Part I

LITERATURE STUDY ON PROSPECT DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-ALGAE IN WEST

NUSA TENGGARA
1.1 Introduction
In a very basic knowledge, micro-algae (phytoplankton) are well known as a foundation of food
chains (or webs) in aquatic ecosystems. Without phytoplankton, there will be no living things can
survive in the earth planet. Phytoplankton form the foundation on which the very survival of aquatic
food webs depends (Hader et al., 1995). Harder et al. (1995), also reported that depletion of ozone
layer of 16% could result in a 5% loss in phytoplankton, which equals a loss of about 7 million tons
of fish per year.
Researches on investigation of micro-algal based production for alternative useful natural substances
or environmental friendly natural sources for oils and food are developed rapidly. In the early 1980s,
algal biotechnology has focused on commercial production of high value substances such as
carotenoids, lipids, fatty acid, and pharmaceuticals (Knox et al., 1994, p. 751). The other most
possible sources of environment friendly oils and foods (food suplements) are algae, mainly microalgae (phytoplankton). No less than around 300 fresh and sea waters species of micro-lagae, mostly
green algae and diatoms have been researched for finding alternative natural sources of oils and
foods or for finding species that can grow under extremes temperature, salinity and pH (Chaugule,
2009,). Panji and Suhariyanto (2003), reported, that Spirulina platensis contain about 58% protein
on dry matter basis. Large amounts of carotenoid (,-carotene) can be well accumulated Dunaliella
salina grown at high silinity (10 times the salinity of sea water) with high light intensity (Knox et
al., 1994, p.751). Algae is a darling of biofuel backers because it requires little to no maintenance
while growing and doesnt compete with land for agriculture (Anonimous, 2009c).
Some other basic potential needs of human can be possiblely taken from micro-lagae. Development
of algae cultivation as an energy source of an economically and eco-friendly alternative biofuels
(Chaugule, 2009) is only possible to be done by intensive culturing of algae. Furthermore, the autors
mention that, (1) micro-algae is, 8 to 25 times productive than palm and 40 to 120 times than
rapeseed, the highest potential energy yield temperate vegetable oil crop; (2) The total oil content in
algae can be up to 70% of their dry weight; (3) Micro-algae are capable of producing more than 30
times the amount of oil (per year per unit area of land) when compared to oil seed crops (Chaugule,

2009). It was also reported that 30 grams of algae per square meter per day can be possible
produced, which would yield 4,000 gallons of biodiesel fuel per acre annually (Anonimous, 2009a).
Production rates of over 100,000 gallons per acre per year considered to be fully achievable using
closed photo bio-reactor systems (Anonimous, 2009b).
Tropical waters could be provide much more species of fresh and sea water algae that potential for
sources of oils dan foods. The most possible way to take these benefits from algae is cultivation of
unialgal species. Study and investigation of some potential tropical species of micro-alga are
urgently to be done for fulfil of some fundamental economic needs (mainly foods and biofuels).
1.2 Micro-algae and Potency To Be Cultured
1.2.1 The Important of Micro-algae
Some species of micro-algae have been cultured intensively such as Spirulina sp. for feeding of fish
(Suhariyanto, 1992, personal comunication), Chlorella sp. (Prihantini, 1993) and Scenedesmus sp.,
and Micrastrias sp. for food suplement (Prihantini, 1992, personal comunication), Nannoclhoropsis
oculata for feeding of larvae and zooplankton in laboratory treatment (Suharni, 2006), and
Chaetoceros gracilis for feeding of pearl larvae in laboratory (Sony, 2003, personal comunication).
Spirulina has been well recognized and used worldwide as a tradisional source of protein in food
industry (Vonshak, 2009). Spirulina has also been cultured for foods (Hi-liena, :Linagreen, Linavina,
and Spilin) resources and traded comercially (Kabinawa, 1993). Richmond (1986) reported that
Spirulina can be used as food for malnutrision teraphy, and for inhibiting and curing cancer.
Spirulina platensis has been also cultured for fish feed (Panji and Suhariyanto, 2003). Chlorella has
been applied as protein and vitamin suplement resources (Tampubolon and Silalahi, 1993).
Chlorella based Products are Sun-Chlorella, Sun-Siberian, Sun-Ukogi, and wakasa (Kabinawa,
1993). Chlorella contents a number of important minerals such as : vitamin, enzyme, saturated and
unsaturated patty acids, carbohydrate, and pigment. All these minerals are essential for natural feed
of fishes, molusca, and for source of food (Steenblock, 1987). Scenedesmus has also been used as
food in Japan (Tampubolon and Silalahi, 1993). Scenedesmus provides economic comercial value to
be converted as food suplement, since this alga contents higher protein compared to other cultivated
crops (Richmond, 1986). Scenedesmus can survive in polution waters (Trainor, 1984), so this microalga has been widely used for wastes treatment. Some researches on the population growth of
Scenedesmus in liquid westes were done by Richmond (1986), Lavoie and de la Noe (1986), and

Agustini and Susilaningsih (1997). Chlorella and Scenedesmus were studied as sources of protein
(Knox et al., 1994, p.751).
Some high value economical products producing algae

such as Spirulina, Scenedesmus, and

Microcystis, including Anabaena, Nostoc, and Oscillatoria were also prominent recorded
abundently in the waters of Lombok island (Japa, unpublised data). On the other hand, some of these
algae (Microcystis, Anabaena, Nostoc, and Oscillatoria) were also reported as toxin producing
algae. Japa and Hallegraeff (2005), fully identified five species of sea water pennate diatom genus
Pseudo-nitzschia, Pseudo-nitzschia froudulenta, P. granii, P. pungens, P. pseudodelicatissima, and
P. turgidula in coastal waters of Lombok island. Two of these diatom (P. pungens and P.
pseudodelicatissima) have reported responsible on neurotoxin production in Argetinan waters
(Ferrario et al., 1999).

1.2.2 Cultivated Species of Micro-algae

In some very small scale of laboratory unialgal cultures were conducted for small researches such as
: Scenedesmus sp. (Yoosy, 2000), Chlorella spp. (Johari, 1999), Chlorella (Prihantini, 1993),
Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Atria, 1994, and Hasanah, 1997). The average peak (22.812 x 106 sel/ml)
population density of Chlorella spp. was reported to occure in the 20% concentration of topu liquid
wastes treatment (Johari, 1999). Pure uniselular stock cultures of Chlorella spp. in this research
were developed in Beneck medium. Meanwhile, in the media made of coconut water, Chlorella
pyrenoldosa reached an average peak (41,687,500 sel/ml) population in 0.5% treatment (Hasanah,
1997). Scenedesmus dimorphus - A unicellular algae in the class Chlorophyceae is one of the
preferred species for oil yield for biodiesel (Anonimous, 2009b). Nannochloropsis oculata is also a
pavorite marine species cultured in the division of fisheries of the Indonesian Sciences Agency,
Pemenang Lombok Barat. Nannochloris oculata is also called Nannochloropsis salina, and
Spirulina sp., are currently being studied for their suitability as a mass-oil producing crop
(Anonimous, 2009b). Spirulina sp. is also cultured for oils production. Spirulina platensis grown
on media containing latex serum content carotenoid (-carotene) in high amount (Panji and
Suhariyanto, 2001). Panji et al. (2005) reported, Spirulina platensis culturing on serum latex
medium illuminated with 20 W TL lamp at room temperature produced a mximum biomass of
superpxide dismutase (SOD). The culture results showed that Spirulina platensis grows successfully
in diluted human urine, and yields maximal biomass at urine dilution ratios of 140~240 (Feng and

Wu, 2006). Botryococcus sp. reported to have capability in producing biodiesel higher than palm or
other introduced natural sources such as safflower, sunflower, palm, soybean, coconut, and castor
oils plant (Kabinawa, 2009).
1.2.3 Mass Cultivation of Micro-algae
Dunaliella bardawil (= Dunaliella salina) has been intensively cultured for natural sources of , carotene, glyserol and protein meal in Australia, Israel, and United States (Borowitzka and
Borowitzka, 1995, in Clayton and King, 1995). The world largest open culturing systems fo
Dunaliella salina are conducted at Hutt Lagoon in Western Australia and Whyalla in South Australia
(Knox et al., 1994, p.751). Large scale system (100 m 2 surface area and 7 m3 volume) of Spirulina
culture has been operated in France (Chaumont et al., 1988 in Clayton and King, 1995). In
Indonesia, Spirulina platensis has also been cultured in commercial scale (2,400 m2 ponds) for food
suplement (Panji et al., 2004), fish feed (Suharyanto, 2003, Personal Comunication; Panji dan
Suhariyanto 2001; 2003); and for multifunctional foods (Panji et al., 2005).
1.2.4 Miro-alga of Lombok and Sumbawa Islands
1.2.4.1 Fresh Water Micro-algae Species
Inventarisation of fresh water micro-algae species from around Lombok and Sumbawa island was
done by Jumadil (2004), Latifah (2005), Japa (2007).
Species of fresh water micro-algae recorded abundantly in the waters of fish pond, Lingsar West
Lombok were Fragillaria sp., Aktinastrum hantzehi, and Oscillatoria sp. (Latifah, 2005). Fresh
water micro-algae

such as Spirulina, Scenedesmus, Nostoc, Anabaena, Phacus, Oscillatoria,

Dinobrion, and Spyrogira were recorded abundantly in the early rice planting season in paddy fields
(Japa, 2007, and Japa unpublished data). Some these micro-algae were reported to have capability in
producing high economic value products including environmental friendly biofuels (Kabinawa,
1993; Richmond, 1986; Tampubolon and Silalahi, 1993; and Anonimous, 2009b).
1.2.4.2 Sea Water Miro-algae Species
Sea water micro-algae from Indonesia, mainly Lombok and Sumbawa islands never been
researhced, except the diatom community of Sumatera and Java sea waters done by Allen and Cupp
in 1935 (Allen and Cupp, 1935), and Hustett in 1948 for the community of Sumatera, Java, and Bali
(Hustett, 1948). The community of sea water micro-algae of around coastal waters of both Lombok
and Sumbawa islands was reported by Japa et al. (1997), Japa (2000), Feranita (2002), Japa and

Suripto (2003), Sumarni (2003), Japa and Karnan (2004), Japa et al. (2004), Astuti (2004), Japa and
halleagraeff (2005), Japa and Santoso (2005), Harisanty et al. (2005), . Sources of both fresh and sea
waters samples collected in around Lombok and Sumbawa island are presented in Table 1.
Japa and Karnan (2004) reported total of 25 families containing 129 species of fully identified of
phytoplankton from coastal waters of Mataram. The most abondance genus of this phytoplankton
community is Chaetoceros. Nineteen families (14 families of Bacillariophyceae class and 5 families
of Dinophyceae class) containing 71 species of phytoplankton were fully identifyed from Lembar
harbur waters (Japa and Santoso, 2005). The family containing most number of members is
Chaetoceraceae. Diatom genus Chaeotceros was also reported to abondant in Lembar houbur waters
(Japa, 2000), in the coastal waters of Kerta Sari West Sumbawa (Sumarni, 2003), in the fish
sanctuary of gili Ranggo Serewe bay east Lombok (Japa et al., 2004). Maidiati (2004) identified 39
taxa of Dinophyta in the coastal waters of Sekotong, West Lombok. Taxa of class Bacillariophyceae
and Dinophyceae were recorded 160 and 29, respectively in Ampenan bay (Aisyah, 2004). Sari
(2004), identified 111 taxa of Bacillariophyceae in Sekotong bay waters. In Alas Strait, Rosayanti
(2005), identified 140 species of diatom class Bacillariophyceae, and genus Chaetoceros was the
most abundant taxa. The most dominant species was Asterionella japonica and Chaetoceros mitra.
Dominant taxa of micro-alga recorded in some different phytoplankton water samples is given in
Table 1.
Table 1. Proportion Number of Taxa in Different Water Sample Sources
No.

Sample Colectors and Dates of

Colection

1.

Locality

Dominant Taxa

Japa, Suripto, and Zulkifli, August

1997
2. Japa, July November 2000

Asin Lake, Meno island

Thalassiothrix

Lembar Bay, West Lombok

Chaetoceros

3.

Feranita, January February, 2001

Kayangan Horbour, East Lombok

Chaetoceros

4.

Sulistiawati, July Ausgust, 2002

Batujai Dam, Central Lombok

Microcystis

5.

Maliana, Feberuary 2003

Amor-Amor Bay, West Lombok

Skeletonema

6.

Japa and Suripto, 2003

Chaetoceros

7.

Sumarni, April 2003

Coastal Water Sambelia, East

Lombok
Kerta Sari, West Sumbawa

8.

Japa and Karnan, June 2004

Coastal Waters of Ampenan

Asterionella

9.

Japa and Suripto, August 2004

Coastal Waters of Mataram

Chaetoceros

11. Sari, March May 2003

Chaetoceros

Coastal Waters of Sekotong, South Asterionella

West Lombok
12. Japa dan Santoso, October 2005

Chaetoceros

13. Latifah, May 2005

Lembar Horbour, South Mest

Lombok
Fish Pond, Lingsar West Lombok

14. Japa, July 2003

Saleh Bay, Bima

Chaetoceros

15. Susilayati, November 2006

Lingsar, West Lombok

Aktinastrum

16. Oktapiani, July August, 2007

Pengga Dam, South Central

Lombok
Batujai Dam, Central Lombok

Peridinium

Grupuk Bay Kuta, South Central

Lombok
Dam of Muncan Central Lombok

Rhizosolenia

Pengga Dam, South Central

Lombok
Paddy Fields Central Lombok

Nostoc

18. Japa, Desember 2007

17. Husnaini August September, 2007
18. Japa, June 2007
19. Japa, February 2009
20. Japa, May 2009
21. Japa, Juni 2009

Scenedesmus

Microcystis

Nostoc

Spirulina

Asin Lake, Meno island, North West Pleurosigma

Lombok

1.3 Media for Micro-algae Cultivation

Such media commonly used for unimicro-algae culturing are :
1.3.1 Beneck Medium
Composition : in 1000 ml distil water added with 200 mg KH 2PO4, 100 mgr MgSO4.7H2O, 500 mgr
NaNO3, and 5 mgr FeCl3.6H2O (Atria, 1994).
1.3.2 Allen Medium
Composition : 99,9 ml of distil water added with 132 mgr (NH 4)SO4 , 27,2 mgr K2HPO4 , 24,6 mgr
MgSO4.7H2O, 7,4 mgr CaCl2.2H2O and 0,01 ml Allen Metals, pH 2,5 (Anonimous, 1997).
Composition of Allen Metals : 100 ml of distil water added with 30,16 mgr Fe-EDTA, 1,79 mgr
MnCl2.4H2O, 2,86 mgr H3BO3, 0,22 mgr ZnSO4.7H2O, 0,079 mgr CuSO4.5H2O, 0.13 mgr
(NH4)6MoO24.4H2O, and 0.023 mgr NH4VO3.
1.3.3 HUT Medium
Composition : 100 ml of distil water added with 2 mgr K 2HPO4 , 2,5 mgr MgSO4.7H2O, 40 mgr
Sodium acetate, 4 mgr Potassium citrate, 60 mgr Polypeptone, 40 mgr Yeast extract, 0,05 gr
vitamin B12, and 0,04 mgr Thiamine HCl, pH 6,4 (Anonimous, 1997).

1.3.4 MKM Medium

Composition : 50 ml of distil water added with 50 ml sea water, 1,5 gr agar, 250 gr Fe-citrate, 2
mgr MgSO4.7H2O, 2,5 mgr K2HPO4 , and 75 mgr KNO3 (Anonimous, 1997).
1.3.5 Larutan A5 Medium
Composition : 100 ml of distil water added with 286 mgr H 3BO3, 250 mgr MnSO4.7H2O, 22,2 mgr
ZnSO4.7H2O, 7,9 mgr CuSO4.5H2O, and 2,1 mgr Na2MoO4.2H2O (Anonimous, 1997).
1.4 Materials and Method
1.4.1 Method
This project is going to be done in 3 steps. Two braodly steps are 2 nd and 3th. In the first step, the
project activities are focused on study literatures and mapping of natural micro-algae sources in
Lombok island. Culturing of unimicro-algae in small or laboratory scale is going to be started in the
2nd step. During this step, trial and error in cultivation unimicro-lagae is the main activity. Culturing
of some different species on some different natural basis media will also be done in this step. The
main target of Lombok local fresh water strains of micro-algae to be cultured are Botryococcus sp.,
Closterium sp., and Scenedesmus sp.. The fastest growing strains are then culturred in larger scale in
the 3th step. Larger scale of culturing and extraction or obtaining of commercial products of microalgae such as bio-fuels are also going to done in final step of this project. Larger scale culturing will
be conducted in both outdoor and indoor (laboratory) treatments.
1.4.2 Materials
Artificial media used for culturing are Beneck medium (Table 1), Bristol's modified medium (Table
2), and modified CHU 13 medium. (Table 3). Natural basis media will prepared by using liquid
weste of tofu industry and cocconut waters. Both the tofu liquid westes and cocconut waters are
present abundance in Lombok island, mainly in the West Lombok.
1.4.3 Micro-algal Culture Harvesting Systems
A Cost-effective harvesting major methods for micro-algal culturing are filtration, sedimentation,
flotation and flocculation (Borowitzka and Borowitzka, 1995, in Clayton and King, 1995). Filter
cloths or micro-screens of 50 to 100 m pore size is useful for filtering Spirulina (Richmond, 1988,
in Clayton and King, 1995). Filtration is the main method of harvesting applied in this project.

1.5. Budget
No.
1.
a.
b.
2.
3.

Activity and Materials

Visit Study
LIPI Pemenang North Lombok
Biotech. of Forestry and LIPI Cibinong,
Bogor
Sub-total
Searching refferences

Vol.

Unit

Vol.

Unit

Price ($USA)

Person

1
1

time
time

200

40
400

pack.

98

440
98

1
1
1

Time
Time
Time

40
50
70

40
50
70
160

pack.

4.0119

8.0238

2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1.7
1.7
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
100

unit
unit
month
unit
month
month
unit
m
m
unit
unit
set
set
unit
pack.
month
Liter

3.1
8.5
40
5.1
11
10
40.8
24.3
11.5
18.2
12.4
150
98
6
42
7
0.16

6.2
8.5
40
10.2
22
20
81.6
41.31
19.55
36.4
24.8
150
98
12
42
14
16
650.5838

2
2
2

month
month
month

100
200
50

month

250

400
400
200
1000
500
2498.584

Transport for Field investigation and sampling

a.
b.
c.

Mataram - North Lombok

Mataram - Central Lombok
Mataram - East Lombok
Sub-total

4.

Small scale of threatments (preliminary screening)

a.
b.
1).
2).
3).
4).
5).
6).
7).
8).
9).
10).
11).
12).
13).
14).
15).
16).
17).
5.
a.
b.
c.
6.

Meterials: Bristol's Modified Medium

Equipments:
Cultur continer (Jar)
TL 20 Watt
Room Preparations
Thermometer
Spectrophotometer
Autoclave
24 hours timer swich
Silicon tube
Flex slang
Micropipette
Sedgwick-rafter
Filter cartridge 20, 5, 0,5 um
CO2 regulator thank
Sample bottle
Glass aparattus
Fresh water
Aquades
Sub-total
Personil
Junior Consultance 5 days a week
Senior Consultance 2 days a week
Enumerator (Laborant)
Sub-total
Institutional Fee (Faculty and University)
TOTAL COST FOR 1St STEP

2
1
2

people
person
people

Part II
RESEARCH PLAN (2nd phase)
SAMPLING OF FRESH WATER MICRO-ALGAE IN WEST NUSA TENGGARA
2.1 Scope Research
2.1.1 Survey Location
2.1.2 Sampling and Identification
2.1.3 Small Scale Culturing
2.1.4 Harvesting
2.1.5 Analyzing for biomass production
2.2 Materials and Methods
2.2.1 Equipments
a. Aerators
b. Plankton net
c. Pyrex Bottles or Jar
d. Sample Bottles
e. Spectrophotometer
2.2.2 Materials
2.2.2.1. Chemicals
Chemical materials needed are presented in Table 1, 2 and 3 below.
a. Beneck Medium
Table 1. Composition of Beneck Medium: in 1000 ml distil water added with :
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Substances
KH2PO4
MgSO4.7H2O
NaNO3
FeCl3.6H2O

Weigh
200 mg
100 mgr
500 mgr
5 mgr

Volum Prepared (mg/L)

b. Bristol's Modified Medium

Table 2. Composition of six stock solutions, each with one of the following salts dissolved in 400
milliliters of water:
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Substances

Weigh (gr)

Sodium nitrate (NaNO3)

Calcium chloride (CaCl2 2H2O)
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 7H2O)
Potassium phosphate dibasic (K2HPO4)
Potassium phosphate monobasic (KH2PO4)
Sodium chloride (NaCl)

10
1
3
3
7
1

Volum Prepared
(ml)
400
400
400
400
400
400

Note: Take 10 mL of each stock solution and add to 900 mL of distilled water. Next add one drop of
1% ferric chloride solution, 40 mL of Pringsheim's soil-water extract and autoclave. This will give
you a total volume of one liter of medium.
c. CHU 13 Medium
Table 3. Composition of modified CHU 13 medium
No.
Substances
Volum (mg/L)
Volum Prepared (mg/L)
1.
KNO3
400
400,000
2.
K2HPO4
80
80,000
3.
MgSO4 heptahydrate
200
200,000
4.
CaCl2 dihydrate
107
107,000
5.
Ferric Citrate
20
20,000
6.
Citric acid
100
100,000
7.
CoCl2 dihydrate
107
107,000
8.
H3BO3
5.72
5,720
9.
MnCl2 tetrahydrate
3.67
3,670
10. ZnSO4 heptahydrate
0.44
440
11. CuSO4 pentahydrate
0.16
160
12. Na2MoO4
0.084
84
13. 1 drop of 0.072 N H2SO4
Note: Bring volume up to 1000 mL in de-ionized water, pH to 7.5 then autoclave
2.2.3 Methods
Culturing of unimicroalgae in small or laboratory scale is going to be started in the 2 nd step. During
this step, trial and error in cultivation unimicro-lagae is the main activity. Culturing of some
different species on some different either artificial and natural basis media will be done in this
step.The microalgae will be cultured are focused on large green microalgae species. The main target
of Lombok local fresh water strains of microalgae to be cultured are Botryococcus sp., Closterium
sp., Micrastreas sp., and Scenedesmus sp..
2.3 Budget
No.

Materials

1.

Bristol's Modified Medium

10 g sodium nitrate (NaNO3)
1 g calcium chloride (CaCl2 2H2O)
3 g magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 7H2O)
3 g potassium phosphate dibasic
7 g potassium phosphate monobasic (KH2PO4)
1 g sodium chloride (NaCl)
1% ferric Chloride
Sub Total For 2 L Solution
Sub Total For 1000 L Solution
Pringsheim's Soil Water

a.
b.
c.

Vol.
250
100
100
1000
1000
100
100

Unit
g
g
ml
ml
ml
ml
g

Prices
($USA)
22.8
33.2
40.3
78.5
23.8
26
19.7

Need
(gr)
20
2
6
12
14
2
8

Cost
($USA)
1.824
0.664
2.418
0.942
0.3332
0.52
1.576
8.2772
4138.6

d.
e.
f.
g.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
a.
b.
c.
4.

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

Fresh water
Aquades
Soil sample
Sub Total
Aparattus
Plankton net
Silicon tube
Flex slang
Basin
TL 20 Watt
24 hours timer swich
Micropipette
Sedgwick-rafter (Wards) 50x20x10mm
Rafractometer
Hanna Instruments
Spectrophotometer
lWater Thermometer
Air Thermometer
Regulator CO2 gas
Flex slang
Sub-total
Room design preparation
Air condition
Electricity
Fresh water supply
UV TL 20 watt Lamps
Aerator sets
Long table
Sub-total
Transportation
Mataram East Lombok
Mataram Central Lombok
Mataram West Lombok
Mataram North Lombok
Local transportations
Sub-total
Personil
Senior Consultant 2 days a week
Junior Consultant 5 days a week
Enumerator (Laborant)
Sub-total
Institutional (Faculty and Uniersity)
Total Cost for 2nd Step

500
1
1
1

g
l
g

54.4
5
0.12
0.08

20
3
1000
1000

2.176
15
120
75
4,350.776

1
7.6
7.6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7.6

unit
m
m
m3
unit
unit
unit
set
month
month
month
unit
unit
month
m

85
24.3
11.5
150
16
74.8
20.2
12.4
8
12
24
13
11
30
11.5

1
76
76
2
4
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
1
3
76

85
243
115
300
64
149.6
40.4
24.8
24
36
72
13
11
90
115
1,382.8

1
1
1
10
10
3

Unit
set
set
unit
unit
unit

50
20
15
10
10
25

50
20
15
100
100
75
360

4
4
4
4
pack.

10
10
10
10
100

40
40
40
40
100
260

1
1
1
1
1

months

1
2
2

person
people
people

3
3
3

months

250

months
months
months

750

200
100
50

600
600
300
1,500
750
8,828.351

Part III
UPGRADED AND LARGER SCALE CULTURING OF TARGET FRESH WATER MICROALGAE (3th phase)
3.1 Scope Research
3.1.1 Larger Scale Culturing
3.1.2 Harvesting
3.1.3 Extraction and Bioactive Substances Screening
3.2 Materials and Methods
3.2.1 Equipments
Aerators
Spectrophotometer
Sample Bottles
Pyrex Bottles
Basin
3.2.2 Materials
3.2.2.1. Chemicals
3.2.3 Methods
Larger scale of culturing and extraction or obtaining of commercial products of micro-algae such as
bio-fuels are going to done in final step of this project. Larger scale culturing will be conducted in
both outdoor and indoor (laboratory) treatments.
Micro-algal culture harvesting systems, a cost-effective harvesting major methods for micro-algal
culturing are filtration, sedimentation, flotation and flocculation (Borowitzka and Borowitzka, 1995,
in Clayton and King, 1995). Filter cloths or micro-screens of 50 to 100 m pore size is useful for
filtering Spirulina (Richmond, 1988, in Clayton and King, 1995).
3.3 Budget
No.
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Materials

Vol.

Materials
Aquades
Fresh water
Sample bottles
Filter paper

Price

Need

Coast $ USA

1
1
1
1

L
month
unit
rol

3000
5
1.2
20

0.12
2
500
2

360
10
600
40
1,010

1
1
1
1
1
1

month
month
month
month
month
set

9
6
76
55
11
12.4

2
2
2
2
1
2

18
12
152
110
11
24.8
327.8

Sub-total
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

2. Aparattus
Cloth filter
Autoclave
Buckets
Electricity
Spectophotometer
Sedgwick-rafter (Wards) 50x20x10mm
Sub-total

3.
4.

Local Transportation
Personil
a. Senior Consultance 2 days a week
b. Junior Consultance 5 days a week
c. Enumerator (Laborant)
Sub-total
5.
Institutional (Faculty and Uniersity)
TOTAL Budget of 3th phase

package

1 person
2 people
1 people
2 months

100
2 months
2 months
2 months
250

500

200
100
50

400
400
100
900
500
2,837.8

References
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Limbah Cair Tahu and Tapioka, Prosiding Seminar Biologi XIV dan Kongres Seminar Nasional
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Buitenzorg, 44 : 101-174.
Anonimous, 1997, Nies-Collection List Of Strains 5th Eddition, Microalgae and Protozoa, Microbiol
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Japa, L. and Santoso, 2007, Analisis Kuantitatif Komunitas Fitoplankton Perairan Pelabuhan
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Barat, , Skripsi, S1 Prog. Bio., FMIPA Universitas Mataram.
Lavoie, A., and J. de la Noe, 1987, Harvesting of Scenedesmus abliquus in wastewaters: Auto-or
Bioflocuculation?, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 30 : 852-859.
Oktipiani, Y., 2007, Komunitas Fitoplankton Di Perairan Bendungan Pengga Lombok Tengah,
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18-28.
Panji, T., dan Suhariyanto, 2003, Produksi Spirulina platensis dan Potensinya Sebagai Pakan Ikan,
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Perikanan Budi Daya, Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Perkebunan Indonesia.
Panji, T., Suhariyanto, dan Z. Tanto, 2004, Spirulina Megic Food Makanan Fungsional
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Fakultas MIPA Universitas Indonesia, Depok.

Materials and Budged

1st Step : LITERATURE SEARCH
1. Visit Study to
a. LIPI Pemenang North Lombok
b. PT Bumi Blanting East Lombok
2. Searching refferences
3. Transport for Field investigation and sampling
a. Mataram - North Lombok
b. Mataram - Central Lombok
c. Mataram - East Lombok

Vol.

Unt
1
1
1

time

1
1
1

time

time
package

time
time

Price
40
50
98

40
50
98

40
50
70

40
50
70

Sub-total
4. Small scale of threatments
(preliminary screening)
Meterials: Bristol's Modified Medium
Equipments:
a. Cultur continer
b. TL 20 Watt
c. Room Preparations
d. Thermometer
e. Spectrophotometer
f. Autoclave
g. 24 hours timer swich
h. Silicon tube
i. Flex slang
j. Micropipette
k. Sedgwick-rafter
l. Filter cartridge 20, 5, 0,5 um
m. CO2 regulator thank
n. Sample bottle
o. Glass aparattus
p. Fresh water
q. Aquades

160

2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1.7
1.7
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
100

package
unit
unit
month
unit
month
month
unit
m
m
unit
unit
set
set
unit
package
month

4.0119

8.0238

3.1
8.5
40
5.1
11
10
40.8
24.3
11.5
18.2
12.4
150
98
6
42
7
0.16

6.2
8.5
40
10.2
22
20
81.6
41.31
19.55
36.4
24.8
150
98
12
42
14
16

Sub-total
5. Personil
a. Junior Consultance 5 days a week
b. Senior Consultance 2 days a week
c. Enumerator (Laborant)

2
1
2

people
person
people

650.5838

2
2
2

months
months
months

100
200
50

400
400
200

Sub-total
6. Institutional Fee (Faculty and University)
Total Cost for 1st Step

$ USA
40
50
98

1000
2

months

250

500

500
2498.584

2nd Step: BIOREACTOR AND MEASUREMENTS

1. Materials
a. Bristol's Modified Medium
-10 g sodium nitrate (NaNO3)
250
-1 g calcium chloride (CaCl2 2H2O)
100

-3 g magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 7H2O)

- 3 g potassium phosphate dibasic
(K2HPO4)
- 7 g potassium phosphate monobasic
(KH2PO4)
- 1 g sodium chloride (NaCl)
b.1% ferric Chloride
Subtotal for
2 L soltion
Subtotal for
1000 L soltion
c. Pringsheim's Soil Water
d. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
e. Fresh water
f. Aquades
g. Soil sample
Sub-total
2. Aparattus
a. Plankton net
b. Silicon tube
c. Flex slang
d. Basin
e. TL 20 Watt
f. 24 hours timer swich
g. Micropipette
h. Sedgwick-rafter (Wards) 50x20x10mm
i. Rafractometer
j. Hanna Instruments
k. Spectrophotometer
l. Water Thermometer
m. Air Thermometer
o. Regulator CO2 gas
p. Flex slang
Sub-total
3. Personil
a. Junior Consultance 5 days a week
b. Senior Consultance 2 days a week
c. Enumerator (Laborant)
Sub-total
4. Institutional (Faculty and Uniersity)
Total Cost for 2nd Step

precise

need

Cost

g
g

22.8
33.2

20
2

1.824
0.664

100
1000

ml
ml

40.3
78.5

6
12

2.418
0.942

1000

ml

23.8

14

0.3332

100
100

ml
g

26
19.7

2
8

0.52
1.576
8.2772

$ USA

4138.6
500
1
1
1

g
months

l
g

54.4
5
0.12
0.08

20
3
1000
1000

2.176
15
120
75

2.176
15
120
75
4350.776

1
7.6
7.6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7.6

unit
m
m
m3
unit
unit
unit
set
month
month
month
unit
unit
month
m

85
24.3
11.5
150
16
74.8
20.2
12.4
8
12
24
13
11
30
11.5

1
76
76
2
4
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
1
3
76

85
243
115
300
64
149.6
40.4
24.8
24
36
72
13
11
90
115
1382.8

2
1
2

people

months

person
people

3
3
3
250

months
months
months

100
200
50

600
600
300
1500
750
7983.576

750

3th Step: ALGAE PROCESSING

precise

need

Cost

$ USA

1. Materials
a. Aquades
b. Fresh water
c. Sample bottles

1
1
1

L
month
unit

d. Filter paper

rol

3000
5
1.2

0.12
2
500

360
10
600

20

40

Sub-total

1010

2. Aparattus

a. Cloth filter
b. Autoclave
c. Buckets
d. Electricity
e. Spectophotometer
f. Sedgwick-rafter (Wards) 50x20x10mm
g. Sub-total
3. Personil
a. Junior Consultance 5 days a week
b. Senior Consultance 2 days a week
c. Enumerator (Laborant)
Sub-total
4. Institutional (Faculty and Uniersity)
TOTAL

1
1
1
1
1
1

month
month
month
month
month
set

9
6
76
55
11
12.4

2
2
2
2
1
2

18
12
152
110
11
24.8
327.8

2
1
1

people

months

person
people

2
2
2
250

Summary of Research Cost

1st Step:
LITERATURE SEARCH ( 2 months )
2nd Step:
BIOREACTOR AND MEASUREMENTS ( 3 months )
3th Step:
ALGAE PROCESSING (2 months)
Total Cost for 3th Step ( 7 months )

months
months
months

500

100
200
50

400
400
100
900
500
2737.8

2498.584
7983.576
2737.8
13219.96