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NTLDR
: Scratch file
Boot.ini
: To locating the part ion in which OS is installed
Bootsec.dos : In case of dual boot i.e. 9X+NT
Bootdd.sys
: In case of SCSI Device Driver
Ntdetect.com : To identify Hardware
Ntoskrnl.exe : GUI loader,
Ntoskrnl.exe path is c:\windows\system32, where has reaming files are in c root.
Mail6.ntf
Bookmark.ntf
Phonebook.ntf
Mailbox.ntf
Pernames.ntf
Username.nsf.
SL
NO
Basics
1
2
3
4
Dynamic
NT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2000
NT Domain
2000 Domain
1
2
3
4
SL
NO
2000 OS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
XP OS
XP has all the futures of 2000 and apart from this the below futures.
Not available
Windows Firewall
Not available
ASR (Automatic System Recovery)
Not available
Remote Desktop
Not available
System Restore and restore point
Not available
Roll back drivers
Service Pack 4
Service Pack 2
IE 5.0 / IIS 5.1
IE 6.0 / IIS 5.1
2000
1
2003
Not Possible
Three types of Partions : Schema
/Configuration / Domain Partions
3
4
5
6
7
BOOT Process
As with other Windows Operating Systems, when you turn on your PC, it goes through an elaborate boot
up process. It begins when the computer performs the POST (power-on self test), followed by the POST
for each adapter card that has a BIOS, for example, your video card. The BIOS then reads the MBR
(Master Boot Record) which is in the first sector of the first hard disk and transfers control to the code in
the MBR which is created by the XP Setup. This is where Windows takes over the startup process.
What comes next? Here's what happens:
1
The MBR reads the boot sector which is the first sector of the active partition.This sector contains
the code that starts Ntldr which is the boot strap loader for Windows XP. The first role of Ntldr is to
allow full memory addressing, start the file system, read boot.ini and put up the boot menu.
IMPORTANT: Ntldr must be located in root folder of the active partition along with Ntdetect.com,
boot.ini, bootsect.dos (for dual booting) and Ntbootdd.sys (needed with some SCSI adapters).
Selecting XP from the boot menu causes Ntldr to run Ntdetect.com to get information about
installed hardware. Ntldr then uses the ARC path specified in the boot.ini to find the boot partition.
The one where Windows XP is installed. It might look like this:
o
[operating systems]
Ntldr, then, loads the two files that make up the core of XP: Ntoskrnl.exe and Hal.dll. These files
must be located in the %SystemRoot%System32 folder.
3
Ntldr reads the registry files, selects a hardware profile, control set and loads device drivers, in
that order.
Then, Ntoskrnl.exe takes over and starts Winlogon.exe which starts Lsass.exe (Local Security
Administration), this is the program that displays the Welcome screen (If Professional Edition-the
Windows Log On dialog box), and allows the user to log on with his/her user name and password.
Public IP
Pvt IP
Class A : 1-126
10.0.0.1 to 10.0.0.255
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C : 192-223
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.0.255
Class D : 224-239
1. Standard Primary Zone: It is used in internet DNS, the data base is stored locally.
It is normal text file, we can edit the same.
2. Standard Secondary Zone : It is nothing but backup of primary , i.e. exact replica
Of primary. It is read-only mode.
3. Active Directory Integrater: Combination of both, this data base stored in ADS.
ADS.
4. Stub Zone : Stub zone can help reduce the amount of DNS traffic on your
Network by stramling name resolution and zone replication.
It contains SOA/ NS / Host (A) records.
Enter stub zones to tge rescue (Recovery or preservation from the
Loss or danger.
A Stub zone is like a secondary Zone.
RECORDS:
1. HOST (A): It contains the mappings of Host name to IP address.
2. NS Record: It contains the mappings of DNS server name to IP Address.
3. MX Record: It contains the mappings of Mail ex-change server to IP address.
4. CN Record: It mains the mapping of Alias records i.e. existing host/domain records.
5. PTR Record: It contains the mappings of IP Address to FQDN/Host Name.
It works only in reveres lookup.
6. Start of Authority (SOA): This record is responsible for zone transfers
This contains the serial number for each and every change it is
Increment able.
7. Service locater Resource (SVR): It contains the mappings of important services that
Are running like: LDAP, Kerberos, and GC.
It is a Proprietary record of Microsoft.
Important Services:
1. RPC: Remote Procedure Call
It is responsible for locating the domain controllers.
It is responsible for ADS replication
It is responsible for site replication including group policy templates.
2. Net log ON: It is responsible for dynamic updates in DNS.
It is responsible for communicating with DNS.
3. KDC: Key Distribution Center: It is Kerberos Version 5, it is the Authentication
Protocol.
4. LDAP: Light Weight Directory Access Protocol.
It is used to access the ADS data base (i.e. reading/writing) arranged in
Hirarical structure.
5. Time Services: This is responsible for time synchronization for the entire forest.
Look ups in DNS:
1.Forwared Lookup: It contains the mappings of FQDN to IP Address.
2. Reverse Lookup: It contains the mappings of IP address to FQDN.
DNS Installation: Start / Settings / Control Panel / Add and remove programs / Add and
remove windows components / Network services / Details / Select
DNS.
DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
To assign the IP address automatically to the TCP/IP based clients.
Note: If DHCP is not available to the client PC APIPA (Automatic Private IPA)
I.e. Automatic Assigned IP Address.
DHCP Installation: Start / Settings / Control Pannel / Add and remove programs / Add
And remove windows components / Network services / Details /
select DHCP.
DHCP Scope Creation: Start / Programs / Administration Tools / DHCP / Server Name /
New Scope / Friendly Name (it can be any friendly name) /
Range of Ip Address / Exclusive Lease Duration (By default 8
Days) / Scope option (i.e. extra settings like Gateway/dns/wins)
/ Activate the scope.
IP Reservation in DHCP: Reserving IP for the client through MAC only.
To find out the MAC Command is :Start / Run / cmd
C:\ nbtstat a ?Hostname/IP Address.
In reservation scope option will be applied for the particular PC alone.
Start / Programs / Administration Tools / DHCP / Server Name/reservation / new reservation:
Reservation Name: xxxxxxxx
IP Address
: xxxxxxxx
MAC Address
: xxxxxxxx (We have to enter manually there is no separation
between MAC address.
Then selct option both.
Note: In client PC: Ip config / release
IP config / renew.
Trust: To allow users in one domain to access in other active directory uses trust.
1. One way trust (Non Transitive)
2. Two way Trust (Transitive)
3. Crosslink Trust
4. Shortcut Trust.
I. One Way Trust: One domain allow to access other domain, other domain not allow to
Access the first domain.
Eg: Non Transitive N.T 4.0
II. Two Way Trust (Transitive): When two domains allow to access users to the other
Domain also.
Eg: A, B, C are three domains.
C trusts B, B trusts A, obviously C also trusts A Domain.
III. Cross link Trust: An explicit trust between domains in different or in the same tree
when a child/parent relationship does not exist between the two
domain.