AEP1143

Engineering Procedure
SAEP-1143
29 May, 2002
Radiographic Examination
Non-destructive Testing Standards Committee Members
Miller, S.D., Chairman
Al-Odah, F.A.
Al-Qadeeb, F.E.
Gilmour, R.A.
Irwin, R.R.
Jones, S.B.
Keck, D.L.
Matulewicz, W.R.
Perez, J.P.
Scales, T.E.
Wescott, E.A.
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Table of Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Scope............................................................. 2
Conflicts and Deviations................................ 2
References.................................................... 2
Precautions for Personnel Safety.................. 4
General Requirements................................... 4
Equipment and Materials............................... 5
Examination................................................... 8
Radiographic Exposure Requirements.......... 9
Radiographic Film Interpretation.................. 15
Film Viewing................................................. 15
Final Interpretation of Radiographs.............. 16
Documentation............................................. 16
Figure 1 - Single Wall Radiographic Techniques.............

Figure 2 - Double Wall Radiographic Techniques............
Figure 3 - Identification for Film Marker
Locations and Arrows......................................
Appendix I - Acceptance Criteria......................................
Attachment 1 - Radiographic Request / Report Forms....
Previous Issue: 30 September, 1998 Next Planned Update: 1 June, 2007
Revised paragraphs are indicated in the right margin
Primary contact: Scott D. Miller on phone 872-0148
18
19
21
22
30
Page 1 of 30
Document Responsibility: Non-destructive Testing

Issue Date: 29 May, 2002
Next Planned Update: 1 June, 2007
SAEP-1143
Scope
1.1
This Engineering Procedure establishes the minimum requirements for

performing radiographic examination conducted in accordance with the
requirements of the referenced codes/standards.
1.2
This Engineering Procedure applies to Saudi Aramco NDT personnel and to

contract personnel seconded to Saudi Aramco on an In-Kingdom Inspection
Contract conducting radiographic examination on behalf of Saudi Aramco.
1.3
This SAEP does not apply to radiography performed by out-of-kingdom

vendors.
Conflicts and Deviations

2.1
Any conflicts between this procedure and other Saudi Aramco Engineering
Standards (SAES's), Materials System Specifications (SAMSS's), Standard
Drawings (SASD's), or industry standards, codes, and forms shall be resolved in
writing by the Company or Buyer Representative through the Manager,
Inspection Department of Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.
Direct all requests to deviate from this procedure in writing to the Company or
Buyer Representative, who shall follow internal company procedure SAEP-302
and forward such requests to the Manager, Saudi Aramco Inspection
Department.
References
3.1
Saudi Aramco References

Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedures
SAEP-302
Instructions for Obtaining a Waiver of a

Mandatory Saudi Aramco Engineering
Requirement
SAEP-1140
Qual. and Cert. of Saudi Aramco NDT Personnel
SAEP-1141
Industrial Radiation Safety
SAEP-1142
Qual. of Non-Saudi Aramco NDT Personnel
Saudi Aramco General Instruction

GI-0150.003
Ionizing Radiation Protection
Page 2 of 30

SAEP-1143
Saudi Aramco Engineering Form

SA 4719-A-ENG
3.2
Radiography Request/Report Sheet
Industry Codes and Standards

American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASME B31.1
Power Piping
ASME B31.3
Process Piping
ASME B31.4
Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid

Hydrocarbons and other Liquids
ASME B31.8
Gas Transmission & Distribution Piping Systems
ASME B46.1
Surface Texture
ASME SEC I
Rules for Construction of Power Boilers
ASME SEC V
Nondestructive Examination
ASME SEC VIII D1
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
ASME SEC IX
Welding and Brazing Qualifications
American Welding Society

AWS D1.1
Structural Welding Code - Steel
American Petroleum Institute

API STD 650
Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
API STD 1104
Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities
American Society for Testing & Materials

ASTM SE-94
Std. Guide for Radiographic Testing
ASTM E-747
Std. Test Method for Controlling Quality of

Radiographic Exam Using Wire Penetrameters
ASTM E-1079
Std. Practice for Calibration of Trans.

Densitometers
German Standard
DIN 54 109
Image Quality of Radiographs
International Organization for Standardization

ISO 1027
Radiographic Image Quality Indicators for NDT Principles and Identification

Page 3 of 30

ISO 5580
SAEP-1143
Industrial Radiographic Illuminators - Min.

Requirements
Unless otherwise noted, the referenced codes and standards shall be the latest
edition.
4
Precautions for Personnel Safety

4.1
The materials and/or equipment used during radiographic examination shall

comply with SAEP-1141 and GI-0150.003.
4.2
Protective measures shall be taken by radiographic personnel to insure that no

individual is exposed to radiation in excess of the prescribed limits as mandated
in SAEP-1141 and GI-0150.003.
4.3
All personnel performing radiography for Saudi Aramco or on Saudi Aramco

property or concessionaire areas shall have passed the Radiation Safety
examination administered by the Saudi Aramco Loss Prevention Department
and be in possession of a current Saudi Aramco Radiographer Permit issued by
the Inspection Department prior to commencement of radiography.
General Requirements
5.1
All industrial radiography shall be performed in accordance with this procedure.

Where radiographic techniques not covered by this procedure are developed, the
technique shall be submitted to a Saudi ARAMCO Inspection Department
recognized NDT RT Level III for approval prior to implementation.
5.2
Personnel Qualifications
5.3
5.2.1
Saudi Aramco Personnel performing radiography shall be certified in

accordance with SAEP-1140.
5.2.2
Contractor personnel performing radiography shall be certified in

accordance with SAEP-1142.
5.2.3
All personnel performing Radiographic Film Interpretation (RTFI)

shall be certified to level II and have met the requirements of SAEP1140 or SAEP-1142 as applicable.
Surface Preparation
5.3.1
The weld ripples or weld surface irregularities on both the inside

(where accessible) and outside shall be removed by any suitable
process to such a degree that any such irregularities appearing on the
Page 4 of 30

SAEP-1143
resulting radiographic image do not mask nor are confused with the
image of any discontinuity.
5.4
5.3.2
Welds shall be visually examined and found acceptable prior to release

for radiography.
5.3.3
If the weld is ground flush, markers, such as arrows or V's, pointing

toward the centerline of the weld shall be placed on both sides of the
weld approximately 0.6 mm (.25 inch) away from the toe of the weld.
At least two sets of arrows or V's shall appear on the film; one set near
each end of the interpreted area of the film.
Backscatter Radiation
A lead letter "B" with minimum dimensions of 13mm (0.5 inch) in height and
1.5mm (0.0625 inch) in thickness shall be attached to the back of each film
holder during each exposure to determine if backscatter radiation is exposing the
film.
5.5
When the time of the examination is not specifically stated in the referenced
code or project specification, final radiography for acceptance of the
weld/material shall be performed after final post weld heat treatment.
Equipment and Materials

6.1
6.2
Acceptable Radiation Sources

X-ray generators
(up to 6 MeV)
Iridium 192 (Ir-192)
(up to 200 Ci)
Cobalt 60 (Co-60)
(up to 100 Ci)
Selenium 75 (Se-75)
(up to 50 Ci)
Film
6.2.1
Radiography shall be conducted with industrial radiographic film.

Film shall be either Type I or Type II. Film shall be selected to
produce radiographs possessing acceptable sensitivity, density, and
contrast. Type I film shall be used for radiography of pipe diameters of
8 inch nominal pipe size (NPS) or less.
6.2.2
Radiographic film can be processed either manually or automatically.

Processing shall be done in accordance with procedures written to the
requirements of ASTM SE-94, Part III, the chemical manufacturer's
recommendations, and time and temperature charts. Variation to the
Page 5 of 30

SAEP-1143
film manufacturer's processing recommendations to compensate for

exposure is not permitted.
6.2.3
6.3
6.4
Unexposed film shall be stored on its side or end and protected from
the effects of light, pressure, excessive humidity, damaging fumes,
vapors, or penetrating radiation. Expired film shall not be used.
Intensifying Screens
6.3.1
Only lead intensifying screens shall be used.
6.3.2
For radiography using gamma ray sources, the minimum thickness of

the front lead screen shall be 0.13 mm (0.005 inch) for Ir-192 and Se75 and 0.25 mm (0.010 inch) for Co-60 or the linear accelerator.
6.3.3
Lead screens which are an integral part of "ready pack" (i.e., Pb

contact pack) film are acceptable.
6.3.4
Special techniques involving the use of intensifying screens of

materials other than lead may be utilized provided the technique is
qualified and the density and penetrameter requirements of this
procedure are met. Such special techniques shall require prior written
approval by a designated Saudi Aramco NDT RT Level III before
employed in production radiography.
Image Quality Indicators (IQI)

6.4.1
DIN type penetrameters described in DIN 54 109, ISO type

penetrameters described in ISO 1027, or ASTM type penetrameters
described in ASTM SE-747/90 shall be used. Tables 1, 2 and 3 show
the standard identification numbers found on the penetrameter packs
and the wire sizes found in the DIN type, ISO type and ASTM type
typical packs.
Table 1 DIN Wire Type Penetrameter
DIN Pack
Designation
1 FE DIN
6 FE DIN
10 FE DIN
3.20
(0.125)
1
1.00
(0.040)
6
0.40
(0.016)
10
2.50
(0.098)
2
0.80
(0.032)
7
0.32
(0.013)
11
Wire Diameter mm (inch)

Corresponding Wire Number
2.00
1.60
1.25
(0.078)
(0.062)
(0.050)
3
4
5
0.63
0.50
0.40
(0.024)
(0.020)
(0.016)
8
9
10
0.25
0.20
0.16
(0.010)
(0.008)
(0.006)
12
13
14
1.00
(0.040)
6
0.32
(0.013)
11
0.125
(0.004
15
0.80
(0.032)
7
0.25
(0.010)
12
0.1
(0.004)
16
Page 6 of 30

SAEP-1143
Table 2 ISO Wire Type Penetrameter

ISO Pack
Designation
1 ISO 7
6 ISO 12
10 ISO 16
3.20
(0.125)
1
1.00
(0.040)
6
0.40
(0.016)
10
2.50
(0.098)
2
0.80
(0.032)
7
0.32
(0.013)
11

Corresponding Wire Number
2.00
1.60
1.25
(0.078)
(0.062)
(0.050)
3
4
5
0.63
0.50
0.40
(0.024)
(0.020)
(0.016)
8
9
10
0.25
0.20
0.16
(0.010)
(0.008)
(0.006)
12
13
14
1.00
(0.040)
6
0.32
(0.013)
11
0.125
(0.004)
15
0.80
(0.032)
7
0.25
(0.010)
12
0.1
(0.004)
16
Table 3 ASTM Wire Type Penetrameter

ASTM Set
Designation
6.5
.081 (.0032)
.102 (.004)
.127 (.005)
.160 (.0063)
.203 (.008)
.254 (.010)
.254 (.010)
.330 (.013)
.406 (.016)
.508 (.020)
.635 (.025)
.813 (.032)
.813 (.032)
1.016 (.040)
1.27 (.050)
1.6 (.063)
2.03 (.080)
2.54 (.100)
2.54 (.100)
3.2 (.126)
4.06 (.160)
5.08 (.200)
6.35 (.250)
8.13 (.320)
6.4.2
Damaged IQIs shall not be used (e.g., bent wires).
6.4.3
IQIs shall be selected from either the same alloy material group or
grade as identified in ASTM SE-747 or from an alloy material group or
grade with less radiation absorption than the material being
radiographed.
Viewing Facilities
6.5.1
The viewing facilities should provide subdued background lighting of

an intensity that will not cause troublesome reflections, shadows, or
glare on the radiograph.
6.5.2
Radiographic viewers shall meet the minimum requirements set forth

in ISO 5580 and shall provide a variable light source for the essential
designated wire to be visible for the specified density range.
6.5.3
Light coming from the outer edges of the radiograph or through low
density portions of the radiograph shall not interfere with
interpretation.
6.5.4
Densitometers shall be used to measure the density of the film. The

densitometer shall be calibrated annually in accordance with ASTM
Page 7 of 30

SAEP-1143
SE-1079. Performance shall be verified before each use with a density

film strip traceable to a national standard.
7
Examination
7.1
A single wall exposure technique shall be used for radiography whenever

practical. When it is not practical to use a single wall technique, a double wall
technique shall be used. (See Table 4 for Technique and Exposure
Requirements)
Table 4 Technique and Exposure Requirements
Nominal
Pipe Size
Technique
Elliptical
3-"
Or
Less
Above
3-"
Elliptical
Superimposed
Contact
Panoramic
Type of Exposure
and Viewing
Dbl. Wall Exp.
Dbl. Wall Viewing
Dbl. Wall Exp.
Sgl. Wall Viewing
Dbl. Wall Exp.
Dbl. Wall Viewing
Dbl. Wall Exp.
Sgl. Wall Viewing
Sgl. Wall Exp.
Sgl. Wall Viewing
Sgl. Wall Exp.
Sgl. Wall Viewing
Sgl. Wall Exp.
Sgl. Wall Viewing
Min. Num. of
Exposures
2
(0,90)
4
(0,90,180,270)
3
(0,60,l20)
3
(0,120, 240)
1
Location
Figure
2F
4
(0,90,180,270)
4
1B or 1C
2E or F
3G
2D or E
1A
1A, B, C
Notes:
1.
Techniques other than those described in Table 4 may be used with the approval of the Saudi
Aramco Inspection Department, NDT Unit, Dhahran.
2.
If the minimum number of exposures, shown above, are not adequate to demonstrate the required
coverage, additional exposures shall be made as specified by the certified Saudi Aramco film
interpreter.
7.2
Single Wall Exposure - Single Wall Viewing (SWE/SWV) Technique - the

radiation passes through only one wall of the weld (material), which is viewed
on the radiograph for acceptance. (Figure 1)
7.3
Double Wall Exposure - Single Wall Viewing (DWE/SWV) TechniqueRadiation passes through two walls and only the weld (material) on the film side
wall is viewed for acceptance on the radiograph. For full weld coverage of
circumferential welds at least 3 exposures taken 120 apart shall be taken.
(Figure 2)
7.4
Double Wall Exposure - Double Wall Viewing (DWE/DWV) Technique radiation passes through two walls and both walls are viewed for acceptance on
the radiograph. These techniques shall only be used for materials and welds in
piping 3.5 inch NPS or less. (Figure 2)
Page 8 of 30

SAEP-1143
7.4.1
Only a source side penetrameter shall be used for the double wall
viewing technique.
7.4.2
For the elliptical DWE/DWV technique the radiation beam shall be

offset from the plane of the weld at an angle sufficient to separate the
images of the source side and film side portions of the weld so that
there is no overlap of the areas to be interpreted. The elliptical
technique requires at least 2 exposures 90 to each other for each weld
to be radiographed to achieve complete coverage.
7.4.3
In the superimposed DWE/DWV technique, the source shall be at right

angles to the weld and the image of both walls are superimposed. The
superimposed technique, as a minimum, requires three (3) exposures
taken either 60 or 120 to each other for each weld to be radiographed
to achieve complete coverage.
Radiographic Exposure Requirements

8.1
8.2
Selection of Radiation Energy

8.1.1
The voltage for examinations with x-ray tubes shall be selected to

insure that the required wire is visible on the radiograph.
8.1.2
Gamma Radiation of Ir-192, Se-75 and Co-60 may be used for any
material thickness provided the radiographic technique used
demonstrates that the required radiographic sensitivity has been
obtained. Use of Co-60 is only permitted when the thickness of the
material exceeds the practical limits of Ir-192 or Se-75.
Geometric Unsharpness
8.2.1
Geometrical unsharpness, "Ug", equals source size times thickness

divided by the object-to-source distance.
Ug = Ft/D
(1)
Ug
= Geometrical Unsharpness
= Source size, the maximum projected dimension of the

radiating source (or effective focal spot) in the plane
perpendicular to the distance (D) from the weld or object
being radiographed.
= Distance from source of radiation to weld or other object

being radiographed.
Page 9 of 30

t
8.2.2
SAEP-1143
= Distance from source side of the object being radiographed to

the film.
The minimum source to object distance, D, shall be great enough to

insure that geometric unsharpness, Ug, of the radiograph does not
exceed the values listed in Table 5.
Table 5 Geometrical Unsharpness
Material
Thickness, mm (Inches)
8.2.3
Ug
Maximum mm (Inch)
Under 50.8 (2 in.)
0.500 (0.020 in.)
50.8 - 76.2 (2 in. through 3 in.)
0.760 (0.030 in.)
Over 76.2 - 101.6 (> 3 in. through 4 in.)
1.010 (0.040 in.)
Greater than 101.6 mm (> 4 in.)
1.780 (0.070 in.)
The following formula should be used to determine the minimum

source to object distance, D, necessary to insure that the Ug does not
exceed the values listed in Table 5.
D = (Ft/Ug) + t
8.3
(2)
Location Markers
8.3.1
Each radiograph shall exhibit location markers which appear as

radiographic images on the film. The markers shall be placed on the
part being examined and not on the exposure holder/cassette. Figures
1, 2, and 3 indicate the recommended placement of location markers.
Location markers shall not intrude into the area of interest.
8.3.1.1
The starting point and the direction of numbering shall be

identified adjacent to the weld.
8.3.1.2
Number belt spacing around the circumference of the

piping shall not exceed the requirements of Table 6.
Number belts shall be in "inch" units of measure unless
specifically noted on the report.
Page 10 of 30

SAEP-1143
Table 6 Number Belt Spacing

NUMBER SPACING
Nominal Pipe Size
8.4
Spacing
Over 3 inches through 8 inches
1 inch (2.5 cm) apart
Over 8 inch through 20 inches

Over 20 inches
4 inches (10 cm) apart

Up to the discretion of of the Film
Interpreter or Field Supervisor
8.3.2
When using a DWE/DWV technique for pipe or tube welds 3.5 inch
NPS or less in diameter, the first exposure shall be identified with a
lead letter "A" and the second exposure shall be identified with a lead
letter "B" (and "C" for third exposure, superimposed).
8.3.3
Location markers shall be identified on the surface of the specimen

being radiographed. Regardless of the technique used, the area of
interest of the radiograph shall be accurately traceable to its location on
the part until acceptance.
8.3.4
Station or location markers (i.e., numbers) shall be spaced in inches or

centimeters, with the unit of measure clearly identified on the RT
report.
8.3.5
For pipe or tube welds greater than 3.5 inch NPS, a number belt shall
be used. The number belt shall consist of lead numbers between 6 mm
(0.25 inch) and 12 mm (0.5 inch) in height.
Film Identification
8.4.1
8.4.2
Each radiograph shall be permanently identified using lead numbers

and/or letters. The radiographic identification shall include the
following information:
JO number or BI number
Component, vessel, or piping identification
Seam or weld identification
R1 for Repair, if necessary; R2, etc., if more than one repair.

Cutouts shall be identified as a new weld, e.g., NW1, etc.
Date of radiography
Radiographs misidentified may be re-identified, with correction tape or

equivalent, only when the Saudi Aramco film interpreter or field
Page 11 of 30

SAEP-1143
supervisor has determined that it is impractical to re-radiograph. Reidentification of radiographs shall be noted on the inspection report.
8.5
Penetrameter (IQI) Selection

8.5.1
Penetrameters shall be wire type penetrameters and shall be selected to

insure that the designated wire required by Table 7 shall be included in
the penetrameter pack used. When possible the penetrameter shall be
selected to insure that there exists wires both above and below the
designated wire.
8.5.2
Welds with Reinforcement - Selection of the penetrameter shall be based

on the nominal thickness of the base material plus the estimated weld
reinforcement not to exceed the maximum permitted by the referencing
code section. Internal protrusion of single bevel welds, backing rings or
strips shall not be considered as part of the thickness in penetrameter
selection. In general, the following applies:
8.5.3
8.5.2.1
SWE/SWV or DWE/SWV techniques - the required wire size

is based on the wall thickness plus one reinforcement where
such reinforcement is not ground off.
8.5.2.2
DWE/DWV elliptical technique - the required wire size is

based on two wall thickness plus one reinforcement where such
reinforcement is not ground off.
8.5.2.3
DWE/DWV superimposed technique - the required wire size is

based on two wall thickness plus two reinforcements were such
reinforcement is not ground off.
Welds without Reinforcement - the thickness on which the penetrameter

is based is the nominal single wall thickness for SWE/SWV and the
nominal double wall thickness for DWE/DWV technique.
Page 12 of 30

SAEP-1143
Table 7 IQI Selection

Unless otherwise stated in the Scope of Work, penetrameters
shall be selected as shown in the following columns.
Nominal Material Thickness
Source Side
Film Side
inch
8.6
mm
Wire Number
Wire Number
Up to 0.25, incl.
Up to 6, incl
13
14
Over 0.25 through 0.375
6 through 10
12
13
10 through l2
11
12
l2 through 18
10
11
18 through 25
10
25 through 40
40 through 50
50 through 60
60 through 100
100 through 150
150 through 200
200 through 250
Penetrameter (IQI) Placement

8.6.1
Source side penetrameter(s) shall be used at all times unless placement

of the penetrameter(s) on the source side of the object is not possible.
8.6.2
When film side penetrameters are used, the penetrameters shall be in

contact with the part being examined. A lead letter "F", as least as high
as the penetrameter identification numbers, shall be placed adjacent to
or on each penetrameter and shall not interfere with the penetrameter
or be in an area of interest.
8.6.3
When configuration or size prevents placing the penetrameter(s) on the

part or weld, the penetrameter(s) may be placed on a separate block of
radiographically similar material. The block shall be placed as close as
possible to the item being examined, and the resulting radiographic
density of the block image shall be within the prescribed
penetrameter/area of interest density variation tolerances as stated in
paragraph 8.4. Refer to an Inspection Department recognized NDT RT
Level III for evaluation of radiographically similar material.
8.6.4
The penetrameters shall be placed perpendicular across the weld. ID

numbers and, when used, the lead letter "F", shall not be in the area of
interest. Where placement of the penetrameter across the weld or area
Page 13 of 30

SAEP-1143
of interest is not possible refer to the paragraphs above and/or refer to

an Inspection Department recognized NDT RT Level III for
clarification.
8.7
8.6.5
Penetrameter Location for Materials other than Welds - The

penetrameter(s) with the penetrameter identification number(s), and,
when used, the lead letter "F", may be placed in the area of interest.
8.6.6
For piping 3.5 inch NPS and less, when using the DWE/SWV
technique, only that portion of the weld adjacent to the film, when the
penetrameter is placed on the film side of the object, may be viewed
for acceptance for the radiographic technique.
Number of Penetrameters
8.7.1
For DWE/SWV or SWE/SWV techniques requiring multiple exposures

for complete inspection of the weld, and where the length of the film to
be interpreted is greater than 127 mm (5 inches), two penetrameters
placed across the weld and perpendicular to the weld length shall be
used. One shall be within 25.4 mm (1 inch) of the end of the film
length to be interpreted and the other shall be at the center of the film
length to be interpreted. When the film length to be interpreted is 127
mm (5 inches) or less, one penetrameter shall be placed across the weld
and perpendicular to the weld length at the center of the length to be
interpreted.
8.7.2
If more than two penetrameters are used because of density

requirements, one shall be placed in the lightest area of interest and the
other in the darkest area of interest. The intervening densities on the
radiograph shall be considered as having acceptable density.
8.7.3
When a complete circumferential weld is radiographed in a single

exposure using a source inside the piping, i.e., panoramic radiography,
at least four (4) penetrameters shall be used and placed perpendicular
to the weld and spaced equally around the circumference.
8.7.4
When an array of objects in a circle is radiographed, at least one

penetrameter shall show on each radiograph.
8.7.5
Where portions of longitudinal welds adjoining the circumferential

weld are being examined simultaneously with the circumferential weld,
additional penetrameters shall be placed on the longitudinal weld at the
ends of the welds being radiographed.
Page 14 of 30

SAEP-1143
Radiographic Film Interpretation

9.1
All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical, or other blemishes to

the extent that they do not mask and are not confused with the image of any
discontinuity in the area of interest. Such blemishes include, but are not limited
to; fogging, processing defects such as streaks, watermarks, or chemical stains,
scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirt, static marks, smudges, or false indications
due to defective screens.
9.2
One sheet of film shall be used for each exposure. If an area of interest contains
an artifact a second exposure shall be made.
9.3
Radiographic Film Density - For Gamma radiography the minimum density

shall be 2.0. For X-radiography, the minimum density shall be no less than 1.8.
Radiographic film density through the area of interest or adjacent to the
designated wire type penetrameter shall be no greater than 4.0 for radiographs
produced by Gamma Rays or X-rays.
9.4
Density Variation
9.4.1
Radiographic density anywhere through the area of interest shall not

vary more than -15% and +30% from the measured density next to the
designation wire of the penetrameter. If density variation exceeds the
permissible -15% and +30% range, additional penetrameters shall be
used for each exceptional area or areas and the area of interest reradiographed.
9.4.2
The maximum permissible +30% may be exceeded for penetrameters

with shims provided penetrameter sensitivity meets the requirements of
this SAEP.
9.5
IQI Sensitivity - Acceptance of the radiograph for sensitivity is based on ability

of the radiograph to display the required wire on the penetrameter, viewed
across the weld, and the penetrameter identifying numbers and letters.
Radiographs not meeting this requirement shall be re-radiographed.
9.6
Back Scatter Radiation - Radiographic film displaying a light image of the letter
"B" on a darker background shall be cause for rejection of the radiograph. A
dark image of the letter "B" on a lighter background shall be considered
acceptable.
10 Film Viewing
10.1
Film shall be viewed in an area with subdued lighting as required by paragraph

6.5.1.
Page 15 of 30

SAEP-1143
10.2
Personnel interpreting radiographs shall allow 3 minutes in any darkened area

for their eyes to adjust if coming into the darkened area from normal room light
and at least 5 minutes if coming in from full sunlight.
10.2
Radiographs shall be interpreted only in those areas in which the

penetrameter(s) have established that a suitable radiographic technique has been
used.
10.3
Composite viewing of double film exposure is not permitted unless approved in

writing by an Inspection Department approved NDT RT Level III.
10.4
Each exposed film shall be properly stored to prevent damage to the film.
11 Final Interpretation of Radiographs

12.1
The radiographs shall be examined and interpreted for film quality and for
discontinuities by personnel certified to perform RTFI by Saudi ARAMCO.
12.2
The film interpreter shall record on a review form (Attachment 1) accompanying

the radiographs, the type of defects present on each radiograph and the area(s)
rejected.
12 Documentation
12.1
Radiography reports shall be issued using Saudi Aramco form 4719-A-ENG

"Radiography Request & Report Sheet" (Attachment 1). As a minimum, the
report shall include:
12.1.1
Report number, date, BI or JO number, names and Saudi Aramco

badge numbers of the radiographers, and the governing acceptance
criteria.
12.1.2
Weld Identification number and orientation of individual films which

clearly shows the sequence of exposures, location of weld and
component designation.
12.1.3
Radiation source, type, strength, and size.
12.1.4
The radiographic interpreter's full name and Saudi Aramco badge

number.
Note: Any individual interpreting or reviewing the film shall insure
that their identification, meeting the requirement of this
paragraph, is recorded on the form. Initials, either on Saudi
Page 16 of 30

SAEP-1143
Aramco Form 4719-A-ENG or on the film envelope, are not

acceptable.)
12.2
12.3
29 May, 2002
12.1.5
Film brand, type, and processing method,
12.1.6
IQI and designated wire.
12.1.7
Legible signature of all personnel interpreting or reviewing the film.
The following information shall either be provided on each film jacket or on the
final report noted above.
12.2.1
Shooting sketch showing the geometric arrangement of source, weld,

film, penetrameters, shims, and location markers, or technique
shooting sketch may be listed from this document.
12.2.2
Exposure time.
12.2.3
Source to weld or object distance.
12.2.4
Effective focal spot of the radiation source.
12.2.5
Calculated geometric unsharpness when required.
12.2.6
Weld thickness.
Final disposition of the radiographs and records shall be in accordance with the
following.
12.3.1
Radiographs shall be turned over to the proponent upon completion of

the work.
12.3.2
The radiographs may be retained at the proponent's facilities or turned

over to Saudi Aramco's Management Records Group. Refer to
"Records Management Manual, Part II, Section 2.
Revision Summary
Major revision.
Page 17 of 30

SAEP-1143
Figure 1 Single Wall Radiographic Techniques
12"
Single
Wall
Viewing
Single
Wall
IQI
Placement
Side
Source side
if accessible,
film side if
not
12"
Single
Wall
Single
Wall
Source
Side
Source
Side
Any
Single
Wall
Single
Wall
Source
Side
Source
Side
Pipe
OD
Exposure
Technique
Radiographic
End View
Side View
Location
Marker
Placement
Either
Side
Note:
The above sketches are standard techniques. Other exposure arrangements may be made provide the Saudi Aramco Inspection
Department, NDT Unit, approves them.
Page 18 of 30

SAEP-1143
Figure 2 Double Wall Radiographic Techniques

Pipe
OD
Exposure
Technique
Radiographic
Viewing
Single
Wall
End View
Side View
IQI
Placement
Side
Either
Side
Location
Marker
Placement
Film
Side
Any
Double
Wall, at
least 4
exposures
90 to
each other
for
complete
coverage
Any
Double
Wall, at
least 4
exposures
90 to
each other
for
complete
coverage
Single
Wall
Either
Side
Film
Side
3-"
or
less
Double
Wall, at
least 2
exposures
at 90 to
each other
for
complete
coverage
Double Wall:
(Ellipse)
Read offset
source side
and film side
images
Source
Side
Either
Side
Note:
The above sketches are standard techniques. Other exposure arrangements may be made with documented Saudi Aramco
Inspection Department NDT RT Level III approval.
Page 19 of 30

SAEP-1143
Figure 2 (Con't) Double Wall Radiographic Techniques

Pipe
OD
3-"
or
less
Exposure
Technique
Double
Wall, at
least 3
exposures
at 60 or
120 to
each other
for
complete
coverage
Radiographic
Viewing
Double Wall:
Read Superimposed
source and
film side
images
End View
Side View
IQI
Placement
Side
Source
Side
Location
Marker
Placement
Either
Side
Note:
The above sketches are standard techniques. Other exposure arrangements may be made with documented Saudi Aramco
Inspection Department NDT RT Level III approval.
Page 20 of 30

SAEP-1143
Figure 3 Identification for Film Marker Locations & Arrows
Page 21 of 30

SAEP-1143
Appendix I Acceptance Criteria
The following tables are provided as a guide only. Code or contract governs
Page 22 of 30

SAEP-1143
ASME SEC I, Paragraph PW-51, ASME SEC VIII D1, ASME B31.1,
Paragraph 136.4.5, API STD 650
Table 1-1 Maximum Discontinuity Size Allowed
ASME SEC I;
ASME B31.1
Defect
ASME SEC VIII D1, Para.

UW-51; API STD 650
ASME SEC VIII D1,

Paragraph UW-52
Crack
None
None
None
Lack of Fusion
None
None
None
Incomplete
Penetration
Elongated
Indications
None
None
None
6.0 mm (") for t up to

19.0 mm (") inclusive;
1/3t for t from 19.0 mm (")
to 57.0 mm (2") inclusive;
19 mm (") for t over
57 mm (2")
aggregate length greater
than t in a length of 12t,
except when the distance
between successive
indications exceeds 6L
where L is the longest
indication in the group
6.0 mm (") for t up to

19.0 mm (");
1/3t for t from 19.0 mm (")
to 57.0 mm (2") inclusive;
19 mm (") for t over
57 mm (2")
aggregate length greater
than t in a length of 12t,
except when the distance
between successive
indications exceeds 6L
where L is the longest
indication in the group
2/3 t where t is the

thickness of the weld
excluding allowed
reinforcement
Porosity &
Rounded
Indications
Tungsten
Refer to Table 2-2 of this

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix.
Root Concavity
Unacceptable if the
density is greater than that
of the parent material.
Group of
Aligned
Indications
the sum of the longest

dimensions of all such
indications is < t in a length
of 6t & the longest
indications are separated by
3L where L is the length of
the longest indication. The
maximum length of
acceptable indication shall
be ". Any such indication
shorter than " shall be
acceptable for any plate
thickness.
Round indications are not a
factor unless 100%
examination is required.
Rounded tungsten
inclusions are to be
evaluated as rounded
indications per UW-51.
Elongated and aligned
tungsten inclusions are
unacceptable.
Rounded Indications shall be judged against the standards set forth in ASME SEC VIII D1, Appendix 4.
Page 23 of 30

SAEP-1143
ASME B31.3
The type of weld joints and service conditions shall be considered to determine the method of
NDE required. Table 2-1 is to be used with all notes and is included with this SAEP for
radiographic film interpretation.
Porosity - Refer to Table 1.1 of this appendix.
Page 24 of 30

SAEP-1143
Table 2-2 Acceptance Criteria for Table 2-1

Symbol
Measure
Acceptable Value Limits (Note 6)
Extent of imperfection
Zero (no evident imperfection)
Depth of incomplete penetration
0.8 mm (1/32 in.) and 0.2Tw
Cumulative length of incomplete penetration
38 mm (1.5 in.) in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length
Depth of lack of fusion and incomplete

penetration
Cumulative length of lack of fusion and
incomplete penetration [Note (7)]
Size and distribution of internal porosity
Size and distribution of internal porosity
0.2Tw
D
E
F
38 mm (1.5 in.) in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length

See BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 4
For Tw 6.4 mm ( in.), limit is same as D
For Tw > 6.4 mm ( in.), limit is 1.5 X D
Slag inclusion or elongated indication

Individual length
Individual width
Cumulative length
Tw/3
2.4 mm (3/32 in.) and Tw/3
Tw in any 12Tw weld length
Slag inclusion or elongated indication

Individual length
Individual width
Cumulative length
2Tw
3.2 mm (1/8 in.) and Tw/2
4Tw in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length
Depth of undercut
0.8 mm (1/32 in.) and Tw/4
Depth of undercut
1.6 mm (1/16 in.) and Tw/4 or 0.8 mm (1/32 in.)
Surface roughness
< 500 min. Ra per ASME B46.1
Depth of root surface concavity
Total joint thickness, incl. weld reinf., Tw
Height of reinforcement or internal protrusion

[Note (8)] in any plane through the weld shall
be within limits of the applicable height value
in the tabulation at right. Weld metal shall
merge smoothly into the component surfaces.
Height of reinforcement or internal protrusion

[Note (8)] as describe in L
Tungsten Inclusions
For Tw mm (in.) Height, mm (in.)

6.4 ()
1.6 (1/16)
> 6.4 (), 12.7 ()
3.2 (1/8)
> 12.7 (), 25.4 (1)
4.0 (5/32)
> 25.4 (1)
4.8 (3/16)
Limit is 2L
**
To be evaluated as rounded indications. Elongated

or aligned tungsten inclusions are unacceptable.
Tw = Nominal wall thickness of the thinner of two components joined by a butt weld.
Notes:
(1)
Criteria given are for required examination. More stringent criteria may be specified in the engineering design. See also
paragraphs. 341.5 and 341.5.3 of ASME/ANSI B31.3
(2)
Longitudinal groove weld includes straight and spiral seam. Criteria are not intended to apply to welds made in accordance
with a standard listed in Table A-I or Table 326.1 of ASME B31.1.
(3)
Fillet weld includes socket and seal welds, and attachment for slip-on flanges and branch reinforcement.
(4)
Branch connection weld includes pressure containing welds in branches and fabricated laps.
(5)
These imperfections are evaluated only for welds 5 mm (3/16 in.) in nominal thickness.
(6)
Where two limiting values are separated by "and", the lesser of the values determines acceptance. Where two sets of values
are separated by "or", the larger value is acceptable.
(7)
Tightly butted unfused root faces are unacceptable.
(8)
For groove welds, height is the lesser of the measurements made from the surfaces of the adjacent components. For fillet
welds, height is measured from the theoretical throat, Fig. 328.5.2A, of ASME/ANSI B31.3 internal protrusion does not apply.
Page 25 of 30

SAEP-1143
API STD1104, ASME/ANSI B31.4, ASME/ANSI B31.8

Table 3-1 is applicable in determining the size and type of discontinuities when viewing
radiographs for final acceptance in accordance with API STD 1104, ASME/ANSI
B31.4, Paragraph 434.8.5, and ASME/ANSI B31.8.
Table 3-1 Acceptance Criteria for API STD 1104
Indication/Defect
Inadequate Penetration (IP)
(without high-low)
Unacceptable if any of the following conditions exist:

1.
2.
3.
Length of an individual indication of IP exceeds 25.4 mm (1.0").

The aggregate length of indications of IP in any continuous 304.8 mm (12")
length of weld exceeds 25.4 mm (1.0").
The aggregate length of indications of IP exceeds 8% of the weld length in
any weld less than 304.8 mm (12") in length.
Inadequate Penetration due

to High-Low (IPD)
1.
2.
Length of an individual indication of IPD exceeds 50.8 mm (2.0").

The aggregate length of indications of IP in any continuous 304.8 mm (12")
Incomplete Fusion (IF)
1.
2.
Length of an individual indication of IF exceeds 25.4 mm (1.0").

The aggregate length of indications of IF in any continuous 304.8 mm (12")
The aggregate length of indications of IF exceeds 8% of the weld length in
any weld less than 304.8 mm (12") in length.
3.
Incomplete Fusion due to
Cold Lap (IFD)
1.
2.
3.
Length of an individual indication of IFD exceeds 50.8 mm (2.0").

The aggregate length of indications of IFD in any continuous 304.8 mm
(12") length of weld exceeds 50.8 mm (2.0").
The aggregate length of indications of IFD exceeds 8% of the weld length.
Internal Concavity (IC)
Any length of IC is acceptable provided the density of the radiographic image of

the IC does not exceed that of the thinnest adjacent base metal. For areas that
exceed the density of the thinnest adjacent base metal, the criteria for burn
through are applicable.
Burn-Through (BT)
Pipe OD 2-3/8"
1.
2.
3.
Maximum dimension exceeds

6.35 mm (") and the density of
the BT's image exceeds that of
the thinnest adjacent base metal
Maximum dimension exceeds the
thinner of nominal wall
thicknesses joined, and the
density of the BT's image
exceeds that of the thinnest
adjacent base metal
Sum of maximum dimensions of
separate BTs whose image
density exceeds that of the
thinnest adjacent base metal
exceeds 12.7 mm (") in 304.8
mm (12") of weld or the total weld
length, whichever is less.
Pipe OD < 2-3/8"

1. Maximum dimension exceeds
6.35 mm (") and the density of
the BT's image exceeds that of
the thinnest adjacent base metal
2. Maximum dimension exceeds the
thinner of nominal wall
thicknesses joined, and the
density of the BT's image
exceeds that of the thinnest
adjacent base metal
3. More than one BT of any size is
present and the density of more
than one of the images exceeds
that of the thinnest adjacent base
metal.
Page 26 of 30

SAEP-1143
Table 3-1 Acceptance Criteria for API STD 1104 (Cont'd)

Indication/Defect
Unacceptable if any of the following conditions exist:
Slag Inclusions
Elongated (ESI)
Isolated (ISI)
Note: ESI indications
separated by approx.
width of root bead
(wagon tracks) to be
considered as a single
indication unless the
width of either > 1/32".
In that event, they
shall be considered as
separate indications.
Pipe OD 2-3/8"
Porosity - individual /
Scattered (P)
Note: Size based on
maximum dimensions
Unacceptable if:
1. Size of individual pore > 1/8"
2. Size of individual pore > 25% of thinner WT joined
3. Distribution of Porosity exceeds API STD 1104 Porosity Charts.
Porosity - Cluster (CP)
Unacceptable if:
1. CP dia. > "
2. Aggregate length of CP > " in any continuous 12" of weld
3. An individual pore within a cluster > 1/16" in size.
Porosity - Hollow-Bead (HB)
Unacceptable if:
1. Length of individual HB > "
2. Sum of HB lengths > 2" in any continuous 12" of weld
3. Individual HB > " separated by < 2"
4. Sum of HB lengths > 8% weld length.
Cracks (C)
Any size or location of cracks are unacceptable except for shallow crater or
star cracks. Shallow crater or star crack length > 5/32" is unacceptable.
Undercutting
Adjacent to cover pass (EU)
Adjacent to root pass (IU)
Unacceptable if:
1. Any combination EU & IU length > 2" in any continuous 12" of weld.
2. Sum of EU & IU lengths in any combination > 1/6 of weld length.
Tungsten Inclusions
Individual tungsten inclusions are be evaluated as rounded indications

(Porosity). Elongated or aligned tungsten inclusions are unacceptable.
Accumulation of
Discontinuities
Excluding IPD, EU & IU
Unacceptable if:
1. Sum lengths of indications > 2" in any continuous 12" of weld.
2. Sum lengths of indication > 8% of weld length.
Pipe / Fitting Discontinuities
Arc burns, long seam discontinuities and other discontinuities in the pipe or
fittings detected by RT shall be recordable.
Unacceptable if:
1. ESI length > 2"
2. ESI width > 1/16"
3. Sum of the lengths of ISI > " in
12" of weld.
4. Width of ISI > 1/8"
5. > 4 ISI with maximum width of
1/8" in any 12" of weld.
6. Sum of the lengths of ESI & ISI >
8% of weld length.
Pipe OD < 2-3/8"

Unacceptable if:
1. ESI > 3 X nominal WT of the
thinner thickness joined.
2. ESI width > 1/16"
3. Sum of ISI lengths > 2 X nominal
WT of thinner thickness joined
and ISI width > nominal WT of
thinner thickness joined.
4. Aggregate length of ESI & ISI >
8% of weld length.
Page 27 of 30

SAEP-1143
AWS D1.1
Radiographic acceptance criteria for AWS D1.1 is different for Statically Loaded and
Dynamically Loaded structures. This SAEP covers only statically loaded structures.
For Dynamically loaded structures, refer to the appropriate sections of AWS D1.1. If
there is doubt as to the designation of statically or dynamically loaded, refer to the
project engineer for determination. The radiographic film interpreter should confirm
the loading classification prior to proceeding the interpretation of film. Rejection
criteria for Statically loaded structures are provided below. Note that to determine the
allowable and rejectable size of discontinuities, the use of both the tables and charts are
required.
Statically Loaded Structures
Table 4-1 (AWS D1.1 Paragraph 8.15.3.2) and figure 4-1 together establish the rejection
criteria for radiographic indications of statically loaded structures. Discontinuities
exceeding the following limitations shall be unacceptable. (E = weld size; T = material
thickness)
Table 4-1 Rejection Criteria for Statically Loaded Structures, AWS D1.1 Para 8.15.3.2
Indication
Rejection Criteria
Cracks
None permitted
Elongated Discontinuities
> maximum size of chart 4-1
Clearance between discontinuities
< minimum clearance allowance of fig 4-1
Rounded Discontinuities
> E/3 or > " for T 2"

> E/3 or > 3/8" for T > 2"
Minimum clearance between a rounded discontinuity > 3/32" to an
acceptable rounded or elongated discontinuity or to an edge or end
of an intersection shall be three (3) times the larger discontinuity.
Sum of greatest dimension > maximum size of a single discontinuity
permitted in Fig. 4-1.
Minimum clearance to another cluster or elongated discontinuity or
to an edge or end of an intersecting shall be three (3) times the
larger discontinuity.
shall not exceed 2E/3 or 3/8" which ever is less in 1" of weld.
Isolated Discontinuity, i.e., a cluster

of rounded indications
Sum of Individual Discontinuities

each being < 3/32"
In-Line Discontinuities
Tungsten Inclusions
Sum > E in any length of 6E. Where length of weld is < 6E,
permissible sum shall be proportionately less.
Individual tungsten inclusions are be evaluated as rounded
indications (Porosity). Elongated or aligned tungsten inclusions are
unacceptable.
Page 28 of 30

SAEP-1143
Figure 4-1 Weld Quality Requirements for Elongated Discontinuities as

Determined by Radiography for Statically Loaded Structures
(see AWS D1.1 Paragraph 6.15.3.2)
Page 29 of 30

SAEP-1143
Attachment 1 Radiographic Request / Report Forms
Saudi Aramco Form 4719-A-ENG (09/98)
Saudi Aramco Form 4719-A1-ENG (09/98)
Page 30 of 30

AEP1143

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

AEP1143

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Engineering Procedure

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Figure 1 - Single Wall Radiographic Techniques.............

Document Responsibility: Non-destructive Testing

This Engineering Procedure establishes the minimum requirements for

This Engineering Procedure applies to Saudi Aramco NDT personnel and to

This SAEP does not apply to radiography performed by out-of-kingdom

Conflicts and Deviations

Saudi Aramco References

Instructions for Obtaining a Waiver of a

Qual. and Cert. of Saudi Aramco NDT Personnel

Industrial Radiation Safety

Qual. of Non-Saudi Aramco NDT Personnel

Saudi Aramco General Instruction

Ionizing Radiation Protection

Document Responsibility: Non-destructive Testing

Saudi Aramco Engineering Form

Radiography Request/Report Sheet

Industry Codes and Standards

Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid

Gas Transmission & Distribution Piping Systems

Rules for Construction of Power Boilers

ASME SEC VIII D1

Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code

Welding and Brazing Qualifications

American Welding Society

Structural Welding Code - Steel

American Petroleum Institute

Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage

API STD 1104

Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities

American Society for Testing & Materials

Std. Guide for Radiographic Testing

Std. Test Method for Controlling Quality of

Std. Practice for Calibration of Trans.

Image Quality of Radiographs

International Organization for Standardization

Radiographic Image Quality Indicators for NDT Principles and Identification

Document Responsibility: Non-destructive Testing

Industrial Radiographic Illuminators - Min.

Precautions for Personnel Safety

The materials and/or equipment used during radiographic examination shall

Protective measures shall be taken by radiographic personnel to insure that no

All personnel performing radiography for Saudi Aramco or on Saudi Aramco

All industrial radiography shall be performed in accordance with this procedure.

Saudi Aramco Personnel performing radiography shall be certified in

Contractor personnel performing radiography shall be certified in

All personnel performing Radiographic Film Interpretation (RTFI)

The weld ripples or weld surface irregularities on both the inside

Document Responsibility: Non-destructive Testing

Welds shall be visually examined and found acceptable prior to release

If the weld is ground flush, markers, such as arrows or V's, pointing

Equipment and Materials

Acceptable Radiation Sources

Iridium 192 (Ir-192)

(up to 200 Ci)

(up to 100 Ci)

Radiography shall be conducted with industrial radiographic film.

Radiographic film can be processed either manually or automatically.

Document Responsibility: Non-destructive Testing

film manufacturer's processing recommendations to compensate for

Only lead intensifying screens shall be used.

For radiography using gamma ray sources, the minimum thickness of

Lead screens which are an integral part of "ready pack" (i.e., Pb