Glass Processing+ Forming

-Non continuous process

-Continuous Melting

Non continuous: Pot furnace

Studiofurnace 2004
Small melting unit in venice
based on 60 years old
technology

Melting furnace
according to Agricola
(16.Jhr.)

Edinburgh, University, Art Glass Department (2001)

Studio furnace Corning,

Steuben Glass Factory
(2001)

Temperature profile and melting phases of a pot furnace

Continuous flow glass-processing

(Tank furnace )

Glass melting furnaces with regenerator: - end port

- side port

internal
batch
pre-heater

fossile fuel melter

1000 C

batch
melter

flames
1500 C

1200 C

1300 C

shallow finer
1600 C

bubblers

batch melting

1350 C

feeder
1200 C

electrodes

electrode

batch
pre-heating

deep refiner

quartz
primary fining
dissolution

pull
bubblers

refining

conditioning

Forming Process

Pot furnace forming

Forming process
Free form- by lamp, torch
Casting - used primarily for production of art glasses
and/or lenses.
Blowing Hollow ware, bottles etc
Pressing - Hollow ware , jar, wide mount objects
Floating, Drawing For sheet glass , plate glass
"float bath" is a furnace containing molten tin.

casting


The most important methods:
blow-blow process
press-blow process

Double gob shear mechanism

The gob of molten glass falls into the inverted parison (pre-container) blank mould, It is
blown down into the mould back up into the now closed mould.

The inverted parison is transferred to an upright posi-tion in the blow mould where it is
reheated

During blowing, a vacuum is applied through the mould to suck any trapped air or other
gases from the bottom of the mould.

Blow and blow process

IS Machine, blow and blow-procedure

press - blow

1) parison mould

Melting and Forming

2) delivery lever

3) finish (blow) mould

Flat glass forming:

Forming flat glass by
- Fourcault process
- Colburn-Libbey-Owens process
- Down draw process
- Boudin process
- Float process

drawing
tower

depressor
mechanism

canal coolers

debiteuse
canal

kiln

Fourcault flat glass updraw process

bending roll
immersed skim bar

muffle
tube

lehr rollers

sheet coolers
edge rolls

single-piece
refractory bowl
bowl chamber,
heated by gas
or electricity
Colburn Libbey-Owens flat glass drawing process

draw-down process
(Vello)
orifice

cone
onion

bell
muffle

onion
glass tube

trough

homogeneous glass
delivered from
melting unit
root
sheet drawn downward
Melting and Forming Corning fusion downdrawing process

Float Process

Float glass side port tank furnace

Slightly reducing by
Injection mixture N2 and H2

regenerator

flow through a notch

falling film heaters

N2-H2 gas mixture

1050 C

floating & drawing

600 C

spout
liquid Sn
Floating is just only one out of many hydrodynamic principles
applied in the float glass process.

Conclusions

Surface tension , gravity

Cross-fired regenerative tank furnace
Atm nitrogen and hydrogen
tin= 6.5, glass =2.6 g/cc

Melting and Forming

Melting and Forming

Tube glass forming

Forming glass tube, glass rod by
- Danner process
- Updraw process
- Down draw process
- Vello process

Danner process

textile fibre drawing (small orifice)

Melting and Forming

insulation fibre production

Melting and Forming

melting tank

fibrization unit
uncured wool
raw material silos

binder spray

binder curing oven

product
chopper

Annealing process: "

Definition: * to prevent or remove stresses in glassware by controlling
cooling from a suitable temperature
*A controlled cooling process for glass designed to reduce
thermal residue stress to a commercially acceptable level.

The annealing temperature and the cooling rates

must be computed correctly. Thickness of glass is the
very important parameter.

Methods to determine
annealing temperature
1. Dilatometry
2. Differential scanning calorimetry
3. Differntial thermal analysis

Stress
release

Annealing

Cooling
Deformation pt

Annealing
temp=Tg+10

Tg+30

Transformation pt

Lower annealing
limit= Tg-100

AOCCN
2015
BANGKOK,
THAILAND

ICG Annual Meeting 2015

7-10 September 2015: BANGKOK, THAILAND