Sia3e SSM 10

Chapter 10
Section 10.1
Are You Ready for This Section?
R1.
f ( x ) = x2 4
2
a.
f ( 3) = ( 3 ) 4 = 9 4 = 5
b.
f ( 7 ) = ( 7 ) 4 = 49 4 = 45
6. 5, 7,9,11,...
The terms are consecutive odd numbers with the
first term being 5. We can write the terms as
follows:
5 = 2 (1) + 3
7 = 2 ( 2) + 3
9 = 2 ( 3) + 3
11 = 2 ( 4 ) + 3
Notice that each term is 3 more than twice the
term number. A formula for the nth term is given
by an = 2n + 3 .
R2. g ( x ) = 2 x 3
g (1) = 2 (1) 3 = 2 3 = 1
g ( 2) = 2 ( 2) 3 = 4 3 = 1
g ( 3 ) = 2 ( 3) 3 = 6 3 = 3
Therefore,
g (1) + g ( 2 ) + g ( 3) = 1 + 1 + 3 = 3
7.
positive. So, ( 1)
R3. In the function f ( n ) = n 4 , the independent

2
Section 10.1 Quick Checks

1. A sequence is a function whose domain is the set
of positive integers.
3. True
4. an = 2n 3
a1 = 2 (1) 3 = 2 3 = 1
a2 = 2 ( 2 ) 3 = 4 3 = 1
a3 = 2 ( 3) 3 = 6 3 = 3
a4 = 2 ( 4 ) 3 = 8 3 = 5
a5 = 2 ( 5) 3 = 10 3 = 7
The first five terms of the sequence are 1 , 1, 3,
5, and 7.
9.
( 4i 1) = ( 4 1 1) + ( 4 2 1) + ( 4 3 1)
i =1
10.
= 3 + 7 + 11
= 21
( i3 + 1) = (13 + 1) + ( 23 + 1) + ( 33 + 1)
i =1
) (
+ 43 + 1 + 53 + 1
= (1 + 1) + ( 8 + 1) + ( 27 + 1)
+ ( 64 + 1) + (125 + 1)
= 2 + 9 + 28 + 65 + 126
= 230
b1 = ( 1) 4 (1) = 4
2
must be part of the
8. When there is a finite number of terms to be

added, the sum is called a partial sum.
5. bn = ( 1) 4n
b2 = ( 1) 4 ( 2 ) = 8
n +1
formula. Each term is a fraction with a

numerator of 1 and a denominator that is 1 more
than the term number. A formula for the nth term
is given by
1
n +1
bn = ( 1)
.
n +1
variable is n (the input variable).
2. A sequence that does not end is said to be an

infinite sequence. A finite sequence has a
domain that is the first n positive integers.
1 1 1 1
, , , ,...
2 3 4 5
The terms alternate sign with the first term being
11. 1 + 4 + 9 + ... + 144

Notice that each term is a perfect square. We can
b3 = ( 1) 4 ( 3) = 12
4
rewrite the sum as 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + 122 . Thus,
the sum has 12 terms, each of the form i 2 .
b4 = ( 1) 4 ( 4 ) = 16
b5 = ( 1) 4 ( 5 ) = 20
The first five terms of the sequence are 4 , 8,
12 , 16, and 20 .
12
1 + 4 + 9 + ... + 144 = i 2
Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
i =1
829
Chapter 10: Sequences, Series, and the Binomial Theorem
1
. We notice
1
that each term is a fraction with a numerator of 1
and a denominator that is a power of 2. We can
write the sum as
1
1
1
1
+ +
+ ... +
0
1
2
2
2 2
25
The exponent on 2 in the denominator is always
1 less than the term number. Thus, the sum has
1
6 terms, each of the form
.
i 1
2
12. Begin by writing the first term as
1+
6
1 1
1
1
+ + ... +
=
2 4
32 i =1 2i 1
17.
{( 1) n}
n
a1 = ( 1) 1 = 1
2
a2 = ( 1) 2 = 2
3
a3 = ( 1) 3 = 3
4
a4 = ( 1) 4 = 4
5
a5 = ( 1) 5 = 5
3 , 4, and 5 .
19.
{2n + 1}
a1 = 21 + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
10.1 Exercises
13.
SSM: Intermediate Algebra
a2 = 2 2 + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
a3 = 23 + 1 = 8 + 1 = 9
{3n + 5}
a1 = 3 1 + 5 = 3 + 5 = 8
a2 = 3 2 + 5 = 6 + 5 = 11
a3 = 3 3 + 5 = 9 + 5 = 14
a4 = 3 4 + 5 = 12 + 5 = 17
a5 = 3 5 + 5 = 15 + 5 = 20
The first five terms of the sequence are 8, 11, 14,
17, and 20.
n
15.
n + 2
1
1
=
a1 =
1+ 2 3
2
2 1
a2 =
= =
2+2 4 2
3
3
a3 =
=
3+ 2 5
4
4 2
a4 =
= =
4+2 6 3
5
5
a5 =
=
5+ 2 7
a4 = 24 + 1 = 16 + 1 = 17
a5 = 25 + 1 = 32 + 1 = 33
17, and 33.
2n
21.
2n
2 1 2
a1 =
= =1
21 2
22 4
a2 =
= =1
4
22
23 6 3
a3 =
= =
23 8 4
24 8 1
a4 =
=
=
24 16 2
2 5 10 5
a5 =
=
=
25 32 16
The first five terms of the sequence are 1, 1,
The first five terms of the sequence are
1 1
, ,
3 2
1
5
, and
.
2
16
3 2
5
, , and .
5 3
7
830
3
,
4
n
23.
en
1 1
2
3
a1 = = , a2 = , a3 =
1
2
e
e
e
e3
4
5
a4 = , a5 =
4
e
e5
3
e3
4
e4
, and
5
e5
35.
i2
2
i =1
1 2
,
,
e e2
37.
27. Each term is a fraction with the denominator

equaling 1 more than the numerator. When
n = 1 , the numerator equals 1. Each subsequent
numerator is one more than previous. A formula
n
.
for the nth term is given by an =
n +1
39.
n = 3 , we have that a3 = 11 = 32 + 2 . Notice that

each term is equal to 2 more than the square of
the term number. Therefore, a formula for the
( 1)
k =1
k +1
1+1
= ( 1)
+ ( 1)
4 +1
an = ( 1) n .
n
33.
3+1
2 ( 2 ) + ( 1)
5+1
2 ( 4 ) + ( 1)
2 ( 3)
2 ( 5)
= ( 1) 2 + ( 1) 4 + ( 1) 6
5
+ ( 1) 8 + ( 1) 10
= 2 4 + 6 8 + 10
=6
41.
10
5 = 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 50
j =1
43.
( 2k 1) = ( 2 3 1) + ( 2 4 1) + ( 2 5 1)
k =3
+ ( 2 6 1) + ( 2 7 1)
= 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13
= 45
45. The sum 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 15 has 15 terms, each

term has the form k, starts at k = 1 , and ends at
k = 15 .
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 15 =
15
k =1
( 5i + 1)
i =1
2+1
nth term is given by an = n 2 + 2 .

31. Notice that the terms alternate signs with the first
term being negative. Ignoring the signs, also
notice that the terms are all perfect squares.
Therefore, a formula for the nth term is given by
2k
2 (1) + ( 1)
29. When n = 1 , we have that a1 = 3 = 12 + 2 ; when
n = 2 , we have that a2 = 6 = 22 + 2 ; when
2k = 21 + 22 + 23 = 2 + 4 + 8 = 14
k =1
25. The terms are all multiples of 2 with the first

term equaling 2 1 , the second term equaling
2 2 , and so on. A formula for the nth term is
given by an = 2n .
12 22 32 42 52
+
+ +
+
2
2
2
2
2
1 4 9 16 25
= + + + +
2 2 2 2 2
55
=
2
=
1 1
1
+ + ... +
has 12 terms, each
2 3
12
1
term has the form , starts at i = 1 , and ends at
i
i = 12 .
47. The sum 1 +
= ( 5 1 + 1) + ( 5 2 + 1) + ( 5 3 + 1) + ( 5 4 + 1)
= 6 + 11 + 16 + 21
= 54
1+
1 1
1 12 1
+ + ... + =
2 3
12 i =1 i
831

49. To see the pattern, note that the first term can be
1
written as 1 = . We see that the denominators
1
are all powers of 3 and that the terms alternate
signs with the first term being positive. When
40
0.06
a40 = 12, 000 1 +
40
= 12, 000 (1.015 )
12, 000 (1.8140184 )
21, 768.22
After 10 years (40 quarters), the account
will have a balance of $21,768.22.
n = 1 , we have the denominator 1 = 30 ; when

n = 2 , we have the denominator 3 = 31 ; when
n = 3 , we have the denominator 9 = 32 ; and so
on. Thus, the power on 3 in the denominator is
always one less than the term number. Looking
at the form of the last term, we see that there will
be 9 terms and that the power on 1 will be one
more than the term number.
1 1 1
9 +1 1
1 +
+ ... + ( 1)
3 9 27
39 1
9
i =1
1
i 1
3
55. pn = 313 (1.011)
p3 = 313(1.011)3 323
In 2015, the population of the United States
will be an estimated 32.3 million.
b. In 2050, we have n = 38.
p38 = 313(1.011)38 474

In 2050, the population of the United States
will be an estimated 474 million.
51. To see the pattern, note that the first term can be
written as 5 = ( 5 + 2 0 ) . Each term is 5 more
than a multiple of two. The multiple is one less
than the term number. Therefore, there are
11 terms being added together.
5 + ( 5 + 2 1) + ( 5 + 2 2 ) + ( 5 + 2 3 ) + ... + ( 5 + 2 10 )
11
5 + 2 ( k 1)
a. In 2015, we have n = 3.
i +1
= ( 1)
n = 40
c.
or
k =1
0.06
53. an = 12,000 1 +
(1 + 5 ) (1 5 )
=
n
57. un
2n 5
11
( 2k + 3 )
k =1
u1 =
(1 + 5 ) (1 5 ) =
2 5
u2
(1 + 5 ) (1 5 )
=
u3
(1 + 5 ) (1 5 )
=
n =1
1
0.06
a1 = 12, 000 1 +
= 12, 000 (1.015 )

= 12,180
After 1 quarter, the account will have a
balance of $12,180.
b.
n = 4 (4 quarters in each year)
832
) (
8 5
4 5
) = 16
=1
=2
24 5
56 + 24 5 56 24 5
) (
16 5
) = 48
16 5
=3
(1 + 5 ) (1 5 )
=
5
u5
4 5
8 5
(1 + 5 ) (1 5 )
=
=
0.06
a4 = 12,000 1 +
4
= 12,000 (1.015)
12,000 (1.06136 )
12,736.36
After 1 year (i.e. 4 quarters), the account
will have a balance of $12,736.36.
23 5
16 + 8 5 16 8 5
=1
u4
2 5
=
2 5
2 5
a.
25 5
176 + 80 5 176 80 5
) (
32 5
) = 160
32 5
=5
(1 + 5 ) (1 5 )
=
6
u6
26 5
576 + 256 5 576 256 5
) (
64 5
=8
=
=
27 5
1856 + 832 5 1856 832 5
) (
61. b1 = 8
b2 = 2 + b1 = 2 + 8 = 10
b3 = 3 + b2 = 3 + 10 = 13
b4 = 4 + b3 = 4 + 13 = 17
b5 = 5 + b4 = 5 + 17 = 22
17, and 22.
128 5
1664 5
128 5
= 13
(1 + 5 ) (1 5 )
=
8
u8
) = 512
64 5
(1 + 5 ) (1 5 )
=
u7
59. a1 = 10
a2 = 1.05a1 = 1.05 (10 ) = 10.5
a3 = 1.05a2 = 1.05 (10.5 ) = 11.025
a4 = 1.05a3 = 1.05 (11.025 ) = 11.57625
a5 = 1.05a4 = 1.05 (11.57625 ) = 12.1550625
The first five terms of the sequence are 10, 10.5,
11.025, 11.57625, and 12.1550625.
=
=
28 5
6016 + 2688 5 6016 2688 5
) (
5376 5
256 5
= 21
29 5
19456 + 8704 5 19456 8704 5
) (
512 5
= 34
b.
(1 + 5 ) (1 5 )
=
10
=
=
10
210 5
62976 + 28160 5 62976 28160 5
) (
1024 5
56320 5
= 55
u4 3
= = 1.5 ;
u3 2
u8 21
=
1.615385 ;
u7 13
u9 34
u
55
=
1.619048 ; 10 =
1.617647 ;
u8 21
u9 34
u11 89
=
1.618182
u10 55
512 5
17408 5
u3 2
= =2;
u2 1
u7 13
=
= 1.625 ;
u6 8
u2 1
= =1;
u1 1
u5 5
u
8
= = 1.6 ; 6 = = 1.6 ;
u4 3
u5 5
(1 + 5 ) (1 5 )
=
=
u10
256 5
u9
63. a.
1024 5
The first 10 terms of the sequence are 1, 1, 2, 3,
5, 8, 13, 21, 34, and 55.
Notice that, beginning with the third term, each
term in the sequence can be obtained by adding
the two previous terms together. For example,
2 = 1 + 1 , 3 = 1 + 2 , 5 = 2 + 3 , etc.
c.
The ratio approaches a value around 1.618.

Note: As n goes off to infinity, the ratio
1+ 5
.
approaches the exact value
2
u1 1
= =1;
u2 1
u
u2 1
2
= = 0.5 ; 3 = = 0.6 ;
u3 2
u4 3
u4 3
= = 0.6 ;
u5 5
u5 5
= = 0.625 ;
u6 8
u6 8
u
13
=
0.615385 ; 7 =
0.619048 ;
u7 13
u8 21
u8 21
=
0.617647 ;
u9 34
u9 34
=
0.618182 ;
u10 55
u10 55
=
0.617978
u11 89
833

d.
The ratio approaches a value around 0.618.

Note: As n goes to infinity, the ratio
5 1
approaches the exact value
.
2
77.
65. Answers may vary. A function is any relation

that assigns each element of the domain to
exactly one element of the range. A sequence is
a function whose domain is the set of positive
integers.
67. Answers may vary. The symbol represents
summation and indicates that we will need to
add up the values of several terms.
69. a.
b.
71. a.
b.
73.
{( 1) n}
n

3 , 4, and 5 .
79.
{2n + 1}
The function is in slope-intercept form so

the slope is m = 4 .
f ( x ) = 4x 6
f (1) = 4 (1) 6 = 2
f ( 2) = 4 ( 2) 6 = 2
f ( 3 ) = 4 ( 3) 6 = 6
f ( 4 ) = 4 ( 4 ) 6 = 10

17, and 33.
81.
( 5i + 1)
i =1
The function is in slope-intercept form so

the slope is m = 5 .
f ( x ) = 5 x + 8
f (1) = 5 (1) + 8 = 3
f ( 2 ) = 5 ( 2 ) + 8 = 2
f ( 3) = 5 ( 3) + 8 = 7
f ( 4 ) = 5 ( 4 ) + 8 = 12
The sum is 54.

83.
i2
2
i =1
{3n + 5}
The sum is
17, and 20.
85.
n
75.
n + 2
2k
k =1
1 1
The first five terms of the sequence are , ,
3 2
3 2
5
, , and .
5 3
7
834
55
.
2
The sum is 14.
87.
( 1)
k =1
k +1
2. 1 ( 3) = 1 + 3 = 2
1 ( 1) = 1 + 1 = 2
3 1 = 2
53 = 2
The sequence 3, 1,1,3,5,... is arithmetic
because the difference between consecutive
terms is constant. The first term is a1 = 3 and
2k
The sum is 6.
the common difference is d = 2 .
Section 10.2
R1. y = 3 x + 1 is in the (slope-intercept) form
y = mx + b . Therefore, the slope is m = 3 .
R2. g ( x ) = 5 x + 2
g ( 3) = 5 ( 3 ) + 2
= 15 + 2
= 17
x 3 y = 17 (1)
R3.
2 x + y = 1 (2)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 2 .
2 x + 6 y = 34 (1)
2 x + y = 1 (2)
Add equation (1) and equation (2).

2 x + 6 y = 34 (1)
2 x + y = 1 (2)
+
7 y = 35
y=5
Substitute this result into the original equation
(1) and solve for x.
x 3 y = 17
x 3 ( 5 ) = 17
x 15 = 17
x = 2
The solution is the ordered pair ( 2,5 ) .
1. In an arithmetic sequence, the difference
between consecutive terms is constant.
3. 9 3 = 6, 27 9 = 18, 81 27 = 54
The sequence is not arithmetic because the
difference between consecutive terms is not
constant.
4. an an 1 = [ 3n 8] 3 ( n 1) 8
= [ 3n 8] [ 3n 11]
= 3n 8 3n + 11
=3
The sequence is arithmetic because the
difference between consecutive terms is
constant. The first term is a1 = 3 (1) 8 = 5 and
2
5. bn bn 1 = n2 1 ( n 1) 1
2
2
= n 1 n 2n + 1 1
2
2
= n 1 n 2n
2
2
= n 1 n + 2n
= 2n 1
The sequence is not arithmetic because the
difference between consecutive terms is not
constant.
6. cn cn 1 = [5 2n ] 5 2 ( n 1)
= [5 2n ] [5 2n + 2]
= [5 2n ] [ 7 2n ]
= 5 2n 7 + 2n
= 2
The sequence is arithmetic because the
difference between consecutive terms is
constant. The first term is c1 = 5 2 (1) = 3 and

7. For an arithmetic sequence {an } whose first
term is a1 and whose common difference is d,
the nth term is determined by the formula
an = a1 + (n 1)d .
835

8. a.
We have that a5 = 25 and d = 6 .
an = a1 + ( n 1) d
a5 = a1 + ( 5 1) d
25 = a1 + 4 ( 6 )
25 = a1 + 24
1 = a1
Therefore, the nth term of the sequence is
given by
an = 1 + ( n 1)( 6 ) = 1 + 6n 6
an = 6 n 5
a14 = 6 (14 ) 5 = 84 5 = 79
b.
9. a.
difference is d = 5 1 = 4 . We wish to find S70 .

n
Sn = 2a1 + ( n 1) d
2
70
2 (1) + ( 70 1)( 4 )
S70 =
2
= 35 [ 2 + 276]
= 35 ( 278)
= 9730
12. We have a1 = 4 and a50 = 298 , and wish to
find the sum of the first 50 terms, S50 .
n
[ a1 + an ]
2
50
S50 = [ a1 + a50 ]
2
50
= [ 4 + 298]
2
= 25 ( 302 )
= 7550
Sn =
or
This is a system of linear equations in a1

and d. We can solve the system by using
elimination. Subtract equation (2) from
equation (1) to obtain
24 = 8d
3=d
Let d = 3 in equation (1) and solve for a1.
7 = a1 + 4 ( 3)
7 = a1 + 12
5 = a1
The first term is a = 5 and the common
difference is d = 3 .
A formula for the nth term is

an = a1 + ( n 1) d = 5 + ( n 1)( 3)
= 5 + 3n 3
an = 3n 8
10. We have a = 5 and d = 2 , and wish to find

S100 .
n
2a1 + ( n 1) d
2
100
=
2 ( 5 ) + (100 1)( 2 ) = 50 [10 + 198]
2
= 50 ( 208 ) = 10, 400
Sn =
S100
836
11. The first term is a1 = 1 and the common
We are given a5 = 7 and a13 = 31 . The nth

term of an arithmetic sequence is given by
an = a1 + ( n 1) d . Therefore, we have
a5 = a1 + ( 5 1) d
a13 = a1 + (13 1) d
7 = a1 + 4d (1)
31 = a + 12d (2)
1
b.
13.
an = 3n + 100
a1 = 3 (1) + 100 = 97
a75 = 3 ( 75 ) + 100 = 125
n
[ a1 + an ]
2
75
S75 = [ a1 + a75 ]
2
75
S75 =
97 + ( 125 )
2
75
= ( 28)
2
= 1050
Sn =
14. If we let an = the number of seats in the nth

row, then we have an arithmetic sequence with
first term a1 = 20 and common difference
d = 2 . Thus, the total number of seats in the 30

rows is given by S30 .
n
2a1 + ( n 1) d
2
30
S30 =
2a1 + ( 30 1) d = 15 2 ( 20 ) + 29 ( 2 )
2
= 15 ( 98 ) = 1470
There are 1470 seats in the 30 rows.
Sn =

10.2 Exercises
15. {n + 5}
an 1 = ( n 1) + 5 = n + 4
an = n + 5
an an 1 = ( n + 5 ) ( n + 4 )
= n+5n4
=1
The difference between any consecutive terms is
1, so the sequence is arithmetic with common
difference d = 1. To find the first term, we
evaluate a1 and find a1 = 1 + 5 = 6 .
17. {7n + 2}
an 1 = 7 ( n 1) + 2 = 7n 5
an = 7n + 2
an an 1 = ( 7n + 2 ) ( 7n 5 )
= 7 n + 2 7n + 5
=7
evaluate a1 and find a1 = 7 (1) + 2 = 9 .
19. {7 3n}
an 1 = 7 3 ( n 1) = 7 3n + 3 = 10 3n
an = 7 3n
an an 1 = ( 7 3n ) (10 3n )
= 7 3n 10 + 3n
= 3
evaluate a1 and find a1 = 7 3 (1) = 4 .
1
21. n + 5
2
1
1
9
an 1 = ( n 1) + 5 = n +
2
2
2
1
an = n + 5
2
9
1
1
an an 1 = n + 5 n +
2
2
2
1
1
9
= n+5 n
2
2
2
1
=
2
1
, so the sequence is arithmetic with common
2
1
difference d = . To find the first term, we
2
1
11
evaluate a1 and find a1 = (1) + 5 = .
2
2
23. a1 = 4, d = 3
an = a1 + ( n 1) d
= 4 + ( n 1) 3
= 4 + 3n 3
= 3n + 1
To find the fifth term we let n = 5 .
a5 = 3 ( 5 ) + 1 = 15 + 1 = 16
The fifth term of the sequence is 16.
25. a1 = 10 , d = 5
an = a1 + ( n 1) d
= 10 + ( n 1)( 5)
= 10 5n + 5
= 5n + 15
a5 = 5 ( 5 ) + 15 = 25 + 15 = 10
The fifth term of the sequence is 10 .
27. a1 = 2, d =
1
3
1
an = a1 + ( n 1) d = 2 + ( n 1)
3
1
1
= 2+ n
3
3
1
5
= n+
3
3
1
5 5 5 10
a5 = ( 5 ) + = + =
3
3 3 3 3
10
The fifth term of the sequence is
.
3
29. a1 = 5, d =
1
5
1
an = a1 + ( n 1) d = 5 + ( n 1)
5
1
1
= 5 n+
5
5
1
26
= n+
5
5
837

1
26
26 21
a5 = ( 5 ) +
= 1 +
=
5
5
5
5
21
The fifth term of the sequence is
.
5
31. 2, 7,12,17,...
Notice that the difference between consecutive
terms is d = 5 . Since the first term is a = 2 , the
nth term can be written as
an = a1 + ( n 1) d
= 2 + ( n 1)( 5 )
= 2 + 5n 5
= 5n 3
To find the twentieth term, we let n = 20 .
a20 = 5 ( 20 ) 3 = 100 3 = 97
The twentieth term of the sequence is 97.
33. 12,9, 6,3,...
terms is d = 3 . Since the first term is a1 = 12,
the nth term can be written as
an = a1 + ( n 1) d
= 12 + ( n 1)( 3)
= 12 3n + 3
= 3n + 15
a20 = 3 ( 20 ) + 15 = 60 + 15 = 45
The twentieth term of the sequence is 45 .
5 3 7
35. 1, , , ,...
4 2 4
1
terms is d = . Since the first term is a1 = 1, the
4
nth term can be written as
an = a1 + ( n 1) d
1
= 1 + ( n 1)
4
1
1
= 1+ n
4
4
1
3
= n+
4
4
1
3 20 3 23
a20 = ( 20 ) + =
+ =
4
4 4 4 4
23
The twentieth term of the sequence is
.
4
838

37. We know that the nth term of an arithmetic
sequence is given by an = a1 + ( n 1) d where
a1 is the first term and d is the common

difference. Since a3 = 17 and a7 = 37 , we have
a3 = a1 + ( 3 1) d
17 = a1 + 2d (1)
or
=
+
a
a
7
1
d
(
)
37 = a1 + 6d (2)
1
7
This is a system of linear equations in two
variables, a1 and d. We can solve the system by
elimination. If we subtract equation (2) from
equation (1), we obtain
20 = 4d
5=d
Let d = 5 in equation (1) to find a1.
17 = a1 + 2 ( 5 )
17 = a1 + 10
7 = a1
The first term is a1 = 7 and the common
difference is d = 5 . Thus, a formula for the nth
term is
an = 7 + ( n 1)( 5 )
= 7 + 5n 5
= 5n + 2


difference. Since a4 = 2 and a8 = 26 , we have
a4 = a1 + ( 4 1) d
2 = a1 + 3d (1)
or
a
a
8
1
d
=
+
(
)
26 = a1 + 7d (2)
1
8
28 = 4d
7=d
Let d = 7 in equation (1) to find a.
2 = a1 + 3 ( 7 )
2 = a1 + 21
23 = a1
term is
an = 23 + ( n 1)( 7 )
= 23 + 7n 7
= 7n 30


difference. Since a5 = 1
have
a5 = a1 + ( 5 1) d
or
a12 = a1 + (12 1) d
and a12 = 22 , we
(1)
1 = a1 + 4d
22 = a + 11d (2)
1
21 = 7 d
3 = d
Let d = 3 in equation (1) to find a1.
1 = a1 + 4 ( 3)
1 = a1 12
11 = a1

term is
an = 11 + ( n 1)( 3)
= 11 3n + 3
= 3n + 14
sequence is given by an = a1 + ( n 1) d where a
is the first term and d is the common difference.
Since a3 = 3 and a9 = 0 , we have
a3 = a1 + ( 3 1) d
3 = a1 + 2d (1)
or
0 = a1 + 8d (2)
a9 = a1 + ( 9 1) d
3 = 6 d
1
=d
2
Let d = 1 in equation (1) to find a.
2
3 = a1 + 2 1
2
3 = a1 1
4 = a1
The first term is a = 4 and the common
difference is d = 1 . Thus, a formula for the
2
( )
nth term is
1
an = 4 + ( n 1)
2
1
1
1
9
= 4 n+ = n+
2
2
2
2
45. We know that the first term is a1 = 2 and the
common difference is d = 8 2 = 6 . The sum of
the first n = 30 terms of this arithmetic sequence
is given by
30
2a1 + ( 30 1) d
S30 =
2
= 15 2 ( 2 ) + 29 ( 6 )
= 15 (178 )
= 2670

common difference is d = 5 ( 8 ) = 3 . The
sum of the first n = 25 terms of this arithmetic

sequence is given by
25
S25 =
2a1 + ( 25 1) d
2
25
=
2 ( 8 ) + 24 ( 3)
2
25
= ( 56 )
2
= 700
common difference is d = 3 10 = 7 . The sum
of the first n = 40 terms of this arithmetic
sequence is given by
40
S40 =
2a1 + ( 40 1) d
2
= 20 2 (10 ) + 39 ( 7 )
= 20 ( 20 273)
= 20 ( 253)
= 5060
51. The first term of the sequence is given by

a1 = 4 (1) 3 = 1 and the 40th term is given by
a40 = 4 ( 40 ) 3 = 157 . We can now use the
formula Sn =
n
[ a1 + an ] to find the sum.
2
40
[1 + 157 ]
2
= 20 (158 )
= 3160
The sum of the first 40 terms is 3160.
S40 =
839

a1 = 5 (1) + 70 = 65 and the 75th term is given
by a75 = 5 ( 75 ) + 70 = 305 . We can now use

the formula Sn =
n
[ a1 + an ] to find the sum.
2
75
65 + ( 305 )
2
75
= ( 240 )
2
= 9000
The sum of the first 75 terms is 9000 .
S75 =

2
17
and the 30th term is given by
a1 = 5 + (1) =
3
3
2
a30 = 5 + ( 30 ) = 25 . We can now use the
3
n
formula Sn = [ a1 + an ] to find the sum.
2
30 17
S30 =
+ 25
2 3
92
= 15
3
= 460
The sum of the first 30 terms is 460.
57. To be an arithmetic sequence, the difference
between successive terms must be constant.
Therefore, we start by finding the differences
between the terms.
d1 = ( 2 x + 1) ( x + 3)
= 2x +1 x 3
= x2
d 2 = ( 5 x + 2 ) ( 2 x + 1)
= 5x + 2 2 x 1
= 3x + 1
Now we set the two differences equal to each
other and solve the resulting equation for x.
d1 = d 2
x 2 = 3x + 1
2 x = 3
3
x=
2
59. To determine the total number of cans, we first
need to determine how many rows are in the
stack. Letting the bottom row be the first row,
we have a1 = 35 . Since each row decreases by 1

an = a1 + ( n 1) d
1 = 35 + ( n 1)( 1)
1 = 35 n + 1
35 = n
35 = n
The total number of cans in the 35 rows is
35
35
S35 = ( 35 + 1) = ( 36 ) = 630
2
2
There are 630 cans in the stack.
61. Since the first row has 40 seats, we know that
a1 = 40 . Each of the n = 25 successive rows has
2 more seats, so we also know that d = 2 . To
determine the total number of seats, we first need
to know how many seats are in the last row.
a25 = a1 + ( 25 1) d
= 40 + 24 ( 2 )
= 40 + 48
= 88
The last row has 88 seats so the total number of
seats is given by
25
25
S25 = [ 40 + 88] = (128 ) = 1600
2
2
There are 1600 seats in the auditorium.
63. From the terms listed, we see that the first term
is a1 = 5 , the last term is an = 244 , and the
common difference is d = 2 ( 5 ) = 3 . We can

determine the number of terms in the sequence
by using the formula for the nth term.
an = a1 + ( n 1) d
244 = 5 + ( n 1)( 3)
244 = 5 + 3n 3
252 = 3n
84 = n
There are 84 terms in the sequence.
65. From the terms listed, we see that the first term
is a1 = 108 , the last term is an = 326 , and the
common difference is d = 101 108 = 7 . We
can determine the number of terms in the
sequence by using the formula for the nth term.
an = a1 + ( n 1) d
326 = 108 + ( n 1)( 7 )
326 = 108 7n + 7
441 = 7n
63 = n
There are 63 terms in the sequence.
can, we have d = 1 .
840

67. Since your starting salary is $32,000 and you get
a $2500 raise each year, your salary each year
will form an arithmetic sequence with
a1 = 32, 000 and d = 2500 . Your aggregate
salary at any point is the sum of what you have
earned up to that point. To find how long it
would take to have an aggregate of $757,500 we
can use the formula
n
n
Sn = [ a1 + an ] = 2a1 + ( n 1) d
2
2
n
757,500 = 2 ( 32, 000 ) + ( n 1) 2500
2
n
757,500 = [ 64, 000 + 2500n 2500]
2
1,515, 000 = n ( 61,500 + 2500n )
b.
1
f (1) = 10 = 5
2
2
5
1
f ( 2 ) = 10 =
2
2
3
5
1
f ( 3) = 10 =
4
2
4
5
1
f ( 4 ) = 10 =
8
2
75.
{3.45n + 4.12} ; n = 20
0 = 2500n 2 + 61,500n 1,515, 000

0 = n 2 + 24.6n 606
We can solve this quadratic equation by using
the quadratic formula.
n=
24.6
( 24.6 )2 4 (1)( 606 )

2 (1)
The sum of the first 20 terms of this arithmetic

sequence is 806.9.
77. a1 = 85.9; d = 83.5 85.9 = 2.4
an = 85.9 + ( n 1)( 2.4 )

= 85.9 2.4n + 2.4
= 88.3 2.4n
{88.3 2.4n} ; n = 25
24.6 3029.16
2
Since n must be positive, we only need to
consider the positive solution.
24.6 + 3029.16
n=
15.22
2
It will take about 15.22 years for you to have an
aggregate salary of $757,500.
=
69. Answers may vary. A sequence is arithmetic

only if the difference between consecutive terms
is constant. That is, an an 1 = d where d is a
constant.
71. a.
b.
f ( x ) = 3x is in the form y = a x so the base

is 3.
The sum of the first 25 terms of this arithmetic

sequence is 1427.5.
Section 10.3
R1. g ( x ) = 4 x
g (1) = 41 = 4
g ( 2 ) = 42 = 16
f (1) = 31 = 3
g ( 3) = 43 = 64
f ( 2 ) = 32 = 9
f ( 3) = 33 = 27
f ( 4 ) = 34 = 81
73. a.
R2.
1
f ( x ) = 10 is in the form y = k a x so
2
1
the base is .
2
x4
x3
= x 4 3 = x

1. In a geometric sequence the ratio of consecutive
terms is constant.
841
2.
3.
8
16
32
64
=2,
=2,
= 2,
=2
4
8
16
32
The sequence is geometric because the ratio of
consecutive terms is constant. The first term is
a1 = 4 and the common ratio is r = 2 .
10
16 8
=2,
=
5
10 5
The sequence is not geometric because the ratio
of consecutive terms is not constant.
1
4.
3 1 1 3 1
= , , = ,
9 3 3 1 3
1
9
1
3
1
1
= 3 =
9
3

3 1
a1 = 9 and the common ratio is r = = .
9 3
5.
an
5n
5 5n 1
=
=
=5
an 1 5n 1
5n 1
a1 = 51 = 5 and the common ratio is r = 5 .
6.
bn
n2
n2
=
=
bn 1 ( n 1)2 n2 2n + 1
The sequence is not geometric because the ratio
of consecutive terms is not constant.
( )
( )
( )
( )
n
n 1
5 2
5 2 2
cn
2
3
3
3
7.
=
=
=
n 1
n 1
cn 1
3
5 2
5 2
3
3
1
2 10
c1 = 5 =
and the common ratio is
3
3
2
r= .
3
8. The nth term of a geometric sequence is given
n 1
. We are given a1 = 5 and

by an = a1 r
r = 2 . Therefore, a formula for the nth term of
the sequence is an = 5 2n 1 .

9. The nth term of a geometric sequence is given
by an = a1 r n 1 . We are given that the first
term is a1 = 50 and the common ratio is
r=
25 1
= . Therefore, a formula for the nth
50 2
1
term of the sequence is an = 50
2
9 1
50
1
1
a9 = 50
= 50 =
256
2
2
25
=
= 0.1953125
128
10. For a geometric sequence with first term a1 and
common ratio r, where r 0, r 1, the sum of
the first n terms is Sn = a1
1 rn
.
1 r
11. We wish to find the sum of the first 13 terms of a

geometric sequence with first term a1 = 3 and
common ratio r =
6
=2.
3
1 rn
1 r
1 213
= 3
= 3 ( 8191) = 24,573
1 2
Sn = a1
S13
12. We wish to find the sum of the first 10 terms of a

geometric sequence with first term
1
1
1
a1 = 8 = 4 and common ratio r = .
2
2
1 rn
1 r
10
1023
1 1
1023
2
= 4
= 4 1024 = 4
1
1
512
1
2
2
1023
=
= 7.9921875
128
Sn = a1
S10
( )
13. If 1 < r < 1, then the sum of the geometric
a
series a1r n 1 = 1 .
1
r
n 1
a9 = 5 291 = 5 28 = 5 ( 256 ) = 1280
842
n 1
14. This is an infinite geometric series with a1 = 10

5
5 1 1
and r = 2 = = . Since the common ratio
10 2 10 4
is between 1 and 1, we can use the formula for
the sum of an infinite geometric series to find
a
S = 1
1 r
10
10
4 40
=
= 10 =
S =
3
1
3 3
1
4
4
15. This is an infinite geometric series with
1
1
1 1
a1 = = and r = . Since the common
3
3 3
ratio is between 1 and 1, we can use the
formula for the sum of an infinite geometric
series to find
a
S = 1
1 r
1
1
1 3 1
S = 3 = 3 = =
1 2 3 2 2
1
3
3
16. The line over the 2 indicates that the 2 repeats
indefinitely. That is, we can write
0.2 = 0.2 + 0.02 + 0.002 + 0.0002 + ...
This is an infinite geometric series with a1 = 0.2
and common ratio r = 0.1 . Since the common
ratio is between 1 and 1, we can use the
formula for the sum of a geometric series to find
that
0.2 = 0.2 + 0.02 + 0.002 + 0.0002 +
0.2
=
1 0.1
0.2
=
0.9
2
=
9
17. The total impact of the $500 tax rebate on the
U.S. economy is
2
$500 + $500 ( 0.95 ) + $500 ( 0.95 ) + $500 ( 0.95 ) + ...
This is an infinite geometric series with first term

a = 500 and common ratio r = 0.95 . The sum
of this series is
$500 + $500 ( 0.95 ) + $500 ( 0.95 ) +

$500
=
1 0.95
$500
=
0.05
= $10, 000
The U.S. economy will grow by $10,000
because of the child tax credit to Roberta.
18. This is an ordinary annuity with n = 4 30 = 120
payments with deposits of P = $500 . The
interest rate per payment period is
0.08
i=
= 0.02 . This gives
4
(1 + 0.02 )120 1
A = 500
0.02
= 500 ( 488.258152 )
= 244,129.08
After 30 years, the IRA will be worth
$244,129.08.
10.3 Exercises
19.
{4n }
an 1 = 4n 1
an = 4n
an
4n
4n
1
=
=
=
n
n
1
an 1 4
4 4
4 1
The ratio of any two consecutive terms is 4, so
the sequence is geometric, with common ratio
r = 4. To find the first term, we evaluate a1 and
find a1 = 41 = 4 .
2 n
21.
3

2
an 1 =
3
2
an =
3
n 1
843
5n 1
25.
n
2
2

an
3
=
an 1 2 n 1

3
n
2

3
=
n
2 2

3 3
1
2

3
2
=
3
an 1 =
an =
1
2n 1
5n 2
2n 1
5n 1
2n
5n 1
n
an
5n 1 2n 1 5
= 2 =
=
an 1 5n 2
2 n 5n 2 2
2n 1
2
The ratio of any two consecutive terms is , so
3
2
r = . To find the first term, we evaluate a1 and
3
5
2
5
2
511 50 1
find a1 =
=
= .
2 2
21
2
2
find a1 = = .
3
3

23.
n 1 1
5( )
27. a.
{3 2n }
b.
n 1
an 1 = 3 2 ( ) = 3 2n +1
29. a.
an = 3 2 n
an
3 2 n
=
an 1 3 2 n +1
3 2 n
=
3 2 n 2
1
=
2
an = a1 r n 1 = 10 2n 1
a8 = 10 281 = 10 27 = 10 128 = 1280
1
an = a1 r n 1 = 100
2
81
b.
31. a.
1
2
1
2
3
find a1 = 3 21 = .
2
b.
33. a.
b.
35. r =
1
a8 = 100
2
100 25
1
= 100 =
=
128 32
2
an = a1 r n 1 = 1 ( 3)
81
a8 = ( 3)
n 1
n 1
= ( 3 )
n 1
= ( 3) = 2187
an = a1 r n 1 = 100 (1.05 )
81
a8 = 100 (1.05 )
n 1
= 100 (1.05) 140.71
6
= 2 ; a1 = 3
3
an = a1 r n 1
a10 = 3 2101 = 3 29 = 3 512 = 1536
844
37. r =
2
1
= ; a1 = 4
4
2
an = a1 r n 1
45.
151
91
a9 = 0.5 ( 0.1)
47.
8
= 0.5 ( 0.1) = 0.000000005
+ 212 = 8190
2
. We wish to find the sum of
5
the first 10 terms, S10 .
common ratio r =
1 rn
1 r
10
9, 764, 601
2
1
5
9, 765, 625
= 50
= 50
83.3245952
2
3
1
5
5
Sn = a1
101
2
+ 50
5
n 1
4 8 1
4
=
n1 2
n =1 2
n =1
Here we want the sum of the first eight terms of

a geometric sequence with a1 = 4 and common
1
.
2
1 rn
Sn = a1
1 r
ratio r =
S8 = 4
8
( 12 )
1
2
255
= 4 256 = 8
1
2
255
= 7.96875
256
2n1 = 7.96875
n =1
10 1
16
+
5
1 rn
1 r
1 210
1023
= 6
= 6
= 6138
1 2
1
n =1
16
2
+ + 50
5
5
This is a geometric sequence with a1 = 50 and
50 + 20 + 8 +
n =1
10
1 r
Sn = a1
1 r
4095
1 212
= 2
= 8190
S12 = 2
1
1 2
S10
n =1
3 2n = 6138
43. 50 + 20 + 8 +
n =1
S10
41. 2 + 4 + 8 + + 212
This is a geometric sequence with a1 = 2 and
common ratio r = 2 . We wish to find the sum of
the first 12 terms, S12 .
2+4+8+
10
Sn = a1
0.05 1
= ; a1 = 0.5
0.5 10
an = a1 r n 1
10
Here we want to find the sum of the first 10

terms of a geometric sequence with a1 = 6 and
common ratio r = 2 .
1
a15 = 4
2
14
1
= 4
2
4
=
16,384
1
=
4096
39. r =
10
3 2n = 3 2 2n1 = 6 2n1
83.3245952
1
1
and common ratio r = 2 = . Since the
1 2
common ratio, r, is between 1 and 1, we can
use the formula for the sum of an infinite
geometric series.
1 1
a
1
1
1+ + + =
=
= =2
1
1
2 4
1 r 1
2
2
10
1
and common ratio r = 3 = . Since the
10 3
geometric series.
10 10
10
10
10 + + + =
=
= 15
2
1
3 9
1
3
3
845

2
1
and common ratio r =
= . Since the
6
3
geometric series.
2 2
6
6
3 9
= = 6 =
62+ + =
3 9
4 2
1 4
1 3
3
1
1
1
a1 = 5 = 1 and common ratio r = . Since
5
5
the common ratio, r, is between 1 and 1, we
can use the formula for the sum of an infinite
geometric series.
n

1
1 5
1
5 5 = 1 = 4 = 4
n =1
1
5 5
61. 0.89 = 0.89 + 0.0089 + 0.000089 +

n 1

1
= 0.89

100
n =1
This is an infinite geometric series with a = 0.89
1
and common ratio r =
. Since the common
100
ratio, r, is between 1 and 1, we can use the
series.
0.89
0.89 89
0.89 =
=
=
1
0.99 99
1
100
63.
an an 1 = [5n + 1] 5 ( n 1) + 1
= [5n + 1] [ 5n 5 + 1]
= 5n + 1 5n + 4
=5
Since the difference between successive terms is
constant, this is an arithmetic sequence. The
common difference is d = 5 .

11
1
a1 = 12 = 12 and common ratio
3
1
r = . Since the common ratio, r, is between
3
1 and 1, we can use the formula for the sum of
an infinite geometric series.
n 1

12
12
1
12 3 = 1 = 4
n =1
1
3 3
3
= 12
4
=9
59. 0.5 = 0.5 + 0.05 + 0.005 + 0.0005 +
n 1

1
= 0.5
10
n =1
This is an infinite geometric series with a = 0.5
1
and common ratio r = . Since the common
10
ratio, r, is between 1 and 1, we can use the
series.
1
0.5
1 10 5
0.5 =
= 2 = =
1
9 2 9 9
1
10 10
846
{5n + 1}
65.
{2n2 }
2
an an 1 = 2n2 2 ( n 1)
2 2
= 2n 2n 4n + 2
2
2
= 2n 2n + 4n 2
= 4n 2
Since the difference between consecutive terms
is not constant, the sequence is not arithmetic.
an
n2
2n 2
=
=
an 1 2 ( n 1)2 n2 2n + 1
Since the ratio of consecutive terms is not

constant, the sequence is not geometric.
n
2
67.
5
n 1
2n 2 ( )
5
5
2n 2 n +1
=
5
5
2 n 2 2 n
=
5
5
2 n
=
5
an an 1 =

Since the difference between consecutive terms
is not constant, the sequence is not arithmetic.
2 n
5
an
2 n
5
=
=
an 1 ( n 1)
5 2 n +1
2
( )
=2
n ( n +1)
= 2 1
1
=
2
Since the ratio of consecutive terms is constant,
the sequence is geometric. The common ratio is
1
r= .
2
69. a2 a1 = 36 54 = 18
a3 a2 = 24 36 = 12
Consecutive differences are not the same so the
sequence is not arithmetic.
a3 24 2
a2 36 2
a4 16 2
=
= ;
=
= ;
=
=
a1 54 3
a2 36 3
a3 24 3
The ratio of consecutive terms is constant so the
sequence is geometric. The common ratio is
2
r= .
3
71. a2 a1 = 6 2 = 4
a3 a2 = 10 6 = 4
a4 a3 = 14 10 = 4
The difference between consecutive terms is
constant so the sequence is arithmetic. The
common difference is d = 4 .
73. a2 a1 = 2 1 = 1
a3 a2 = 3 2 = 1
a4 a3 = 5 3 = 2
a5 a4 = 8 5 = 3
The difference between consecutive terms is not
constant so the sequence is not arithmetic.
a2 2
= =2
a1 1
a3 3
= = 1.5
a2 2
a4 5
= 1.67
a3 3
a5 8
= = 1.6
a4 5
The ratio of consecutive terms is not constant so
the sequence is not geometric.
75. To be a geometric sequence, the ratio of

consecutive terms must be the same. Therefore,
we need to solve the equation
x+2 x+3
=
x
x+2
x+2
x+3
x ( x + 2)
= x ( x + 2)
x
x+2
( x + 2 )2 = x ( x + 3)
x 2 + 4 x + 4 = x 2 + 3x
4 x + 4 = 3x
x+4= 0
x = 4
77. Your annual salaries will form a geometric
sequence with a1 = 40, 000 and common ratio
r = 1.05 .
a.
Your salary at the beginning of the second

year is the value of the second term in the
sequence.
a2 = a1 r 2 1 = 40, 000 (1.05 ) = 42, 000

Your salary at the beginning of the second
year will be $42,000.
1
b.
Your salary at the beginning of the tenth

year is the value of the tenth term in the
sequence.
a10 = a1 r10 1 = 40, 000 (1.05 ) 62, 053

9
Your salary at the beginning of the tenth

year will be about $62,053.
c.
Your cumulative earnings after completing

your tenth year is the sum of the first ten
terms of the sequence.
1 r10
S10 = a1
1 r
10
1 (1.05 )
= 40, 000
1 1.05
40, 000 (12.577893)
503,116
Your cumulative earnings after finishing
your tenth year will be about $503,116.
79. The value of the car at the beginning of the year

forms a geometric sequence with a1 = 20, 000
and common ratio r = 0.92 . The value of the car
after you have owned it for five years will be the
sixth term of the sequence (the beginning of the
sixth year of ownership).
847
a6 = 20, 000 ( 0.92 )

d.
6 1
= 20, 000 ( 0.92 ) 13,182

After five years of ownership, the car will be
worth about $13,182.
81. The lengths of the arc of the pendulum swings
form a geometric sequence with a1 = 3 and
common ratio r = 0.95 .
a.
a10 = a1 r10 1
= 3 ( 0.95 )
1.891
The length of the arc in the 10th swing is
about 1.891 feet.
b.
83. The annual salaries under option A form a

geometric sequence with a1 = 30, 000 and
common ratio r = 1.05 . The annual salaries
under option B form a geometric sequence with
a1 = 31, 000 and common ratio r = 1.04 .
Here we need to determine the term number.

We start with the following equation:
an = 1
To determine which option gives the larger

annual salary in the final year of the contract, we
need to find the 5th term of each sequence.
a1 r n 1 = 1
3 ( 0.95 )
=1
1
( 0.95 )n1 =
3
n 1
ln ( 0.95 ) = ln
( n 1) ln ( 0.95 ) = ln
ln
()
24.08
1 0.95
After 10 swings, the pendulum will have
swung a total of about 24.08 feet.
1 1.05
165, 768.94
1 (1.04 )
1 1.04
167,906.00
Therefore, option A will yield the larger annual

salary in the final year of the contract and option
B will yield the larger cumulative salary over the
life of the contract.
85. The multiplier in this case is the geometric series
with first term a1 = 1 and common ratio
r = 0.98 .
1
2
1 + 0.98 + ( 0.98 ) + ... =
= 50
1 0.98
The multiplier is 50.
87.
848
1 (1.05)
Option B: S5 = 31, 000
1
3
S10 = a1
= 3
36, 265.62
Option A: S5 = 30, 000
ln ( 0.95 )
1 r10
1 r
10
1 ( 0.95 )
51
To determine which option gives the largest

cumulative salary for five years, we need the
sum of the first five terms of each sequence.
ln ( 0.95)
n 22.42
Since the terms in the sequence are
decreasing, the length of the arc will be less
than 1 foot on the 23rd swing.
c.
36, 465.19
Option B: a5 = 31, 000 (1.04 )
( 13 )
( 13 )
ln ( 13 )
n = 1+
51
Option A: a5 = 30, 000 (1.05 )
n 1
n 1 =
To find the total length the pendulum will

swing requires an infinite geometric series.
a
S = 1
1 r
3
=
1 0.95
3
=
0.05
= 60
The pendulum will swing a total of 60 feet.
1 + i 1 + .02 1.02
=
=
0.93578
1 + r 1 + .09 1.09
The price is an infinite geometric series with
1.02
a1 = 2 and a common ratio of
. The
1.09
maximum price is given by
2
31.14
1.02
1
1.09
The maximum price you should pay for the stock
is $31.14 per share.
Price =
89. A = P
(1 + i )n 1
i
In this case we have P = 100 , n = 30 12 = 360 ,
0.08
and i =
.
12
0.08 360
1 +
1
12
A = 100
0.08
12
= 100 [1490.359449]
= $149, 035.94
After 30 years, Christinas 401(k) will be worth
$149,035.94.
91. A = P
(1 + i )n 1
i
0.06
= 0.015 .
and i =
4
(1 + 0.015)100 1
A = 500
0.015
= 500 [ 228.8030433]
= $114, 401.52
After 25 years, Jacksons IRA will be worth
$114,401.52.
93. A = P
95. 0.49 = 0.4 + 0.09 + 0.009 + 0.0009 +

After the 0.4, the rest of the sum forms an
infinite geometric series with a1 = 0.09 and
common ratio r = 0.1 . We can find the sum of
a
0.09 0.09
this part as S = 1 =
=
= 0.1
1 r 1 0.1 0.9
1
Thus, 0.49 = 0.4 + 0.1 = 0.5 = .
2
97. The sum is a geometric series with a1 = 2 and
common ratio r = 2 . We can find the sum by
using the summation formula, after we determine
how many terms are in the sum.
an = a1 r n 1
1, 073, 741,824 = 2 2n 1
1, 073, 741,824 = 2n
ln1, 073, 741,824 = ln 2n
ln1, 073, 741,824 = n ln 2
ln1, 073, 741,824
=n
ln 2
30 = n
S30 = a1
1 r 30
1 230
= 2
= 2,147, 483, 646
1 r
1 2
99. Answers may vary. The comparison of growth

rates really depends on the common difference
and the common ratio. It is possible for an
arithmetic sequence to grow at a faster rate
initially. However, the geometric sequence will
always end up growing at a faster rate if given
enough time. For example, consider the
following sequences:
arithmetic: {20 + ( n 1) 2}
geometric: 20 1.05n 1
(1 + i )n 1
i
In this case we have A = 1,500, 000 ,
0.10
n = 35 12 = 420 , and i =
.
12
0.10 420
1
1 +
12
1,500,000 = P
0.10
12
1,500,000 = P [3796.638052]
P = $395.09
Aaliyah will need to contribute $395.09, or
about $395, each month in order to achieve her
goal.
These two sequences begin at the same value,

but then the arithmetic sequence begins growing
at a faster rate. After about 27 years, the
geometric sequence will take over.
If Malthus conjecture is correct, it would mean

that we would eventually be unable to produce
enough food to feed everyone on the planet,
even if current supply exceeds demand.
101. A geometric series has a finite sum if 1 < r < 1 .
849
103.
1
= 0.333333...
3
2
= 0.666666...
3
1 2
+ = ( 0.333333...) + ( 0.666666...)
3 3
= 0.999999...
1 2 3
Since + = = 1 , we would conjecture that
3 3 3
0.999999... = 1 .
105. This is a geometric series with a1 = 4 and

common ratio r = 1.2 . Based on the form of the
last term, it appears that there are n = 15 terms
in the series.
The sum is approximately 288.1404315.

107.
20
1.2 (1.05)
n =1
This is a geometric series with a1 = 1.26 (that is,

2. an an 1 = 2 ( n + 3) 2 ( n 1 + 3)
= 2 ( n + 3) 2 ( n + 2 )
= 2n + 6 2n 4
=2
The difference between consecutive terms is a
constant so the sequence is arithmetic with
a1 = 2 (1 + 3) = 8 and common difference d = 2 .
7n + 2 7 ( n 1) + 2
3. an an 1 =
9
9
7n + 2 7n 7 + 2
=
9
9
7n + 2 7n + 5
=
9
7
=
9
The difference between consecutive terms is a
7 (1) + 2
a1 =
= 1 and common difference
9
7
d= .
9
4.
1.2 (1.05 ) ), common ratio r = 1.05 , and n = 20

terms.
The sum is approximately 41.66310217.

Putting the Concepts Together (Sections 10.110.3)
1.
850
3 / 16 3 4 1
= =
3 / 4 16 3 4
3 / 64 3 16 1
=
=
3 / 16 64 3 4
3 / 256
3 64 1
=
=
3 / 64 256 3 4
The ratio of consecutive terms is a constant so
3
the sequence is geometric with a1 = and
4
1
common ratio r = .
4
5.
4 1 = 5
9 ( 4 ) = 13
4
= 4
1
9
9
=
4
4
The sequence is neither arithmetic nor
geometric. The difference between consecutive
terms is not constant so the sequence is not
arithmetic. Likewise, the ratio of consecutive
geometric.
an
3 2n +1
3 2n 2
=
=
=2
an 1 3 2( n 1)+1
3 2n
the sequence is geometric with a1 = 3 21+1 = 12
and common ratio r = 2 .
2
6. an an 1 = n2 5 ( n 1) 5
= n 2 5 n 2 2n + 1 5
2
10.
= n 5 n + 2n + 4
= 2n 1
2
an = 24 + ( n 1)(11)
= 24 + 11n 11
= 11n 35
a1 = 11(1) 35 = 24
a2 = 11( 2 ) 35 = 13
a3 = 11( 3) 35 = 2
a4 = 11( 4 ) 35 = 9
a5 = 11( 5 ) 35 = 20
The first five terms of the sequence are 24 ,
13 , 2 , 9, and 20.
an
n 5
n 5
=
=
an 1 ( n 1)2 5 n2 2n 4
geometric.
7.
[3k + 4]
k =1
= ( 3 1 + 4 ) + ( 3 2 + 4 ) + ( 3 3 + 4 )
+ ( 3 4 + 4) + (3 5 + 4) + (3 6 + 4)
= 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 + 19 + 22
= 87
8. Each term is written in the form
1
, where
2(6 + i)
i is the term number, and there are n = 12

terms.
1
1
1
+
+ +
2 ( 6 + 1) 2 ( 6 + 2 )
2 ( 6 + 12 )
12
1
=
i =1 2 ( 6 + i )
9. an = a1 + ( n 1) d
= 25 + ( n 1)( 2 )
= 25 2n + 2
= 27 2n
a1 = 27 2 (1) = 25
a2 = 27 2 ( 2 ) = 23
a3 = 27 2 ( 3) = 21
a4 = 27 2 ( 4 ) = 19
a5 = 27 2 ( 5 ) = 17
21, 19, and 17.
an = a1 + ( n 1) d
a4 = a1 + ( 4 1)(11) = 9
a1 + 33 = 9
a1 = 24
an = a1 r n 1
11.
1
a4 = a1
5
1
9
a1
=
125 25
1
an = 45
5
41
9
25
a1 = 125
9
= 45
25
n 1
11
1
a1 = 45
5
= 45
1
a2 = 45
5
2 1
1
a3 = 45
5
31
1
a4 = 45
5
4 1
1
a5 = 45
5
5 1
=9
=
=
=
9
5
9
25
9
125

9
25
, and
9
125
9
5
851
12. an = a1 r n 1
n 1
= 150 (1.04 )
11
a1 = 150 (1.04 )
= 150
2 1
= 156
31
= 162.24
4 1
= 168.7296
a2 = 150 (1.04 )
a3 = 150 (1.04 )
a4 = 150 (1.04 )
51
a5 = 150 (1.04 ) = 175.478784

The first five terms of the sequence are 150, 156, 162.24, 168.7296, and 175.478784.
13. The terms form a geometric sequence with first term a1 = 2 , common ratio r = 3 , and n = 11 terms.
S11 = 2
1 311
= 177,146
1 3
14. The terms form an arithmetic sequence with first term a1 = 2 , common difference d = 5 , and n = 20 terms.
a20 = 2 + ( 20 1) 5 = 97
S20 =
20
[ 2 + 97] = 990
2
15. This is an infinite geometric series with a1 = 1000 and r =
S =
1
.
10
a1
1000 1000 10, 000
1
=
=
=
or 1111
1
9
1 r 1
9
9
10
10
16. The number of people who can be seated forms an arithmetic sequence with first term a = 4 and common
difference d = 2 . The number of tables required is the same as the term number, n.
To find the number of tables required to seat a party of 24 people, we solve the following for n:
an = a1 + ( n 1) d
24 = 4 + ( n 1)( 2 )
24 = 4 + 2n 2
24 = 2n + 2
22 = 2n
11 = n
A party of 24 people would require 11 tables.
Section 10.4
R1.
( x 5 ) 2 = x 2 2 x 5 + 52
= x 2 10 x + 25
R2.
( 2 x + 3)2 = ( 2 x + 3)( 2 x + 3)
2
= ( 2 x ) + 2 2 x 3 + 32
= 4 x + 12 x + 9
852

1. If n 2 is an integer, then n ! = n(n 1)(n 2)
3 2 1.
2. 0! = 1 ; 1! = 1 .
3. 5! = 5 4 3 2 1 = 120
4.
7! 7 6 5 4 3!
=
= 7 6 5 4 = 840
3!
3!
5. False. The numerator should be n! and the denominator should be j! (n j)!.

6. True.
7!
7! 7 6!

7. 7 =
= =
=7
6!
1 1! ( 7 1) ! 6!
6!
6 5 4 3! 6 5 4

8. 6 =
=
=
= 20
3! 3!
3 2 1
3 3! ( 6 3) !
9.
( x + 2 )4 = 4 x 4 + 4 21 x41 + 4 22 x 4 2 + 4 23 x 43 + 4 24
0
1
2
3
4
3
2
= 1 x + 4 2 x + 6 4 x + 4 8 x + 1 16
= x 4 + 8 x3 + 24 x 2 + 32 x + 16
10.
( 2 p 1)5
5
= ( 2 p + ( 1) )
5
1
51
2
5 2 5
3
5 3 5
4
5 4 5
5

= 5 ( 2 p ) + 5 ( 1) ( 2 p ) + 5 ( 1) ( 2 p )
+ ( 1) ( 2 p )
+ ( 1) ( 2 p )
+ ( 1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
5
4
2
3
3
2
4
5
= 1 ( 2 p ) + 5 ( 1) ( 2 p ) + 10 ( 1) ( 2 p ) + 10 ( 1) ( 2 p ) + 5 ( 1) ( 2 p ) + 1 ( 1)
( )
( )
= 32 p5 + 5 ( 1) 16 p 4 + 10 (1) 8 p3 + 10 ( 1) 4 p 2 + 5 (1)( 2 p ) + 1( 1)
5
= 32 p 80 p + 80 p 40 p + 10 p 1
10.4 Exercises
11. 3! = 3 2 1 = 6
13. 8! = 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 = 40,320
15.
10! 10 9 8!
=
= 10 9 = 90
8!
8!
17.
8! 8 7 6 5!
=
= 8 7 6 = 336
5!
5!
7!
7!
7 6 5! 7 6
7
19. =
=
=
=
= 21
2
2 5!
2
2!( 7 2 ) ! 2! 5!
853
10!
10!
10
=
21. =
4 4!(10 4 ) ! 4! 6!
10 9 8 7 6!
=
4 3 2 1 6!
10 9 8 7
=
4 3 2 1
= 210
23.
( x + 1)5 = 0 x5 + 1 11 x51 + 2 12 x52 + 3 13 x53 + 4 14 x54 + 5 15
25.
( x 4 )4 = ( x + ( 4 ) )
5
5
5

= x5 + 5 x 4 + 10 x3 + 10 x 2 + 5 x + 1
4
4
4
4
4
1
2
3
4
= x 4 + ( 4 ) x 4 1 + ( 4 ) x 4 2 + ( 4 ) x 4 3 + ( 4 )
0
1
2
3
4
= x 4 + 4 ( 4 ) x3 + 6 (16 ) x 2 + 4 ( 64 ) x + 256
= x 4 16 x3 + 96 x 2 256 x + 256
27.
( 3 p + 2 )4 = ( ( 3 p ) + 2 )
4 4
41 4
4 2 4 3
43 4 4
4
= ( 3 p ) + 21 ( 3 p ) + 22 ( 3 p )
+ 2 (3 p )
+ 2
0
1
2
3
4
4
3
2
= 81 p + 4 2 27 p + 6 4 9 p + 4 8 3 p + 16
= 81 p 4 + 216 p3 + 216 p 2 + 96 p + 16
29.
( 2 z 3)5
5
= ( ( 2 z ) + ( 3) )
5 5
1
51 5
2
5 2 5
3
5 3 5
4
5 4 5
5
5
= ( 2 z ) + ( 3) ( 2 z ) + ( 3) ( 2 z )
+ ( 3 ) ( 2 z )
+ ( 3) ( 2 z )
+ ( 3 )
0
1
2
3
4
5

= 32 z 5 + 5 ( 3) 16 z 4 + 10 ( 9 ) 8 z 3 + 10 ( 27 ) 4 z 2 + 5 ( 81) 2 z + ( 243)
= 32 z 5 240 z 4 + 720 z 3 1080 z 2 + 810 z 243

31.
( x2 + 2 )
( )
( )
( )
( )
4 4
41 4 2
42 4 3
4 3 4 4
4
= x 2 + 21 x 2
+ 2 x2
+ 2 x2
+ 2
0
1
2
3

4
8
6
4
2
= x + 4 2 x + 6 4 x + 4 8 x + 16
= x8 + 8 x 6 + 24 x 4 + 32 x 2 + 16
33.
( 2 p3 + 1) = (( 2 p3 ) + 1)
5 5
51 5
5 2 5 3
5 3 5 4
54 5 5
5
= ( 2 p3 ) + 11 ( 2 p3 ) + 12 ( 2 p3 )
+ 1 ( 2 p3 )
+ 1 ( 2 p3 )
+ 1
0
1
2
3
4
5
5
= 32 p15 + 5 16 p12 + 10 8 p9 + 10 4 p 6 + 5 2 p3 + 1
= 32 p15 + 80 p12 + 80 p9 + 40 p6 + 10 p3 + 1
854
35.
( x + 2 )6 = 0 x6 + 1 21 x6 1 + 2 22 x6 2 + 3 23 x63 + 4 24 x6 4 + 5 25 x65 + 6 26
6
6
6
6
6

= x 6 + 6 2 x5 + 15 4 x 4 + 20 8 x3 + 15 16 x 2 + 6 32 x + 64
= x 6 + 12 x5 + 60 x 4 + 160 x3 + 240 x 2 + 192 x + 64

37.
( 2 p2 q 2 ) = ( ( 2 p 2 ) + ( q2 ) )
4 4
4 1
1 4
42
2 4
4 3
3 4
4
4
= ( 2 p 2 ) + ( 2 p 2 ) ( q 2 ) + ( 2 p 2 )
( q 2 ) + ( 2 p 2 )
( q 2 ) + ( q 2 )
0
1
2
3
4
8
6
2
4
4
2
6
8
= 16 p + 4 8 p ( q ) + 6 4 p ( q ) + 4 2 p ( q ) + ( q )
4
= 16 p8 32 p 6 q 2 + 24 p 4 q 4 8 p 2 q 6 + q8
39.
(1.001)4 = (1 + 0.001)4
4
4
1 4
2 4
3 4
4
= 14 + 141 ( 0.001) + 14 2 ( 0.001) + 143 ( 0.001) + ( 0.001)
0
1
2
3
4

= 1 + 4 ( 0.001) + 6 ( 0.000001) + 4 ( 0.000000001) + ( 0.000000000001)
= 1 + 0.004 + 0.000006 + 0.000000004 + 0.000000000001
= 1.004006004001
1.00401
41.
( 0.998)5 = (1 0.002 )5
5
= (1 + ( 0.002 ) )
1 5
2 5
3 5
4 5
5
5
5
= 15 + 151 ( 0.002 ) + 15 2 ( 0.002 ) + 153 ( 0.002 ) + 15 4 ( 0.002 ) + ( 0.002 )
0
1
2
3
4
5

= 1 + 5 ( 0.002 ) + 10 ( 0.000004 ) + 10 ( 0.000000008 ) + 5 ( 0.000000000016 ) + ( 0.000000000000032 )

= 1 0.01 + 0.00004 0.00000008 + 0.00000000008 0.000000000000032
= 1.000040000080000 0.010000080000032
= 0.990039920079968
0.99004
7
43. The 3rd term of the expansion of ( x + 2 ) is
7 2 72
= 21 4 x5 = 84 x5
2 2 x

45. The 6th term of the expansion of ( 2 p 3) = ( ( 2 p ) + ( 3) ) is
8
5
8 5
8
= 56 ( 243) 8 p3
5 ( 3 ) ( 2 p )

= 108,864 p3
n ( n 1) !
n!
n!
n
=
=
=n
47.
=
n
1
( n 1)!
( n 1) !( n ( n 1) ) ! ( n 1) !1!
n!
n!
n!
n
=
= =1
n =
n !( n n ) ! n !0! n !
855

49.
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
51. The degree of each monomial (sum of the exponents) in the expansion of ( x + y ) is equal to n.
n
53.
f ( x ) = x4
4
f ( a 2) = ( a 2)
1
2
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
= a 4 + ( 2 ) a 4 1 + ( 2 ) a 4 2 + ( 2 ) a 4 3 + ( 2 )
0
1
2
3
4
= a 4 + 4 ( 2 ) a3 + 6 ( 4 ) a 2 + 4 ( 8 ) a + (16 )
= a 4 8a3 + 24a 2 32a + 16
55. H ( x ) = x5 4 x 4
5
H ( p + 1) = ( p + 1) 4 ( p + 1)
5
5
5
5
5
5
= p5 + 11 p51 + 12 p5 2 + 13 p53 + 14 p54 + 15
0
1
2
3
4

5

4
4
4
4
4
4 p 4 + 11 p 41 + 12 p 4 2 + 13 p 43 + 14
0
1
2
3

4

= p5 + 5 p 4 + 10 p3 + 10 p 2 + 5 p + 1
4
3
2
4 p + 4 p + 6 p + 4 p + 1
5
4
3
2
= p + 5 p + 10 p + 10 p + 5 p + 1 4 p 4 16 p3 24 p 2 16 p 4
= p5 + p 4 6 p3 14 p 2 11 p 3
Chapter 10 Review
1. an = 3n + 2
a1 = 3 (1) + 2 = 1
a2 = 3 ( 2 ) + 2 = 4
a3 = 3 ( 3) + 2 = 7
a4 = 3 ( 4 ) + 2 = 10
a5 = 3 ( 5) + 2 = 13
The first five terms of the sequence are 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13.
856

n2
n+4
1 2 1
1
22 0
a1 =
=
= ; a2 =
= = 0;
1+ 4 5
5
2+4 6
3 2 1
42 2 1
a3 =
= ; a4 =
= = ;
3+ 4 7
4+4 8 4
52 3 1
a5 =
= =
5+ 4 9 3
1
The first five terms of the sequence are , 0,
5
1 1
1
, , and .
7 4
3
2. an =
3. an = 5n + 1
a1 = 51 + 1 = 5 + 1 = 6
a2 = 52 + 1 = 25 + 1 = 26
a3 = 53 + 1 = 125 + 1 = 126
a4 = 54 + 1 = 625 + 1 = 626
a5 = 55 + 1 = 3125 + 1 = 3126
126, 626, and 3126.
4. an = ( 1)
n 1
11
a1 = ( 1)
a2 = ( 1)
2 1
31
a3 = ( 1)
a4 = ( 1)
4 1
51
3 (1) = ( 1) 3 = 3
1
3 ( 2 ) = ( 1) 6 = 6
2
3 ( 3) = ( 1) 9 = 9
4
a5 = ( 1) 3 ( 5) = ( 1) 15 = 15
The first five terms of the sequence are 3, 6 , 9,
12 , and 15.
2
;
2
4
a4 =
;
4
a2 =
The first five terms of the sequence are ,
2
,
2
3 4
5
,
, and
.
4
3
5
7. The terms can be expressed as multiples of 3 .
3 = 3 1
6 = 3 2
9 = 3 3
12 = 3 4
15 = 3 5
The nth term of the sequence is given by
an = 3n .
5 = 5 20
10 = 5 21
20 = 5 22
40 = 5 23
n2
5. an =
n +1
80 = 5 24
The exponent is one less than the term number.
Therefore, the nth term of the sequence is given
22
4
= ,
2 +1 3
42
16
a4 =
= ,
4 +1 5
a2 =
9 16
25
,
, and
.
4 5
6
1
= ;
1
3
a3 =
;
3
5
a5 =
5
a1 =
9. The terms can be expressed as the product of 5

and a power of 2.
3 ( 4 ) = ( 1) 12 = 12
12
1
= ,
1+1 2
32
9
a3 =
= ,
3 +1 4
52
25
a5 =
=
5 +1 6
n
n
8. The terms are rational numbers with a

denominator of 3. The numerators are
consecutive integers beginning with 1. The nth
n
term of the sequence is given by an = .
3
3n
a1 =
6. an =
by an = 5 2n 1 .
1 4
, ,
2 3
1 2
3 4
10. Rewrite as , , , , ...
2 2
2 2
The terms are rational numbers with alternating
signs. The denominator is always 2, and the
numerators are consecutive integers beginning
with 1. The nth term of the sequence is given by
n n
an = ( 1) .
2
857

11. The terms can be expressed as 5 more than the
square of the term number.
6 = 12 + 5

17. Each term takes on the form 4 + 3i and there are
n = 15 terms.
15
( 4 + 3 1) + ( 4 + 3 2 ) + ... + ( 4 + 3 15 ) = ( 4 + 3i )
9 = 22 + 5
i =1
14 = 32 + 5
21 = 42 + 5
30 = 52 + 5
18. Each term takes on the form
n = 8 terms.
1
an = n 2 + 5 .
0 1 2 3
, , , ,...
2 3 4 5
The terms are rational numbers whose
numerators are consecutive integers beginning
with 0 and whose denominators are consecutive
integers beginning with 2. The nth term of the
n 1
.
sequence is given by an =
n +1
1
2
+ ... +
n = 10 terms.
20. This is an alternating series. Each term takes on

i 1
the form ( 1)
( 5k 2 )
i 1
= ( 1) i 2
i =1
21.
k +2
2
k =1
1+ 2 2 + 2 3 + 2 4 + 2 5 + 2 6 + 2
=
+
+
+
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
2
3 4 5 6 7 8
= + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
33
=
2
22.
( 2i )
i =1
= ( 2 1) + ( 2 2 ) + ( 2 3) + ( 2 4 ) + ( 2 5 )
= 2 4 6 8 10
= 30
16.
858
i 2 1 12 1 22 1 32 1 42 1
3 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3
i =1
0 3 8 15
= + + +
3 3 3 3
26
=
3
4
i 2 and there are n = 7 terms.
( 1)11 12 + ( 1)21 22 + ... + ( 1)7 1 72
= ( 5 (1) 2 ) + ( 5 ( 2 ) 2 ) + ( 5 ( 3) 2 )
15.
i3 + 1
and there are
i +1
13 + 1 23 + 1
103 + 1 10 i3 + 1
+
+ ... +
=
1+1 2 +1
10 + 1 i =1 i + 1
k =1
14.
and there are
i
i =1 3
19. Each term takes on the form
+ ( 5 ( 4) 2) + ( 5 (5) 2 )
= 3 + 8 + 13 + 18 + 23
= 65
3i
12. Rewrite the terms as
13.
23.
10 4 = 6
16 10 = 6
22 16 = 6
The sequence is arithmetic with a common
difference of d = 6 .
1
3
( 1) =
2
2
1 3
2 =
2 2
7
3
2=
2
2
3
difference of d = .
2
5 ( 2 ) = 3
9 ( 5 ) = 4
14 ( 9 ) = 5
constant. Therefore, the sequence is not
arithmetic.

24. 3 ( 1) = 4
5 3 = 8
7 ( 5) = 12
arithmetic.
25. an an 1 = [ 4n + 7 ] 4 ( n 1) + 7
= 4n + 7 ( 4n 4 + 7 )
= 4n + 7 4n + 4 7
=4
difference of d = 4 .
n + 1 ( n 1) + 1
26. an an 1 =
2n 2 ( n 1)
n +1
n
=
2n 2 ( n 1)
( n + 1)( n 1) n ( n )
=
2n ( n 1)
2n ( n 1)
2
n 1 n
2n ( n 1)
1
=
2n ( n 1)
arithmetic.
=
20
1
7 = ; a1 = 7
3
3
an = a1 + ( n 1) d
1
= 7 + ( n 1)
3
1
1
=7 n+
3
3
1
22
= n+
3
3
1
22
3
a25 = ( 25 ) +
= = 1
3
3
3
29. d =
27. an = a1 + ( n 1) d
= 3 + ( n 1)( 8 )
= 3 + 8n 8
= 8n 5
a25 = 8 ( 25 ) 5 = 200 5 = 195

28. an = a1 + ( n 1) d
= 4 + ( n 1)( 3)
= 4 3n + 3
= 3n 1
a25 = 3 ( 25 ) 1 = 75 1 = 76
30. d = 17 11 = 6 ; a1 = 11
an = a1 + ( n 1) d
= 11 + ( n 1)( 6 )
= 11 + 6n 6
= 6n + 5
a25 = 6 ( 25 ) + 5 = 150 + 5 = 155
31. Since a3 = 7 and a8 = 25 , we have

7 = a1 + ( 3 1) d
7 = a1 + 2d
or
25
=
a
+
8
1
d
(
)
25 = a1 + 7d
1
Subtract the second equation from the first

equation to obtain
18 = 5d
18
=d
5
18
in the first equation to find a1.
Let d =
5
18
7 = a1 + 2
5
36
7 = a1 +
5
1
= a1
5
an = a1 + ( n 1) d
1
18
= + ( n 1)
5
5
1 18
18
= + n
5 5
5
18
19
= n
5
5
a25 =
18
19 450 19 431
=
( 25) =
5
5
5
5
5
859

32. Since a4 = 20 and a7 = 32 , we have
20 = a1 + ( 4 1) d
20 = a1 + 3d
or
32
=
a
+
7
1
d
(
)
32 = a1 + 6d
1
Subtract the second equation from the first

equation to obtain
12 = 3d
4 = d
Let d = 4 in the first equation to find a1.
20 = a1 + 3 ( 4 )
20 = a1 12
8 = a1
an = a1 + ( n 1) d
= 8 + ( n 1)( 4 )
= 8 4 n + 4
= 4 n 4
a25 = 4 ( 25 ) 4 = 100 4 = 104
33. We know the first term is a1 = 1 and the

common difference is d = 9 ( 1) = 10 .
n
2a1 + ( n 1) d
2
30
S30 =
2 ( 1) + ( 30 1)(10 )
2
= 15 2 + 29 (10 )
= 15 ( 2 + 290 )
= 15 ( 288 )
= 4320
Sn =
35. an = 2n 7
a1 = 2 (1) 7 = 9
a60 = 2 ( 60 ) 7 = 127
n
[ a1 + an ]
2
60
9 + ( 127 )
S60 =
2
= 30 ( 136 )
= 4080
Sn =
1
n+3
4
1
13
a1 = (1) + 3 =
4
4
1
62
a50 = ( 50 ) + 3 =
4
4
n
Sn = [ a1 + an ]
2
50 13 62
S50 =
+
2 4 4
75
= 25
4
1875
or 468.75
=
4
36. an =
37. We could list terms of the sequence formed by

the years when the Brood X cicada returns, or
we could use the general formula for the nth
term. We have a1 = 2004 and d = 17 . We wish
34. We know the first term is a1 = 5 and the

common difference is d = 2 5 = 3 .
n
Sn = 2a1 + ( n 1) d
2
40
S40 =
2 ( 5) + ( 40 1)( 3)
2
= 20 10 + 39 ( 3)
= 20 (10 117 )
= 20 ( 107 )
= 2140
to know the first time when an 2101 .

an 2101
a1 + ( n 1) d 2101
2004 + ( n 1)(17 ) 2101
2004 + 17n 17 2101
17n + 1987 2101
17 n 114
114
n
6.71
17
The Brood X cicada will first appear in the 22nd
century when n = 7 .
a7 = 2004 + ( 7 1)(17 ) = 2106
The Brood X cicada will first appear in the 22nd
century in the year 2106.
38. Since the distance to each line is the same as the
distance back to the goal line, we can consider
the sequence of distances run away from the goal
line and double our result. The sequence of
distances is 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50. This is an
860

arithmetic sequence with first term a1 = 10 and
fifth term a5 = 50 .
5
5
[10 + 50] = ( 60 ) = 150
2
2
Doubling this result gives a total distance of 300
yards run by each player during wind sprints.
S5 =
2
3
39.
= 2 = 6
1
1
3
12
=6
2
72
=6
12
sequence is geometric with common ratio r = 6 .
3
40.
= 3
1
9
= 3
3
27
= 3
9
sequence is geometric with common ratio
r = 3 .
41.
42.
1
=1
1
2
=2
1
6
=3
2
4 2
=
6 3
8
3 = 81 = 2
4 3 4 3
16
9 = 16 3 = 2
8
9 8 3
3
2
sequence is geometric with common ratio r = .
3
n 1
5 ( 2 )
an
( 2 ) ( 2 )
=
=
= 2
an 1 5 ( 2 )n 1
( 2 )n1
sequence is geometric with common ratio
r = 2 .
n
43.
44.
an
3n 14
3n 14
=
=
an 1 3 ( n 1) 14 3n 17
45. an = a1 r n 1
an = 4 3n 1
a10 = 4 3101 = 4 39 = 4 (19, 683) = 78,732
46. an = a1 r n 1
n 1
1
an = 8
4
10 1
1
a10 = 8
4
9
1
= 8
4
1
= 8
262,144
1
=
32, 768
47. an = a1 r n 1
n 1
an = 5 ( 2 )
101
a10 = 5 ( 2 )
48. an = a1 r n 1
an = 1000 (1.08 )
= 5 ( 2 ) = 5 ( 512 ) = 2560
n 1
10 1
a10 = 1000 (1.08)
= 1000 (1.08)
1000 (1.999005 )
= 1999.005
861

49. This is a geometric series with first term a1 = 2 ,
common ratio r =
4
= 2 , and n = 15 terms.
2
1 rn
1 r
1 215
S15 = 2
1 2
32, 767
= 2
1
= 65,534
Sn = a1
51. This is a geometric series with n = 12 terms. The

3
3
first term is a1 = 211 = and the common
4
4
ratio is r = 2 .
1 rn
Sn = a1
1 r
3 1 212
S12 =
4 1 2
3 4095
=
4 1
12, 285
=
or 3071.25
4
52. This is a geometric series with n = 16 terms. The
( )
first term is a1 = 4 31 = 12 and the common
1 rn
Sn = a1
1 r
1 316
S16 = 12
1 3
= 12 ( 21,523,360 )
= 258, 280,320
862
53. This is an infinite geometric series with first term

1
1
1
a1 = 20 = 5 and common ratio r = .
4
4
Since the ratio is between 1 and 1, we can use
the formula for the sum of an infinite geometric
series.
a
5
5
4 20
S = 1 =
= = 5 =
1 r 1 1 3
3 3
4 4
50. This is a geometric series with first term

1
a1 = 40 , common ratio r = , and n = 13
8
terms.
1 rn
Sn = a1
1 r
13
1
1
8
S13 = 40
1
1
8
45.71428571
ratio is r = 3 .
11
1
a1 = 50 = 50 and common ratio
2
1
r = . Since the ratio is between 1 and 1,
2
we can use the formula for the sum of an infinite
geometric series.
a
50
50
2 100
=
= 50 =
S = 1 =
1 r
3
3
1 3
1
2
2

1
1
a1 = 1 and common ratio r = 5 = . The ratio is
1 5
between 1 and 1, so we can use the formula
for the sum of an infinite geometric series.
a
1
1 5
S = 1 =
= =
1
4 4
1 r 1
5 5
0.08
= 0.1 .
a1 = 0.8 and common ratio r =
0.8
Since the ratio is between 1 and 1, we can use
the formula for the sum of an infinite geometric
series.
a
0.8
0.8 8
=
=
S = 1 =
1 r 1 0.1 0.9 9
57. Here we consider a geometric sequence with first
1
term a1 = 200 and common ratio r = . Each
2
term in the sequence represents the amount after
each half-life, or the amount remaining after
72
= 6 , we are interested
every 12 years. Since
12
in the 7th term of the sequence (that is, after 6
common ratios).

an = a1 r n 1
A = 28, 000, 000 (1 + 0.065 )
7 1
1
a7 = 200
2
6
1
= 200
2
200
=
64
= 3.125
After 72 years, there will be 3.125 grams of the
Tritium remaining.
58. The number of emails in each cycle forms a
geometric sequence with first term a1 = 5 and
common ratio r = 5 . To find the total e-mails
sent after 15 minutes, we need to find the sum of
the first 15 terms of this sequence.
1 rn
1 r
1 515
S15 = 5
1 5
3.815 1010
After 15 minutes a total of about 38.15 billion
e-mails will have been sent.
Sn = a1
(1 + i )n 1
59. A = P
i
Note that the total contribution each quarter is

the sum of Scotts contribution and the matching
contribution from his employer.
In this case we have P = 900 + 450 = 1350 ,
0.07
= 0.0175 .
n = 25 4 = 100 , and i =
4
(1 + 0.0175 )100 1
A = 1350
0.0175
= 1350 [ 266.7517679]
= $360,114.89
After 25 years, Scotts 403(b) will be worth
$360,114.89 .
60. Lump sum option:
For this option, we use the compound interest
formula.
A = P (1 + i )
In this case we have P = $28, 000, 000 ,

0.065
= 0.065 .
n = 26 1 = 26 , and i =
1
26
= $143,961,987.40
Annuity option:
For this option, we use the annuity formula.
(1 + i )n 1
A = P
i
In this case we have P = 2, 000, 000 ,

0.065
= 0.065 .
n = 26 1 = 26 , and i =
1
(1 + 0.065 )26 1
A = 2, 000, 000
0.065
= 2, 000, 000 [ 63.71537769]

= $127, 430, 755.40
The lump sum option would yield more money
after 26 years.
(1 + i )n 1
61. A = P
i
In this case we have A = 2,500,000 ,

0.09
= 0.0075 .
n = 40 12 = 480 , and i =
12
(1 + 0.0075 )480 1
2,500, 000 = P
0.0075
2,500, 000 = P [ 4681.320273]

P = $534.04
Sheri would need to contribute $534.04, or about
$534, each month to reach her goal.
(1 + i )n 1
62. A = P
i

0.0525
and i =
= 0.004375 .
12
(1 + 0.004375 )120 1
A = 400
0.004375
= 400 [157.3769632]
= $62,950.79
62,950.79
185.15
340
When Samantha turns 18, the plan will be worth
$62,950.79 and will cover about 185 credit
hours.
863
63. 5! = 5 4 3 2 1 = 120
64.
11! 11 10 9 8 7!
=
= 11 10 9 8 = 7920
7!
7!
65.
10! 10 9 8 7 6!
=
= 10 9 8 7 = 5040
6!
6!
66.
13! 13 12 11 10 9 8 7!
=
6!7!
6 5 4 3 2 1 7!
13 12 11 10 9 8
=
6 5 4 3 2 1
3
13 12 11 10 9 8
2 6 5 4 3 2 1
= 13 11 3 4
= 1716
7!
7
67. =
3 3!4!
7 6 5 4!
=
3 2 1 4!
765
=
3 2 1
= 35
10 10!
68. =
5 5!5!
10 9 8 7 6 5!
=
5! 5 4 3 2 1
10 9 8 7 6
=
5 4 3 2 1
= 252
8!
8
=1
69. =
8 8!0!
6!
6
=1
70. =
0
0!6!
71.
( z + 1)4 = 0 z 4 + 1 z 3 + 2 z 2 + 3 z + 4
4

= 1 z 4 + 4 z3 + 6 z 2 + 4 z + 1
= z 4 + 4 z3 + 6 z 2 + 4z + 1
72.
( y 3)5 = 0 y5 + 1 y 4 ( 3) + 2 y3 ( 3)2 + 3 y 2 ( 3)3 + 4 y ( 3)4 + 5 ( 3)5

5

= 1 y 5 + 5 y 4 ( 3) + 10 y3 9 + 10 y 2 ( 27 ) + 5 y 81 + ( 243)
= y 5 15 y 4 + 90 y3 270 y 2 + 405 y 243

864
73.
( 3 y + 4 )6
6 6
5
4
2 6
3
3 6
2
4 6
5 6
6
6
6
= ( 3 y ) + ( 3 y ) ( 4 ) + ( 3 y ) ( 4 ) + ( 3 y ) ( 4 ) + ( 3 y ) ( 4 ) + ( 3 y )( 4 ) + ( 4 )
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

= 1 729 y 6 + 6 243 y 5 4 + 15 81y 4 16 + 20 27 y 3 64 + 15 9 y 2 256 + 6 3 y 1024 + 4096
= 729 y 6 + 5832 y 5 + 19, 440 y 4 + 34,560 y3 + 34,560 y 2 + 18, 432 y + 4096

74.
( 2 x 2 3)
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( 3)3 + 44 ( 3)4
4 4
3
2
4
4
2 4
= 2 x 2 + 2 x 2 ( 3) + 2 x 2 ( 3) + 2 x 2
0
1
2
3
8
6
4
2
= 16 x + 4 8 x ( 3) + 6 4 x 9 + 4 2 x ( 27 ) + 81
= 16 x8 96 x 6 + 216 x 4 216 x 2 + 81
75.
( 3 p 2q )4 = 0 ( 3 p )4 + 1 ( 3 p )3 ( 2q ) + 2 ( 3 p )2 ( 2q )2 + 3 ( 3 p )( 2q )3 + 4 ( 2q )4
4

4
3
2
2
= 81 p + 4 27 p ( 2q ) + 6 9 p 4q + 4 3 p 8q3 + 16q 4
4
( )
2 2
= 81 p 216 p q + 216 p q 96 pq + 16q

76.
( a3 + 3b )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
5 5
4
3
2
5
5
2 5
3 5
4 5
5
= a3 + a3 ( 3b ) + a3 ( 3b ) + a3 ( 3b ) + a3 ( 3b ) + ( 3b )
0
1
2
3
4
5
= a15 + 5a12 3b + 10a9 9b 2 + 10a 6 27b3 + 5a3 81b4 + 243b5
= a15 + 15a12 b + 90a9 b2 + 270a 6 b3 + 405a3b 4 + 243b5

77. The fourth term of the expansion of ( x 2 ) = ( x + ( 2 ) ) is
8
3 5
8
5
5
3 ( 2 ) x = 56 x ( 8 ) = 448 x

11
78. The seventh term of the expansion of ( 2 x + 1)
= ( ( 2 x ) + 1)
11
is
5
11 6
5
5
6 1 ( 2 x ) = 462 32 x = 14, 784 x

Chapter 10 Test
1. 7 ( 15) = 8
1 ( 7 ) = 8
9 1 = 8
The difference between consecutive terms is a constant so the sequence is arithmetic with a1 = 15 and common
difference d = 8 .
n 1
4 ( 4 )
an
( 4 )
=
=
n
1
an 1 ( 4 )
( 4 )n 1
n
2.
= 4
1
The ratio of consecutive terms is a constant so the sequence is geometric with a1 = ( 4 ) = 4 and common ratio
r = 4 .
865
3. an =
4
4
; an 1 =
n!
( n 1)!
7.
4
4
4
4n
=
an an 1 =
n ! ( n 1) ! n ! n ( n 1) !
4 4n
=
n!
an
=
an 1
4
n!
4
( n 1)!
4 ( n 1) ! 1
=
n!
n
4

geometric.
2n 3 2 ( n 1) 3
4. an an 1 =
5
5
2n 3 ( 2n 2 3 )
=
5
2n 3 2n + 5 2
=
=
5
5
The difference between consecutive terms is
2 (1) 3
1
a1 =
= and common difference
5
5
2
d= .
5
5. 2 ( 3) = 5
02 = 2
2
2
=
3
3
0
=0
2
geometric.
6.
an
7 3n
7 3 3n 1
=
=
=3
an 1 7 3n 1
7 3n 1
i =1
3 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 3

2 2 32 4 2 5 2
3
1
3
3
= 3+ 2+ + 2+ + 2+ + 2+ + 2
4
3
16
25
900 + 400 + 225 + 144
1669
= 13 +
= 13 +
1200
1200
469
17269
or
= 14
1200
1200
3
12
+ 2 +
+ 2
2 4 3 6
5 10
= , = , and = .
3 6 4 8
6 12
i+2
Each term can be written as
, where i is
i+4
the term number, and there are n = 8 terms.
8. Note that
3 2 5 3
5 8 i+2
+ + + + ... + =
5 3 7 4
6 i =1 i + 4
9. an = a1 + ( n 1) d
= 6 + ( n 1)(10 )
= 6 + 10n 10
= 10n 4
a1 = 10 1 4 = 6
a2 = 10 2 4 = 16
a3 = 10 3 4 = 26
a4 = 10 4 4 = 36
a5 = 10 5 4 = 46
36, and 46.
10. an = a1 + ( n 1) d
= 0 + ( n 1)( 4 )
= 4n + 4
= 4 4n
a1 = 4 4 1 = 0
a2 = 4 4 2 = 4
a3 = 4 4 3 = 8
a4 = 4 4 4 = 12
a5 = 4 4 5 = 16
The first five terms of the sequence are 0, 4 ,
8 , 12 , and 16 .
the sequence is geometric with a1 = 7 31 = 21

and common ratio r = 3 .
866
i 2 + 2
11. an = a1 r n 1
= 10 2n 1
a1 = 10 211 = 10
a2 = 10 221 = 20
a3 = 10 231 = 40
a4 = 10 241 = 80
a5 = 10 251 = 160
The first five terms of the sequence are 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160.
an = a1 r n 1
12.
31
a3 = a ( 3)
=9
a ( 3) = 9
9a = 9
a =1
an = 1 ( 3 )
= ( 3 )
n 1
n 1
11
=1
2 1
= 3
31
=9
4 1
= 27
a1 = ( 3)
a 2 = ( 3 )
a3 = ( 3)
a 4 = ( 3 )
51
a5 = ( 3) = 81
The first five terms of the sequence are 1 , 3 , 9, 27 , and 81.
13. The terms form an arithmetic sequence with n = 20 terms, common difference d = 4 , and first term a1 = 2 .
n
2a1 + ( n 1) d
2
20
=
2 ( 2 ) + ( 20 1)( 4 )
2
= 10 ( 72 )
= 720
Sn =
S20
14. The terms form a geometric sequence with n = 12 terms, common ratio r = 3 , and first term a1 =
1
.
9
1 rn
1 r
12
1 1 ( 3 )
=
9 1 ( 3)
Sn = a1
S12
1 1 312
=
9 1+ 3
132,860
=
9
867
15. The terms form an infinite geometric series with first term a1 = 216 and common ratio r =
S =
16.
1
.
3
a1
216
216
3
=
=
= 216 = 324
1 r
2
1 2/3
1
3
15! 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8!
=
8!7!
8! 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
15 14 13 12 11 10 9
=
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
= 6435
12 12! 12 11 10 9 8 7!
17. =
=
5 4 3 2 1 7!
5 5!7!
12 11 10 9 8
=
5 4 3 2 1
= 792
18.
( 5m 2 )4 = 0 ( 5m )4 + 1 ( 5m )3 ( 2 ) + 2 ( 5m )2 ( 2 )2 + 3 ( 5m )( 2 )3 + 4 ( 2 )4
4

4
3
2
= 625m + 4 125m ( 2 ) + 6 25m 4 + 4 5m ( 8) + 16
= 625m 4 1000m3 + 600m 2 160m + 16

19. The values of the car form a geometric sequence with the first term a1 = 31, 000 and a common ratio of r = 0.85.
To determine the value after 10 years, find a11.
a11 = a1 r111
a11 = 31, 000 (0.85)111

a11 = 6103.11
The value of the car is $6103.11 after 10 years.
20. Find the sum of the arithmetic sequence.
Sets
Pounds
100
130
160
190
220
2 (a1 + an ) = 2 (100 + 220)
= 800
If he does 10 reps in each set, the total weight is 800 10 = 8000 lb.
868

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Chapter 10

R3. In the function f ( n ) = n 4 , the independent

Section 10.1 Quick Checks

must be part of the

8. When there is a finite number of terms to be

formula. Each term is a fraction with a

variable is n (the input variable).

2. A sequence that does not end is said to be an

11. 1 + 4 + 9 + ... + 144

rewrite the sum as 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + 122 . Thus,

the sum has 12 terms, each of the form i 2 .

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 10: Sequences, Series, and the Binomial Theorem

12. Begin by writing the first term as

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

The first five terms of the sequence are

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 10: Sequences, Series, and the Binomial Theorem

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

27. Each term is a fraction with the denominator

n = 3 , we have that a3 = 11 = 32 + 2 . Notice that

45. The sum 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 15 has 15 terms, each

nth term is given by an = n 2 + 2 .

29. When n = 1 , we have that a1 = 3 = 12 + 2 ; when

n = 2 , we have that a2 = 6 = 22 + 2 ; when

25. The terms are all multiples of 2 with the first

47. The sum 1 +

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 10: Sequences, Series, and the Binomial Theorem

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

n = 1 , we have the denominator 1 = 30 ; when

55. pn = 313 (1.011)

p38 = 313(1.011)38 474

= 12, 000 (1.015 )

n = 4 (4 quarters in each year)

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 10: Sequences, Series, and the Binomial Theorem

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

The ratio approaches a value around 1.618.

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 10: Sequences, Series, and the Binomial Theorem

The ratio approaches a value around 0.618.

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

65. Answers may vary. A function is any relation

The first five terms of the sequence are 1 , 2,

The function is in slope-intercept form so

The first five terms of the sequence are 3, 5, 9,

The function is in slope-intercept form so

The sum is 54.

The sum is 14.

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 10: Sequences, Series, and the Binomial Theorem

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

the common difference is d = 2 .

Add equation (1) and equation (2).

the common difference is d = 2 .

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 10: Sequences, Series, and the Binomial Theorem

We have that a5 = 25 and d = 6 .

difference is d = 5 1 = 4 . We wish to find S70 .

This is a system of linear equations in a1

A formula for the nth term is

10. We have a = 5 and d = 2 , and wish to find