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Software Rationale
A LabVIEW Project is a tool for organizing project files, NI hardware, configuration data, and build
specifications as shown in Figure 4-1. Project information is stored in an .lvproj file. The "Project
Explorer" window, shown below, is where you interact with LabVIEW projects:
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4.1.1
In the limitation check VI, the ship operating profile is check with Holtrop and Lahtiharju
limitations to ensure the validity of the particular regression based method. The Boolean will
indicate the validity of the regression based method. When the Boolean is green, it indicates that the
parameters are within the range of the limitations and when the Boolean is red, this shows that the
parameters are not suitable for the particular regression based method.
4.1.2
In the Holtrop VI, the resistance will be predicted based on ship operating profile. The ship
operating profile or ship coefficients are very important parameters in determining the Holtrop and
Mennen resistance prediction algorithm. Once the input parameters are inputted into the software,
run the VI and the software will calculate the total resistance and the required power for the diesel
generators and electrical motors.
4.1.3
In the Lahtiharju VI, the same approach as Holtrop was used. Resistance of the vessel will be
predicted based on the ship operating profile. The only difference is that the algorithm used will be
different.
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Generators Selection VI
In the generators selection VI, the user can go through a list of diesel generators in the market. For
this project, a total of 48 diesel generators from Caterpillar, Cummins and Wartsila are used for the
generators selection database. In the future, users can include more diesel generators in the market to
ensure a better selection or sizing for the diesel-electric propulsion.
4.1.5
Plots VI
4.2
Structures
Structures contain sections of graphical code and control how and when the code inside is run. The
most common execution structures are While Loops, For Loops and Case Structures which you can
use to run the same section of code multiple times or to execute a different section of code based on
some condition.
4.2.1
Formula Node
The Formula Node in the LabVIEW software is a convenient, text-based node you can use to
perform complicated mathematical operations on a block diagram using the C++ syntax structure. It
is most useful for equations that have many variables or are otherwise complicated. The text-based
code simplifies the block diagram and increases its readability. Furthermore, you can copy and paste
existing code directly into the Formula Node rather than recreating it graphically.
In addition to text-based equation expressions, the Formula Node can accept text-based versions of
if statements, while loops, for loops, and do loops, which are familiar to C programmers. These
programming elements are similar but not identical to those you find in C programming.
The MathScript Node implements similar functions but with the additional functionality of a full .m
file compiler, making it useful as a textual language for signal processing, analysis, and math.
LabVIEW MathScript is generally compatible with .m file script syntax, which is widely used by
alternative technical computing software. For LabVIEW 2009 and later, the LabVIEW MathScript
features are released separately in the LabVIEW MathScript RT Module.
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4.2.2
While Loop
The While Loop executes the sub-diagram until the conditional terminal, an input terminal, receives
a specific Boolean value. The conditional terminal in a While Loop behaves the same as in a For
Loop with a conditional terminal. However, because the For Loop also includes a set iteration count,
it does not run infinitely if the condition never occurs. The While Loop does not include a set
iteration count and runs infinitely if the condition never occurs.
If a conditional terminal is Stop if true, you place the terminal of a Boolean control outside a While
Loop, and the control is FALSE when the loop starts, an infinite loop is caused, as shown in the
following example. An infinite loop will also be caused if the conditional terminal is Continue if
True and the control outside the loop are set to TRUE.
4.2.3
Case Structure
A Case Structure is a LabVIEW primitive that dynamically selects which parts of code should
execute. For this project, the case structure was used together with the Tab Control so that at the
selected tab, the selected VI can be executed successfully.
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Graph Indicators
4.4
Write to Spreadsheet VI
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Software Development
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5.1
Limitations Check
A limitation check is carried out as shown in Figure 5-1. The result shows that for this particular
vessel (R/V G.O. Sars), Holtrop resistance prediction algorithm is seen to be the only available
regression based method.
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Resistance Curve
Resistance in kN
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
15
20
Figure 5-3: R/V G.O Sars Resistance Curve drawn with Excel
The ship resistance is calculated based on the ship operating profile or ship coefficients as shown in
Figure 5-2. In general, all ship resistance are proportional to the square of the speed, but for high
speeds, the wave resistance increased much faster, thus contributing to a higher part of the total
resistance. A further increase in the propulsion power may only result in negligible ship speed
increases as most of the extra power will be converted into wave energy hence increasing the fuel
consumption with a slight increase in ship speed.
Referring to Figure 5-2, it can be observed that frictional resistance contributes most of the
resistance.
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Resistance in kN
500
400
300
Hullspeed
200
Software
100
0
0
10
15
20
5.1.3
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Generators Selection
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Range
With the range plots generated in Figure 5-7, the user can predict the cruising speed of the vessel
and plan the route of the vessel in order to achieve a better fuel consumption for the vessel. As the
ship speed increases, the specific fuel consumption will increases dramatically which in turns affects
the range to be shorter referring to Figure 5-9.
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Endurance
Figure 5-8 gives the endurance plots of R/V G.O. Sars. With the endurance plots, user can identify
how many days the vessel can last in the sea without bunkering. If the vessel is travelling at a higher
speed, the endurance will be lower as a higher speed will require a higher specific fuel consumption.
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Based on the selected generator, Wartsila 6L32, the specific fuel consumption of the fuel
consumption was plotted in Figure 5-9. The fuel consumption increases as the ship speed increases
therefore in order to obtain a better fuel efficiency; it is recommended to plan the route based on the
fuel available and the fuel consumption. This enable users to know the cruising speed and at which
speed, the vessel will travel at the highest fuel efficiency.
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Limitations Check
A limitation check is carried out as shown in Figure 5-10. The result shows that for this particular
vessel (SV290), the only regression based method is Holtrop resistance prediction algorithm.
Resistance Curve
Referring to Figure 5-11, the resistance results of the model testing provided from the design
company, STX Marine is compared against the resistance generated by the software. The resistance
comparison shows that there are not many differences between the model test results and the
software results. This again validates the resistance prediction algorithm developed in the software.
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600
Resistance in kN
500
400
300
Model Test
Software
200
100
0
0
10
15
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5.2.4
Range
With the range plots generated, the user can predict the cruising speed of the vessel and plan the
route of the vessel in order to achieve a better fuel consumption for the vessel as shown in Figure
5-13. Two generators namely, Tewac Marathon 744 generators and Caterpillar 3516B were
compared in this simulation study.
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Endurance
Figure 5-14 presents the endurance plots of SV290. As previously mentioned, this simulation study
has looked into two generators comparison to demonstrate the comparison function developed by
the software in LabVIEW.
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The comparison between the Tewac Marathon 744 generator and the Caterpillar 3516B proves that
the Tewac Marathon 744 generator has a better fuel consumption at the service or cruising speed as
refer to Figure 5-15. This comparison function in LabVIEW will provide more options for the
system designer during the selection of diesel generators.
Figure 5-15: Tewac Marathon and Caterpillar 3516B fuel consumption comparison
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In Chapter 3.0, a model of a complete marine power system is presented. The overall model consists
of diesel generators, switchboard, transformers, frequency converters, electrical motors either
synchronous or induction and propeller shaft.
The main objective of this project is to determine a solution of marine power options that is best
match to the design ship operating profile. The ship resistance was predicted through either Holtrop
or Lahtiharju based on the ship operating profile.
The main concern for choosing an ideally sized diesel generators and electrical motors is economical
consideration. An oversized diesel generators and electrical motors will cost the ship owner much
more. Important economic factors are fuel consumption, cost of the diesel generators or electrical
motors and maintenance. Other than the economic factors, the most important factor will be the
budget.
With this program, before building any new vessel, the naval architects and marine engineers can
analyse the fuel consumption of the selected diesel generators and determine its cruising speed in
order to attain the best fuel consumption efficiency. At the same time, the software is able to
compare fuel consumption, range and endurance of two diesel generators. When the vessel is in
operation, ship master and crew can monitor the specific fuel consumption, range and endurance
based on the selected diesel generators. This can be iterated during the sea trials.
6.2
The prediction accuracy of equation (2.91) has been compared with resistance calculation methods
by Compton (1986), Holtrop (1984), Mercier and Savitsky (Savitsky & Brown, 1976), Ortmerssen
(1971), Radojcic (1984), Savitsky (1964) and Tang (Ping-zhong et al., 1980) in Figure 6-1. Each
method has been used within its own limits of applicability. Figure 6-1 shows the mean value of the
ratio of the prediction to the experiment and the standard deviation at design speed, at hump speed,
before the planing regime and at planing speed. The number of models used in the correlation is also
given. The models include the NOVA models and also other models, the resistance data of which
has been used in developing the equation (2.91). Thus the comparisons of prediction accuracies with
the other methods are not totally fair.
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Figure 6-1: The percentage difference between resistance prediction by equation (2.91) and
model test for three hard chine vessels
As expected, the new methods give more reliable results than the older methods. The MercierSavitsky method gives the most reliable results for round bilge vessels in the speed range Fn =1.0 to
2.0 where the method is applicable. The maximum difference between prediction and experiment is
from 6 to 7%. The Savitsky method gives the best resistance predictions for hard chine vessels at the
planing regime. At lower speeds the predictions by Mercier-Savitsky method are quite reliable.
6.3
Software
A software package was developed which consist of resistance prediction, Holtrop and Lahtiharju
and power required for diesel generators and electrical motors.
This software uses mathematical models created in Chapter 2.0 and 3.0 for the development of the
package. With the use of modelling software package, the algorithms were developed from the
structures in LabVIEW. Formula Node, While Loop and Case Structures were used in the progress.
In LabVIEW simulation program developed, users can change inputs and save resulted data to
Microsoft Excel for further data analysis. Graph indicators were used in plotting the necessary data
required in this software. The development of the software is highlighted in Chapter 4.0.
The program is specially designed for diesel-electric propulsion vessels. The program will be able to
predict the resistance of the vessel and the power required for the diesel generators and electrical
motors.
6.4
Limitations
However, when predicting the resistance through regression based methods, only Holtrop and
Lahtiharju had been looked into. The limitations of the resistance prediction for Holtrop and
Lahtiharju are highlighted in Section 2.4.12 and 2.5.2.
The implementation of propulsor is also inappropriate for the program as there are too many
variables and equations which have not been looked into. Therefore in this project, the propeller
efficiency is assumed to be 55%.
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Verifications
In order to validate the software developed, verification works are shown in Chapter 5.0.
The main reason for the verification is to determine the accuracy of the software developed. The
Holtrop resistance prediction algorithm and DEP models were simulated and compared with ship
specifications from R/V G.O. Sars and SV290. The resistance generated from the software was
compared with results from Hullspeed.
The simulated result of the required power for the diesel generators has shown a pretty close result.
Although the simulated result of the required power for the electrical motors is differs from the
actual power required this is probably due to insufficient information of electrical efficiency in the
switchboard, frequency converters, transformers and electrical motors. Since the predicted power
required for the electrical motors is much higher than the actual required power, this shows that the
assumed efficiencies of the switchboard, frequency converters, transformers and electrical motors
are too high. Therefore, electrical efficiencies in the components of DEP determine an important
role in predicting the output power. However, the number of propellers is equally important; a twinscrew propeller shaft will have much lower propeller efficiency as compare to a single screw
propeller shaft.
Overall, the software shows that the resistance prediction algorithm gives a good estimate of
resistance and DEP provides a good estimate of required power for the diesel generators and
electrical motor. The analysis of fuel consumption, range and endurance are provides a good
estimation when in operation.
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7.0 CONCLUSION
The software developed has successfully reached the aim of the project. The ship operating profile
or ship coefficients are the inputs for the use of regression based methods and the coefficients will
determine the final predicted resistance. Electrical efficiencies are equally as important as the ship
operating profile as it plays an important role in predicting of power for the diesel generators and
electrical motors. Typical efficiencies may be used for the design stage and when in operation, the
known electrical efficiencies of the DEP systems should be used in order to obtain a more accurate
ship fuel consumption, endurance and range. The numbers of propellers are as important as the
electrical efficiencies because a twin-screw propeller shaft will result in much lower propeller
efficiency.
The key features of the software are: resistance prediction through Holtrop and Lahtiharju methods
based on the hull forms; prediction of required power for diesel generators and electrical motors in
diesel-electric propulsion; fuel consumption, range and endurance analysis based on the selected
diesel generators. The benefits for the users especially the naval architects and marine engineers
have been shown and this software can be used widely by them during the design stages. Instead of
going through multiple model-testing to improve on the design, the users can just modify the hull
form in the software to analysis the results. Based on the available components in the diesel-electric
propulsion, the user can select the best components from the database. If there are no suitable dieselelectric propulsion components, the users most probably need to modify the hull form to obtain the
best sized diesel generators and electrical motors.
The advantages of the software are: user friendly as compared to commercial software for resistance
prediction; can be further developed for future analysis works; ability to extract key data into Excel
for further analysis and can be used as a tool for design stage without going through model testing
for a few times. The only disadvantage is that the propeller efficiency is assumed for this project and
it might affect the final result slightly and it will be further highlighted in the conclusion.
Holtrop method estimates the resistance of displacement ships. It is a statistical regression of model
tests and results from ship trials and may be used to access qualitatively for the resistance of a ship
design. The improved formulation from Holtrop, 1984 has been published in Holtrop, 1988. The
new formulation has form factor depending on ship speed, revised formulas for the wave resistance
and separate relations for the air resistance. Other improvements include added resistance due to
incoming waves, added resistance from head wind and shallow water corrections. Therefore,
Holtrop, 1988 provide reasonable degree of accuracy not only for the initial stages of ship design but
also for more rigorous analysis in the later stages.
Regression equations of Lahtiharju method for resistance prediction have been developed on the
basis of extensive systematic resistance tests. The equation for hard chine vessels can be used before
the planing regime. The new equations, together with the Mercier-Savitsky method and the Savitsky
method, seem to give a reliable basis for the resistance prediction of high-speed hull forms at the
design phase over a very wide speed range. However, more correlations with resistance data of
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There has also been a significant increase in the choice of marine propulsion system configurations
available to the naval architects and marine engineers. Therefore, the expansion of the project should
also look into waterjet propulsion and different propulsor options like controllable pitch propellers,
ducted propellers and Voith Schneider propellers. Other than that, gas and steam turbine should not
be neglected. Gas turbines are used widely by naval vessels and steam turbines are used by LNG
carriers and nuclear submarines.
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