PROJECT REPORT ON

PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF DISTRIBUTION SUBSYSTEM FROM SUBSTATION TO CONSUMERS END

ALONG WITH ELECTRIFICATION OF A TOWN

Submitted by:
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BUDDHADEB BISWAS
KISHOR KUMAR PANDIT
KAMRUL HASAN MALLICK
MADHU SUDAN DAS
PRIYANKA PAL CHOWDHOURY
RAJAT DAS
ANWESHA BISWAS
GOUTAM SARKAR
KRISHNENDU SAMANTA
MONOJIT UPADHYAY

Under the guidance of

Dr. PRADIP KUMAR DAS

(Prof. of Electrical Engineering Dept.)
KALYANI GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology, West Bengal)
Kalyani-741235, Nadia, West Bengal

Certificate of approval
This is to certify that this report of B.Tech EE.2015 assigned project
entitled planning and design of distribution sub-system from substation to
consumers end along with electrification of a town is record of bona fide
work carried out by..

In our opinion the report in its present form is in partial fulfillment of all the
requirement as specified by the Kalyani Govt. Engg College and as per
regulation of the West Bengal University of Technology .In fact it is
attained the standard necessary for submission.to the best of my knowledge,
the result embodied in this report are original in nature and worthy of
incorporation in the present version of the B.Tech program in electrical
engineering.
Guide/supervisor
..
Prof.(Dr.)Pradip Kr. Das
Department of electrical engineering
Kalyani Govt. Engg College

EXAMINER ()

H.O.D; ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Kalyani Govt. Engineering College

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
VIEW OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
COMPONENTS OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
ACSR CONDUCTORS
CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
CONNECTION SCHEME OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
IMPORTANT TERMS
TYPES OF LOAD
CONSTRUCTION OF LOAD CURVES
RATING AND POSITION OF TRANSFORMER
CONSTRUCTION OF THE FEEDER LOOPS
ENERGY AUDIT CHECKLIS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude and appreciation to

prof.(Dr.) Pradip Kumar Das of electrical engineering dept. for
his guidance throughout the project work.

We would like to acknowledge with much appreciation the cooperation of sir Tapan santra, and sir Tapas haldar.
We are thankful to our principal Dr. Krishnendu Chakrabarty for his
encouragement, help and support.
We would like to thank sir Pritam Kumar Gayen, sir Partha
Sarathi Bera, sir Barun Mondal, sir Shib Shankar Das and
madam Dr. Sawan Sen. for their valuable comments, suggestions
and corrections which helps us to complete our project.

ABSTRACT
Electrification is method of designing and planning of the
distribution system of a whole area. In this project, we find out the
distribution, power transformer positioning, distributor and feeder
designing. By calculating the load and using the equations, we found
out the load curve as well as load factor, diversity factor ctc. From
the total load, we get the no. of distribution transformers and design
the distributor loops and distributors. From the distributor
transformer ratings we get the transformer ratings and design the
Feeders and Transmission loops.

The capital investment in the distribution system constitutes a

significant portion of the total amount spent in the entire power
system due to the recent market de-regulation, this portion may
become even larger, and this portion may become even larger. This
project makes careful planning and design most worthwhile
planning.

INTRODUCTION
The distribution system is an important part of electric power system.
The capital investment in the distribution system constitutes portion
of total amount spent in the entire power system. Due to the recent
market de-regulation, this portion may become even larger.
Furthermore , since the distribution system operates at the low
voltage levels, the losses are usually higher compare to those in other
parts of the system.

VIEW OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

Electrical power system is consists of three parts.
I. Generation system
II. Transmission system
III. Distribution system

GENERATION SYSTEM

SUMMARY OF PRESENT WORK

The total electrification of a town consists of two parts

1. Connection of the area to the main supply system

2. Conveyance electrical energy to energy consumers.
For this purpose one has to know in details the types of loads
and their location the map of the area to be electrified in
proper scale and climate condition of the area
We have chosen a map which consist of almost all types
possible loads and also a huge variety of loads. For our ease, we
have divided the whole map into two parts and planned and
designed the distribution system and distribution transformer
for each map separately dividing the whole group members
into two sub group .The photo copy of these maps given below

CONNECTION SCHEMES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

RADIAL SYSTEM:- In this system separates feeders . From a
single substation and feed the distribution at the end only.

RING MAIN SYSTEM:- In this system primaries of distribution

transformers from a loop. The loop circuit starts from the
substation bus bars. Makes a loop through the area to be
served and returns to the substation.

A device which taps electrical energy from the electric power system is called a load on the
system. The load may be resistive (e.g., electric lamp), inductive (e.g., induction motor),
capacitive or some combination of them. The various types of loads on the power system are:
1. Domestic load:- Domestic load consists of lights, fans, refrigerators, heaters,

television, small motors for pumping water etc. Most of the residential load occurs only
for some hours during the day (i.e., 24 hours) e.g., lighting load occurs during night
time and domestic appliance load occurs for only a few hours. For this reason, the load
factor is low (10% to 12%).

2. Commercial load:- Commercial load consists of lighting for shops, fans and
electric appliances used in restaurants etc. This class of load occurs for more hours

during the day as compared to the domestic load. The commercial load has seasonal
variations due to the extensive use of air conditioners and space heaters.
3. Industrial load:-Industrial load consists of load demand by industries. The

magnitude of industrial load depends upon the type of industry. Thus small scale
industry requires load up to 25 kW, medium scale industry between 25kW and 100

kW and large-scale industry requires load above 500 kW. Industrial loads are generally
not weather dependent.
4. Municipal load:- Municipal load consists of street lighting, power required for
water supply and drainage purposes. Street lighting load is practically constant

throughout the hours of the night. For water supply, water is pumped to overhead tanks
by pumps driven by electric motors. Pumping is carried out during the off-peak period,
usually occurring during the night. This helps to improve the load factor of the power
system.
5. Irrigation load:- This type of load is the electric power needed for pumps driven by
motors to supply water to fields. Generally this type of load is supplied for 12 hours
during night.

6. Traction load:- This type of load includes tram cars, trolley buses, railways etc. This
class of load has wide variation. During the morning hour, it reaches peak value
because people have to go to their work place. After morning hours, the load starts

decreasing and again rises during evening since the people start coming to their homes.

AREA MAP: -

LOAD SURVEY: -

DOMESTIC LOAD
3-STORIED BUILDING
NAME OF THE LOAD

CONNECTING LOAD

DEMAND FACTOR

MAX DEMAND

LIGHT LOAD

5.65 KW

0.5

2.825KW

HALOGEN

2.25 KW

1.00

2.25 KW

PUMP

6.75 KW

1.00

6.75KW

MISCELLANEOUS

20.85KW

0.80

16.68KW

FAN

2.45 KW

0.5

1.225KW

TOTAL

37.95KW

29.73KW

2-STORIED BUILDING
LIGHT LOAD

2.4 KW

0.5

1.2KW

HALOGEN

0.7 KW

1.00

0.7 KW

PUMP

2.3 KW

1.00

2.3KW

MISCELLANEOUS

8.45KW

0.80

6.76KW

FAN

0.875KW

0.5

TOTAL

14.725KW

0.4375KW
11.3975KW

SINGLE STORIED BUILDING

NAME OF THE LOAD

CONNECTING LOAD

LIGHT LOAD

DEMAND FACTOR

MAX DEMAND

0.63 KW

0.5

0.315KW

PUMP

2 KW

1.00

2KW

MISCELLANEOUS

2.6KW

0.80

2.08KW

FAN

1 KW

0.5

0.5KW

TOTAL

6.23KW

NAME OF LOADS
QUARTER

4.895KW

TOTAL LOAD
5KW

HOSTEL

36KW

GUEST HOUSE

8KW

CLUB

7KW

PUBLIC LOADS
NAME OF LOADS
HOSPITAL

TOTAL LOAD

200KW

POST OFFICE

5KW

MUNICIPAL OFFICE

10KW

STADIUM

110KW

EXPERINMENTAL SCHOOL

25KW

LAW COLLEGE

55KW

PETROL PUMP

75KW

STATION

2KW

TEMPLE

1.5KW

PLAY GROUND

8KW

STREET LIGHT

600KW

BANK

6KW
COMMERCIAL LOAD

SHOPPING MALL

120KW

MARKET

70KW

CINEMA HALL

50KW

RESTURANT

115KW

ATM

1.2KW

GYM CENTER

5KW

CAR SHOWROOM

10KW

 IMPORTANCE OF LOAD CURVE:-The daily load curve have attained a

great importance in generation as they supply the following readilya) The daily load curve shows the variation of load on the power
station during different hours of the day.
b) The area under the load curve gives the number of units in the
day.
c) The highest point on the daily load curve represents the
maximum demand on the station on that day.

LOAD VARIATION IN SUMMER:TIME

6am-9am
9am-12am

DOMESTIC
LOAD(KW)
175.35
210.82

COMMERCIAL
LOAD(KW)
120.85

PUBLIC LOAD
(KW)
345.24

TOTAL
LOAD(KW)
641.44

188.24

380.45

779.49

Maximum demand :It is the greatest load connected to a power system during a given period.
Demand Factor:In electrical engineering the demand factor is taken as a time independent

quantity where the numerator is taken as the maximum demand in the specified
time period instead of the averaged or instantaneous demand.

Capacity factor:The net capacity factor of a power plant is the ratio of its actual output over a
period of time, to its potential output if it were possible for it to operate at
full nameplate capacity continuously over the same period of time.
UTILIZATION FACTOR:The utilization factor or use factor is the ratio of the time that a piece of
equipment is in use to the total time that it could be in use.
LOAD FACTOR:-The ration OF average loaded to the maximum demand during
a given period is known as loaded factor.
Load factor=average load/max. demand
Diversity factor:-The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demand to the
maximum demand on power station is known as diversity factor.
Diversity factor =sum of individual max. demand /max.demand on power station.

STEPS INVOLVED
The whole scheme is divided into following steps:
1. Analysis of different types of loads
2. Calculate total domestic public and commercial loads.
3. Construct the load curve for summer and winter
separately and find out the peak time of the load
consumption ,load factor ,load diversity
4. Assuming the all distribution load into concentrated load,
calculate the rating and position of the distribution
transformers
5. Make the distribution loop ,the ring man system, so that
power can be reached to all the loads.
6. Find out the cross section of the distribution a load
calculate the rating and position point of the loop.
7. By assuming each distribution transformer a load calculate
the rating and position of power transformer.
8. Make the feeder loop, so that each distribution
transformer can get power
Designing of feeder cross section by calculating the minimum
potential point of the loop.

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Distribution system deliver power from bulk power system to
retail consumers.
To do this, distribution substations receive power from subtransmission lines step down voltage with power
transformation. Distribution transformers step down
voltages to utilization levels and supply secondary mains or
service drops. Distribution planning focusing on design that
supply all consumers at peak demand with acceptable
voltage tolerances without violating equipment rating.
The total system is shown in a diagram given below

Components of Distribution System

Distribution system consists of three components.

Distributers: A distributer is a conductor from which tapings

are taken for supply to the customers. The current through
distributer is not constant because tapings are taken at various
points along its length. While designing a distributor drop along
its length is very important.

Feeders: A circuit, such as conductors in conduit or a

busway run, which carries a large block of power from the
service equipment to a sub-feeder panel or a branch circuit
panel or to some point at which the block power is broken
into smaller circuits.

CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1.NATURE OF DISTRIBUTION : According to the nature of
current, distribution system may be classified as:
a. Overhead system
b. A.C. distribution system
3. TYPES OF CONSTRACTION: According to it, the
distribution system may be classified as:
A. Overhead system
B. Underground system
SCHEME OF CONNECTION : According to it, the distribution
system may be classified as:
a. Radial System
b. Ring Main System
c. Inter-counter System

ACSR Conductors
Aluminium conductor steel-reinforced is a specific type of
high-capacity, high-strength stranded conductor typically used in
overhead power lines . The outer strands are high-purity 1350 or
1370 aluminum alloy, chosen for its excellent conductivity, low
weight and low cost. The center strands are of steel for the
strength required to support the weight without stretching the
aluminium due to its ductility . This gives the conductor an overall
high tensile strength.

Feature and benefits:

ACSR conductor are recognized for their record of economy,
dependability and favorable strength/weight ratio.
ACSR conductor combine the light weight and good conductivity of
aluminum with high tensile strength and ruggedness of steel. In line
design this provide higher tension, low sag, longer span than obtainable
with most other types of overhead conductors.
The steel strands are added as mechanical reinforcements. The cross
section above illustrates some common strandings.
The steel core wires are protected from corrosion by galvanizing.