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Coordinates:7340S110490E

Surakarta
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Surakarta(Hanacaraka:

,oftencalledSoloandlesscommonlySala)isacityin

Surakarta

CentralJava,Indonesiaofmorethan520,061people(2009)[1]withapopulationdensityof
11,811.5people/km2.The44km2city[2]adjoinsKaranganyarRegencyandBoyolaliRegencyto
thenorth,KaranganyarRegencyandSukoharjoRegencytotheeastandwest,andSukoharjo
Regencytothesouth.[3]OntheeasternsideofSololiesSoloRiver(BengawanSolo).Thecityis
theseatofSurakartaSunanatekraton(palace/court).TogetherwithYogyakarta,Surakartaisthe
heiroftheMataramKingdomthatwassplitintotwokingdomsin1755.

City

SurakartaisthebirthplaceofthecurrentpresidentofIndonesia,JokoWidodo.Heledasmayor
ofSurakartafrom2005to2012.

Contents
1Name
2History
2.1Foundationofthedynasty
2.2PakubuwonoII
2.3PakubuwonoX
2.4StruggleforIndependence
2.5Independence
2.61960stroubles
2.71998riot
3Geography
3.1Hydrogeology
3.2Climate
3.3Borders
3.4Administrativedivision
3.5GreaterSurakarta
4Government
4.1Mayor
5Demography
5.1Education
5.2Economy
5.3Publicservices
6Sports
7Transportation
7.1Air
7.2Train
7.3Road
8Tourism
9Cuisine
10Culture
10.1Localdialect
10.2Dances
10.3Batik
10.4Surakartainpopularculture
11NotablepeoplefromSurakarta
12Sistercities
13Notes
14Furtherreading
15Externallinks

Name
Surakartaisalsowidelyknownbythename"Solo"or"Sala"."Surakarta"isusedinformaland
officialcontexts.Thecityhasasimilarnametotheneighboringdistrictof"Kartasura",where
thepreviouscapitalofMataramwaslocated.TheDutchname"Soerakarta"influencedthe
Indonesianspelling"Soerakarta"inusebeforethe1948spellingreform.

History
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta

Clockwise:SkylineofSolo,OmahSinten,Pura
Mangkunagaran,Sriwedari,WindujenarMarket

Seal

Nickname(s):Solo
Motto:TheSpiritofJava

Surakarta
LocationofSurakartainIndonesia

Coordinates:7340S110490E
Country
Province

Indonesia
CentralJava

Government
Sunan
(Pakubuwana
(King)
XIII)
Adhipati
(MangkunegaraIX)
Mayor
F.X.HadiRudyatmo
Area
Total

44.03km2(17.00sqmi)

Population(2009)
Total
520,061
Density
12,000/km2(31,000/sqmi)

[1]

Timezone
Area
code(s)

WIB(UTC+7)
0271
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ItsrulingfamilylayclaimtobeingtheheirstotheMataramdynasty.LikeYogyakarta,Solohas
tworoyalpalaces.

Website

www.surakarta.go.id
(http://www.surakarta.go.id/)

Foundationofthedynasty
AseriesofwarsandclashesbetweentheAdipati(dukes)followedthedeathofthelastSultanofDemakBintoro,thefirstIslamickingdominJava.
OneofthesewasJakaTingkir,soninlawofthelatesultan.AfterdefeatingthelastopponentdukeofJipangPanola,JakaTingkir,alsoknownas
SultanHadiwijaya,claimedthethroneandmovedthecapitaltothecityofPajang,locatedabout8milesfrompresentdaySurakarta.Hisadoptedson,
Sutawijaya,formedaconspiracyandkilledhimwiththehelpofanassassin.Thenheascendedthethroneandonceagainmovedthecapitalto
MataraminthepresentdayprovinceofYogyakarta,andanewdynastywasfounded.

PakubuwonoII
Upuntil1744,Solowaslittlemorethanaquietbackwatervillage,10kmeastofKartasura,thecontemporary
capitaloftheMataramkingdom.ButinthatyeartheMataramsusuhunan(king),PakubuwonoII,backedthe
ChineseagainsttheDutch,andthecourtatKartasurawassackedasaresult.PakubuwonoIIsearchedfora
moreauspiciousspottorebuildhiscapital,andin1745theentirecourtwasdismantledandtransportedina
greatprocessiontoSurakarta,onthebanksoftheKali(River)Solo.February18,1745isregardedasthe
officialbirthdayofthecity.Itwassaidthattheplacehechosetobethenewpalacewassituatedonasmall
lake.The"babad"orofficialrecordofcourthistoriansstillmentionsthatthelakewasdrainedbythefavorof
themythicalqueenofthesouthernsea,NyiRoroKidul.

TheWayangOrangperformedattheGedungWayang
Orang,Sriwedari

However,thedeclinecontinued,andin1757,afterthe
TowerandportalofKratonSurakarta
kingdomofMataramwasdividedintotheSurakarta
Sultanate(northerncourt)andtheYogyakarta
Sultanate(southerncourt),anotherrivalroyalhouseofMangkunegorowasestablishedby
RadenMasSaid,alsoknownasPangeranSamberNyowo(TheSlayerPrince),rightinthe
centreofSolo.ItmarkedthesuccessoftheDutchpolicyofdivideetimpera(divideand
conquer)intheEastIndies.TheMataramheldconsiderablepowerinJava,yetitsubmittedto
theDutch.Thereafter,Solo'sroyalhousesquitfightingandinsteadthrewtheirenergiesinto
thearts,developingahighlysophisticatedandgracefulcourtculture.Thegamelanpavilions
becamethenewtheatersofwar,witheachcitycompetingtoproducethemorerefinedcourt
culture.WayangKulitandWayangWongaresometheatricalartsstillperformedtoday.
ThePalacecontainsanotablemuseum,whichusedtohouseafemalechastitybeltuntilitwas
stolenbythieves.

PakubuwonoX
Perhapsthemostsignificantrulerofthe20thcenturywasPakubuwonoX.HisrelationshipwiththeDutch,hislargefamily,andhispopularity
contributedtoperhapsthelargestfuneralprocessionthateveroccurredinSolo.HehadspentalargeamountofmoneyontheRoyalGraveyardat
Imogiri,boththemainsectionsofthegraveyardandthenewsectionthathewasburiedin.IntheerajustpriortoindependenceSurakartahad
European,Chinese,andArabquarters.

StruggleforIndependence
AfterhearingtheproclamationofIndonesianIndependence,bothMangkunegaraVIIandPakubuwonoXIIdeclaredSurakartaapartoftheRepublic
ofIndonesia(RI).Becauseofthissupport,PresidentSoekarnodeclaredSurakartatheDaerahIstimewaSurakarta(DIS)/"SurakartaSpecialRegion".
InOctober1945,ananti"swapraja"(antifeudalism/antimonarchy)movementwasestablishedinSurakarta.Oneoftheleadersofthismovementwas
TanMalaka,amemberoftheIndonesianCommunistParty.ThisorganizationwantedtoabolishallfeudalkingdomsinSurakartaandtheSurakarta
specialregion(DIS)andreplaceallregentsinSurakarta.ThekeyissuewaswhethertheendofDutchruleshouldbringatotalchangeinthe
government,orwhethertheancientandhistoricinstitutions,givingthepeoplealinktoprecolonialtimes,shouldberetained.
OnOctober17,1945,KRMHSosrodiningrat,thevizierofKasunanankingdom,waskidnappedandmurderedbycommunists.Thenewvizier,
KRMTYudonagoro,and9otherofficialsfromKepatihanwerealsokidnappedandmurderedbythesamemovementinMarch1946.
In1946,thecapitaloftheRepublicofIndonesia(RI)wasmovedtothenearbycityofYogyakarta.
OnJune16,1946,theDISwasabolishedandreplacedwiththeregency(kabupaten)ofSurakarta.Thiseventiscommemoratedasthebirthdayofthe
cityofSurakarta.Thisonlyhasadministrativeandnotcivicsignificance.
OnJune26,1946,PrimeMinisterofIndonesiaSutanSyahrirwaskidnappedbyarebelmovementledbyMajorGeneralSoedarsono,thecommander
ofthe3rddivision.PresidentSoekarno(moreoftencalledSukarno)wasangryatthiskidnappingandonJuly1,1946,14civilianleadersofthis
movement,includingTanMalaka,werearrestedbyIndonesianpolice.

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OnJuly2,1946,therebelleaderswerefreedfromWirogunanprisonbyrebeltroops,ledbyMaj.Gen.Soedarsono.PresidentSoekarnoaskedthe
localmilitarycommanderinSurakarta,LieutenantColonelSoeharto(wholaterbecamePresidentSoeharto[oftenspelledSuharto])toarrestMajor
GeneralSoedarsonoandtherebelgroup.Lt.Col.SoehartorefusedtofollowthiscommandunlessitwasgivendirectlybytheMilitaryChiefofStaff,
GeneralSoedirman.PresidentSoekarnowasangryatthisrejectionofhisauthoritytogivedirectcommandstoalllevelsofthemilitary,andcalledLt.
Col.Soehartoastubborn("koppig")officer.
Lt.Col.SoehartopretendedthathesupportedtherebellionandpersuadedMaj.Gen.SoedarsonoandhisgrouptostayathisheadquartersatWiyoro,
Surakartafortheirownsafety.LaterthatnighthepersuadedMaj.Gen.SoedarsonotomeetPresidentSoekarnoathispalacethenextmorning.Lt.Col.
SoehartosecretlyinformedthepresidentialguardtroopsaboutMaj.Gen.Soedarsono'splanonthenextmorning.
OnJuly3,1946,Maj.Gen.Soedarsonoandhisgroupwerearrestedbythepresidentialguardnearthepalace.
PrimeMinisterSyahrirwasreleasedunharmed.Severalmonthslater,Maj.Gen.Soedarsonoandhisgroup
werepardonedandreleasedfromprison.
Laterthisrebellionwascalledthe"failedJuly3,1946coup".ThiseventismentionedinPresidentSoeharto's
autobiographypublishedin1988.
From1945to1948,theDutchreoccupiedvariousregionsinJava.TheremainingareasoftheRepublicof
IndonesiawereinYogyakarta,Surakarta,andsurroundingareas.
InDecember1948,theDutchattackedandoccupiedthecitiesofYogyakartaandSurakarta.TheIndonesian
armyledbyGeneralSoedirmanstartedaguerrillawarfromsurroundingareas.TheDutchsaidthatthe
Republicwasdestroyedandnolongerexisted.Todisprovethisclaim,theIndonesianarmyconductedlarge
scaleraidsintothecitiesofJogyakartaandSurakarta,calledSeranganOemoem.TheIndonesiantroops
managedtobeattheDutchtroopsandoccupythecityforseveralhours.TheleaderoftheraidtoYogyakarta
wasLt.Col.Soeharto.TheleaderofasimilarraidonSurakartaonAugust7,1949wasLt.Col.SlametRiyadi.
Tocommemoratethisevent,themainstreetofthecityofSurakartawasrenamed"BrigadierGeneralSlamet
RiyadiStreet".

AstatueofSlametRiyadiin
Surakarta

Independence
By1950Surakartahadapopulationof165,484.[4]In1950Surakarta,orSolo,wasatradecenterforsuchagriculturalproductsasrice,rubber,corn,
indigo,cassava,andsugar.Italsohadseenthedevelopmentofsomeindustries.Theseincludedtanning,textiles,andmachinery.Alsobatikmaking
wasacommonactivity.

1960stroubles
FromOctober1965to1966,therewaslargescalechaosinCentralJava,followinganabortivecoupandthesubsequentkillingsof196566.

1998riot
InMay1998,therewasalargeriotinSurakarta.Itwasinitiallytriggeredbyrisingoilprices,withanangrymobransackingandsettingmany
buildingsonfire,particularlybanksandofficialgovernmentbuildings.Butthenthesituationbecameuncontrolledasthemobalsotargetedshopping
centersandothercommercialbuildingsfordestruction,beforeitfinallyturnedintoaracialriotasrioterstargetedhousesandbusinessassetsofthe
localIndonesianChinese,leadingtowidespreaddestructionintheregion.

Geography

DayViewofSurakarta

Surakartaisalowlandlyingonflatterrain105mabovesealevel(inthecitycenterabout95mabovesealevel),withanareaof44.1km2(0.14%of
theareaofCentralJava).Itisapproximately65km(40mi)northeastofYogyakartaand100km(62mi)southeastofSemarang.Theeasternpartof
thetownisborderedbyBengawanSoloRiver,thelongestriveronJava.Theriveristheinspirationforthesong"BengawanSolo",a1940s
compositionbyGesangMartohartonowhichbecamefamousthroughoutmuchofAsia.Thecity'ssoilisfertilebecauseoftheriveranditstributaries.

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ThecityissurroundedbyMerbabuandMountMerapi(3,151mhigh)tothewestandMountLawu(3265mhigh)totheeast.TheSewuMountain
Rangeliesfurthersouth.NearbyisalsotheinfamousMountKemukus(alsoknownasSexMountain).

Hydrogeology
ThewatersourcesforSurakartaareinthevalleyofMerapi,atotalof19locations,withacapacityof3,404l/second.Theaveragesourcewaterheight
is8001,200mabovesealevel.In18901927therewereonly12wellsinSurakarta.Today,undergroundwaterwellsin23locationsproduceabout
45l/second.[5]
InMarch2006,Surakarta'sstatewatercompany(PDAM)hadaproductioncapacityof865.02l/second:fromCokrotulung,Klaten,27kmfromSolo,
387l/sandfrom26deepwells,withatotalcapacityof478,02l/second.Thetotalreservoircapacityis9,140m3andcanserve55,22%ofthe
population.[6]
ThesoilinSoloisfertile,partlybecauseofthevolcanicactivityofMountsMerapiandLawu.Combinedwithabundantwatersource,makesthe
hinterlandgoodforplantingvegetables,foodandcashcrops.Butinthelast20years,manufacturingindustryandtourismhavebeenboomingand
agriculturedeclining.

Climate
UndertheKppenclimateclassification,Surakartafeaturesatropicalmonsoonclimate.ThecityhasalengthywetseasonspanningfromOctober
throughJune,andarelativelyshortdryseasoncoveringtheremainingthreemonths(JulythroughSeptember).OnaverageSurakartareceivesjust
under2200mmofrainfallannually,withitswettestmonthsbeingDecember,January,andFebruary.Asiscommoninareasfeaturingatropical
monsoonclimate,temperaturesarerelativelyconsistentthroughouttheyear.Surakarta'saveragetemperatureisroughly30degreesCelsiusevery
month.
Month

Jan

ClimatedataforSurakarta
Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

AveragehighC(F)

29
(84)

29
(84)

29
(85)

31
(87)

30
(86)

30
(86)

29
(85)

30
(86)

31
(87)

31
(88)

30
(86)

29
(85)

29.8
(85.8)

AveragelowC(F)

22
(72)

22
(72)

22
(72)

22
(72)

22
(72)

21
(70)

21
(69)

21
(69)

22
(71)

22
(72)

22
(72)

22
(72)

21.8
(71.3)

Averageprecipitationmm(inches)

350
(13.78)

330
(12.99)

210
(8.27)

210
(8.27)

120
(4.72)

80
(3.15)

40
(1.57)

20
(0.79)

30
(1.18)

90
(3.54)

220
(8.66)

340
(13.39)

2,180
(85.83)

Source:Weatherbase[7]

Borders
SurakartaborderstheKaranganyarandBoyolaliRegencyinthewestandnorth,KaranganyarandSukoharjoRegencyintheeast,andSukoharjo
Regencyinthesouth.AteachofthecitybordersstandsagapurakratonorJavaneseentrancemonument,erectedin193132duringthereignof
PakubuwonoXinKasunananSurakarta.EachofthemservesasaborderandanentrypointtothecapitalofKratonSurakartawiththeneighboring
territories.ThegapuraswerebuiltnotonlyonhighwaysbutalsoontheriversideofBengawanSolo.BengawanSolousedtobeaportandcrossing
point(inMojo/Silir).
Thegapuraswerebuiltintwosizes,largeandsmall.Largegapuraswerebuiltonmajorroadways.TheycanbeseeninGrogol(south),Kertenand
Jurug(east).SmallgapurascanbeseennearDr.OenHospital(north),ontheroadtoBakiinSoloBaru(south),Makamhaji(west),andinMojo/Silir.
Eachofthelargegapurasalsohasastelethatcontainsthenameofthereigningmonarchandtheyearthatitwasbuilt.[8]

Administrativedivision
SurakartaCityanditssurroundingregencies,Karanganyar,Sragen,Wonogiri,Sukoharjo,Klaten,and
Boyolali,arecollectivelycalledtheexSurakartaResidency(Dutch:ResidentieSoerakarta).AfterSurakarta
becameacity,itwasdividedintofivedistricts(kecamatan),eachledbyacamat,andsubdividedinto51
kelurahan,eachledbyalurah.ThedistrictsofSurakartaare:[9]
KecamatanPasarKliwon(Postalcode:57110):9kelurahan
KecamatanJebres(Postalcode:57120):11kelurahan
KecamatanBanjarsari(Postalcode:57130):13kelurahan
KecamatanLaweyan(alsospelledLawiyan,Postalcode:57140):11kelurahan
KecamatanSerengan(Postalcode:57150):7kelurahan

SurakartaCityHall

GreaterSurakarta
SurakartaasadensecorecityinCentralJava,anditssecondcity,spillsconsiderablyintoneighboringregencies.Thoughatrafficstudyquotesthe
populationas1,158,000asof2008,[10]thisreflectsonlytheverycore,asthecityaffectsentireneighboringregenciesbysignificantlydrivingup
overallpopulationdensitiesinSukoharjoRegencyandKlatenRegencyoverthealreadydensecountryside.Furthermore,thegovernmentofIndonesia
officiallydefinesabroaderregionasSurakarta'sextendedmetropolitanzone,withtheacronymSubosukawonosratenasthecityand6surrounding
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regencies.,[11][12]thoughobviouslynotacoremetropolitanareaassomeofitsregenciesarenotparticularlysuburbanized,itreflectsabroader
planningregion.BoththemetropolitanareaandextendedareasborderYogyakarta'smetropolitanarea,whileonlytheextendedmetropolitanarea
bordersKedungsapurorGreaterSemarang.SeealsoListofmetropolitanareasinIndonesia.
Administrativedivision
SurakartaMunicipality

Area(km) Population(2010Census) Populationdensity(/km)

44.03

499,337

11,340

SukoharjoRegency

466.66

824,238

1,766

KlatenRegency

655.56

1,130,047

1,723

BoyolaliRegency

1,015.1

930,531

916

SragenRegency

946.49

858,266

906

KaranganyarRegency

800.28

813,196

1,016

WonogiriRegency

1,822.37

928,904

509

GreaterSurakarta(Subosukawonosraten)

5,750.49

5,984,519

1,040

Government
InthecurrentIndonesiancontext,SurakartaisacitywithintheprovinceofCentralJava.PrevioustotheIndonesiannationbeingformed,itwasan
autonomouskingdomruledbytheSunanandaprincipalityruledbytheMangkunegaran.
DuringDutchoccupationYogyakartaandSurakartawereknownastheVorstenlandorprincipalities.Rivalrybetweenthetwohasbeenendemicsince
theirfoundinginthe18thcenturyandwasadeliberateploybytheDutchtodistractattentionfromthepresenceoftheDutchcolonialpower.
ThehereditaryrulerofthekratonormaincourtwithinthecitybearsthetitleofPakubuwono,thepresentkingbeingPakubuwonoXIII.Like
Yogyakarta,Soloalsohasajuniorcourt,bornofanothercivilwar:theMangkunegaran,asmallprincipalityinsideKasunanan,ofwhich
MangkunegaraIXisthepresentmonarch.NeitherholdsanypoliticalpowerandaccordingtoIndonesianlaw,bothonlyhavecivilianstatus.

Mayor
ThecurrentmayorofSurakarta(until2015)isF.X.HadiRudyatmo,whoreplacedJokoWidodoin2012afterthelatterwaselectedasGovernorof
Jakartain2012.
UnderJokoWidodo'smayorship,thecityhadexperiencedamarkedimprovement.HerebrandedandpromotedSoloas"TheSpiritofJava,"a
Javanesecultureandheritagecenter,batikcapital,andtouristfriendlycity.
Juridically,theCityofSurakartawasformedbasedonGovernmentRegulationNo.16/SD1946,announcedatJuly15,1946.Basedonseveral
historicalfactors,16June1946issetastheanniversaryoftheGovernmentofSurakarta.Thecityanniversaryitselfiscelebratedevery16February,
basedonthedateofthemovingofthepalacefromKartasuratoSurakartain1745.On16February2011,thecitycelebratedits256thanniversary.

Demography
OneoftheearliestcensusesheldinSurakartaResidency(ResidentieSoerakarta)wasin1885.Atthattime,withanareaofabout5,677km,there
were1,053,985peopleinSurakartaResidency,including2,694Europeansand7,543IndonesianChinese.Thearea,130timesthecurrentareaof
Surakarta,hadapopulationdensityof186people/km.Thecapitaloftheresidencyitself(roughlythesizeoftheCityofSoloproper)in1880had
124,041peoplelivinginit.[13]
Accordingtothe2009census,therewere245,043malesand283,159females(asexratioof86.54)inSurakarta.[14]119,951ofthepopulationwere
14yearsoryounger,376,180werebetween15and64,and32,071wereabove65.[15]Thenumberofhouseholdswas142,627andtheaveragenumber
ofhouseholdmemberswas3.7.[16]Thepopulationgrowthinthelast10yearswasabout0.565%peryear.[17]
ComparedtoothercitiesinIndonesia,SurakartaisthemostdenselypopulatedcityinCentralJava,theeighthmostdenselypopulatedcityin
Indonesia,the13thsmallestcityinIndonesia,andthe22ndmostpopulousof93autonomouscitiesand5administrativecitiesinIndonesia.
ThelaborforceofSoloin2009was275,546,ofwhom246,768wereworking,while28,778wereseekingwork.Another148,254peopleaged15and
abovewerenotinthelaborforce.[18]Basedonemploymentnumbers,themostcommonworkinSolowasworker/paidemployee(112,336),followed
byselfemployee(56,112),selfemployeeassistedbytemporaryemployee(32,769),unpaidemployee(20,193),selfemployeeassistedbypermanent
employee(14,880),freelanceemployeeinnonagriculturalwork(10,241),andfreelanceemployeeinagriculturalwork(237).[19]Basedonthe
industry,mostpeopleinSoloworkedintrade(106,426),services(59,780),manufacturing(42,065),communication(16,815),construction(9,217),
financing(9,157),oragriculture(2,608),andtherestinmining,electricity,gas,andwatercompanies(700).[20]
ThemeanworkingweekinSolowas47.04hours(47.74formenand46.13forwomen),[21]and212,262peopleworkedmorethan35hoursperweek
comparedto34,506whoworkedlessthanthat.[22]
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Education
Accordingto2009statistics,242,070peopleabove15inthecityhadfinishedhighschool,while86,890hadonlyfinishedjuniorhighschool,and
94,840werestillinschoolorhadonlyfinishedelementaryschool.Thepercentageofhighschoolgraduateswasthehighestofthecitiesandregencies
inCentralJava.[23]
AccordingtothestatisticsofDataPokokPendidikan(Dapodik),inthe2010/2011schoolyear,therewere68,153studentsand853schoolsin
Surakarta.[24]Therearetwobiguniversitiespossessingmorethan20.000students:SebelasMaretUniversity(UNS)andMuhammadiyahUniversity
ofSurakarta(UMS),botharerecognisedasamongIndonesia's50bestuniversitiesaccordingtotheDirectorateofHigherEducation,Ministryof
EducationRI.ThereisalsoartsconcentrateduniversityArtInstituteofSurakarta(ISI),religiousstudiesStateIslamicInstitute(IAIN).Thereare
around52privateuniversitiesandcollegessuchasSTIKESMuhammadiyah,UniversitasTunasPembangunan,UniversitasSlametRiyadi,
UniversitasSurakarta,UniversitasSetiaBudietc.[25]

Economy
TheDomesticbruttoIncomeofSurakartain2009was16,813,058.62IDR,thefourthhighestinCentralJava
afterKudus,Cilacap,andSemarang.[26]Thelivingstandardin2009was723,000IDR.[27]TheConsumerprice
indexinJanuary2011was119.44.[28]
Surakartahasseveraltraditionalmarkets(pasar),includingPasarKlewer,PasarGedhe,PasarLegi,andPasar
Kembang.PasarKlewerisfamousasthebiggesttextilemarketinIndonesia.Therearealsoantiquesmarkets
inPasarTriwinduandinPasarKerisnearthepalaceofSurakarta.EverynightthereistheGalaboOpenFood
CourtneartheCityHall,andeverySaturdaynighttheNgarsopuroNightMarketnearSlametRiyadiRoad.
ThebusinesscentreinSoloislocatedalongthemainarteryroadofSlametRiyadi.Severalbanks,hotels,
shoppingcentres,internationalretsaurants,andalsotourismdestinationsarelocatedalongthisroad.Every
Sundaymorningfrom5amto9am,thisroadisclosedasthecitygovernmentdesignatesthatdaySoloCar
FreeDay(SCFD)alongtheSlametRiyadiRoadinacampaigntoreducecarbonemissions.Modernmallsin
SoloareSoloSquare,SoloGrandMall,andSoloParagon(underconstruction).
Ontheoutskirtsofthecitythereareseveralindustrialzones,suchasPalur,Grogol,andJetis.Large
corporationsheadquarteredinSoloincludeSritex(textiles),IndoAcidatama(industrialchemicals),and
Konimex(pharmaceuticals).ThebatikhomeindustryhasalsobecomeoneofSolo'sspecialtyindustries.

PasarKlewerandGapuraKraton
(KlewerTextileMarketandKraton
Gate)

Publicservices
TherearemanyhospitalsinSolosomewith24hourICUfacilitiesarePKUMuhammadiyahHospital,PantiKustatiHospital,IslamicHospitalof
Surakarta,KasihIbuHospital,Dr.MoewardiHospital,PantiWaluyoHospital,BrayatMinulyoHosipital,PantiKosala(Dr.OenKandangSapi)
Hospital,andDr.OenHospitalinSoloBaru.Publicparksarealsonumerous,especiallysinceJokoWidodobecamemayorofSolo.Herevitalized
severalparksandnowthepublicofSolocanenjoyBalekambangPark,SekartajiPark,SriwedariPark,andJurugZoo,oneoftheoldestandbiggest
zoosinIndonesia.InSriwedariParkthereisalsopublicentertainmentsuchasWayangOrangtheatreGWOSriwedari,andthenightmarketin
Ngarsopuro,whichonlyopensonSaturdaynights.
TheareacodeofSolois(+62)271.Coinorcardphoneboothsarerare,buttherearemanyphoneshopsandsmallstallssellingprepaidphonecredits.
Internetcafesarealsoabundant.SeveralpublicplacessuchasrestaurantsandcafesprovideWiFiaccesstotheircustomerstoo.

Sports
Surakartahasalongsporthistoryandtradition.In1923Soloalreadyhadafootballclub,oneoftheearliestclubsinIndonesia(atthattimestillthe
DutchIndies),calledPersisSolo.PersisSolowasagiantclubintheDutchIndiesandstillexists,butispastitsheyday.DuringthePerserikatan
tournament,Persisbecameseventimechampion.CurrentlyitplaysinthePremierDivision.OtherthanPersis,severalclubshaveexistedinSolo:
Arseto,PelitaSolo,PersijatimSoloFC,andlastlySoloFC,thatplaysintheIndonesianPremierLeaguesince2011.Bothclubsthatstillexist,Persis
andSoloFC,havemadeManahanStadiumtheirhomeground.ManahanStadiumisoneofthebestsportstadiumsinCentralJava,withmorethan
25,000seats,andhasseveraltimeshostednationalandinternationalmatches.ItwasrecentlythevenuefortheAFCChampionsCup2007,thefinal
venueoftheIndonesianCup2010,andtheopeningvenuefortheIndonesianPremiereLeagueonJanuary15,2011.[29]
In1948,SurakartabecamethehostofthefirstNationalGames,whoseopeningdateisstillmarkedastheNationalSportsDayofIndonesia.Atthat
tournament,SoloasSurakartaResidencycameoutasthechampion.In2011,Surakartaalsobecamethehostcityof2011ASEANParaGames.
Until2009,SurakartawasalsotheonlycityinCentralJavawithaprofessionalbasketballteam,BhinnekaSolo.In2009theteamwasmergedwith
StadiumJakartaandmovedtoJakarta.

Transportation
Air
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AdisumarmoInternationalAirport(IATAcode:SOC)hasdirectflightstoKualaLumpurbyAirAsiaand
duringthehajiseason,SaudiArabia,aswellasregularflightstoJakartabyGarudaIndonesia,SriwijayaAir,
LionAirandBataviaAir.Theairportislocated14kmnorthofthecity.[30]SinceMay2011,BST(BatikSolo
Trans)busesconnecttheairporttothecity.Thereisalsotaxicabservice.In2009Adisumarmohad2,060
outbounddomesticflightsand616outboundinternationalflights.[31]

Train
Surakartahasfourtrainstations,SoloBalapan,Purwosari,SoloJebres,andSoloKota(Sangkrah).Solo
AdiSumarmoInternationalAirport
BalapanisthelargeststationinSurakarta,andisthejunctionbetweenYogyakarta(westward),Semarang
(northward),andSurabaya(eastward),whilePurwosariisthejunctionlocatedwestofSoloBalapan,andhasa
connectiontoWonogiri(southward).Thereareseveraldirectlinestoothercities,suchasJakarta,Bandung,Surabaya,Semarang,Madiun,and
Malang.Forregionaltraffic,aspecialtrainconnectsSurakartaandYogyakarta,thePrameks(PrambananEkspres)train.
SurakartaisuniquebecauseitistheonlyIndonesiancitytostillhaveastreetparallelrailtrackbetweenPurwosariandSoloKota,alongJalanSlamet
Riyadi,Solo'smainroad.Aheritagerailway,calledJaladara,alsooperatesbetweenthetwostations.Historically,Purwosarihadthejunctionto
KartasuraandBoyolali(northwestward).
InJuly26,2011theRailbushasbeenlaunchedtoserveSurakarta/SoloWonogiriroute,butforthemomentonlySoloSukoharjotrackagewasready
duetothereare99bridgesshouldbestrengthenbetweenSukoharjoWonogiri.[32]UntilApril2012,SurakartaWonogirirailbusisstillinabig
questionmarkduetothe12tonsrailbusesareconsideredtooheavyforexistingrailroadtrackthatonlyhasthecapacityofaccommodating10ton
vehicles,furthermorePTKAIhaveproposedafarebetweenRp30,000($3.27)andRp40,000($4.36)perpassenger,whileSurakartaadministration
wantsticketstobepricedmuchlowerbetweenRp5,000($0.54)andRp7,000($0,76).[33]

Road
TirtonadiTerminalisthelargestbusterminalinSurakarta.SurakartaissituatedonIndonesianNationalRoute
15,whichconnectsittoYogyakartaandWaru(Sidoarjo).ASemarangSoloTollRoadiscurrentlyunder
construction.In2009thetotalextentofroadwaysinthecitywas705.34km:13.15kmstateroad,16.33km
provinceroad,and675.86kmlocalroad.[34]Thenumberofbuscompanieswas23,andthetotalnumberof
busesoperatingwas1,115intraprovincialbusesand1,107interprovincial.[35]
In2010,thegovernmentofSurakartalaunchedanewbusroutenamedBatikSoloTrans(BST),which
resemblesTransJakartabusrapidtransitservice.Ithasonlytworoutes,theDepartureRoute(Adisumarmo
AirportKartasuraPalur)andtheReturnRoute(PalurKartasuraAdisumarmoAirport).Asingletrip
costsRp.3000,Rp.1500forstudents.AspecialticketforthetripfromortotheairportcostsRp.7000.[36]

BatikSoloTrans

Tourism
OnemaintouristattractionofSurakartaistheKeratonSurakarta,thepalaceofSusuhunanPakubuwono,alsothePrincelyJavanesecourtof
Mangkunegaran.PasarGedemarketisoftenvisitedbytourists,mostlyforitsuniquearchitectureandfameasthebiggesttraditionalmarketinthe
Soloarea.ThePasarKlewerisfamousforitsbatiksinallpricesandqualities,whilethePasarTriwindhulocatednearMangkunegaranpalace
specializesinantiques.TamanSriwedariisapopularlocalentertainmentparkfeaturingachildren'splayground,dangdutmusicperformance,and
WayangWongtraditionalJavanesedanceperformancealmosteverynight.NeartheparkisRadyapustakaMuseum,oneoftheoldestmuseumsin
Indonesia,withacollectionofJavaneseculturalartifacts.ThetraditionalbatikvillageofLaweyanandKampungBatikKauman,locatedinthe
southwestpartofthecityandthecitycenterrespectively,arefamousforproducingfinequalityJavanesebatik.
Surakartaislocated60kmfromYogyakartaandsharesmanytourismspotswithit.CandiBorobudur,CandiPrambanan,CandiRatuBoko,Candi
Kalasan,andmanyotherCandiorancienttemplesarehistoricaltouristsights.SurakartaislocatedmuchclosertoCandiCethoandCandiSukuhon
theslopesofMountLawu.ThemountainousareaofTawangmangu,featuringGrojoganSewuwaterfallontheslopeofMountLawu,isalsoapopular
destinationfortourists.
AmodernmuseumandvisitorscentreisattheimportantSangiranarcheologysitearound15kmnorthofSurakartanearthemainroadnorthoutof
SurakartatoPurwodadi.
WithinSurakartatouristscanalsousetheJaladaraoldsteamtrainwhichwaslaunchedoninSeptember2009for5.6kmconnectingPurwosariStation
andCity(Sangkrah)Station.In2011therewere60tripsandin2012willbe80trips.[37]
Accommodationiswidelyavailablefromsmalllodgingstointernationalchainhotels.

Cuisine
FoodassociatedwithSurakartaincludesNasiLiwet,NasiTimlo,Tongseng,Serabi,Satebuntel,Intip,RotiMandarin,andBakpiaBalong.GudegSolo
isalsodifferentwithGudegYogyakarta,GudegSoloismoresoupyandrichwiththickcoconutmilk,whilegudegYogyaisdryerandhavereddish
colorfromtheadditionofteakleaf.
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Culture
SurakartatogetherwithYogyakartaiswellknownastheculturalheartlandofJava.Asthecentreofsurviving
Javanesecourt(kraton),Surakartaisfamousforitsrefined,highlypolishedaesthetic,andsophisticated
Javaneseart.TheKratonservedasanimportantcenterdedicatedforthepreservationofJavaneseculture.
SeveralimportanttraditionalJavaneseceremoniessuchasSatuSuroandSekatenritualswereobservedinhigh
importanceamongitspeople.TheSunan(king)ofSurakarta,althoughtodaynolongerholdsofficialactual
politicalpower,isstillreveredandholdsimportantpositionasculturalsymbolamongJavanesepeople.

Localdialect
ThemothertongueofSurakartansisalocalvarietyofJavanesethatdiffersinsomerespectsfromthatofother
areas.Forexample,forSurakatanstheJavanesewordfor
"cold"isadem,butinSemarangitisatis.TheJavanese
languageofSurakartaandYogyakartaisusedasthe
standardforallJavanesespeakersthroughoutthenation.
Indonesia'sofficialnationallanguageisIndonesian.

TimlokualinearMangkunegaran
Palace.

Dances
AsthecenterofJavanesecourtlyculture,Surakartaisthe
centerofroyalJavanesedances.SeveralSurakartadances
arecharacterizedwithitsslow,constrainedandrefined
movements,astheepitomeofgracefulnesssuchas
bedhaya,serimpi,andSurakartastyleWayangwong.
Wayangwongisroutinelyperformedinawayangwong
theatreinSriwedaripark.

Batik
JavaneseSurakartabridein
dhodotorSolobasahan
royalweddingcostume.

GrebegMauludisatraditionalceremonyheldbytheroyal
courtofKeratonSurakartatocommemoratethebirthof
Islam'sholymessenger,Muhammad.Thisceremonywas
firstheldduringthereignoftheDemakDynastydatingback
tothe15thcentury.

ThebatikofSolo(Surakarta)isknownasamongtheolderbatiktraditioninJava.ThetypicalstyleofSolobatikisits
sogan(darkyellow)color,incontrastwithYogyakartabatikhaswhitishbackground.Themainproductioncentersof
traditionalSolobatikisinKaumanareaandLaweyan,andPasarKleweristhemainbatikmarketinthecity.

Surakartainpopularculture
InpopularcultureofIndonesia,thetermPutriSolo(SoloPrincess)isawellknownidiomtodescribetheextraordinarybeautyandgraceofthe
Surakartaladies.
TheSoloBatikCarnivalheldannually,istheeventthatshowcasedSurakartaasthecenterofJavanesebatikartaswellasthecenterofcreative
fashionindustrybaseduponbatik.
SurakartaisalsofamousforstagingsomeinternationalmusicfestivalssuchasKeretaKencanaWorldMusicFestival(formerlySoloInternational
EthnicMusicFestival),SoloKeroncongFestival,andmetalmusicfestivalRockInSolo.

NotablepeoplefromSurakarta
AgungSetyabudi,footballplayer
Basuki,actorandcomedian
DiahPermatasari,actressandmodel
F.X.HadiRudyatmo,currentmayorofSurakarta
Gesang,singersongwriter
IcukSugiarto,formerbadmintonplayer
JokoSuprianto,formerbadmintonplayer
JokoWidodo,FormerMayorofSurakarta,GovernorofJakartaandthecurrentPresidentofIndonesia
RioHaryanto,racingdriver
RudyGunawan,formerbadmintonplayer
SapardiDjokoDamono,poet
SitiHartinah,wifeofthesecondIndonesianpresident,Suharto
SuryoAgungWibowo,sprinter
Waldjinah,singer
WidjiThukul,poet

Sistercities
Montana,Bulgaria.[38]
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Bilbao,Spain[39]
Algiers,Algeria

Notes
1. "JumlahdanPersentasePendudukmenurutKabupaten/KotadanJenisKelamindiProvinsiJawaTengahTahun2009"
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114010201.pdf)(PDF)(inIndonesian).BadanPusatStatistikProvinsiJawaTengah.2009.Retrieved
20110319.
2. (Indonesian) BadanPusatStatistik:LuasDaerahmenurutKabupaten/KotadiProvinsiJawaTengahTahun2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114010101.pdf)
3. (Indonesian) MapofSurakarta(http://www.surakarta.go.id/id/news/peta.surakarta.html)
4. ColumbiaLippencottGazeteer
5. PDAMSolo:TheGreaterSurakarta(http://www.pdamsolo.or.id/download/greater_surakarta.ppt)
6. (Indonesian) Produksiair(http://www.pdamsolo.or.id/produksi_air.php)
7. "Weatherbase:HistoricalWeatherforSurakarta"(http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=54869&refer=wikipedia).Weatherbase.2011.Retrieved
November24,2011.
8. (Indonesian) GapuraBatasKota(Keraton)(http://tentangsolo.wordpress.com/tetenger/gapurabataskotakeraton/)
9. (Indonesian) KecamatandanDesa/KelurahanmenurutKabupaten/KotadiProvinsiJawaTengahTahun2005,2008dan2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114010104.pdf)
10. http://www.cdia.asia/sharedfiles/PFS%20Training%20for%20NPOs%20presentations/Day%203/Surakarta%20Transport%20PFS%20Executive%20Summary.pdf
11. http://jurnal.pdii.lipi.go.id/admin/jurnal/131102025_14109409.pdf
12. http://www.bappenas.go.id/getfileserver/node/7642/
13. (German) SeiteausMeyersKonversationslexikon:SuppeditierenSurate:Surakarta(http://www.retrobibliothek.de/retrobib/seite.html?id=115452#Surakarta)
14. PopulationofJawaTengahbyRegency/CityandSex2009(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103010101.htm)
15. PopulationofJawaTengahbyRegency/CityandAgeGroup2009(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103010102.htm)
16. NumberofHouseholdsandAverageofHouseholdMemberbyRegency/CityinJawaTengah2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_1030102.htm)
17. (Indonesian) PDAMSolo:Profil(http://www.pdamsolo.or.id/profil.php)
18. PopulationAged15YearsandOverbyRegency/CityandTypeofActivityduringThePreviousWeekandSexinJawaTengah2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030102.htm)
19. PopulationAged15YearsandOverwhoWorkedduringforThePreviousWeekbyRegency/CityandEmploymentStatusinJawaTengah2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030105.htm)
20. PopulationAged15YearsandOverwhoWorkedbyRegency/CityandMainIndustryinJawaTengah2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030106.htm)
21. WorkingHoursRateduringthePreviousWeekbyRegency/CityandbySexinJawaTengah2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_1030302.htm)
22. PopulationAged15YearsandOverwhoWorkedduringaWeekbyRegency/CityandTimeofWorkinJawaTengah2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030104.htm)
23. PopulationAged15YearsandOverbyRegency/CitybyEducationAttainmentinJawaTengah2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030103.htm)
24. http://surakarta.dapodik.org/
25. (Indonesian) DaftaruniversitasswastadiSurakarta(http://surakarta.dapodik.org/rekap.php?data=&ref=sekolah&tipe=5&status=3&limit=100&hal=1)
26. (Indonesian) PDRBPERKAPITAATASDASARHARGABERLAKUMENURUTKABUPATEN/KOTAJAWATENGAHTAHUN20052009(RUPIAH)
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114011201.pdf)
27. ValueofWorkerProperLifeRequirementandRegency/CityMinimumWagebyRegency/CityinJawaTengah2007209(Rupiahs)
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_1030307.htm)
28. (Indonesian) IndeksHargaKonsumendanInflasiDi66Kota(2007=100)2011(http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?
tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=03&notab=4)
29. TheJakartaPost:WelcomeLPI(http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/01/08/editorialwelcomelpi.html)
30. AdisumarmoInternationalAirportSolo(http://www.asiarooms.com/en/travelguide/indonesia/solo/howtogetin/adisumarmointernationalairportsolo.html),
Asiarooms.com,RetrievedJuly25,2010
31. (Indonesian) ArusLaluLintasPesawatUdaraKomersialMenurutBandarUdaradiJawaTengahTahun2009(Trip)
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114021109.htm)
32. SoloWonogiriRailbus(http://edisicetak.solopos.com/berita.asp?kodehalaman=h01&id=120361)
33. "Surakartasrailbusesaretooheavyfortracks:KAI"(http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/13/surakartasrailbusesaretooheavytrackskai.html).
April13,2012.
34. (Indonesian) PanjangJalanNegara,JalanPropinsidanKabupaten/KotadiJawaTengahTahun2009(Km)
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114021101.htm)
35. (Indonesian) BanyaknyaPerusahaanBusUmumAKDP/AKAPmenurutKabupaten/KotadiJawaTengahTahun2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114021103.htm)
36. BatikSoloTrans.PortalInformasiKotaSurakarta(http://www.surakarta.go.id/news/bst.batik.solo.trans.html)
37. "AsyiknyaMenikmatiKotaSolodenganKeretaUapJaladara"(http://www.mediaindonesia.com/mediatravelista/index.php/read/2012/04/10/3784/2/Asyiknya
MenikmatiKotaSolodenganKeretaUapJaladara).April10,2012.
38. "SurakartadanMontana,BulgariaMenjadiKotaKembar"(http://www.indonesia.go.id/id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3384&Itemid=683).
PortalNasionalRepublikIndonesia.October21,2007.Retrieved20100125.
39. "IndonesiaSisterCities"(http://www.skyscrapercity.com/archive/index.php/t632795.html).SkyscraperCity.Retrieved20100916.

Furtherreading
Majeed,Rushda."TheCityWithaShortFuse."ForeignPolicy.September2012.
Majeed,Rushda."DefusingaVolatileCity,IgnitingReforms:JokoWidodoandSurakarta,Indonesia,20052011."InnovationsforSuccessful
Societies.PrincetonUniversity.PublishedJuly2012.
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Miksic,John(generaled.),etal.(2006)KaratonSurakarta.AlookintothecourtofSurakartaHadiningrat,centralJava(Firstpublished:'By
thewillofHisSereneHighnessPakuBuwonoXII'.Surakarta:YayasanPawiyatanKabudayanKaratonSurakarta,2004)MarshallCavendish
EditionsSingaporeISBN9812612262
Soeharto,G.DwipayanadanRamadhanK.H."Ucapan,PikirandanTindakanSaya".1988.PTCitraLamtoroGung.
Miksic,John(generaled.),etal.(2006)KaratonSurakarta.AlookintothecourtofSurakartaHadiningrat,centralJava(Firstpublished:'By
thewillofHisSereneHighnessPakuBuwonoXII'.Surakarta:YayasanPawiyatanKabudayanKaratonSurakarta,2004)MarshallCavendish
EditionsSingaporeISBN9812612262
Soeharto,G.DwipayanadanRamadhanK.H."Ucapan,PikirandanTindakanSaya".1988.PTCitraLamtoroGung.
PakuBuwonoXII(SunanofSurakarta),A.Mutholi'in,"KratonSurakarta",YayasanPawiyatanKabudayanKaratonSurakarta,2004
NancyK.Florida,JavaneseliteratureinSurakartamanuscripts/Vol.1IntroductionandmanuscriptsoftheKaratonSurakarta,Cornell
University,Ithaca,N.Y.SoutheastAsiaProgram(SEAP),1993.
NancyK.Florida,JavaneseliteratureinSurakartamanuscripts/Vol.2ManuscriptsoftheMangkunagaranPalace,CornellUniversityIthaca,
NY:SoutheastAsiaProgram(SEAP),2000.
NancyK.Florida,"Writingthepast,inscribingthefuture:historyasprophesyincolonialJava",DukeUniversityPress,1995
RichardAndersonSutton,"TraditionsofgamelanmusicinJava:musicalpluralismandregionalidentity",CUPArchive,1991
ClaraBrakelPapenhuijzen,"ClassicalJavanesedance:theSurakartatraditionanditsterminology",KITLVPress,1995
Thedomesticationofdesire:Women,wealth,andmodernityinJava(1998)Brenner,SuzanneApril.Princeton,N.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress.
KratonandKumpeni:SurakartaandYogyakarta,18301870(1994)Houben,V.J.H..Leiden:KITLVPress.
Preludetorevolution:PalacesandpoliticsinSurakarta,19121942(1987)Larson,GeorgeD..Dordrecht,HollandandProvidence,R.I.,U.S.A.:
ForisPublications.
Solointheneworder:LanguageandhierarchyinanIndonesiancity(1986)Siegel,JamesT..Princeton,N.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress.
Pakubuwono'skratonofSurakarta:ShortguidetoSurakarta'sgrandeur:thepalaceoftheSusuhunansPakubuwono(1980)Nocontributors
listed.Jakarta:ProyekPengembanganSaranaWisataBudayaJakarta.
MiftahSanaji,"WisataKulinerMakananDaerahKhasSolo",Gramedia2009,ISBN9789792252095
"EkspedisiBengawanSolo",LaporanJurnalistikKompas,Kompas2009,ISBN9789797093907
LindaCarolinaBrotodjojo,"JajananKakiLimaKhasSolo",Gramedia2008,ISBN9789792241433
IzharryAgusjayaMoenzir,"Gesang",Gramedia2010,ISBN9789792259117

Externallinks
SolotravelguidefromWikivoyage
OfficialwebsiteofthegovernmentofSurakarta(http://www.surakarta.go.id/)
WikimediaCommonshas
SoloCityGeneralForum(http://www.soloaja.com)Visitors'Guideandmanypictures.
mediarelatedtoSurakarta.
MilitaryHistoryCentre(http://www.sejarahtni.mil.id/index.php?cid=1948)"SeranganOemoem"
(August7,1949).
Externalmedia
VisitSolo.com(http://www.visitsolo.com)VisitSolotheSpiritofJAVA
Interactivemap,informationonplacesofinterestandaccommodations
Images
(http://peta.soloaja.com)
PicturesofSurakartaonFlickr
SoloFlooringCraftIndustry(http://advancesflooring.com)SoloHandcraft
(http://www.flickr.com/places//Indonesia/Central+Java/Surakarta)
FlooringIndustry
SoloBusinessDirectory(http://lokanesia.com/?s=&georadius=100&geo
Video
lat=0&geolng=0&categories=814&locations=879&dirsearch=yes)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Surakarta&oldid=667851623"

VideoaboutSoloandsurroundingfromarchive.org
(http://www.archive.org/details/upennf160085_1955_5_Java)

Categories: Surakarta SoloRiver CitiesinCentralJava CitiesinIndonesia

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