MATH 38

Mathematical Analysis III

I. F. Evidente
IMSP (UPLB)

Previously...

Convergence of an infinite series by definition

Divergence Test
Tests for Infinite Series of Nonnegative Terms:

1
2
4

Integral Test
Limit Comparison Test

Special Series: geometric, harmonic, constant, p-series

Outline

Tests for Series of Nonnegative Terms (continued)

Comparison Test

Test for Alternating Series

Theorem (Two of the Four Convergence Theorems)

Suppose
1

b n are infinite series and c is a nonzero constant.

P
P
P
P
If an converges, then ca n converges and ca n = c an . If an
P
diverges, then c a n diverges.
P
P
If an and bn differ only by a finite number of terms, then either
P

a n and

both converge or both diverge.

Example
1

1
X
, where k is any integer greater than 1
n=k n

Example
1

1
X
, where k is any integer greater than 1 (divergent)
n=k n

Example
1

1
X
, where k is any integer greater than 1 (divergent)
n=k n
5
X
n=k

n 7/5

Example
1

1
X
, where k is any integer greater than 1 (divergent)
n=k n
5
X
n=k

n 7/5

(convergent)

Outline

Tests for Series of Nonnegative Terms (continued)

Comparison Test

Test for Alternating Series

Theorem (Comparison Test)

Let an and bn be infinite series of nonnegative terms such that an bn
for all n = 1, 2, ...
P

Theorem (Comparison Test)

Let an and bn be infinite series of nonnegative terms such that an bn
for all n = 1, 2, ...
P

If

b n converges, then

a n converges.

Theorem (Comparison Test)

Let an and bn be infinite series of nonnegative terms such that an bn
for all n = 1, 2, ...
P

1
2

If

P
b n converges, then a n converges.
P
P
If an diverges, then bn diverges.
P

Remark
Difficulty with comparison test: you have to make an intelligent guess as to
whether or not the series is convergent.

Remark
Difficulty with comparison test: you have to make an intelligent guess as to
whether or not the series is convergent.
If your guess is convergent,

Remark
Difficulty with comparison test: you have to make an intelligent guess as to
whether or not the series is convergent.
If your guess is convergent, try to find a "greater" convergent special
series.

Remark
Difficulty with comparison test: you have to make an intelligent guess as to
whether or not the series is convergent.
If your guess is convergent, try to find a "greater" convergent special
series.
If your guess divergent,

Remark
Difficulty with comparison test: you have to make an intelligent guess as to
whether or not the series is convergent.
If your guess is convergent, try to find a "greater" convergent special
series.
If your guess divergent, try to find a "lesser" divergent special series.

With some abuse of notation :)

Tip
Convergent:
Divergent:

With some abuse of notation :)

Tip
Convergent:
X

Divergent:

an

<

With some abuse of notation :)

Tip
Convergent:
X

Divergent:

an

bn <

With some abuse of notation :)

Tip
Convergent:
X

an

an

bn <

Divergent:
>

With some abuse of notation :)

Tip
Convergent:
X

an

bn <

an

bn >

Divergent:

Tip
The comparison test could be useful if f (n) involves sin, cos, ln or Arctan
because:
1 sin n 1; 1 cos n 1
p
0 ln n n n if n 1
2 < Arctan n <

y =x

y=

y = ln x

Remark
1

If 0 < a < b , then

1 1
>
a b

Remark
1 1
>
a b

If 0 < a < b , then

Given a positive fraction: If the numerator is held constant and

1
2

the denominator is increased, the fraction will decrease

the denominator is decreased, the fraction will increase

Example

5
n
n=1 n3

Example

5
n
n=1 n3

5
X
5

n
n
n=1 n3
n=1 3

Example

5
n
n=1 n3

5
X
5

<
n
n
n=1 n3
n=1 3

Example

5
n
n=1 n3

5
X
5

<
n
n
n=1 n3
n=1 3

The series is convergent.

Example
| cos n|
X
2
n=1 n + 1

Example
| cos n|
X
2
n=1 n + 1

| cos n|
1
X
X

2
2
n=1 n + 1
n=1 n

Example
| cos n|
X
2
n=1 n + 1

| cos n|
1
X
X

<
2
2
n=1 n + 1
n=1 n

Example
| cos n|
X
2
n=1 n + 1

| cos n|
1
X
X

<
2
2
n=1 n + 1
n=1 n

The series is convergent.

Example

X
1
n=2 ln n

Example

X
1
n=2 ln n

1
X
X
1
>
n=2 ln n
n=2 n

Example

X
1
n=2 ln n

1
X
X
1
>
>
n=2 ln n
n=2 n

Example

X
1
n=2 ln n

1
X
X
1
>
>
n=2 ln n
n=2 n

The series is divergent.

Example

2 n
1+
n
n=1

Example

2 n
1+
n
n=1

2 n X
1+
>
1
n
n=1
n=1

Example

2 n
1+
n
n=1

2 n X
1+
>
1>
n
n=1
n=1

Example

2 n
1+
n
n=1

2 n X
1+
>
1>
n
n=1
n=1

The series is divergent.

Outline

Tests for Series of Nonnegative Terms (continued)

Comparison Test

Test for Alternating Series

Definition
An alternating series is a series whose terms form an alternating
sequence.

Definition
An alternating series is a series whose terms form an alternating
sequence. (That is, the signs alternate from positive to negative.)

Theorem (Alternating Series Test for Convergence)

Let

a n be an alternating series.

Theorem (Alternating Series Test for Convergence)

Let an be an alternating series. The alternating series is convergent if
both of the following conditions hold:
P

Theorem (Alternating Series Test for Convergence)

Let an be an alternating series. The alternating series is convergent if
both of the following conditions hold:
P

lim |a n | = 0

Theorem (Alternating Series Test for Convergence)

Let an be an alternating series. The alternating series is convergent if
both of the following conditions hold:
P

lim |a n | = 0

n
2

{|a n |} is a decreasing sequence.

Theorem (Alternating Series Test for Convergence)

Let an be an alternating series. The alternating series is convergent if
both of the following conditions hold:
P

lim |a n | = 0

n
2

{|a n |} is a decreasing sequence. (Recall two ways to show a sequence

is decreasing.)

Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1

Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1

|a n |

Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1

(1)n

|a n | =
n

Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1

(1)n 1

=
|a n | =
n n

Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1

(1)n 1

=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim
n n

Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1

(1)n 1

=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim = 0
n n

Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1

(1)n 1

=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim = 0
n n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n

Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1

(1)n 1

=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim = 0
n n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
n

Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1

(1)n 1

=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim = 0
n n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
n

f 0 (n)

Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1

(1)n 1

=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim = 0
n n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
n

f 0 (n) =

1
n2

Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1

(1)n 1

=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim = 0
n n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
n

f 0 (n) =

1
<0
n2

Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1

(1)n 1

=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim = 0
n n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
n

f 0 (n) =

Yes, {|an |} decreasing.

1
<0
n2

Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1

(1)n 1

=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim = 0
n n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
n

f 0 (n) =

1
<0
n2

Yes, {|an |} decreasing.

The series is convergent since it passes AST.

Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1

(1)n 1

=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim = 0
n n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
n

f 0 (n) =

1
<0
n2

Yes, {|an |} decreasing.

The series is convergent since it passes AST.

Remark
The alternating harmonic series is convergent.

Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n

|a n |

Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n

(1)n1

|a n | =
ln n

Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n

(1)n1
= 1

|a n | =
ln n ln n

Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n

(1)n1
= 1

|a n | =
ln n ln n
1
1
lim
n ln n

Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n

(1)n1
= 1

|a n | =
ln n ln n
1
1
=0
lim
n ln n

Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n

(1)n1
= 1

|a n | =
ln n ln n
1
1
=0
lim
n ln n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n

Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n

(1)n1
= 1

|a n | =
ln n ln n
1
1
=0
lim
n ln n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
ln n

Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n

(1)n1
= 1

|a n | =
ln n ln n
1
1
=0
lim
n ln n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
ln n

f 0 (n)

Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n

(1)n1
= 1

|a n | =
ln n ln n
1
1
=0
lim
n ln n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
ln n

f 0 (n) =

1
n(ln n)2

Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n

(1)n1
= 1

|a n | =
ln n ln n
1
1
=0
lim
n ln n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
ln n

f 0 (n) =

1
<0
n(ln n)2

Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n

(1)n1
= 1

|a n | =
ln n ln n
1
1
=0
lim
n ln n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
ln n

f 0 (n) =

Yes, {|an |} decreasing.

1
<0
n(ln n)2

Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n

(1)n1
= 1

|a n | =
ln n ln n
1
1
=0
lim
n ln n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
ln n

f 0 (n) =

1
<0
n(ln n)2

Yes, {|an |} decreasing.

The series is convergent since it passes AST.

Remark
1

Please use this only for an alternating series. :)

Remark
1

Please use this only for an alternating series. :)

If an alternating series does not satisfy the above conditions, you

cannot conclude that the alternating series is divergent.

Remark
1

Please use this only for an alternating series. :)

If an alternating series does not satisfy the above conditions, you

cannot conclude that the alternating series is divergent.

If the first condition is not satisfied, use the divergence test to prove
that the sequence is divergent.

Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1

Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1

|a n |

Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1

(1)n n

|a n | =
n +1

Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1

(1)n n

= n
|a n | =
n +1 n +1

Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1

(1)n n

= n
|a n | =
n +1 n +1

lim

n n + 1

Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1

(1)n n

= n
|a n | =
n +1 n +1

lim

n n + 1

=1

Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1

(1)n n

= n
|a n | =
n +1 n +1

lim

n n + 1

=1

lim

n
n +1

Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1

(1)n n

= n
|a n | =
n +1 n +1

lim

n n + 1

=1

lim

n
= 1
n +1

Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1

(1)n n

= n
|a n | =
n +1 n +1

lim

n n + 1

(1)n n
n n + 1

This implies: lim

=1

lim

n
= 1
n +1

Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1

(1)n n

= n
|a n | =
n +1 n +1

lim

n n + 1

=1

lim

n
= 1
n +1

(1)n n
does not exist (see remark after Thm 1.1.3).
n n + 1

This implies: lim

Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1

(1)n n

= n
|a n | =
n +1 n +1

lim

n n + 1

=1

lim

n
= 1
n +1

(1)n n
does not exist (see remark after Thm 1.1.3).
n n + 1

This implies: lim

The series is divergent by the Divergence Test.

The End. Thank you.