95. g ( x ) =
2 x 3x + 1
The domain is all real numbers except where the
denominator equals 0.
2 x2 3x + 1 = 0
( 2 x 1)( x 1) = 0
2 x 1 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x =1
2x = 1
1
x=
2
x| x
1
and 1.
2
1
,1 .
2
A = width length
A = x ( x 8)
x ( x 8) = 128
x 2 8 x = 128
x 2 8 x 128 = 0
( x 16 )( x + 8) = 0
x 16 = 0 or x + 8 = 0
x = 16
x = 8
The width of the rectangle is 16 centimeters and
the length is 8 centimeters.
1
A = base height
2
1
= x ( x + 12 )
2
1
x ( x + 12 ) = 110
2
1 2
x + 6 x = 110
2
100 80
100 20
= 10
= 40
2
2
The dimensions of the plot are 40 meters by
20 meters (along the river) or 10 meters by
80 meters (along the river).
105. Let x = width of walkway .
(8 + 2 x )(12 + 2 x ) = 252
96 + 24 x + 16 x + 4 x 2 = 252
4 x 2 + 40 x 156 = 0
x 2 + 12 x = 220
x 2 + 12 x 220 = 0
( x + 22 )( x 10 ) = 0
x + 22 = 0 or x 10 = 0
x = 10
x = 22
The base of the triangle is 10 feet and the height
is 22 feet.
D=
101.
20 =
x + 5 = length .
To obtain the length and width of the box, we
subtract 4 from both the length and width of the
cardboard because a corner is cut from each end.
V = length width height
2
n ( n 3)
2
40 = n ( n 3)
40 = n2 3n
2
n 3n 40 = 0
( n 8 )( n + 5 ) = 0
n 8 = 0 or n + 5 = 0
n=8
n = 5
A convex polygon with 20 diagonals has 8 sides
(octagon).
103. Let x = length of plot bordering river . The width
100 x
.
2
A = length width
(100 x )
= x
2
x (100 x )
=
2
800 =
4 ( x + 13)( x 3) = 0
x + 13 = 0 or x 3 = 0
x=3
x = 13
The walkway is 3 feet wide.
107. Let x = width of the piece of cardboard , then
n ( n 3)
must be
4 x 2 + 10 x 39 = 0
168 = ( x + 5 4 )( x 4 )( 2 )
168 = 2 ( x + 1)( x 4 )
84 = ( x + 1)( x 4 )
84 = x 2 + x 4 x 4
0 = x 2 3x 88
0 = ( x 11)( x + 8 )
x 11 = 0 or x + 8 = 0
x = 11
x = 8
The width of the piece of cardboard is 11 inches
and the length is 16 inches.
109. a.
C ( x ) = x 2 40 x + 600
2
x (100 x )
2
1600 = x (100 x )
C ( 30 ) = ( 30 ) 40 ( 30 ) + 600
= 900 1200 + 600
= 300
The marginal cost for producing the 30th
bicycle is $300.
1600 = 100 x x 2
x 2 100 x + 1600 = 0
( x 80 )( x 20 ) = 0
x 80 = 0 or x 20 = 0
x = 80
x = 20
Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
353
b.
x 2 40 x + 600 = 200
x 2 40 x + 400 = 0
( x 20 )2 = 0
x 20 = 0
x = 20
20 bicycles must be manufactured to have a
marginal cost of $200.
c.
x 2 40 x + 600 = 225
x 2 40 x + 375 = 0
( x 25 )( x 15 ) = 0
x 25 = 0 or x 15 = 0
x = 25
x = 15
Since production would continue until
marginal revenue equals marginal cost, the
company should manufacture 15 bicycles.
s ( t ) = 16t 2 + 120t
111. a.
8 2t 2 15t + 25 = 0
8 ( t 5)( 2t 5 ) = 0
t 5 = 0 or 2t 5 = 0
t =5
2t = 5
5
t=
2
The ball will be at a height of 200 feet after
2.5 seconds (on the way up), and again after
5 seconds (on the way down).
b.
16t 2 + 120t = 0
8t ( 2t 15 ) = 0
8t = 0 or 2t 15 = 0
t=0
2t = 15
15
t=
2
The ball will hit the ground after
7.5 seconds.
113. 2 x 2 7 x 5 = 0
1
9
Degree: 3
3. 7 x3 2 x 2 + x 8
Degree: 3
4. y 4 3 y 2 + 2 y + 3
Degree: 4
354
5.
( x 2 + 2 x 7 ) + ( 3x 2 x 4 )
11. a.
f ( 2 ) = 3 ( 2 ) + 2 ( 2 ) 8
= 3 ( 4 ) 4 8
= 12 4 8
= 24
= x 2 + 2 x 7 + 3x 2 x 4
= x 2 + 3x 2 + 2 x x 7 4
= (1 + 3) x 2 + ( 2 1) x + ( 7 4 )
= 4 x 2 + x 11
6.
(4x
) (
3x + x 5 x + 2 x 7 x + 1
= 4 x3 3 x 2 + x 5 x 4 2 x 2 + 7 x 1
b.
= x 4 + 4 x3 + ( 3 2 ) x 2 + (1 + 7 ) x + ( 5 1)
3
= x + 4 x 5x + 8x 6
c.
f ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 2 x 8
2
f ( 3 ) = 3 ( 3 ) + 2 ( 3 ) 8
= 3 ( 9 ) + 6 8
= 27 + 6 8
= 29
1
1
1
7. x 2 x 4 x
2
6
4
1 2 1
1
= x x 4x +
4
2
6
1 2 1
1
= x + 4 x +
4
6
2
1 2 9
1
= x x+
4
2
6
12. a.
f ( x ) = x3 5 x 2 + 3 x 1
3
b.
f ( x ) = x3 5 x 2 + 3x 1
3
c.
f ( x ) = x3 5 x 2 + 3x 1
3
= x3 y 2 x3 y 2 + 6 x 2 y 2 + 4 x 2 y 2 xy + xy
13. a.
(f
+ g )( x ) = ( 4 x 3) + x 2 + 3x + 2
= 4 x 3 + x 2 + 3x + 2
= (1 1) x3 y 2 + ( 6 + 4 ) x 2 y 2 + ( 1 + 1) xy
= a b 4ab + 3 2a b 2ab 7
= a 2 b 2a 2 b 4ab2 2ab 2 + 3 7
= (1 2 ) a 2b + ( 4 2 ) ab2 + ( 3 7 )
= x2 + 4 x + 3x 3 + 2
= 10 x 2 y 2
f ( 2) = ( 2) 5 ( 2) + 3( 2) 1
= 8 5 ( 4) + 6 1
= 8 20 + 6 1
= 7
( x3 y 2 + 6 x2 y2 xy ) + ( x3 y 2 + 4 x2 y 2 + xy )
f ( 0) = ( 0) 5 ( 0) + 3( 0) 1
= 0 0 + 0 1
= 1
= x3 y 2 + 6 x 2 y 2 xy x3 y 2 + 4 x 2 y 2 + xy
10.
f ( 3) = ( 3) 5 ( 3) + 3 ( 3) 1
= 27 5 ( 9 ) 9 1
= 27 45 9 1
= 82
1 1
2
1
8. x 2 x + + x 2 +
4 3
5
2
1
1 1
2
= x2 x + + x2 +
2
4 3
5
1 2 1 2
1 2
= x + x x+ +
2
3
4 5
1 1 2
1 2
= + x x+ +
2 3
4 5
5 2
13
= x x+
6
20
9.
f ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 2 x 8
f ( 0 ) = 3 ( 0 ) + 2 ( 0 ) 8
= 0+ 08
= 8
= x 4 + 4 x3 3x 2 2 x 2 + x + 7 x 5 1
4
f ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 2 x 8
= x2 + 7 x 1
b.
Since
(f
(f
+ g )( x ) = x 2 + 7 x 1 , we have
2
+ g )( 3) = ( 3) + 7 ( 3) 1
= 9 + 21 1
= 29
= a 2 b 6ab 2 4
Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
355
14. a.
(f
) (
g )( x ) = 2 x3 + x 2 7 3 x 2 x + 5
= 2 x3 + x 2 7 3 x 2 + x 5
17.
( 3x3 y )( 4 xy 2 ) = ( 3 4) ( x3 x )( y y 2 )
= 12 x3+1 y1+ 2
= 2 x3 + x 2 3 x 2 + x 7 5
= 12 x 4 y 3
= 2 x3 2 x 2 + x 12
b.
Since
have
(f
15. a.
g )( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) 12
= 2 ( 8 ) 2 ( 4 ) + 2 12
= 16 8 + 2 12
= 2
) (
16. a.
356
( x + 2 )( x 9 ) = x x x 9 + 2 x 2 9
= x 2 9 x + 2 x 18
= x 2 7 x 18
22.
( 3x + 1)( 2 x 8 )
= 3 x 2 x 3 x ( 8 ) + 1 2 x 1 8
= 6 x 2 + 24 x + 2 x 8
= 6 x 2 + 26 x 8
23.
( m 4n )( 2m + n )
= m 2m + m n 4n 2m 4n n
= 2m 2 + mn 8mn 4n2
= 2m 2 7mn 4n 2
24.
( 2a + 15 )( a + 3)
= 2a ( a ) + 2a 3 + 15 ( a ) + 15 3
= 2a 2 + 6a 15a + 45
= 2a 2 9a + 45
A ( x ) = x2 + 5x
A ( x ) = x2 + 5x
b.
A ( 2) = ( 2) + 5 ( 2)
= 4 + 10
=6
The area of the region would be 6 square
units.
)(
18. mn 4 18m3 n3 = 18 m m3 n4 n3
3
18 1+3 4+3
= m n
3
= 6m 4 n 7
( f g )( x ) = 2 x3 2 x 2 + x 12 , we
( x + 2 ) ( 3 x2 5 x + 1)
= x 3 x 2 x 5 x + x 1 + 2 3 x 2 2 5 x + 2 1
= 3 x3 5 x 2 + x + 6 x 2 10 x + 2
= 3 x3 + x 2 9 x + 2
26.
( w 4 ) ( w2 + w 8 )
35. a.
= w w2 + w w w 8 4 w2 4 w 4 ( 8 )
( f g )( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x )
= ( 3 x 7 )( 6 x + 5)
= 3x 6 x + 3x 5 7 6 x 7 5
= w3 + w2 8w 4w2 4w + 32
3
= 18 x 2 + 15 x 42 x 35
= w 3w 12w + 32
27.
= 18 x 2 27 x 35
( m2 2m + 3)( 2m2 + 5m 7 )
2
b.
= m 2 m + m 5m m 7 2 m 2 m
Since
( f g )( x ) = 18 x2 27 x 35,
( f g )( 2 ) = 18 ( 2 ) 27 ( 2 ) 35
= 18 ( 4 ) + 54 35
2m 5m 2m ( 7 ) + 3 2m 2
+ 3 5m 3 7
= 72 + 54 35
= 91
36. a.
= 2m 4 + m3 11m2 + 29m 21
28.
( 2 p 3q ) ( p 2 + 7 pq 4q 2 )
( f g )( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x )
= ( x + 2 ) ( 3 x 2 x + 1)
= x 3x 2 x x + x 1 + 2 3x 2
2 x + 2 1
= 2 p p 2 + 2 p 7 pq 2 p 4q 2 3q p 2
3q 7 pq 3q 4q 2
= 3 x3 x 2 + x + 6 x 2 2 x + 2
= 3 x3 + 5 x 2 x + 2
= 2 p3 + 14 p 2 q 8 pq 2 3 p 2 q 21 pq 2 + 12q3
= 2 p3 + 11 p 2 q 29 pq 2 + 12q3
29.
b.
= 192 + 80 4 + 2
= 270
( 2 x 5 y )( 2 x + 5 y ) = ( 2 x )2 ( 5 y )2
= 4 x 2 25 y 2
37.
f ( x ) = 5 x2 + 8
2
f ( x 3) = 5 ( x 3) + 8
( 6k 5)2 = ( 6k )2 2 ( 6k )( 5 ) + ( 5)2
(
)
2
= 5 ( x 6x + 9) + 8
= 5 x 2 2 x 3 + 32 + 8
= 36k 2 60k + 25
32.
( 3a + 2b )2 = ( 3a )2 + 2 ( 3a )( 2b ) + ( 2b )2
= 5 x 2 30 x + 45 + 8
= 9a 2 + 12ab + 4b2
33.
= 5 x 2 30 x + 53
( x + 2 ) ( x2 2 x + 4 )
= x x2 x 2 x + x 4 + 2 x2 2 2 x + 2 4
= x3 2 x 2 + 4 x + 2 x 2 4 x + 8
= x3 + 8
34.
( f g )( x ) = 3x3 + 5 x 2 x + 2 , we
( f g )( 4 ) = 3 ( 4 )3 + 5 ( 4 )2 ( 4 ) + 2
= 3 ( 64 ) + 5 (16 ) 4 + 2
= 9w 1
31.
Since
have
( 3w + 1)( 3w 1) = ( 3w )2 (1)2
2
30.
( 2 x 3) ( 4 x 2 + 6 x + 9 )
= 2 x 4 x2 + 2x 6 x + 2 x 9 3 4 x2 3 6x 3 9
= 8 x3 + 12 x 2 + 18 x 12 x 2 18 x 27
= 8 x3 27
we have
38.
f ( x + h) f ( x)
= ( x + h ) + 3 ( x + h ) 5
x + 3x 5
2
2
= x 2 xh h + 3x + 3h 5
x + 3x 5
2
2
= x 2 xh h + 3x + 3h 5
2
+ x 2 3x + 5
= 2 xh + 3h h2
357
39.
40.
2 x + 7
44. x + 5 2 x 2 3x + 40
12 x3 6 x 2 12 x3 6 x 2
=
3x
3x
3x
12 31 6 2 1
= x x
3
3
= 4 x2 2 x
2 x 2 10 x
+
+
5w
5w
5w
5w
15 51 5 31 25 2 1 10 11
= w w + w + w
5
5
5
5
= 3w4 w2 + 5 w + 2
7 y 3 + 12 y 2 6 y 7 y 3 12 y 2 6 y
=
+
41.
2y
2y
2y
2y
7 31 12 21 6 11
= y + y
y
2
2
2
7 2
= y + 6y 3
2
42.
=
=
=
=
4m n
8m 2 n2 14mn3
+
4 m 2 n3 4 m 2 n3 4 m 2 n 3
2 3 2 2 3 8 2 2 23 14 1 2 33
m n
+ m n
m n
4
4
4
1 1
1 7 1
mn + 2n m
2
2
m 2 7
+
2n n 2m
2m3 n 2
3x + 4
43. x 2 3x 2 2 x 8
3x 2 6 x
7 x + 40
( 7 x + 35 )
5
2 x 2 3x + 40
5
= 2 x + 7 +
x+5
x+5
3z 2 + 2
45. 2 z + 3 6 z 3 + 9 z 2 + 4 z 6
6 z3 + 9 z 2
4z 6
( 4z + 6)
12
3
6z + 9z + 4z 6
12
= 3z 2 + 2
2z + 3
2z + 3
4k 2 + k 2
46. 3k 8 12k 3 29k 2 14k + 16
12k 3 32k 2
3k 2 14k
3k 2 8k
6k + 16
( 6k + 16 )
0
3
4x 8
( 4 x 8)
0
2
3x 2 x 8
= 3x + 4
x2
358
47.
3
8 x + 12 x + 18 x + 27
2 x 3 16 x + 0 x3 + 0 x 2 + 0 x 81
4
16 x 4 24 x3
24 x3 + 0 x 2
24 x3 36 x 2
36 x 54 x
4 1 2 39
7
n3 + 2n 2 39n + 67
= n2 + 6n 15 +
n4
n4
0
4
16 x 81
= 8 x3 + 12 x 2 + 18 x + 27
2x 3
1 1
2 x 2 5 x + 12
48. x 3x + 4 2 x 11x + 35 x 2 54 x + 55
5 x + 27 x 54 x
5 x3 + 15 x 2 20 x
12 x 36 x + 48
2 2
2x + 7
2 x 4 11x3 + 35 x 2 54 x + 55
x2 3x + 4
= 2 x 2 5 x + 12 +
2x + 7
11
55. a.
10 2
1 6
5 x 2 + 11x + 8
6
= 5x + 1 +
x+2
x+2
18
4
8
0
9a 2 14a 8
= 9a + 4
a2
2 x3 + 5 x 8
34
= 2 x 2 4 x + 13
x+2
x+2
x2 3x + 4
4 8 26
2 4 13 34
2 5
7
0
x4 + 6 x2 7
= x3 x 2 + 7 x 7
x +1
0 7
12 x 34 x + 55
0 6
1 1 7
1 1 7 7
2 x 4 6 x3 + 8 x 2
67
4
24 60
1 6 15
7
54 x 81
( 54 x 81)
33
0
3m3 + 11m 2 5m 33
= 3m 2 + 2m 11
m+3
36 x 2 + 0 x
9 6
2 11
b.
f
5 x3 + 25 x 2 15 x
x
=
(
)
5x
g
3
5x
25 x 2 15 x
=
+
5x
5x
5x
5 31 25 21 15 11
= x +
x x
5
5
5
= x2 + 5x 3
f
2
( x ) = x + 5x 3
g
f
Since ( x ) = x 2 + 5 x 3, we have
g
f
2
( 2) = ( 2) + 5 ( 2) 3
g
= 4 + 10 3
= 11
359
56. a.
f
9 x 2 + 54 x 31
( x) =
3x 2
g
3x + 20
3x 2 9 x 2 + 54 x 31
9 x2 6 x
58. a.
f
3x 4 14 x3 + 31x 2 58 x + 22
( x) =
x2 x + 5
g
3 x 2 11x + 5
x 2 x + 5 3x 4 14 x3 + 31x 2 58 x + 22
3 x 4 3x3 + 15 x 2
60 x 31
( 60 x 40 )
11x3 + 16 x 2 58 x
11x3 + 11x 2 55 x
57. a.
5 x 2 5 x + 25
f
9
Since ( x ) = 3x + 20 +
, we have
3x 2
g
f
9
( 3) = 3 ( 3) + 20 +
3 ( 3) 2
g
9
= 9 + 20 +
11
9
= 11
11
112
=
11
8 16
4 7
b.
360
f
2
( x ) = 3x 11x + 5 + 2
g
x x+5
b.
f
2x 3
Since ( x ) = 3x 2 11x + 5 +
,
2
g
x x+5
we have
2 ( 4) 3
f
2
( 4 ) = 3 ( 4 ) 11( 4 ) + 5 +
g
( 4 )2 ( 4 ) + 5
= 3 (16 ) 44 + 5 +
= 48 44 + 5 +
5
17
158
=
17
5
17
83
16 4 + 5
= 9+
28
0
f
2
( x) = 2x + 4x 7
g
f
Since ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 4 x 7, we have
g
f
2
( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) + 4 ( 2 ) 7
g
= 2 ( 4) 8 7
= 887
= 7
2x 3
2x 3
f
2 x3 + 12 x 2 + 9 x 28
( x) =
x+4
g
The divisor is x + 4 so c = 4 .
4 2 12
9 28
5 x 2 3x + 22
f
9
( x ) = 3x + 20 +
3x 2
g
b.
f ( 4 ) = 4 ( 4 ) 7 ( 4 ) + 23
= 4 (16 ) 28 + 23
= 64 28 + 23
= 59
The remainder is 59.
60. The divisor is x + 2 so c = 2
3
f ( 2 ) = ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 ) + 12 ( 2 ) 5
= 8 2 ( 4 ) 24 5
= 8 8 24 5 = 45
The remainder is 45 .
f ( 2 ) = 3 ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) 14
= 3 ( 4 ) + 2 14
= 12 + 2 14
=0
Since the remainder is 0, x 2 is a factor.
2 3 1 14
6 14
3 7
0
66. 7 y 2 + 91y
GCF: 7 y
7 y 2 + 91y = 7 y y 7 y ( 13)
= 7 y ( y 13)
67. 14 x3 y 2 + 2 xy 2 8 x 2 y
GCF: 2xy
14 x3 y 2 + 2 xy 2 8 x 2 y
= 2 xy 7 x 2 y + 2 xy y + 2 xy ( 4 x )
f ( x ) = ( x 2 )( 3 x + 7 )
= 2 xy 7 x 2 y + y 4 x
62. c = 4
2
f ( 4 ) = 2 ( 4 ) + 13 ( 4 ) + 22
= 2 (16 ) 52 + 22
= 32 52 + 22 = 2
Since the remainder is not 0, x + 4 is not a factor
of f ( x ) .
A
63. Since A = L W we get L =
W
5x + 1
4 x 3 20 x 2 11x 3
20 x 2 15 x
= 5a 2 b 6a 2 b 2 + 3a 5b
GCF: x + 5
3x ( x + 5 ) 4 ( x + 5) = 3x ( x + 5 ) 4 ( x + 5 )
= ( x + 5 )( 3 x 4 )
70. 4c ( 2c + 9 ) + 3 ( 2c + 9 )
GCF: 2c + 9
4c ( 2c + 9 ) + 3 ( 2c + 9 )
= 4c ( 2c + 9 ) + 3 ( 2c + 9 )
= ( 2c + 9 )( 4c + 3)
= ( 2c + 9 )( 3 4c )
0
The length of the rectangle is (5x + 1) meters.
64. We have V = L W H and the area of the top of
the box is L W . We can rewrite to get
V
L W =
H
2 2 1 7 6
71.
( 5 x + 3)( x 5 y ) + ( x + 2 )( x 5 y )
GCF: x 5 y
6
0
( 5 x + 3)( x 5 y ) + ( x + 2 )( x 5 y )
= ( x 5 y ) ( ( 5 x + 3) + ( x + 2 ) )
= ( x 5 y )( 5 x + 3 + x + 2 )
= ( x 5 y )( 6 x + 5 )
(2 x 2 + 5 x + 3) square centimeters.
65. 4 z + 24
GCF: 4
4 z + 24 = 4 z + 4 6
= 4 ( z + 6)
69. 3x ( x + 5 ) 4 ( x + 5 )
4x 3
( 4 x 3)
4 10
2 5 3
72.
( 3a b )( a + 7 ) ( a + 1)( a + 7 )
GCF: a + 7
( 3a b )( a + 7 ) ( a + 1)( a + 7 )
= ( a + 7 ) ( ( 3a b ) ( a + 1) )
= ( a + 7 )( 3a b a 1)
= ( a + 7 )( 2a b 1)
361
73. x 2 + 6 x 3x 18 = x 2 + 6 x + ( 3x 18)
= 2 x 2600 2 x x 2
= x ( x + 6) 3( x + 6)
= ( x + 6 )( x 3)
= 2 x 2600 x 2
75. 14 z 2 + 16 z 21z 24
= 14 z 2 + 16 z + ( 21z 24 )
= 2 z ( 7 z + 8 ) 3 ( 7 z + 8)
= ( 7 z + 8)( 2 z 3)
= 7 w ( 3w 4 ) + 2 ( 3w 4 )
= ( 3w 4 )( 7 w + 2 )
2 x3 + 2 x 2 18 x 2 18 x
= 2 x x2 + x 9x 9
((
= 2 x x 2 + x + ( 9 x 9 )
= 2 x ( x ( x + 1) 9 ( x + 1) )
= 2 x ( x + 1)( x 9 )
25
11
16
x 2 9 x + 15 is prime.
83. t 2 + 6t + 72
Start by factoring out 1 .
t 2 + 6t + 72 = 1 t 2 6t 72
= 5a 2 ( 2a + 3)( a + 7 )
362
Sum
Sum
= 5a 2 ( a ( 2 a + 3 ) + 7 ( 2 a + 3 ) )
b.
2, 13
Factors 1, 15 3, 5
( 2a + 3a + 14a + 21)
= 5a 2 ( ( 2a 2 + 3a ) + (14a + 21) )
79. a.
1, 26
82. x 2 9 x + 15
We are looking for two factors of c = 15 whose
sum is b = 9. Since c is positive the two factors
have the same sign, and since b is negative the
factors are both negative.
Factors
w2 11w 26 = ( w + 2 )( w 13)
81. w2 11w 26
We are looking for two factors of c = 26
whose sum is b = 11 . Since c is negative, the
factors will have opposite signs, and since b is
negative the factor with the larger absolute value
must be negative.
74. c 2 + 2c 5c 10 = c 2 + 2c + ( 5c 10 )
= c ( c + 2) 5 ( c + 2)
= ( c + 2 )( c 5 )
1 2 1
1
1
n + n = n n + n 1
2
2
2
2
1
= n ( n + 1)
2
Factors 1, 72 2, 36 3, 24 4, 18 6, 12 8, 9
Sum
n = 32
1
( 32 )( 32 + 1) = 16 ( 33) = 528
2
71
34
21
14
t 2 + 6t + 72 = 1 t 2 6t 72
= 1( t 12 )( t + 6 )
84. m 2 + 10m + 21
We are looking for two factors of c = 21 whose
sum is b = 10. Since both c and b are positive,
the two factors must be positive.
Factors
1, 21
3, 7
22
10
Sum
m + 10m + 21 = ( m + 3)( m + 7 )
2
85. x 2 + 4 xy 320 y 2
We are looking for two factors of c = 320
whose sum is b = 4. Since c is negative, the two
factors have opposite signs, and since b is
positive the factor with the larger absolute value
must be positive.
Factors
Sum
319
158
76
59
32
22
x 2 + 4 xy 320 y 2 = ( x + 20 y )( x 16 y )
86. r 2 5rs + 6s 2
We are looking for two factors of c = 6 whose
sum is b = 5. Since c is positive, the factors will
have the same sign, and since b is negative the
factors will both be negative.
Factors
1, 6
2, 3
Sum
r 2 5rs + 6s 2 = ( r 2s )( r 3s )
87. ac Method:
a c = 5 6 = 30
We are looking for two factors of 30 whose
sum is 13 . Since the product is negative, the
factors will have opposite signs. The sum is
positive so the factor with the larger absolute
value will be positive.
factor 1 factor 2 sum
1
30
29
2
15
13 okay
3
10
7
5
6
1
5 x 2 + 13 x 6 = 5 x 2 2 x + 15 x 6
= x ( 5x 2 ) + 3 (5 x 2 )
= ( x + 3)( 5 x 2 )
Trial and Error Method:
First note that there are no common factors and
that a = 5, b = 13, and c = 6. Since c is
negative, the signs in our factors will be
opposites. We will consider factorizations with
this form:
( __ x + __ )( __ x __ )
If our choice results in a middle term with the
wrong sign, we simply switch the signs of the
factors.
Since a = 5 can be factored as 1 5, we have the
following form:
( x + __ )( 5 x __ )
c = 6 = 6 can be factored as 1 6 or 2 3.
( x + 1)( 5 x 6 ) 5 x 2 x 6
( x + 6 )( 5 x 1) 5 x2 + 29 x 6
( x + 2 )( 5 x 3) 5 x2 + 7 x 6
( x + 3)( 5 x 2 ) 5 x2 + 13x 6
The correct factorization is
5 x 2 + 13 x 6 = ( x + 3)( 5 x 2 )
88. ac Method:
a c = 6 44 = 264
We are looking for two factors of 264 whose
sum is 41. Since the product is positive, the
factors will have the same sign. The sum is
positive so the factors will both be positive, and
both must be less than 41.
factor 1 factor 2 sum
8
33
41 okay
11
24
35
12
22
34
6m 2 + 41m + 44 = 6m 2 + 8m + 33m + 44
= 2m ( 3m + 4 ) + 11( 3m + 4 )
= ( 2m + 11)( 3m + 4 )
Trial and Error Method:
First note that there are no common factors and
that a = 6 , b = 41 , and c = 44. Since c is
positive, the signs in our factors will be the
same. Since b is positive, both factors will be
positive. We will consider factorizations with
this form:
363
( __ m + __ )( __ m + __ )
Since a = 6 can be factored as 1 6 or 2 3, we
have the following forms:
( m + __ )( 6m + __ )
( 2m + __ )( 3m + __ )
( m + 44 )( 6m + 1) 6m2 + 265m + 44
( 2m + 11)( 3m + 4 ) 6m2 + 41m + 44
( 2m + 1)( 3m + 44 ) 6m2 + 91m + 44
( m + 4 )( 6m + 11) 6m2 + 35m + 44
The correct factorization is
8t 2 + 22t 6 = 2 4t 2 + 11t 3
(
)
= 2 ( 4t 2 + 12t t 3)
8t 2 + 22t 6 = 2 4t 2 + 11t 3
6m 2 + 41m + 44 = ( 2m + 11)( 3m + 4 )
89. ac Method:
a c = 4 7 = 28
We are looking for two factors of 28 whose sum
is 5. Since the product is positive, the factors
will have the same sign. The sum is negative so
the factors will both be negative.
factor 1 factor 2 sum
1
28
29
2
14
16
4
7
11
Since none of the possibilities work, the
expression is prime.
Trial and Error Method:
First note that there are no common factors and
that a = 4, b = 5, and c = 7. Since c is positive,
the signs in our factors will be the same. Since b
is negative, the signs will both be negative. We
will consider factorizations with this form:
( __ y __ )( __ y __ )
Since a = 4 can be factored as 1 4 or 2 2, we
have the following forms:
( y __ )( 4 y __ )
( 2 y __ )( 2 y __ )
c = 7 can be factored as 1 7 .
( y 1)( 4 y 7 ) 4 y 2 11y + 7
( y 7 )( 4 y 1) 4 y 2 29 y + 7
( 2 y 1)( 2 y 7 ) 4 y 2 16 y + 7
None of the possibilities yield the given
expression. Therefore, the expression is prime.
364
= 2 ( 4t ( t + 3) 1( t + 3) )
= 2 ( t + 3)( 4t 1)
Trial and Error Method:
Start by factoring out the GCF.
8t 2 + 22t 6 = 2 4t 2 + 11t 3
c = 3 = 3 can be factored as 1 3.
( t + 1)( 4t 3) 4t 2 + t 3
( t + 3)( 4t 1) 4t 2 + 11t 3
( 2t + 1)( 2t 3) 4t 2 4t 3
The correct factorization is
8t 2 + 22t 6 = 2 ( t + 3)( 4t 1)
91. ac Method:
a c = 6 5 = 30
We are looking for two factors of 30 whose sum
is 13. Since the product is positive, the factors
will have the same sign. The sum is negative so
6 x 2 13x + 5 = 6 x 2 3x 10 x + 5
= 3x ( 2 x 1) 5 ( 2 x 1)
= ( 2 x 1)( 3x 5 )
Trial and Error Method:
First note that there are no common factors and
that a = 6, b = 13, and c = 5. Since c is positive,
the signs in our factors will be the same. Since b
is negative, the signs will both be negative. We
will consider factorizations with this form:
( __ x __ )( __ x __ )
Since a = 6 can be factored as 1 6 or 2 3, we
have the following forms:
( x __ )( 6 x __ )
( 2 x __ )( 3x __ )
c = 5 can be factored as 1 5.
6 x 2 13x + 5 = ( 2 x 1)( 3x 5 )
92. ac Method:
a c = 21 2 = 42
We are looking for two factors of 42 whose
sum is 1. Since the product is negative, the two
factors will have opposite signs. Since the sum is
negative, the factor with the larger absolute
value will be negative.
factor 1 factor 2 sum
42
41
1
21
19
2
14
11
3
7
1 okay
6
2
( 3r s )( 7r + 2s ) 21r 2 rs 2s 2
21r 2 rs 2s 2 = ( 3r s )( 7 r + 2s )
c = 2 = 2 can be factored as 1 2.
( x 1)( 6 x 5 ) 6 x 2 11x + 5
( x 5 )( 6 x 1) 6 x 2 31x + 5
( 2 x 1)( 3 x 5 ) 6 x 2 13x + 5
( 2 x 5 )( 3x 1) 6 x 2 17 x + 5
93. ac Method:
a c = 20 27 = 540
We are looking for two factors of 540 whose
sum is 57. Since the product is positive, the two
factors will have the same sign. Since the sum is
negative, the factors will both be negative. We
are adding two negative numbers to get 57 so
neither can be less than 57.
factor 1 factor 2 sum
10
54
64 too small
15
36
51 too large
12
45
57 okay
20 x 2 57 xy + 27 y 2 = 20 x 2 12 xy 45 xy + 27 y 2
= 4 x ( 5x 3 y ) 9 y ( 5 x 3 y )
= ( 5 x 3 y )( 4 x 9 y )
Trial and Error Method
First note that there are no common factors and
that a = 20, b = 57, and c = 27. Since c is
positive, the signs in our factors will be the
same. Since b is negative, the signs will both be
negative. We will consider factorizations with
this form:
( __ x __ y )( __ x __ y )
365
96. 10 x 2 y 2 + 41xy + 4
Let u = xy. This gives 10u 2 + 41u + 4.
a c = 10 4 = 40
We need two factors of 40 whose sum is 41.
Since the product is positive, the two factors will
have the same sign. Since the sum is also
positive, the two factors are both positive.
factor 1 factor 2 sum
1
40
41 okay
2
20
22
4
10
14
5
8
13
c = 27 can be factored as 1 27 or 3 9.
( x y )( 20 x 27 y ) 20 x 2 47 xy + 27 y 2
( x 27 y )( 20 x y ) 20 x 2 541xy + 27 y 2
( 2 x y )(10 x 27 y ) 20 x 2 64 xy + 27 y 2
( 2 x 27 y )(10 x y ) 20 x 2 272 xy + 27 y 2
( 4 x y )( 5 x 27 y ) 20 x2 113xy + 27 y 2
( 4 x 27 y )( 5 x y ) 20 x2 139 xy + 27 y 2
( x 3 y )( 20 x 9 y ) 20 x2 69 xy + 27 y 2
( x 9 y )( 20 x 3 y ) 20 x2 183xy + 27 y 2
( 2 x 3 y )(10 x 9 y ) 20 x 2 48 xy + 27 y 2
( 2 x 9 y )(10 x 3 y ) 20 x 2 96 xy + 27 y 2
( 4 x 3 y )( 5 x 9 y ) 20 x 2 51xy + 27 y 2
( 4 x 9 y )( 5x 3 y ) 20 x 2 57 xy + 27 y 2
The correct factorization is
20 x 2 57 xy + 27 y 2 = ( 4 x 9 y )( 5 x 3 y )
94. Begin by factoring out the GCF.
2s 2 + 12s + 14 = 2 s 2 6s 7
2s + 12 s + 14 = 2 s 6s 7
= 2 ( s 7 )( s + 1)
95. x 4 10 x 2 11
Let u = x 2 . This gives u 2 10u 11.
We need two factors of 11 whose sum is 10.
Since the product is negative, the two factors
will have opposite signs. Since the sum is
negative, the factor with the larger absolute
value will be negative.
)(
( a + 4 )2 9 ( a + 4 ) 36
Let u = a + 4. This gives u 2 9u 36.
We need two factors of 36 whose sum is 9.
Since the product is negative, the two factors
will have opposite signs. Since the sum is
negative, the factor with the larger absolute
value will be negative.
factor 1 factor 2 sum
1
36
35
2
18
16
3
12
9 okay
4
9
5
6
6
0
u 2 9u 36 = ( u + 3)( u 12 )
Now get back in terms of a.
( a + 4 )2 9 ( a + 4 ) 36 = ( a + 4 + 3)( a + 4 12 )
= ( a + 7 )( a 8 )
2
98. 2 ( w 1) + 11( w 1) + 9
Let u = w 1. This gives 2u 2 + 11u + 9.
a c = 2 9 = 18
We are looking for two factors of 18 whose sum
is 11. Since the product is positive, the factors
will have the same sign. Since the sum is also
positive, the two factors will both be positive.
x 4 10 x 2 11 = x 2 + 1 x 2 11
366
2 ( w 1) + 11( w 1) + 9
= ( w 1 + 1) ( 2 ( w 1) + 9 )
= w ( 2w 2 + 9 )
= w ( 2w + 7 )
108. 4 w2 81 = ( 2w ) 92
= ( 2w 9 )( 2 w + 9 )
( ) ( 5 y )2
= ( 6 x 2 5 y )( 6 x 2 + 5 y )
109. 36 x 4 25 y 2 = 6 x 2
111. x3 343 = x3 73
(
)
2
= ( x 7 ) ( x + 7 x + 49 )
= ( x 7 ) x2 + ( 7 ) x + 72
112. 729 y 3 = 93 y 3
(
)
= ( 9 y ) ( 81 + 9 y + y 2 )
= ( 9 y ) ( y 2 + 9 y + 81)
= ( 9 y ) 92 + 9 ( y ) + y 2
2
102. x 2 8 x + 16 = x 2 2 ( 4 ) x + ( 4 )
= ( x 4)
= 20m ( 2n 1)( 2n + 1)
= (12 c )
= 20m ( 2n ) 12
= ( w 17 )
= ( x + 11)
113.
27 x3 125 y 3
3
= ( 3x ) ( 5 y )
= (8 y + 5)
(
)
= 12 ( z 2 + 2 2 z + 22 )
= 12 ( z + 2 )
= ( 3x 5 y ) 9 x 2 + 15 xy + 25 y 2
104. 12 z 2 + 48 z + 48 = 12 z 2 + 4 z + 4
= ( 3x 5 y ) ( 3x ) + ( 3x )( 5 y ) + ( 5 y )
103. 64 y 2 + 80 y + 25 = ( 8 y ) + 2 ( 8 y ) 5 + 52
114.
8m6 + 27n3
( ) + (3n )3
2
2
= ( 2m 2 + 3n ) ( 2m 2 ) ( 2m2 ) ( 3n ) + ( 3n )
2
4
2
2
= ( 2m + 3n )( 4m 6m n + 9n )
= 2m 2
106. 49 y 2 = 72 y 2
= ( 7 y )( 7 + y )
2
367
115.
2a 6 2b6
)
2
= 2 ( a ) ( b3 )
= 2 ( a3 b3 )( a3 + b3 )
= 2 ( a b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ( a + b ) ( a 2 ab + b2 )
= 2 ( a b )( a + b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 )( a 2 ab + b2 )
12 x 2 + 7 x 49 = 12 x 2 21x + 28 x 49
= 3x ( 4 x 7 ) + 7 ( 4 x 7 )
= ( 3x + 7 )( 4 x 7 )
= 2 a 6 b6
3 2
116.
( y 1)3 + 64
3
= ( y 1) + 43
2
= ( y 1 + 4 ) ( y 1) ( y 1)( 4 ) + 42
(
= ( y + 3) ( y 2 6 y + 21)
= ( y + 3) y 2 y + 1 4 y + 4 + 16
2
124. 8 2 y y 2 = y 2 + 2 y 8
117. x 2 + 7 x + 6 = ( x + 1)( x + 6 )
118. 8 x 2 y 3 + 12 xy3 = 4 xy 3 ( 2 x 3)
119. 7 x3 35 x 2 + 28 x = 7 x x 2 5 x + 4
(
)
= 2 ( x2 ( x 5) + 3 ( x 5))
= 2 ( x 5 ) ( x 2 + 3)
125. 2 x3 10 x 2 + 6 x 30 = 2 x3 5 x 2 + 3 x 15
= 7 x ( x 1)( x 4 )
120. 3x 2 3x 18 = 3 x 2 x 6
126.
= 3 ( x 3)( x + 2 )
2
= ( 2 z 15)
( 3h + 2 )3 + 64
3
= ( 3h + 2 ) + 43
2
= ( 3h + 2 + 4 ) ( 3h + 2 ) ( 3h + 2 )( 4 ) + 42
= ( 3h + 6 ) ( 3h ) + 2 ( 3h )( 2 ) + 22 12h 8 + 16
122. 12 x 2 + 7 x 49
a c = 12 49 = 588
We are looking for two factors of 588 whose
sum is 7. Since the product is negative, the
factors will have opposite signs. Since the sum is
positive, the factor with the larger absolute value
will be positive. The difference is relatively
small, so we should select factors whose absolute
values are close to each other.
factor 1 factor 2 sum
14
42
28
21
28
7 okay
368
= ( y 2 )( y + 4 )
(
= 3 ( h + 2 ) ( 9h2 + 12 )
= 3 ( h + 2 ) 3 ( 3h 2 + 4 )
= 9 ( h + 2 ) ( 3h2 + 4 )
= 3 ( h + 2 ) 9h + 12h + 4 12h + 8
2
127. 5 p3 q 2 80 p = 5 p p 2 q 2 16
= 5p
(( pq )
= 5 p ( pq 4 )( pq + 4 )
( ) 5 ( m2 ) + 4
128. m 4 5m2 + 4 = m 2
135. G ( y ) = 16 y 3 + 250
= 2 8 y 3 + 125
u 2 5u + 4 = ( u 1)( u 4 )
Now go back in terms of m.
4
)(
m 5m + 4 = m 1 m 4
= 2 ( 2 y ) + 53
686 16m
136.
( )
(
(
130. h3 + 2h 2 h 2 = h2 ( h + 2 ) 1( h + 2 )
= h2 1 ( h + 2 )
4 x 2 x 2 = (4 ) x 2 square units.
= ( h 1)( h + 1)( h + 2 )
131. 108 x + 4 y = 4 27 x + y
139.
= 4 ( 3x ) + y3
)
2
= 4 ( 3x + y ) ( 3x ) ( 3x )( y ) + y 2
= 4 ( 3x + y ) 9 x 2 3xy + y 2
132. F ( c ) = c 2 24c + 144
2
= ( c ) 2 12 c + (12 )
= ( c 12 )
140. x 2 + 21x + 54 = 0
( x + 18 )( x + 3) = 0
x + 18 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = 18 or x = 3
The solution set is {18, 3} .
141.
f ( x ) = 3x + 6 x + 45
= 3 x 2 2 x 15
= 4 4 x 25
= 4 ( 2 x ) 52
y + 5 = 0 or y 3 = 0
y = 5 or
y=3
The solution set is {5, 3}.
142.
= 4 ( 2 x + 5 )( 2 x 5 )
y 2 + 2 y = 15
y 2 + 2 y 15 = 0
( y + 5 )( y 3) = 0
= 3 ( x 5)( x + 3)
134. g ( x ) = 16 x 2 100
( w + 5 )( w 13) = 0
w + 5 = 0 or w 13 = 0
w = 5 or
w = 13
The solution set is {5, 13}.
)( ) ( )
)(
)
= 2 2 m 2 7 3
2
= 2 2 m 7 2 m 2 + 2 m 2 ( 7 ) + 7 2
= 2 2m2 7 4m 4 + 14m2 + 49
133.
f ( x ) = 4 x 2 16
= 4 x 2 + 4
= 2 8m6 343
= 2 ( 2 y + 5) 4 y 2 10 y + 25
= ( m 1)( m + 1)( m 2 )( m + 2 )
129.
5a 2 = 20a
5a 2 + 20a = 0
5a ( a + 4 ) = 0
5a = 0 or a + 4 = 0
a = 0 or
a = 4
The solution set is {4, 0}.
369
143.
2 x3 + 5 x 2 8 x = 20
147.
x 2 + x = 110
2 x3 + 5 x 2 8 x 20 = 0
x 2 + x 110 = 0
( x + 11)( x 10 ) = 0
x + 11 = 0 or x 10 = 0
x = 11 or
x = 10
The solution set is {11, 10}.
144. 15 x 2 + 29 x 14 = 0
( 5 x 2 )( 3x + 7 ) = 0
5 x 2 = 0 or 3 x + 7 = 0
5 x = 2 or
3x = 7
2
7
x = or
x=
5
3
7 2
.
The solution set is ,
3 5
145.
1 2
x + 5 x + 12 = 0
2
2 12 x 2 + 5 x + 12 = 2 0
x + 10 x + 24 = 0
( x + 6 )( x + 4 ) = 0
x + 6 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
x = 6 or
x = 4
The solution set is {6, 4}.
146.
x 2 (2 x + 5) 4(2 x + 5) = 0
(2 x + 5)( x 2 4) = 0
(2 x + 5)( x 2)( x + 2) = 0
2x + 5 = 0
or x 2 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
2 x = 5
x=2
x = 2
5
x=
2
5
The solution set is , 2, 2 .
2
5 x3 + x 2 45 x 9 = 0
148.
x (5 x + 1) 9(5 x + 1) = 0
(5 x + 1)( x 2 9) = 0
(5 x + 1)( x 3)( x + 3) = 0
5 x + 1 = 0 or x 3 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
5 x = 1
x=3
x = 3
1
x=
5
1
The solution set is 3, , 3 .
5
149. a.
6 = x 2 + 5 x 18
0 = x 2 + 5 x 24
0 = ( x + 8)( x 3)
x + 8 = 0 or x 3 = 0
x = 8 or
x=3
The solution set is {8, 3}.
( b + 1)( b 3) = 5
b2 + b 3b 3 = 5
b 2 2b 3 = 5
b 2 2b 8 = 0
( b 4 )( b + 2 ) = 0
b 4 = 0 or b + 2 = 0
b = 4 or
b = 2
The solution set is {2, 4}.
f ( x ) = x 2 + 5 x 18
b.
f ( x ) = x 2 + 5 x 18
4 = x 2 + 5 x 18
0 = x 2 + 5 x 14
0 = ( x + 7 )( x 2 )
x + 7 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 7 or
x=2
The solution set is {7, 2}.
The points (8, 6), (3, 6), (7, 4), and (2, 4)
are on the graph.
370
150. a.
f ( x ) = 5x2 4 x + 3
3 = 5x2 4 x + 3
0 = 5x2 4 x
0 = x (5x 4)
x = 0 or 5 x 4 = 0
4
x = 0 or
x=
5
The solution set is 0,
b.
4
.
5
f ( x ) = 5x2 4 x + 3
4 = 5x2 4 x + 3
0 = 5x2 4 x 1
0 = ( 5 x + 1)( x 1)
5 x + 1 = 0 or x 1 = 0
1
x = or
x =1
5
1
The solution set is , 1 .
5
4 1
The points (0, 3), , 3 , , 4 and (1, 4) are on the graph of f.
5 5
151.
f ( x ) = 3x3 + 18 x 2 + 24 x
0 = 3x x 2 + 6 x + 8
0 = 3x ( x + 4 )( x + 2 )
3x = 0 or x + 4 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 0 or
x = 4 or
x = 2
The zeros of f(x) are 4, 2, and 0. The x-intercepts are (4, 0), (2, 0), and (0, 0).
152.
f ( x ) = 4 x 2 + 22 x + 42
0 = 4 x 2 + 22 x + 42
0 = 2 x 2 11x 21
0 = ( 2 x + 3)( x 7 )
2 x + 3 = 0 or x 7 = 0
3
x = or
x=7
2
3
The zeros of f(x) are and 7. The x-intercepts are
2
3
,
2
371
153.
s ( t ) = 16t 2 + 2064
1280 = 16t 2 + 2064
0 = 16t 2 + 784
0 = t 2 49
0 = ( t 7 )( t + 7 )
t 7 = 0 or t + 7 = 0
t = 7 or
t = 7
The object will be 1280 feet above the ground after 7 seconds.
154. a.
R = 1 (1 r )
0.96 = 1 (1 r )
0 = (1 r ) 0.04
0 = ( (1 r ) 0.2 ) ( (1 r ) + 0.2 )
0 = ( 0.8 r )(1.2 r )
0.8 r = 0 or 1.2 r = 0
r = 0.8 or
r = 1.2
The component reliability is 0.80. (Reliability cannot exceed 1)
b.
R = 1 (1 r )
0.99 = 1 (1 r )
0 = (1 r ) 0.01
0 = ( (1 r ) 0.1) ( (1 r ) + 0.1)
0 = ( 0.9 r )(1.1 r )
0.9 r = 0 or 1.1 r = 0
r = 0.9 or
r = 1.1
The component reliability is 0.90. (Reliability cannot exceed 1)
Chapter 4 Test
1. 5 x7 + x 4 + 7 x 2 x + 1
Degree: 7
2.
( 2a3b2 + 5a2b + ab + 1) + ( 13 a3b2 + 4a2b 6ab 5) = 2a3b2 + 5a2b + ab + 1 + 13 a3b2 + 4a2b 6ab 5
3.
f ( x ) = x3 + 3 x 2 x + 1
3
f ( 2 ) = ( 2 ) + 3 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) + 1
= 8 + 3 ( 4 ) + 2 + 1
= 8 + 12 + 2 + 1
=7
372
4.
(f
) (
g )( x ) = 7 x3 1 4 x 2 + 3x 2
= 7 x3 1 4 x 2 3 x + 2
3x 4
10. 2 x + 3 6 x 2 + x 12
6x2 + 9 x
= 7 x3 4 x 2 3 x + 1
5. 12 a 2 b 4ab 2 6ab + 8
1 a 2b 4ab 2
2
2+1 1+ 2
= 2a
8 x 12
( 8 x 12 )
1 a 2 b 6ab + 1 a 2 b 8
2
2
2+1 1+1
2
3a
3 3
+ 4a b
3 2
= 2a b 3a b + 4a b
6.
( 3x 1)( 4 x + 17 ) = 3x 4 x + 3 x 17 1 4 x 1 17
= 12 x 2 + 51x 4 x 17
= 12 x 2 + 47 x 17
7.
( 2m n )2 = ( 2m )2 2 ( 2m )( n ) + n 2
= 4m2 4mn + n2
3z 7
8. 2 z 2 + 1 6 z 3 14 z 2 + z + 4
6z
+ 3z
2z + 1
30
3
18
0
5 x 2 27 x 18
= 5x + 3
x6
f ( 3) = 2 ( 3 ) 3 ( 3 ) 4 ( 3 ) + 7
= 2 ( 27 ) 3 ( 9 ) 12 + 7
= 54 27 12 + 7
= 22
= 4ab2 3a 2 + 2a 4b
= 3z 7 +
9. 6 5 27 18
0
f
( x ) = 3x 4
g
f
( 2) = 3( 2) 4 = 6 4 = 2
g
12a3b 2 + 8a 2 b2 16ab3
2 z + 11
6 z 3 14 z 2 + z + 4
14 z 2 2 z + 4
14 z 2
2 z + 11
2z2 +1
13. 6c 2 + 21c 4c 14 = 3c ( 2c + 7 ) 2 ( 2c + 7 )
= ( 2c + 7 )( 3c 2 )
14. x 2 13x 48
We need two factors of 48 whose sum is 13.
Since the product is negative, the factors will
have opposite signs. Since the sum is also
negative, the factor with the larger absolute
value will be negative.
Factors 1, 48 2, 24 3, 16 4, 12 6, 8
Sum
47
22
13
x 2 13x 48 = ( x 16 )( x + 3)
15. 14 p 2 17 p + 6
a c = 14 6 = 84
We need two factors of 84 whose sum is 17.
The product is negative, so the two factors will
have opposite signs. Since the sum is also
negative, the factor with the larger absolute
value will be negative.
Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
373
18. 16 x 2 196 = 4 4 x 2 49
19.
3m 2 10m + 7 = 0
( 3m 7 )( m 1) = 0
3m 7 = 0 or m 1 = 0
7
or m = 1
m=
3
7
The solution set is 1,
.
3
= x 2 + 3x
We know the area is 108 square meters, so we
have:
5u 2 + 17u 12 = 5u 2 + 20u 3u 12
= 5u ( u + 4 ) 3 ( u + 4 )
= ( u + 4 )( 5u 3)
Now go back in terms of z.
108 = x 2 + 3 x
0 = x 2 + 3x 108
0 = ( x 9 )( x + 12 )
5 ( z 1) + 17 ( z 1) 12
= ( z 1 + 4 ) ( 5 ( z 1) 3)
= ( z + 3)( 5 z 5 3)
= ( z + 3)( 5 z 8 )
= 2 ( 7 x ) 2 ( 7 x )( 4 ) + 42
= 2 ( 7 x 4 )
374
3m 2 5m = 5m 7
3m 2 5m 5m + 7 = 0
= 4 ( 2 x 7 )( 2 x + 7 )
16. 5 ( z 1) + 17 ( z 1) 12
= 4 ( 2 x ) 72
14 p 2 17 p + 6 = 14 p 2 21 p + 4 p + 6
= 7 p ( 2 p + 3) + 2 ( 2 p + 3)
= ( 2 p + 3)( 7 p + 2 )
or
= ( 2 p + 3)( 2 7 p )
17. 98 x 2 + 112 x 32 = 2 49 x 2 56 x + 16
x 9 = 0 or x + 12 = 0
x = 9 or x = 12
The patio is 9 meters wide and 9 + 3 = 12 meters
long.