Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Prechamber
Orifice
Main
Chamber
Fresh Mixture
Burned Gases
MWM
MAK
EMD
PDGT
27%
Oil
26%
10.000
38%
Natural Gas
5.000
23%
Coal
28%
25%
0
2000
2005
Renewables
2010
Biofuels
2015
2020
2025
Nuclear Energy
2030
Hydroelectricity
Natural Gas
Natural
bybyRegion
NaturalGas
Gas Prices
Region
$18
Abundant Supply
$16
$14
Japan (LNG)
$12
$/mmbtu
Shale Gas
Energy Independence Opportunity
$10
$8
EU
$6
$4
Regional Pricing
$2
USA
$0
2006
Emissions
2009
2010
2011
2012
Japan
Growth to Continue
USA Export?
2008
Europe (Zeebrugge)
LNG Expansion
2007
$120
$100
$80
$60
Price Spread
$40
$20
$2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Oil (WTI)
A Growth Opportunity
Driven by Customer Value
Pricing Differential: Diesel to Natural Gas
2011 Actual
$/DGE
$/mmBTU
$28
$4
$ 182 million
$21
$3
25 Cat 797 Trucks
$ 17 million
$14
$2
$ 36 million
$7
$1
Typical Fracturing Crew
$ 6 million
$0
$0
US
Germany China
India
Brazil
** Price spread of $2 per DGE and gas substitution of 65%
A Growth Opportunity
Supply and Demand
Demand for
Natural Gas
Technology Strategy
Spark Ignited Engines
Technology priorities
Burns 100% Gas
Efficiency > 50%
Power density
Qualitative Example
Jet
Ignition
Prechamber
Conventional
Ignition
Orifice
10 BTDC
Main
Chamber
4.3 BTDC
Burned Gases
Fresh Mixture
Pressure (kPa)
3.6 BTDC
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
200
Prechamber
2.9 BTDC
Main Chamber
2.2 BTDC
1.5 BTDC
300
400
Crank Angle (deg)
500
600
Combustion Physics
-Chemical Kinetics
- Flames
Thermo-mechanical
-Piston Rings
- Thermal Loading
Cycle Simulation
-Zonal combustion
- Stochastic models end-gas knock
Combustion CFD
- Full cycle
6/5/2013
13
Rail
Marine
Mining
17
$ 266 million
Accelerating
Through
Partnership
$ 25 million
* Estimated based on price spread of $2 per DGE and gas substitution of 95%
19
Conclusions
Natural Gas Abundant in Supply
Lean-Burn Spark Ignited Engines
Focused on Electric Power
Flames are lean / high-pressure