Q.No.

1: Solve the damping equation

m

d2
d2
X(t)
+
b
X(t) + kX(t) = 0
dt2
dt2

for X(0) = Xo , X (0) = 0 and

1. b2 < 4mk
2. b2 = 4mk
3. b2 > 4mk
The equation can be rearranged as
00

X (t) +

b 0
k
X (t) + X(t) = 0
m
m

(1)

00

Let LX (t) = x(s),ie L1 x(s) = X(t)

Taking Laplacian on both sides of equation 1, we get,
00

LX (t) +

b
k
0
LX (t) + LX(t) = 0
m
m

s2 x(s) s(X(0)) X (0) +

Take

b
m

= 2 and

k
m

(2)

b
b
k
s(x(s)) (X(0)) + (x(s)) = 0
m
m
m

= wo2 ,
(s2 + 2s + wo2 )x(s) (s + 2)X0 = 0
x(s) =

(s2

(s + 2)
X0
+ 2s + wo2 )

Case 1, b2 < 4mk

s2 + 2s + wo2 can be expressed as,
s2 + 2s + wo2 = s2 + 2s + 2 2 + wo2
= (s + )2 + (wo2 2 )
p
= (s + )2 + ( wo2 2 )2
Since, b2 < 4mk , wo2 2 is real.
So, equation 3 becomes,
x(s) =

(s +

)2

s + 2
p
Xo
+ ( wo2 2 )2

(3)

Suppose

p
wo2 2 )2 = w2 , then,
x(s) =

x(s) =

s + 2
Xo
(s + )2 + w2


s+

Xo
+
(s + )2 + w2 (s + )2 + w2

(4)

Taking inverse Laplacian on both sides of equation 4



s+
1
w
1
1
Xo
L x(s) = L
+ L
(s + )2 + w2 w
(s + )2 + w2
or,


t
t
X(t) = e cos(wt) + e
sin(wt) Xo
w
Therefore the solution for Case 1 is,



X(t) = Xo cos(wt) + sin(wt) et

w

(5)

Case 2, b2 = 4mk
Since b2 = 4mk, 2 = wo2 , Equation 3 becomes
x(s) =

s + 2
X0
(s + )2

Proceeding as for Case 1, we can write,



s+

x(s) =
+
X0
(s + )2 (s + )2
or,

x(s) =


1
1
+
X0
(s + )
(s + )2

(6)

Taking inverse Laplacian on both sides of equation 6,



1
1
1
1
1
L x(s) = L
+ L
X0
(s + )
(s + )2
or,
X(t) = (et + tet )Xo
Therefore the solution for Case 2 is,
X(t) = Xo (1 + t)et
Case 3, b2 > 4mk
2

(7)

s2 + 2s + wo2 can be expressed as,

s2 + 2s + wo2 = s2 + 2s + 2 2 + wo2
= (s + )2 ( 2 wo2 )
p
= (s + )2 ( 2 wo2 )2
Since, b2 < 4mk, 2 wo2 is real.
So, equation 3 becomes,
x(s) =
Suppose

(s +

)2

s + 2
p
Xo
( 2 wo2 )2

p
2 wo2 )2 = w02 , then,
x(s) =

x(s) =

s + 2
Xo
(s + )2 w02


s+

+
Xo
(s + )2 w02 (s + )2 w02

(8)

Taking inverse Laplacian on both sides of equation 4



1
w0
s+
1
1
L x(s) = L
+ L
Xo
(s + )2 w02 w0
(s + )2 w02
or,
X(t) =




et cosh(w0 t) + et sinh(w0 t) Xo
w0

Therefore the solution for Case 3 is,




X(t) = Xo cosh(w0 t) + sinh(w0 t) et

w0

Q.No. 2: Again solve the damping equation

m

d2
d2
X(t)
+
b
X(t) + kX(t) = 0
dt2
dt2
0

, but for this time X(0) = 0, X (0) = vo and

1. b2 < 4mk
2. b2 = 4mk
3. b2 > 4mk
3

(9)

The equation can be rearranged as

00

X (t) +

b 0
k
X (t) + X(t) = 0
m
m

(10)

00

Let LX (t) = x(s),ie L1 x(s) = X(t)

Taking Laplacian on both sides of equation 10, we get,
00

LX (t) +

b
k
0
LX (t) + LX(t) = 0
m
m

s2 x(s) s(X(0)) X (0) +

Take

b
m

= 2 and

k
m

(11)

b
b
k
s(x(s)) (X(0)) + (x(s)) = 0
m
m
m

= wo2 ,
(s2 + 2s + wo2 )x(s) vo = 0
x(s) =

vo
(s2 + 2s + wo2 )

(12)

Case 1, b2 < 4mk

s2 + 2s + wo2 can be expressed as,
s2 + 2s + wo2 = s2 + 2s + 2 2 + wo2
= (s + )2 + (wo2 2 )
p
= (s + )2 + ( wo2 2 )2
Since, b2 < 4mk , wo2 2 is real.
So, equation 12 becomes,
x(s) =
Suppose

vo
p
(s + )2 + ( wo2 2 )2

p
wo2 2 )2 = w2 , then,
vo
(s + )2 + w2


vo
w
x(s) =
w (s + )2 + w2
x(s) =

Taking inverse Laplacian on both sides of equation 13



vo 1
w
1
L x(s) =
L
w
(s + )2 + w2
or,

X(t) =

t vo

w
4


sin(wt)

(13)

Therefore the solution for Case 1 is,

X(t) =

vo
sin(wt)et
w

(14)

Case 2, b2 = 4mk
Since b2 = 4mk, 2 = wo2 , Equation 12 becomes
x(s) =

vo
(s + )2

Proceeding as for Case 1, we can write,

x(s) =

vo
(s + )2

or,
x(s) = vo

1
(s + )2

(15)

Taking inverse Laplacian on both sides of equation 15,

L1 x(s) = vo L1

1
(s + )2

or,
X(t) = vo tet )
Therefore the solution for Case 2 is,
X(t) = vo tet
Case 3, b2 > 4mk
s2 + 2s + wo2 can be expressed as,
s2 + 2s + wo2 = s2 + 2s + 2 2 + wo2
= (s + )2 ( 2 wo2 )
p
= (s + )2 ( 2 wo2 )2
Since, b2 < 4mk , 2 wo2 is real.
So, equation 12 becomes,
x(s) =
Suppose

(s +

)2

vo
p
( 2 wo2 )2

p
2 wo2 )2 = w02 , then,
x(s) =

vo
(s + )2 w02
5

(16)

x(s) =

vo
(s + )2 w02

(17)

Taking inverse Laplacian on both sides of equation 17

L1 x(s) =

vo 1
w0
L
w0
(s + )2 w02

or,
X(t) = et

vo
sinh(w0 t)
w0

Therefore the solution for Case 3 is,

X(t) =

vo
sinh(w0 t)et
w0

(18)