Streams

In water,the direction along the stream is called DownStream. And, the direction against the stream is called
UpStream. (Speed of water is sometimes mentioned as speed of current (or) Rate of Current)
If the speed of a boat or man in still water is u or
which is flowing at v km/hr, it takes him
t hrs to row to a place and back, the distance
Ssw km/hr, and the speed or Rate of the stream is v
or Rs or Ss km/hr, then : (u>v)
u 2v 2
between
the
two
places
is
:
=
t
km/hr
DownStream Speed(a,Dss) = (u+v)=(Ssw+Rs) km/hr
2u
UpStream Speed (b,Uss) = (u-v)=(Ssw-Rs)km/hr
A man rows a certain distance DownStream in t1 hrs
If the DownStream Speed is a or Dss km/hr, and the
and returns (UpStream) the same distance in t2 hrs.
UpStream Speed is b or Uss km/hr, then
If the stream flows at the rate of v km/hr then :Speed
Speed in Still Water(u,Ssw)

a+ b Dss+ Uss
=
km/hr
2
2
Rate of Stream (v, Rs)
ab DssUss
=
=
km/hr
2
2
=

A man can row u km/hr in still water. If in a stream

of the man in still water is = v

( )

t 1+ t 2
km/hr
t 2t 1

If in the above case speed of man in still water is u

km/hr then :Speed of the Stream is
t t
= u 2 1 km/hr
t 1+ t 2

( )

Ex: A man can row 30 km upstream and 44 km downstream in 10 hrs. Also, he can row 40 km upstream and 55 km
downstream in 13 hrs. Find the rate of the current and the speed of the man in still water.
Sol: (By use of multiple cross multiplication)Arrange the given figures in the following form:
Upstream - DownStream - Time
Upstream Speed of man
DownStream Speed of man
30
44
10
(30554044) 110
(30554044) 110
=
=5 km/ hr
=
=11 km/hr
40
55
13
(55104413) 22
(30134010) 10

Speed of man=

(5+ 11)
=8 km/hr
2

Speed of Stream=

(115)
=3 km/ hr
2

Note: How do the denominators of above two formulae differ? For upstream speed we use the figures of downstream speed
and time and For downstream speed we use the figures of upstream speed and time. Numerator remain the same in both
Formulae.
Ex:If a man's rate with current is 12 km/hr and rate of current is 1.5 km/hr, then :

Man ' s rate against Current is = Man ' s rate withCurrent 2Rate of Current =12 2*1.5 = 9 km/hr
Ex:A boat travels upstream from B to A and downstream from A to B in 3 hours. If the speed of boat in still water is 9
km/hr and the speed of the current is 3 km/hr, the distance between A and B is: (Consider T = Total Time)

TotalTime(Speed in Still water 2Speed of Current 2)

3(9232 )
Distance =
=12 km
Distance=
2Speed in still water
(29)
Ex:The speed of a boat in still water is 6 km/hr and the speed speed of stream is 1.5 km/hr. A man rows to a place at a
distance of 22.5 km and comes back to the starting point. Find the total time taken by him.

Total Time (T )=

2DistanceSpeed in still water

222.56
= 2
=8hrs
2
2
2
Speed in Still water Speed of Current
6 1.5

Ex:A can row a certain distance down a stream in 6 hrs and return the same distance in 9 hrs. If the stream flows at the rate
1
of 2
km/hr, find how far he can row in an hour in still water.
4
9
(6+ 9)
4
Rate of Stream Sum of Up and Down Stream Times
45
1
Speed in Still Water =
=
= =11 km/hr
Difference of Upand Down streamTime
( 96)
4
4
Ex:The current of the stream runs at the rate of 4 km/hr. A boat goes 6 km and back to the starting point in 2 hrs. The speed

of the boat in still water is ____km/hr.

Let Speed of boat in still water = x km/hr
Speed of current = 4 km/hr ; Speed of Upstream=(x-4)km/hr ; Speed of DownStream=(x+4) km/hr,

6
6
+
=2 => (x8)( x+ 2)=0 We reject negative Value, So Speed of boat in still water=8km/hr
( x4) (x+ 4)
(2( x 24 2))
6=
=> x=8 km/ hr
Direct Formula =>
(2x)
5
18
NOTE : a km/ hr=a( )m/ sec ; a m/ sec=a( ) km/ hr
18
5
Now

Time and Distance

If two trains or two bodies start at the same time
Distance
Distance
Speed =
; Time=
from points A and B towards (Opposite
Time
Speed
Directions) each other and after crossing they take
Distance=speedTime
a and b sec in reaching B and A respectively, then
If the speed of a body is changed in the ratio a:b,
( A ' s Speed ) :(B ' s Speed )= b : a
then the ratio of time taken changes in the ratio b:a.

If
the Ratio of speeds of A and B is a:b, then the ratio
If a certain distance is covered at x km/hr and the
of the times taken by them to cover the same distance
same distance is covered at y km/hr then the average
speed during the whole journey is
1 1
: =b :a
is

2xy
km/hr
x+ y

a b

Average Speed =

Total Distance
Total Time

Ex:A man covers a certain distance between his house and office on scooter. Having an average speed of 30 km/hr, he is
late by10 min. However, with a speed of 40 km/hr, he reaches his office 5 min earlier. Find the distance between his house
and office.

Required Distance =

Product of Two Speeds * Difference between Arrival Times

Difference of Two Speeds

30+40 10+5
*
=30 km
40-30
60

Note:10 min late and 5 min earlier making difference of (10+5)=15 min. As the other units are in km/hr, the difference in
time should also be changed into hours.
If both timings are late:10 min late and 5 min late, then
If one time is late and another is on time:15 min late and
difference between difference in arrival timings
on time, i.e. 0 min, then difference in arrival timings
=10-5=5 min
=10-0=10 min.
Ex:A boy goes to school at a speed of 3 km/hr and returns to the village at a speed of 2 km/hr. If he take 5 hrs in all, what is
the distance between the village and the school?

Required Distance =

Total Time TakenProduct of Two Speeds 532

=
=6 km
Addition of Two Speeds
3+ 2

Ex:A motor car does a journey in 10 hrs, the the first half at 21 km/hr and the second half at 24 km/hr. Find the distance.

2TimeS1S2 2102124
=
=224 km
S1+ S2
21+ 24
Where , S1=Speed During First Half and S2=Speed During Second Half of Journey
Distance =

Note: Half of the journey means Half of the Distance not the Time
Ex:A man travels 600 km by train at 80 km/hr, 800 km by ship at 40 km/hr, 500 km by aeroplane at 400 km/hr and 100 km
by car at 50 km/hr. What is the average speed for entire distance?

Total Distance=600+ 800+ 500+ 100=2000 km ; Total Time Taken=

Average Speed =2000 *

600 800 500 100 123

+
+
+
=
hrs.
80
40 400 50
4

4
5
km/hr =65
km/hr.
123
123

Ex:Two guns were fired from the same place at an interval of 12 min but a person in the train approaching the place hears
the second shot 10 min after the first. The speed of the train, if speed of sound is 330 m/s, is
Assume that the person were static:
In that case, he would hear the sound in 12 mins, but he heard the sound in 10
minutes, and that's because during these 10 minutes the person was moving towards the sound.
Thus these 10 minutes of person moving "saved" the sound its 2 minutes of moving.
Let the distance between the shooting point and person when the second shot was made was d. If the person were
static, this distance would be covered in 12 mins.
So, d =12 * s (s speed of sound)= (12 * 60) * 330 [Converting 12 mins into seconds]
----- (i)
Since the person moves towards the sound, he heard the sound 10 minutes, which means that the distance d was
covered in 10 minutes at their combined speed (i.e. the sound also traveled and the person also)
Their combined speed was s + p (p is the speed of person or train)
So, d = 10 * (s + p) = (10 * 60) * (330 + p) [Converting 10 mins into seconds]
----- (ii)
Comparing (i) and (ii) Hence p = 66 m/s.
Ex: A carriage driving in a fog passed a man who was walking at the rate of 3 km/hr in the same direction. He could see the
carriage for 4 minutes and it was visible to him upto a distance of 100 meters. What was the speed of the carriage?

310004
=200 meters
60
Distance travelled by the carriage in 4 minutes=(200+ 100)=300 meters
30060
1
Speed of carriage=
km/hr =4 km/ hr
4*1000
2
The Distance travelled by man in 4 minutes=

Ex:The Distance between two stations, Delhi and Amritsar, is 450 km. A train starts at 4 PM from Delhi and moves towards
Amritsar at an average speed of 60 km/hr. Another train starts from Amritsar at 3:20 PM and moves towards Delhi at at an
average speed of 80 km/hr. How far from Delhi will the two trains meet and at what time?
Note:(1) In this Problem we have to find the two trains meeting point distance is from Delhi from which train 'A' moves
towards Amritsar. So, consider 'x' as the distance from Delhi to trains meeting point (the distance covered by train 'A' from
Delhi to meeting point).
(2) If they asked the meeting point distance from Amritsar from which train 'B' moves towards Delhi, then consider 'x'
as distance from Amritsar to trains meeting point (the distance covered by train 'B' from Amritsar to meeting point). In this
we consider Note(1)
Meeting Point
40
hr ). Second train starts moving after
Train A
Train B time is 40 min (i.e. 60
Delhi
Amritsar 40 min of first train. Here the distance is same for both trains but
for Note(1)
x
450-x
the journey time depends on speed of train, so we get equation as
for Note(2)

450-x

(450x ) x 40
= hr => x =170 km
80
60 60
which is Distance from Delhi

(we consider Note(1))

The difference between the two trains journey

For Note(2) we can just subtract 170 km from total distance= 450-170 = 280 km.

To find at what Time we need to calculate time taken by train 'A' to cover 170 km

170
=2 hrs 50 min
60

=> Train 'A' Starts at 4:00 PM= 4+2 hrs 50 min=06:50 PM.
For Note(2) To find at what Time we need to calculate time taken by train 'B' to cover 280 km =

280
=3 hr 30 min
80

Train B starts at 3:20 PM, so meeting time is equal to 3hr 20 min + 3 hr 30 min = 06:50 PM.
Formula:

Total DistanceS2 |T1-T2|

S1+ S2
Total Distance+ S1 |T1-T2|
Meeting Point Distance from Amritsar (2nd Train Starting Point )=S2
S1+ S2
Where S1, S2 are Speeds of First and Second Trains, and
T1,T2 are Starting Times of First and Second Trains respectively.
3
4
Ex: Walking
of his usual speed, a person 10 min late to Ex: Running
of his usual speed, a person improves his
4
3
Meeting Point from Delhi ( First train Starting Point)=S1

his office. Find his Usual time to cover the distance.

Usual Time=

Late Time
=
1
1
given Speed

10
=30 min
1
1
3
4

(( ) )

timing by 10 minutes. Find his usual time to cover the

distance.

Usual Time=

Improved Time
10
=
=40 min
1
3
1
1
given speed
4

) ( )

Ex:A train travelling 25 km/hr leaves Delhi at 9 AM and another train travelling 35 km/hr starts at 2 PM in the same
direction. How many km from Delhi will they be together?

S 1S 2Difference in Time
Difference in Speed
\
Where S 1 and S 2 are the Speeds of the first and Second trains respectively
25*35*(2 PM-9 AM) 25*35*5
1
Required Distance=
=
=437 km
(3525)
10
2

Meeting Point ' s Distance from Starting Point =

Ex: Two men A and B walk from P to Q, a distance of 21 km, at 3 km/hr and 4 km/hr respectively. B reaches Q, returns
immediately and meets A at R. Find the distance from P to R.
In this problem A travels PR, B travels PQ+QR, i.e. both A and B together Completed 2PQ distance, R is any point
between P and Q. Now the rates of A and B are 3:4 and they have walked 42 km.

3
The distance travelled by A(PR)is= 42=18 km
7

Note:When the ratio of speeds of A and B is a:b, then in this case:

Distance travelled by A =
a
2Distance of two points
a+b

Distance travelled by B =
2Distance of two points

b
a+b

Ex:Two cars A and B started moving from the same point at the same time towards opposite direction(A towards North and
B is towards South). If the speed of car A is 34.5 km/h and that of car B is 41.5 km/h, after how much time will they be 684
km apart?(in hrs)
Their relative Speed = 34.5+41.5=76 ; Distance between them is 684 km ,

Time=

684
=9 hrs ; B
76

If they are moving in same direction and distance=686 km ; Relative speed =41.5-34.5=7 km/h,

Time=

686
=98 hrs
7

Ex:Two runners cover the same distance at the rate of 15 km/hr and 16 km/hr respectively. Find the distance travelled
when one takes 16 min longer than the other.

Let Distance= x km ,
x
x
x
x 16
Time taken by 1 st Runner=
; Time taken by 2nd Runner=
; Then giventhat =
=> x=64 km
15
16
15 16 60

Formula:

Distance = Difference in Time to Cover the Distance *

( )

Multiplicationof Speeds 1516

16
=

=64 km
Difference of Speeds
(1615) 60

Ex: A man rode out a certain distance by train at the rate of 25 km/hr and walked back at the rate of 4 km/hr. The whole
journey took 5 hours 48 minutes. What distance did he ride?

Let the Distance be x km. ; Then time spent in journey by train=

x
x
hrs ; Time spent in journey by walking= hrs
25
4

x x
+ =5 hours 48 minutes => x=20 km.
25 4
Multiplicationof two Speeds
48 25*4
Distance=Total Time *
=5
*
=20 km.
Sum of Speeds
60 25+4
Therefore ,

Formula:

Note: Here Total Time during both types of journey is given whereas in the previous example the Diffrence in Time
between both types of journey were given.
Ex: A man takes 8 hrs to walk to certain place and ride back. However, he could have gained 2 hrs, if he had covered both
ways by riding. How long would he have taken to walk both ways?
Walking Time+Riding Time=8 hrs (1) ; 2 Riding Time=8-2=6 hrs (2) ; From (1) & (2) => 2 Walking Time=10 hrs

Both Way Walking Time=One way walking Time and one way RidingTime + Gain in Time=8+ 2=10 hrs.
Ex: A man takes 12 hrs to walk to certain place and ride back. However, if he walks both ways he needs 3 hrs more. How
long would he have taken to ride both ways? Both Way Riding Time = 12-3 = 9 hrs.

Both Way Riding Time =

One way walking Time and one way Riding TimeExtra required time for walking both ways
Ex: A man leaves a point P at 6 AM and reaches the point Q at 10 AM. Another man leaves the point Q at 8 AM, and
reaches point P at 12 noon. At what time do they meet?
Let the Distance PQ=A km ; And they meet x hrs after the first man starts.

Average speed of First man=

A
A
A
A
= km/hr ; Average speed of Second man=
= km/hr
(106) 4
(125) 4
Ax
Distance travelled by first man=
km
4

They meet x hrs after the first man starts. The second man, as he starts 2 hrs late, meets after (x-2) hrs from his start.
Therefore, the distance travelled by the second man =

Now ,

A(x-2)
km
4

( x2)
Ax
+A
= A => x = 3hrs ; They meet at 6 AM+ 3 hrs=9 AM
4
4

Formula: Since both the persons take equal time of 4 hrs to cover the distance, their meeting time will be exactly in the
middle of 6 AM and 12 noon, i.e. at 9AM. But what happens when they take different times? In that case the following
formula is useful

Time Taken by First(2nd's Arrival Time - 1st's Starting Time)

Sum of Time Taken by Both
(46)
(10:00 - 6:00)(12:00 - 6:00)
= 6 AM +
=6 :00 AM +
=9: 00 AM
(10:00 - 6:00)+(12:00 - 8:00)
( 4+ 4)

They will meet at = First ' s Starting Time+

Ex: A person covers a distance in 40 minutes if he run at a speed of 45 km/h on an average. Find the speed at which he
must run to reduce the time of journey to 30 minutes. => 45*40= S2 *30 =>S2=60k km/hr

Speed and Time taken are inversely proportional. Therefore , S 1 T 1=S 2 T 2=S 3 T 3. ...
Where S1 , S2 , S3.... are the speeds and T1 ,T2 , T3...are the time taken to travel the same Distance.

Ex:Without any stoppage a person travels a certain distance at an average speed of 80 km/h, and with stoppages he covers
the same distance at an average speed of 60 km/hr. How many minutes per hour does he stop.

Time of Rest per Hour =

Difference of Speed
80-60 1
=
= hrs=15 minutes
Speed without Stoppage
80
4

Ex: One aeroplane started 30 minutes later than the scheduled time from a place 1500 km away from its destination. To
reach the destination at the scheduled time the pilot had to increase the speed by 250 km/hr. What was the speed of the
aeroplane per hour during the journey?
Let it takes x hrs in second case.
Quicker Method
We arrange the given information in Two columns as below.
1500
1500

Then Speed =

( )
1
x+
2

+ 250

(or)
1
1500x
(
(
) =250
2)
1
x ( x+ )
( 2)
1
3
750=250x ( x+ ) => x= ,2
2
2
1500 x+

Neglect negative Values.

Therefore, the plane takes

3
2

hrs in second case,

3 1
+ =2 hrs in normal case.
2 2
1500
=750 km/hr
Thus, normal speed =
2

Lesser Time : Increase in Speed

1
:
250
2
1
:
500
3
:
750
2
2
:
1000

The Ratio is continued until we get the two ratios such that
their cross-products give the distance between the points.
Thus, we find our answer as:
With the speed of 1000 km/hr the plane takes

3
2

hrs and

with the speed of 750 km/hr the plane takes 2 hrs.

Therefore, normal speed is 750 km/hr

i.e.

Ex:An aeroplane scheduled on hour later than its scheduled time from a place 1200 km away from its destination. To reach
the destination at the scheduled time the pilot had to increase the speed by 200 km/hr. What was the speed of the aeroplane
per hour in normal case?

Lesser Time : Increase in Speed

1
:
200
2
:
400
3
:
600

Thus, the normal time is 3 hrs and normal speed is 400 km/hr

Ex:A train was late by 6 minutes. The driver increased its speed by 4 km/hr. At the next station, 36 km away, the train
reached on time. Find the original speed of train.

Lesser Time

: Increase in
Speed

1
hr (6 min) : 4 km/hr
10
2
hr (12 min) : 8 km /hr
10
3
hr (18 min) : 12 km/hr
10

Lesser Time

: Increase in
Speed

Lesser Time

4
hr ( 24 min) : 16 km/hr
10
5
hr (30 min) : 20 km/hr
10
6
hr (36 min) : 24 km/hr
10

7
hr
10
8
hr
10
9
hr
10
1 hr

Thus the Normal speed is 36 km/hr.

: Increase in
Speed

(42 min) : 28 km/hr

(48 min) : 32 km/ hr
(54 min) : 36 km/hr
(60 min) : 40 km/hr

Ex:When a man travels equal distance at speeds V1 and V2 km/hr, his average speed is 4 km/hr. But when he travels at
these speeds for equal times his average speed is 4.5 km/hr. Find the difference of the two speeds.
Suppose the equal distance=D km. Then time taken with V1
V1+V2
In second case, average speed=
=4.5 kn/hr
D
D
2
hrs and
hrs respectively.
and V2 speeds are
V1
V2
That is; V1+V2=9 and V1*V2==18

Total Distance
Total Time
2D
2*V1*V2
=
=
=4 km/ hr
V1+V2
D D
+
V1 V2
Average speed =

Now ,(V1V2) =(V1+ V2) 4V1 V2=8172=9

V1V2=3 km/ hr and V1=3 km / hr ; V2=6 km/ hr
Direct Formula:

V1V2= ( 44.5(4.54))=3 km/ hr

Ex: A person travels for 3 hrs at the speed of 40 km/hr and for 4.5 hrs at the speed of 60 km/hr. At the end of it, he finds that

3
of total distance. At what average speed should he travel to cover the remaining distance in 4 hrs?
5
3
Total Distance Covered in(3+ 4.5) hrs=340+ 4.560=390 km. ; Now , since of distance=390 km
5
2
5
2
260
of distance=390
=260 km. ; Average speed for remaining Distance=
=65 km
5
3
5
4
( R1T1+ R2T2) 1
Direct Formula :The average speed for the remaining distance=
1
T
f
( 403+ 604.5) 5
3902
=
( 1)=
2=65 km/ hr.
4
3
4

he has covered

()( )

( )

Ex: A person travelled 120 km by steamer, 450 km by train and 60 km by horse. It took 13 hrs 30 mins. If the rate of the
train is 3 times that of the horse and 1.5 times that of the steamer, find the rate of the train per hour.
Suppose the speed of horse= x km/hr. Then speed of the train=3x km/hr, and speed of steamer=2x km/hr
Quicker method: Arrange the information like:
120 450 60
Now ,
+
+ =13.5 hrs => x=20 ;
Train
Steamer
Horse
2x
3x
x
Distance
450
km
120
km
60 km
Speed of train=3x=60 km/hr ,
Speed
3
2
1
Speed of steamer=2x=40 km/hr ,
Total Time=13.5 hrs

Speed of Horse=20 km/hr

(45021+ 12031+ 6032)

=60 km /hr
(13.521)
(45021+ 12031+ 6032)
Speed of Steamer =
=40 km/hr
(13.531)
(45021+ 12031+ 6032)
Speed of Horse=
=20 km/hr
(13.532)
Speed of Train=

Ex: A man covers a certain distance on scooter. Had he moved 3 km/h faster, he would have taken 40 minutes less. If he
had moved 2 km/h slower, he would have taken 40 minutes more. Find the distance (in km) and original speed.
Suppose the Distance is D km and the initial speed is x km/hr.

Then

D
D 40
D D 40
D D 2
2D
2
3D
2D
=
and
= +
=>
= and
= =>
=
=> 3x6=2x+ 6
x+3 x 60
x-2 x 60
x-2 x 3
x(x-2) 3
x(x+3) x(x-2)
2 1215
=> x=12 km/ hr and D= (
)=40 km.
3
3

Quicker method: In the above question when time reduced in arrival (40 minutes) is equal to the time increased in arrival
(40 minutes) then

2(32)
2Increase in SpeedDecrease in Speed
=
=12 km/hr.
Difference in increase and Decrease in Speeds
(32)
(12+3)*(12-2)
15*10
40+40
Now , Distance=
Difference in Arrival Times=(
)(
)=40 km
(12+3)-(12-2)
5
60
Speed =

Ex: A, B and C can walk at the rates of 3,4 and 5 km/hr respectively. They start from poona at 1, 2, 3 o'clock respectively.
When B catches A, B sends him back with a message to C. When will C get the message?
A returns at 5 o'clock and from a distance of 3*4=12 km from
Speed Starting Time
poona.
A 3 km/hr
1 o ' clock
In the mean time C covers a distance of 5*2=10 km from poona.
B 4 km/hr
2 o ' clock
Thus, A and C are 12-10=2 km apart at 5 o'clock.
C 5 km/ hr
3 o ' clock
Relative speed of A and C=3+5=8 km/hr.
A takes lead of 3 km from B.

2
1
=
8
4

Relative speed of A and B=4-3=1 km/hr.

Thus they meet after

B catches A after

Thus, C will get the message at 5:15 o'clock

3
= 3 hr, i.e., at 2+3=5 o'clock.
1

hr=15 min.

Ex:A thief is spotted by a policeman from a distance of 200 meters. When the policeman starts the chase, the thief also
starts running. Assuming the speed of the thief 10 km/hr, and that of the policeman 12 km/hr, how far will have the thief
run before he is overtaken?
Relative Speed=12-10=2 km/hr
Quicker Method:
The thief will caught after=

0.2
1
=
2
10

distance covered by the thief before

he gets caught=10*

1
=1 km.
10

hr

The distance covered by the thief before he gets caught

Lead of Diatance
=
Speed of Thief
Relative Speed
km
= 0.2
km/hr10 km/hr =1 km
2

Trains
2. When a train of length l meters passes a pole or man
it should travel the length equal to the length of the
5
18
a km/hr =a
m/sec ; a m/sec=a
km/ hr
Train i.e. l meters.
18
5
Time:
Relative Speed:
1. Time taken by a train of length l meters to pass a
1. When two trains or two bodies are moving in
pole or a standing man or a signal post is equal to the
opposite directions with u m/s and v m/s, then their
time taken by the train to cover l meters.
relative speed is sum of their speeds i.e. (u+v) m/s.
2. Time taken by a train of length l meters to pass a
2. When two trains or two bodies are moving in same
stationary object of length b meters is equal to the
direction with u m/s and v m/s, where u>v, then
time taken by the train to cover (l+b) meters.
their relative speed is difference of their speeds i.e.
3. If two trains of length a meters and b meters are
(u-v) m/s.
moving in opposite directions at u m/s and v m/s,
3. If two trains or two bodies start at the same time
then time taken by the trains to cross each other is
from points A and B towards (Opposite
( a+ b)
Directions) each other and after crossing they take
=
sec
(u+ v )
a and b sec in reaching B and A respectively, then
4. If two trains of length a meters and b meters are
( A ' s Speed ) :(B ' s Speed )=( a : b)
moving in same directions at u m/s and v m/s, then
Distance:
time taken by the faster train to cross slower train
1. When a train of length l meters passes a platform of
( a+ b)
length b meters, it should travel the length equal to
sec (Such that u>v)
is =
sum of the lengths of Train and Platform,
(uv )
i.e.(l+b) meters.

NOTE :

Ex:Two trains 121 meters and 99 meters in length

respectively are running in opposite directions, one at the
rate of 40 km/hr and the other at the rate of 32 km/hr. In
what time will they be completely clear of each other from
the moment they meet?
Realative Speed (Opposite Direction)=40+32=72 km/hr=20
m/sec., Total Distance=121+99=220 meters.

Required time=

Total Length
220
=
=11 sec
Relative Speed 20

Realative Speed (Opposite Direction)=40-32=8 km/hr

20
m/sec. ; Total Distance=121+99=220 meters.
9
Total Length
220
Required time=
=
9=99 sec
Relative Speed 20
=

(i)Relative speed=60+6=66 km/hr=

Required Time=

55
m/ sec
3

110
3 =6 sec
55

(ii)Relative speed=60-6=54 km/hr=15 m/sec.

Required time=

110
1
= 7 sec
15
3

Ex: Two trains are moving in the same direction at 50 km/hr

and 30 km/hr. The faster train crosses a man in the slower
train in 18 seconds. Find the length of the faster train.
Relative speed=(50-30) km/hr

50
m/ sec= m/ sec
( 205
)
18
9

Distance covered in 18 sec at this speed

Ex: A train 110 meters in length travels at 60 km/hr. In what
50
= 18
=100 meters
time will it pass a man who is walking at 6 km an hour
9
(i)against it ; (ii)in the same direction?
Length of faster train= 100 meters
(We have to consider length of the man or pole is zero)
Ex: Two trains start at the same time from Hyderabad and Delhi and proceed towards each other at the rate of 80 km/hr and
95 km/hr respectively. When they meet, it is found that one train has travelled 180 km more than the other. Find the distance
between Delhi and Hyderabad.

Distance=Difference in Distance travelled

( )

Sum of Speeds
175
=180
=2100 km
Difference in Speeds
15

Ex:Two trains for Delhi leave Jaipur at 08:30 a.m. and 09:00 a.m. And travel at 60 and 75 km/hr respectively. How many
km from Jaipur will the two trains meet?

S 1S 2Difference in Time
Difference in Speed
Where S 1 and S 2 are the Speeds of the first and Second trains respectively
60*75*(9:00 AM-8:30 AM)
Required Distance=
= 150 km
(7560)

Meeting Point ' s Distance from Starting Point =

Ex: Without stoppage a train travels at an average speed of 75 km/hr and with stoppages it covers the same distance at an
average speed of 60 km/hr. How many minutes per hour does the train stop?

Time of rest per hour =

Difference in average speed 75-60 1

=
= hr =12 minutes
Speed without stoppage
60
5

Ex: A train passes by a stationary man standing on the platform in 7 seconds and passes by the platform completely in 28
seconds. If the length of th platform is 330 meters, what is the length of the train?(In this Problem man = Stationary Man)

Length of theTrain=

Length of the Platform

330
Time taken to cross a pole or man=
7=110 meters
Difference in Time
28-7

Ex: Two stations A and B are 110 km apart on a straightline. One train starts from A at 8 a.m. And travels towards B at 40
km/hr. Another train starts from B at 10 a.m. And travels towards A at 50 km/hr. At what time will they meet?

(Total Distance+ | S T1S T2 |S 2 )

(Total Distance| S T1 S T2 |S 1)
=S T2+
(S 1+ S 2)
( S 1 + S 2)
Where S T1 , S T2 Starting Times of First and Second Trains respectively,
S 1 , S 2 Speeds of First and Second Trains respectively
110 + |10 a.m.-8 a.m.|*50
110 - |10 a.m.-8 a.m.|*40
= 8 a.m.+
= 10 a.m.+
40+50
40+50
210
30
= 8 a.m.+
=10 : 20 a.m.
= 10 a.m.+ =10 : 20 a.m.
90
90
21060
30
3060
(
minutes=140 minutes=2 hr 20 minutes.)
( means
minutes=20 minutes.)
90
90
90

Trains Meeting Time=S T1+

Ex: A train leaves Delhi for Amritsar at 2:45 pm and goes at the rate of 50 km/hr. Another train leaves Amritsar for Delhi at
1:35 pa and goes at the rate of 60 km/hr. If the distance between Delhi and Amritsar is 510 km, at what distance from Delhi
will the two trains meet?

Let the two rains meet at x km from Delhi. Then their meeting time = 2 :45 pm+

(510x)
x
=1 :35 pm+
50
60

x
x
510 17
1
50+60 17
+ )=
=
=> 1 hr+ x
=
50 60
60
2
6
50*60
2
110
17 7 44
44
3000
=> x (
)= =
=> x=( )(
)=200 km.
3000
2 6 6
6
110
=> (2 : 45pm1 : 35 pm)+ (

Direct Formula:

(Total DistanceS 2| S T1 S T2 |)
S 1+ S 2
(Total Distance+ S 1| S T1 S T2 |)
The meeting Point Distance from Amritsar ( 2 nd Train ' s Starting Point)=S 2
S 1+ S 2
Where S T1 , S T2 Starting Times of First and Second Trains respectively,
S 1 , S 2 Speeds of First and Second Trains respectively
The Meeting Point Distance from Delhi
The Meeting Point Distance from Amritsar
(First Train' s Starting Point )
( 2nd Train' s Starting Point )
70
70
510 60
510+ 50
60
60
50440
603060
= 50
=
=200 km
= 60
=
60=310 km
50+ 60
110
50+ 60
110
70
In the above expression | T 1 T 2 | = | 2: 45 pm 1 :35 pm|= |45+ 25| minutes=70 minutes= hr.
60
The meeting Point Distance from Delhi( First Train ' s Starting Point)=S 1

Ex: Two trains of length 100 m and 80 m respectively run on parallel lines of rails. When running in the same direction the
faster train passes the slower train in 18 sec, but when they are running in opposite directions with the same speed as earlier,
they pass each other in 9 seconds. Find the speed of each train.
Let the speeds of the trains be x m/s and y m/s. When they are moving in the same direction, the relative speed=(x-y) m/s

x y =100+

80
80
=10 Similarly , x+ y=100+ =20 Solving we get, x=15 m/s and y=5 m/s.
18
9

Formula:

1
1
+
( Opposite direction's
time Same Direction's time )
1
1
Speed of Slower Train= Average Length of Two Trains(

Opposite direction's time Same Direction's time )

100+80 1 1
100+80 1 1
Speed of Faster Train=
+ =15 m/ s ; Speed of Slower Train=
=5 m/ s
2 ( 18 9 )
2 ( 18 9 )
Speed of Faster Train= Average Length of Two Trains

Ex: A train overtakes two persons who are walking in the same direction as the train is moving, at the rate of 2 km/hr and 4
km/hr and passes them completely in 9 and 10 seconds respectively. Find the speed and length of train.

5
10
Speeds of two men are 2 km/hr= m/ s and 4 km/hr= m/ s.; Let speed of train=x m/ s ,
9
9
5
10
5
10
then , Relative speeds= x m/s and x
m/s. => x 9= x
10
9
9
9
9
55
55 5
=> x= m/ s => x=22 km/hr and length of the train=
=50 m
9
9 9
5
5
| 2 4 |90
18
18
Direct formula : Length of the Train=
=50 m
| 109 |
Formula :
Length of the train = Relative Speed Time taken to pass a man
| Difference in Speeds of Two men |Multiplication of Times
Length of the Train =
| Difference in time |
This formula is same for both men are in same or opposite Direction to Train

( )

( ) (
( )

Ex: A train passes a pole in 15 seconds and passes a platform 100m long in 25 seconds. Find its length.

Length of the Train=

Time to pass a pole * Length of Platform

15*100
=
=150 m
Difference in Time to cross a pole and Platform (2515)

Ex:Two trains are running in opposite direction with speeds of 62 km/hr and 40 km/hr respectively. If the length of one
train is 250 meters and they cross each other in 18 seconds, the length of the other train in meters.

Length of theOther train=Relative Speed Time to cross each other Length of First Train
5
= 102
18 250=260 m
18

Ex:A goods train and a passenger train are running on parallel tracks in the same direction. The driver of the goods train
observes that the passenger train coming from behind overtakes and crosses his train completely in 60 seconds. Whereas a
passenger on the passenger train marks that he crosses the goods train in 40 seconds. If the speeds of the trains be in the
ratio of 1:2, find the ratio of their lengths.
Let speeds of two trains are x m/s and 2x m/s respectively.
Quicker Approach: The man in the passenger train crosses
And Let lengths of two trains are A m and B m respectively. the goods train in 40 seconds. This implies that the man in
the goods train can observe that the passenger train passes
his in 60-40=20 seconds. (This is only because relative
A+B
A
Then ,
=60 ----(1) and
=40 ----(2)
velocity for both the persons are the same.)
2x-x
2x-x
Therefore, we may conclude that a person takes
A+B 60
=>
=
=> A: B=2 : 1
double the time to cross the goods train than to cross the
A
40
passenger train. Thus the ration of their lengths=4020=2:1.
Ex: A train after travelling 50 km meets with an accident and then proceeds at

3
4

of its former speed and arrives at its

destination 35 minutes late. Had the accident occurred 24 km further, it would have reached the destination only 25
minutes late. The speed of the train is___.
Quicker Approach:We may conclude that the speeds of the train upto 50 km are the same in both the cases. And also, the
speeds after (50+24=)74 km are the same in both the cases. Thus the difference in time (35 min-25 min=10 min) is only due
to the difference in speeds for the 24 km journey.

24
24 10
860
= => x=
=48 km/hr
x 60
10
3x
4

Now, if the speeds of the train is x km/hr then

( )

Direct Formula:

( )

3
4
646
3
Speed of train=24
=
=48 km/ hr. 1 shows fractional change in speed.
3
4
3 (3525)

4
60
3
3
25
Initially , it was 1(suppose) . After accident it was reduced to .The denomenator has two parts and 35
.
4
4
60
3
35-25
is the changed fractional speed.
is the difference (in hour) in arrival Times.
4
60
1

( )

Ex: A train covers a distance between stations A and B in 45 minutes. If the speed is reduced by 5 km/hr, it will cover the
same distance in 48 minutes. What is the distance between the two stations A and B (in km)? Also, find the speed of the
train.
Direct Formula:
Let the Distance is x kmand Speed of the trainis y km/hr.

48
5=80 km/hr ;
4845
4548
1
and Distance=5
=60 km
( 4845) 60
1
is for changing minutes into hours.
60

We have two relationships :

x 45
3
x
48
4
(1) = => x= y ; ( 2)
= => x= ( y 5)
y 60
4
y5 60
5
from (1)and (2)
3
4
3
y= ( y 5) => y =80 km/hr ; x= 80=60 km
4
5
4

Speed of theTrain=

Ex: Two places P and Q are 162 km apart. A train leaves P for Q and at the same time another train leaves Q for P. Both the
trains meet 6 hrs after they start moving. If the train travelling from P to Q travels 8 km/hr faster than other train, find the
speed of the two trains.

Suppose the speeds of two trains are p km/hr and q km/hr

162
respectively. Thus p+ q=
=27(1), pq=8(2)
6
from (1) and (2) => p=17.5 km/hr ; q=9.5 km/hr

Direct Formula :

Speeds of Trains=
and

162+ 68
=17.5 km/hr
26

16268
=9.5 km/hr.
26

Formula:

Speeds of the Trains

Total Distance+ ( | Difference in meeting Time and Starting Time | * | Difference in Speeds of Train | )
=
2 * | Difference in meeting Time and Starting Time |
Ex: Two trains A and B start from Delhi and Patna towards Patna and Delhi respectively. After Passing each other they take
4 hours 48 minutes and 3 hours 20 minutes to reach Patna and Delhi respectively. If the train fro Delhi is moving at 45
km/hr then find the speed of the other train.
Formula: Speed of theOther Train=Speed of the First Train

Time Taken First Train after Meeting

( Time
Taken by Second Train after Meetin )

4
5
24 3
36
Speed of the Other Train = 45
=45
=45
=54 km/ hr
1
5 10
25
3
3
4

Ex: The speed of two trains are in the ratio x : y. They are moving in the opposite directions on parallel tracks. The first
train crosses a telegraph pole in 'a' seconds where as the second train crosses a telegraph pole in 'b' seconds. Find the time
taken by the trains to cross each other completely.

Speed of two trains are in the ratio x : y ;

CASE(i) : Time takenby TwoTrains to cross a Telegraph Ploe ' a ' seconds and ' b ' seconds
Suppose the Speeds are Ax m/ s and Ay m/ s.
Then length of First Train= Axa= Axa meters and Length of Second Train=Ayb= Ayb meters.
Sum of Lengths Axa+ Ayb ax + by
Time to cross each other=
=
=
seconds
Sum of Speeds
Ax+ Ay
x+ y
CASE(ii) : Time taken by Two Trains to cross a Telegraph Ploe for both Trainsis same ' a ' seconds
Suppose the Speeds are Ax m/ s and Ay m/ s.
Then length of First Train=Axa= Axa meters and Length of Second Train= Aya= Aya meters.
Sum of Lengths Axa+ Aya ax+ ay a (x + y)
Time to cross each other=
=
=
=
=a seconds
Sum of Speeds
Ax+ Ay
x+ y
( x+ y )
NOTE :In above bothcases the Result DOES NOT depend on RATIO OF SPEEDS
Ex: The speed of two trains are in the ratio 7 : 9. They are
74+ 96 82
1
Direct Formula :
= =5 seconds
moving in the opposite directions on parallel tracks. The first
7+ 9
16
6
train crosses a telegraph pole in 4 seconds where as the
Ex: The speeds of the two trains are in the ratio 3:4. They
second train crosses a telegraph pole in 6 seconds. Find the
are going in opposite directions along parallel tracks. If each
time taken by the trains to cross each other completely.
takes 3 seconds to cross a telegraph post, find the time taken
by th trains to cross each other completely?

Direct Formula :

3(3+ 4) 21
= =3 seconds
3+ 4
7

Ex: A train 75 meters long overtook a person who was walking at the rate of 6 km/hr, and passed him in
Subsequently it overtook a second person, and passed him in

1
7 seconds.
2

3
6 seconds. At what rate was the second person
4

travelling?
Formula:

Speed of 2nd person=Relative Speed of Train with respect to1st person + speed of 1st person
- Relative Speed of Train with respect to2nd person
75 18
75
18
=

+ 6
4
=36+ 640=2 km/hr
15 5
27
5
2

( )

Ex: Two Trains running at the rates of 45 and 36 km/hr respectively, on parallel rails in opposite directions, are observed to
pass each other in 8 seconds, and when they are running in the same direction at the same rate as before, a person sitting in
the faster train observes that he passes the other train in 30 seconds. Find the lengths of the trains.
Relative Speed of two trains=45+36=81 km/hr(Two trains
95 5
= m/ s
relative speed = 4536=9 km/hr =
are moving Opposite Directions)
18 2
The man sitting in the faster train passes the length of the
5
1
= 81
=22 m/s slower train in 30 seconds.
18
2

( ( ))

Length of both the Trains =

45
8=180 m
2

Length of the Slower Train=

Now, when two trains are moving in the same direction, the
Formula:

5
30=75 m.
2

Length of the Faster Train= 180-75=105 m.

5
=75 m.
18
5
Length of Faster Train=Total Length of Both TrainsLength of Slower Train=8( 45+ 36) 75=105 m.
18
Length of Slower Train=30Relative Speed of Two Trains=30( 4536)

Ex:Two trains measuring 100 and 80 meters respectively, run on parallel lines of rails. When travelling in opposite
directions they are observed to pass each other in 9 seconds, but when they are running in the same direction at the same
rates as before, the faster train passes the other in 18 seconds. Find the speed of the two trains in km/hr.

Relative Speed =

Total Distance
Time to pass Each Other

R1= Relative Speed (Moving in Same Direction )

100+ 80
=
=10 m/ s
18
R2=Relative Speed ( Moving inOpposite Directions)
100+ 80
=
=20 m/ s
9

R 1+ R 2
2
10+ 20
18
=
=15 m/ s=15 =54 km /hr
2
5
R R1
Speed of Slower Train= 2
2
2010
18
=
=5 m/ s=5 =18 km/hr
2
5

Speed of Faster Train=

Ex: A train overtakes two persons who are walking in the same direction in which the train is going, at the rate of 2 km/h
and 4 km/hr respectively and passes them completely in 9 and 10 seconds respectively. The length of the train is in meters.

When all are Moving in the Same Direction ,

Relative Speed of Two men Product of Times to Pass Them
Length of Train=
Difference of Times to Pass Them
5
(42) 910
18
=
=50 meters
109

Pipes and Cisterns

Inlet: A pipe connected with a tank or reservoir or
Time Taken to empty the tank, when both pipes
cistern, that fills it.
xy
hrs.
are opened =
Outlet:A pipe connected with a tank or reservoir or
x y
cistern, emptying it.
If a pipe can fill the tank in 'x' hours and another can
If a pipe can fill a tank in 'x' hours, then the part filled in
fill the same tank in 'y' hours, then net part filled in
1
1 1
1 hour =
+
.
1hour, when both pipes are opened =
x
x y
If a pipe can empty a tank in 'y' hours, then the part
xy
1
hrs.
Time Taken to fill the tank =
emptied in 1 hour =
y+ x
y
If a pipe fills a tank in 'x' hours and another fills the
If a pipe can fill a tank in 'x' hours and another pipe can
same tank in 'y' hours, but a third one empties the full
empty the full tank in 'y' hours, then net part filled in 1
tank in 'z' hours, and all of them are opened together,
hour, when both the pipes are opened (y>x) =

1 1
.
x y

the net part filled in 1 hour =

xy
hrs.
y x

xyz
hrs.
yz + zx xy
A pipe can fill a tank in 'x' hours. Due to a leak in
the bottom it is filled in 'y' hours. If the tank is full,
the time taken by the leak to empty the tank =

If a pipe can fill a tank in 'x' hours and another pipe can
empty the full tank in 'y' hours, then net part emptied in
1 hour, when both the pipes are opened (x>y) =

( 1x + 1y 1z ) .

Time Taken to fill the tank =

Time Taken to fill the tank, when both pipes are

opened =

xy
hrs.
y x

1 1
.
y x

Ex: In what time would a cistern be filled by three pipes whose diameters are 1 cm,

1
3

cm and 2 cm running

together, when the largest alone will fill it in 61 minutes, the amount of water flowing in by each pipe being proportional
to the square of its diameter?
Note: We are given that amount of water flowing
1
In 1 minute the pipe of 2 cm diameter fills
of the cistern.
is proportional to square of the diameter of the
61
In 1 minute the pipe of 1 cm diameter fills

1 1

61 4

cistern.

1
In 1 minute the pipe of 1 cm diameter fills
3

1 4

61 9

1
61

pipe. Since 2 cm diameter fills

of the

of the

cistern,
of the

cistern.

()

1 1
1 1
=
=> 1 cm Diameter fills
61 2
61 4

of

the cistern

In 1 minute

1
1
4
+
+
61 614 619

1
=
of the cistern
36

filled.
Therefore, The whole is filled in 36 minutes

1 4
1 = cm Diameter fills
3 3
2
1 1 4
1 4
of the cistern.

=
61 4 3
61 9

=>

()

Ex: Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 24 minutes and 32 minutes respectively. If both the pipes are opened
simultaneously, after how much time should B be closed so that the tank is full in 18 minutes?
Let B be closed after 'x' minutes. Then, part filled by
Direct Formula:
(A+B) in x min.+Part filled by A in (18-x) min. = 1.
18
1
32=8 min
Pipe B should be closed after

( 241 + 321 ) + (18 x) 241 =1 => x=8.

So , B should be closed after 8 min

24

Note: If they asked for pipe A (should be closed after

how much TIme), then Direct formula becomes

( 1 1832 )24=10 min 30 sec.

Ex: If two pipes function simultaneously, the reservoir is filled in 12 hrs. One pipe fills the reservoir 10 hrs faster than
the other. How many hours does the faster pipe take to fill the reservoir?

Let the first pipe fills the tank in 'x' hrs. Then the slower pipe fills the tank in (x+10) hrs.
When both of them are opened, the reservoir will be filled in

x( x+ 10)
=12 => x=20,6.
x+ ( x+ 10)

But x can't be ve , hence the faster pipe will fill the reservoir in 20 hrs.
Ex: Three pipes A,B and C can fill a cistern in 6 hrs. After
We have to find the nature of the third tap whether it is
working together for 2 hours, C is closed and A and B fill
a filler or a waste pipe.
the cistern in 8 hrs. Then find the time in which the
Let it be a filler pipe which fills in x hrs.
cistern can be filled by pipe C.
1015x

1
of cistern.
6
2 1
= of cistern.
A+B+C can fill in 2 hrs =
6 3
1 2
Unfilled part = 1 =
is filled by A+B in 8 hrs
3 3
83
(A+B) can fill the cistern in
= 12 hrs.
2

Then

A+B+C can fill in 1 hr =

And we have (A+B+C) can fill the cistern in 6 hrs.

C=(A+B+C)-(A+B) can fill the cistern in

126
=12 hrs.
126

Ex: A tank has a leak which would empty it in 8 hrs. A

tap is turned on which admits 6 liters a minute into the
tank, and it is now emptied in 12 hrs. How many liters
does the tank hold?

128
=24 hrs.
128

The filler tap can fill the tank in

Capacity of tank=24*60*6=8640 liters.

Ex: A tank is normally filled in 8 hours but takes 2 hours
longer to fill because of a leak in its bottom. If the cistern
is full, in hoe many hrs will the leak empty it?
Suppose the leak can empty the tank in x hrs.

1 1 x8
Then part of cistern filled in 1 hr = =
8 x 8x
8x
hrs.
Cistern will be filled in
x8
8x
=8+ 2=10 hrs => x=40 hrs.
Now,
x8

It is clear from the question that the filler pipe fill the tank
in 8 hrs and if both the filler and the leak work together,
the tank is filled in 10 hrs. Therefore, the leak will empty
the tank in

810
=40 hrs
108

( 121 + 151 ) = 4.3

Cistern filled in 5 minutes = 5

Net work done by 3 pipes in 1 minute

1
1
1
1
1
+
= . ve sign shows that
part
12 15
6
60
60
is emptied in 1 minute.
3
3
part is emptied in 60 =45 minutes.
4
4

Ex: If three taps are opened together, a tank is filled in 12

hrs. One of the taps can fill it in 10 hrs and another in 15
hrs. How does the third tap work?

=12

=> 150x=15012+ 25x12

=> x=12 sign shows that the third pipe is a waste
pipe which empties the tank in 12 hrs.
Ex: A, B and C are three pipes connected to a tank. A and
B together fill the tank in 6 hrs. B and C together fill the
tank in 10 hrs. A and C together fill the tank in 7

1
2

hrs. In how much time will A, B and C fill the tank

separately?
A+B fill in 6 hrs. ; B+C fill in 10 hrs. ;

1 15
A+ C fill in 7 = hrs.
2 2

2(A+B+C) fill in

610
610+ 6

15
2

15
15
+ 10
2
2

6515 5
= hrs.
180
2

A+B+C fill the tank in 5 hrs

Now, A[=(A+B+C)-(B+C)] fills in

Similarly, B fills in

and C fills in

105
=10hrs.
105

15
5
2
=15 hrs.
15
5
2

56
=30 hrs.
65

Ex: Two pipes can separately fill a tank in 20 hrs and 30

hrs respectively. Both the pipes are opened to fill the tank
but when the tank is
through which

Ex: A pipe can fill a tank in 12 minutes and another pipe

in 15 minutes, but a third pipe can empty it in 6 minutes.
The first two pipes are kept open for 5 minutes in the
beginning and then the third pipe is also opened. In what
time is the cistern emptied?

1015+ 10x+ 15x

1
full a leak develops in the tank
3

1
of the water supplied by both the
3

pipes leak out. What is the total time taken to fill the
tank?
Time taken by the two pipes to fill the tank

=
1
3
Now,

of tank is filled in

1
3

2030
hrs=12 hrs.
20+ 30

12
=4 hrs.
3

of the supplied water leaks out

=> The filler pipes are only

1 2
1 =
3 3

as efficient as

earlier.
=> the work of (12-4=) 8 hrs will be completed now in

8 83
=
=12 hrs.
2
2
3

3
.
10
3 20
6

= .
Required Ratio =
10 11 11
Part filled by C in 3 minutes =

=> Total Time=4+12=16 hrs.

Quicker Method: Since

1
3

of supplied water leaks

out, the leakage empties the tank in 12*3=36 hrs.

Now, time taken to fill the tank by the two pipes and the
leakage =

3612
=18 hrs.
3612

Time taken by the two pipes and the leakage to fill

2
3

2
of the tank = 18 =12 hrs.
3

Ex: Two taps A and B can fill a tank in 5 hours and 20

hours respectively. If both taps are open then due to
leakage, it took 30 minutes more to fill the tank. If the
tank is full, how long will it take for the leakage alone to
empty the tank?

So, A and B together can fill the tank in 4 hours.

Work done by the leak in 1 hour

Total Time=4 hrs+12 hrs=16 hrs.

leak will empty the tank in 36 hours.

By direct formula: =

Ex: Two Pipes A and B can fill a cistern in 60 minutes

and 75 minutes respectively. There is also an outlet C. If
all the three pipes are opened together, the tank is full in
50 minutes. How much time will be taken by C to empty
the full tank?
Work done by C in 1 min.

1
1
1
3
1
+
=
=
60 75 50 300 100.
C can empty the full tank in 100 minutes.
=

( 15 + 201 ) = 14 .
1 2
1
=( ) = .
4 9
36

Part filled by (A+B) in 1 hour=

44.5
=36 hrs.
4.54

Ex: One pipe can fill a tank three times as fast as another
pipe. If together the two pipes can fill the tank in 36
minutes, then the slower pipe alone will be able to fill the
tank in:
Let the slower pipe alone fill the tank in x minutes.
Then, faster pipe will fill it in

Then

x
minutes .
3

1 3 1
+ =
=> x=144 min.
x x 36

Ex: A tap can fill a tank in 6 hours. After half the tank is
filled , three more similar taps are opened. What is the
total time taken to fill the tank completely?
Time taken by one tap to fill half the tank= 3hrs.

Ex: A tank is filled in 5 hours by three pipes A,B and C.

The pipe C is twice as fast as B and B is twice as fast as
A. How much time will pipe A alone take to fill the tank?
Suppose pipe A alone takes x hours to fill the tank.

Part filled by the four taps in 1 hour = 4 =

Then, pipes B and C will take

1
6

2
3.

1 1
2 2.
2 1
1
3 3
: ::1 : x => x= 1 = hrs =45 min.
=>
3 2
2
2 4
Remaining part = 1 =

Total Time=3 hrs 45 min.

Ex: A water tank is two-fifth full. Pipe A can fill a tank in
10 minutes and pipe B can empty it in 6 minutes. If both
pipes are open, how long will it take to empty or fill the
tank completely?
Clearly, Pipe B is faster than pipe A and so, the tank will
be emptied.

Part to be emptied =

2
5.

Part emptied by (A+B) in 1 minute =

( 16 101 ) = 15.1

1 2
2
=> : ::1 : x => x = 115=6 min.
15 5
5
So, the tank will be emptied in 6 min.
Ex: Three pipes A,B and C can fill a tank from empty to
full in 30 minutes, 20 minutes and 10 minutes
respectively. When the tank is empty, all the three pipes
are opened. A, B and C discharge chemical solutions P,Q
and R respectively. What is the proportion of solution R
in the tank after 3 minutes?
Part filled by (A+B+C) in 3 minutes

( 301 + 201 + 101 ) =( 3 1160 ) = 1120 .

=3

x
x
and
2
4

hours

respectively to fill the tank.

=>

1 2 4 1
7 1
+ + = <=> = <=> x=35 hrs.
x x x 5
x 5

So pipe A in 35 hrs, Pipe B in 17.5 hrs and Pipe C in

8.75 hrs alone can fill the empty tank.
Ex: A tank is filled by three pipes with uniform flow. The
first two pipes operating simultaneously fill the tank in
the same time during which the tank is filled by the third
pipe alone. The second pipe fills the tank 5 hours faster
than the first pipe and 4 hours slower than the third pipe.
The time required by the first pipe is:
Suppose, first pipe alone takes x hours to fill the tank.
Then, second and third pipes will take (x-5) and (x-9)
hours respectively to fill the tank.

=>

1
1
1
+
=
=> x=15 hrs.
x x 5 x9
Neglecting ve Values.

Ex: Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 12 minutes and

15 minutes respectively. If both the taps are opened
simultaneously, and the tap A is closed after 3 minutes,
then how much more time will it take to fill the tank by
tap B?
Part fille in 3 min.

=3

Remaining part = 1

( 121 + 151 ) =3 609 = 209 .

9 11
= .
20 20

Part filled by B in 1 min =

1
.
15

1 11
11
1
: ::1 : x => x=
115 =8 =8 min 15 sec.
15 20
20
4
Remaining part is filled by B in8 min 15 seconds.
Ex: Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 15 hours and 20
hours respectively while a third pipe C can empty the full
tank in 25 hours. All the three pipes are opened in the
beginning. After 10 hours, C is closed. In how much time,
will the tank be full?
Part filled in 10 hours = 10

( 151 + 201 251 ) = 2330 .

23 7
= .
20 30
1
1
7
+
= .
(A+B)'s 1 hour work =
15 20 60
7 7
7
60
: ::1 : x => x= 1 =2 hours.
60 30
30
7
The tank will be full in (10+ 2) hours=12 hrs.
Remaining part = 1

Ex: Two pipes A and B can fill a cistern in 12 minutes

and 15 minutes respectively. While a third pipe C can
empty the full tank in 6 minutes. A and B kept open for 5
minutes in the beginning and then C is also opened. In
what time is the cistern emptied?

( 121 + 151 ) =( 5 609 ) = 34 .

1
1
1
1 3
1
=
+
=
= .
6 ( 12 15 ) ( 6 20 ) 60
=5

Part filled in 5 min.

Part emptied in 1 min. when all the pipes are opened

1
Now,
part is emptied in 1 min.
60
3
3
60 =45 min.
part will be emptied in
4
4

Ex: Three taps A, B and C can fill a tank in 12, 15 and 20

hours respectively. If A is open all the time and B and C
are open for one hour each alternately, the tank will be
full in:

( 121 + 151 ) = 203 .

=
( 121 + 201 ) = 152 .
=
( 203 + 152 ) = 1760 .
17
17
= ( 3 ) = .
60
20

(A+B)'s 1 hour's work =

(A+C)'s 1 hour's work
Part filled in 2 hrs
Part filled in 6 hrs.

Remaining Part = 1

17
3
= .
20
20
3
part is filled by A
20

Now, it is the turn of A and B and

and B in 1 hour.
Total time taken to fill the tank=(6+1) hrs=7 hrs.

Ex: A booster pump can be used for filling as well as for

3
emptying a tank. The capacity of the tank is 2400 m .
3
The emptying capacty of the pump is 10 m /minute
higher than its filling capacity and the pump needs 8
minutes lesser to empty the tank than it needs to fill it.
What is the filling capacity of the pump?
3
Let the filling capacity of the pump be x m /minute .
Then, emptying capacity of the pump

= ( x+ 10) m3 / minute .
2400
2400

=8 => ( x50)( x+ 60)=0

So,
x
( x+ 10)
=> x=50. ( Neglectingve Values of x) .
Ex: A leak in the bottom of a tank can empty the full tank
in 8 hours. An inlet pipe fills water at the rate of 6 liters a
minute. When the tank is full, the inlet is opened and due
to the leak, the tank is empty in 12 hours. How many
liters does the cistern hold?
Work done by the inlet in 1 hour =

( 18 121 ) = 241 .

Work done by the inlet in 1 min.

( 241 601 ) = 14401 .

Volume of

1
part=6 liters.
1440

Volume of whole = (1440*6) liters = 8640 liters.

Ex: Two pipes can fill a tank in 20 and 24 minutes
respectively and a waste pipe can empty 3 gallon per
minute. All the three pipes working together can fill the
tank in 15 minutes. The capacity of the tank is:
Work done by the waste pipe in 1 minute

)(

1
1
1
1
11
1

+
=

=
15
20 24
15 120
40
[ve sign means emptying ]
1
part=3 gallons.
Volume of
40
=

Volume of whole =(3*40) gallons=120 gallons.

Work and Wages

Note: Wages are distributed in Proportion to the work done and in indirect (or inverse) proportion to the time taken
by the individual.

Total Wage = One person ' s One Day ' s Wage * Number of Persons * Number of Days
Ex: A can do a work in 6 days and B can do the same work in 5 days. The contract for the work is Rs 220. How much
shall B get if both of them work together?
Method I:
Method II:As wages are distributed in inverse
proportion of number of days, their share
1
1
A' s 1 day Work = ; B ' s 1 Day ' s Work =
should be in the ratio 5:6.
6
5

1 1
220
Ratio of Wages= : =5 :6 ; B ' s Share=
6=Rs 120.
6 5
5+ 6

B's Share =

220
6=Rs 120.
11

Ex: A man can do a work in 10 days. With the help of a

boy he can do the same work in 6 days. If they get Rs
50 for that work, what is the share of that boy?

The boy's 3 days work = 1

Man's Share : Boy's Share=15:10=3:2

1 st man's Share =

106
=15 days.
The boy can do the work in =
106
Man's Share

50
3=Rs 30.
5

Ex: A, B and C can do a work in 6, 8 and 12 days

respectively. Doing that work together they get an
amount of Ra 1350. What is the share of B in that
amount?
Direct Method: A's Share : B's Share : C's Share
=B's time * C's time : A's time * C's time : A's time * B's
time =96:72:48=4:3:2

=> B ' s Share=

1350
3=Rs. 450.
9

Ex: A,B and C contract a work for Rs 550. Together, A

and B are supposed to do

7
of the work. How much
11

does C get?

7
7
4
work and C did = 1
= work.
11
11 11
7 4
( A+ B)' s Share : C ' s Share = : =7: 4
11 11
550
4= Rs 200.
C's Share =
11
(A+ B)did

Ex: Two men undertake to do a piece of work for Rs

200. One alone could do it in 6 days, the other in 8 days.
With the asssistance of a boy they finish it in 3 days.
How should the money be divided?

3
1st man ' s 3 days work = ;
6
3
2nd man' s 3 days work =
8

( 36 + 38 ) = 18

The share will be in the ratio =

3 3 1
: : =4: 3:1
6 8 8

200
4=Rs 100
8
200
3=Rs 75
2 nd man's Share =
8
200
1=Rs 25
The boy's Share =
8
Ex: Wages for 45 women amount to Rs 15525 in 48 days.
How many men must work 16 days to receive Rs 5750, the
daily wages of a man being double those of a woman?

15525
115
= Rs
4548
16.
115
115
=Rs
Thus, wage of a man for a day = 2
16
8
Now , Number of men
Total Wage
=
Number of days * 1 man' s 1 day ' s Wage
57508
=
=25 men
16115
Wage of a women for a day =

Ex: A and B undertake to do a work for Rs 56. A can do it

alone in 7 days and B in 8 days. If with the assistance of a
boy they finish the work in 3 days then the boy gets Rs___.
A's 3 days work+B's 3 days work+Boy's 3 days work=1

3 3
+ + Boy ' s 3 days work =1
7 8
3 3 11
Boy ' s 3 days work =1 + =
7 8 56
3 3 11
Ratio of Shares= : : =24 : 21:11
7 8 56
56
Boy ' s Share=
11=Rs 11.
24+ 21+ 11

( )

1
1 (21+ 28) 49
1
+ =
=
=
21 28
2128
588 12

Ex: A sum of money is sufficient to pay A's wages for

21 days or B's wages for 28 days. The money is
sufficient to pay the wages of both for___days.
sum of money is sufficient to pay A wages for 21 days
money sufficient to pay A for 1 day =

thus, The same money is sufficient to pay the wages of both

for 12 days
Formula:

1
21

Multiplication of Number of Days

Addition of Days
2128
Number of days=
=12 days.
21+ 28
Number of Days=

sum of money is sufficient to pay B wages for 28 days

money sufficient to pay B for 1 day =

1
28

money sufficient to pay A & B for 1 day =

Ex: 3 men and 4 boys can earn Rs 756 in 7 days.
11 men and 13 boys can earn Rs 3008 in 8 days.
In what time will 7 men with 9 boys earn Rs
2480?
(3m+4b) in 1 day earn

Rs

756
=Rs 108( 1)
7

(11m+13b) in 1 day earn

Rs

3008
=Rs 376(2)
8

From (1), we see that to earn Re 1 in 1 day there

3m+ 4b
should be
persons. Similarly, from
108
(2), to earn Re 1 in 1 day there should be

11m+ 13b
persons.
376
3m+ 4b 11m+ 13b
m 5
=
=> =
And also;
108
376
b 3
Since both the LHS and the RHS denote the same
newline quantity: Number of persons earning Re
1 in 1 day.
Now, from (1)
(3m+4b) in 1 day earn Rs 108

3
3m+ 4 m in 1 day earn Rs 108
5
27m
or,
in 1 day earn Rs 108
5
1085
=Rs 20
1m in 1 day earns Rs
27
or,

Thus, we get that a man earns Rs 20 daily and a boy earns

3
Rs 20 =Rs 12 daily.
5

(7m+9b) earn Rs (7*20+9*12)=Rs 248 in 1 day.

(7m+9b) earn Rs 2480 in 10 days.
Quicker method:Using Cross-Multiplication-Division Rule.

Men
3
11

Boys Earnings Days

4
756 7
13 3008 8

Now,

Men

11756
13756 43008

=Boys (

( 33008
)
)
8
7
7
8

=> m(337611108)=b(108134376)
m 5
=> =
b 3.
Ex: A,B and C together earn Rs 1350 in 9 days. A and C together
earn Rs 470 in 5 days. B and C together earn Rs 760 in 10
days.Find the daily earning of C.

Daily earning of (A+ B+ C )=

1350
=Rs 150(1)
9

470
= Rs 94(2)
5
760
Daily earning of (B+ C )=
=Rs 76(3)
10
From (1) and (2)daily earning of B=15094=Rs 56(4)
From (3) and ( 4) daily earning of C=7656=Rs 20(5)
From (2)and (5)daily earning of A=9420=Rs 74.
Daily earning of (A+ C )=

Time and Work

Note:
M 1 D1 T 1 E1 W 2=M 2 D2 T 2 E 2 W 1
If M 1 persons can do W 1 works in D 1 days and
If A can do a piece of work in x days, and B can
M 2 persons can do W 2 works in D2 days then we have
do it in y days then A and B working together will

M 1 D 1 W 2=M 2 D 2 W 1.

xy
x+
y
More men less days and conversely more days less men.
If A,B and C can do a work in x,y and z days
More men More work and conversely more work more men.
respectively then all of them working together can
More days more work and conversely more work more days.
xyz
If we include the working hours (say T 1 and T 2 ) for two
finish the work in
xy+ yz + zx
groups then the relation ship is

If
and
B
together
can
do a piece of work in x
M 1 D1 T 1 W 2=M 2 D2 T 2 W 1
days and A alone can do it in y days, then B alone
Again, if the efficiency (say E 1 and E 2 ) of the persons
xy
can do the work in
in two groups is different then the relationship is
y x
Ex: A can do a piece of work in 5 days. How many days will he take to complete 3 works of same type?

do the same work in

As ' A ' is the only person to do the work in both cases , so M 1=M 2 =1, D1=5,W 1=1, D2 =? , and W 2=3
=> M 1 D1 W 2=M 2 D2 W 1 => 53=D 21 => D 2=15 days.

Ex: 16 men can do a piece of work in 10 days. How many men are needed to complete the work in 40 days?

Work is same in both cases , so W 1=W 2=1, D1=10, M 1=16 , D 2=40, and M 2=?
=> M 1 D 1 W 2=M 2 D2 W 1 => 1610=M 240 => M 2=4 men.

Ex: 40 men can cut 60 trees in 8 hrs. If 8 men leave the job how many trees will be cut in 12 hours?

M 1=40, D1=8(We can take T 1 instead of D1) , W 1 =60(cutting of trees is taken as work ),
M 2 =408=32, D2 =12(We can take T 2 instead of D2 ) , W 2=?
=> M 1 D1 W 2=M 2 D 2 W 1 or M 1 T 1 W 2=M 2 T 2 W 1 => 408W 2=321260 => W 2=72 trees
Ex: 5 men can prepare 10 toys in 6 days working
6
than 1, which is
6 hrs a day. Then in how many days can 12 men
8.
prepare 16 toys working 8 hrs a day?
Thus , required number of days
M 1 D1 T 1 W 2=M 2 D 2 T 2 W 1
5 16 6
=6
=3 days.
=> 56616=12D2810
12 10 8
56616
Note: In rule of fraction the multiplying factor is decided such
=> D2=
=3 days.
12810
that how the known variable changes the value of unknown

( )( )( )

By Rule of Fraction:
1. We have to find number of days, so write
given number of days first.
2. Number of men increases => Work will be
done in less days => multiplying factor should be
less than 1, which is

5
12.

3. Number of toys increases => it will take more

days => multiplying factor should be more than 1,
which is

16
10.

4. Number of working hours increases => it will

take less days => multiplying factor should be less

variable.
(Increase or Decrease). Ex: more men less days, here men known,
days unknown variable, number of men inversely proportional to
number of days, so, the fraction is always less than 1.
Ex: A can do a piece of work in 5 days, B can do it in 6 days and
C can do it in 12 days. (i) How long it will take if A and B work
together?
(ii) How long it will take if A, B and C work together?

56
8
=2 days.
5+ 6
11
(ii) ( A+ B+ C )can do the work in
5612
2
=
=2 days.
56+ 612+ 512
9
(i) ( A+ B)can do the work in =

( A+ B)can do in 12 days ,(B+ C )can do in 15 days ,

( A+ C )can do in 20 days.
121520
2( A+ B+ C)=
=5 days.
69
1215+ 1220+ 1520
B alone can do the whole work in =
=18 days.
69
( A+ B+ C)=10 days.(less men more days )
Ex: A and B can do a piece of work in 12 days, B
1015
and C in 15 days, C and A in 20 days. How long
Now , A can do the work in
=30 days
1510
would each take separately to do the same work?
[ As A=( A+ B+ C )( B+ C )]
1020
B can do the work in
=20 days
2010
[ As B=( A+ B+ C )( A+ C )]
1012
A can do the work in
=60 days
1210
[ As C=(A+ B+ C )( B+ A)]
Ex: A and B together can do a piece of work in 6
days and A alone can do it in 9 days. In how many
days can B alone do it?

Ex: Two women, Ganga and Saraswati, working separetely can mow a field in 8 and 12 hrs respectively. If they work in
stretches of one hour alternately, Ganga beginning at 9a.m., when will the mowing be finished?

1
1
of the field. In the second hour Saraswati mows
of the field.
8
12
1 1
5
+
=
of the field mown.
8 12
24

In the first hour Ganga mows

In the first 2 hours
In 8 hrs

5
5
4= of the field is mown.(we calculated for 4 pairs of hours only because if we calculate for 5 pairs of
24
6

hours, the work done is more than 1.)

( )

Remaining Field to be mown = 1

5
1
= of the field.
6
6

1
of the field.
8
1 1
1
=
Saraswati will finish the mowing of
of the field in
6 8
24
1
1
8+ 1+ =9 hours.
The total time required is
2
2
1
1
1
Thus the work will be finished at 9+ 9 =18 =6 p.m.
2
2
2
In the 9th hour Ganga mows

( )
)

( 241 121 ) or 12 of an hour.