1

00:00:00,088 --> 00:00:01,627

water
2
00:00:02,419 --> 00:00:05,421
it's a familiar sound nearly everyone
has heard
3
00:00:05,439 --> 00:00:09,280
in their own home when someone slams of
awesome clubs
4
00:00:09,028 --> 00:00:13,085
you probably also heard it coming from
radiators during the winter heating
5
00:00:13,085 --> 00:00:13,544
season
6
00:00:14,309 --> 00:00:17,330
in industrial situations
7
00:00:17,033 --> 00:00:20,036
a water hammers more than just a noisy
anoint
8
00:00:20,063 --> 00:00:23,064
water hammer that results from localized
9
00:00:23,073 --> 00:00:27,159
abrupt pressure drops may never be heard
yet water hammer can acquire
10
00:00:28,059 --> 00:00:31,085
great force damaging equipment room
11
00:00:31,085 --> 00:00:34,130
product and potentially putting
personnel everest
12
00:00:35,003 --> 00:00:38,402
water hammer begins when

13
00:00:38,699 --> 00:00:41,711
some force accelerates a column of water
14
00:00:41,819 --> 00:00:45,848
along an enclosed packs the
incompressible nature
15
00:00:46,109 --> 00:00:50,114
water gives it the powerful steel slab
as it slams into elbows
16
00:00:50,609 --> 00:00:55,850
to use and valves the resulting
vibrations are transmitted
17
00:00:55,085 --> 00:00:59,504
along the water column and pipe damaging
fittings and equipment
18
00:01:00,269 --> 00:01:05,650
far removed from the problem solvers
water hammer can occur in
19
00:01:05,065 --> 00:01:09,107
any water supply pot or call and its
effects
20
00:01:10,007 --> 00:01:13,016
can be even more pronounced in by phase
systems
21
00:01:13,079 --> 00:01:16,154
by phase systems contain both come and
say
22
00:01:16,829 --> 00:01:19,886
and live or flash steam in the same
space
23
00:01:20,399 --> 00:01:24,020
heat exchangers tracer lines steam
maynes

24
00:01:24,002 --> 00:01:28,271
condensate return lines and in some
cases pump discharge lines
25
00:01:28,289 --> 00:01:34,293
may contain up by phase mix three
distinct conditions have been identified
26
00:01:34,329 --> 00:01:39,100
which provide the force that initiates
water him these conditions
27
00:01:39,001 --> 00:01:42,440
hydraulic shock thermal shock and
28
00:01:42,539 --> 00:01:47,539
differential shop are common too many
industrial fluid applications
29
00:01:47,539 --> 00:01:52,130
however following a few simple
guidelines will help you minimize the
30
00:01:52,013 --> 00:01:53,067
occurrence that these shocks
31
00:01:53,067 --> 00:01:56,109
and diminish the chances damaging water
him
32
00:01:57,009 --> 00:02:00,148
hydraulic shock
33
00:02:00,229 --> 00:02:03,257
occurs when a valve is closed to
abruptly
34
00:02:03,509 --> 00:02:09,110
when water valve is open a solid column
water moves from its source
35
00:02:09,011 --> 00:02:14,035

at the main to the Val public this could

be a hundred pounds of water flowing at
36
00:02:14,035 --> 00:02:15,069
ten feet per second
37
00:02:15,069 --> 00:02:18,160
or about seven miles per hour closing
the valve
38
00:02:19,006 --> 00:02:23,057
suddenly is like trying to instantly
stop a 100 pound hammer
39
00:02:24,011 --> 00:02:28,035
a shock wave about 600 PSI
40
00:02:28,035 --> 00:02:31,044
slams into the valve and rebounds in all
directions
41
00:02:32,025 --> 00:02:35,070
expanding the piping and reflecting back
and forth
42
00:02:35,007 --> 00:02:41,028
along the length of the system until its
momentum is dissipated by closing the
43
00:02:41,091 --> 00:02:41,150
valve
44
00:02:42,005 --> 00:02:46,098
slowly the velocity of the water is
reduced before the column is stopped
45
00:02:47,043 --> 00:02:50,130
since the momentum of the water is
decreased gradually
46
00:02:51,003 --> 00:02:56,005
damaging water hammer will not be
produced sometimes

47
00:02:56,032 --> 00:03:00,103
check valves can produce hydraulic shock
swing check valves
48
00:03:01,003 --> 00:03:05,048
are often used to prevent liquid being
drawn into spaces that are subject to
49
00:03:05,048 --> 00:03:06,074
intermittent vacuums
50
00:03:06,074 --> 00:03:09,117
they're also applied to prevent back
flow from
51
00:03:10,017 --> 00:03:14,074
elevated systems when adequate pressure
to raise the liquid cannot be guaranteed
52
00:03:14,074 --> 00:03:18,142
in either case the acceleration up the
reversing column of liquid
53
00:03:19,042 --> 00:03:24,071
may be quite high if the swing line for
the check valve is sufficient
54
00:03:24,071 --> 00:03:28,098
the column will build enough inertia to
cause hydraulic shock
55
00:03:28,098 --> 00:03:33,130
in the time it takes the valve to slam
shot substitute silent
56
00:03:34,003 --> 00:03:37,004
or non slam check valves per swing
checks
57
00:03:37,031 --> 00:03:42,075
to prevent water hammer in these
situations silent check valves are

58
00:03:42,075 --> 00:03:42,173
Center guided
59
00:03:43,073 --> 00:03:46,082
to provide a much shorter stroke then
swing checks
60
00:03:46,082 --> 00:03:49,128
these valves also use a spring to help
in closing
61
00:03:50,028 --> 00:03:55,110
the result is that silent check valves
are closed by the law substring pressure
62
00:03:56,001 --> 00:04:00,007
rather than the reversal of law
preventing hydraulic shock
63
00:04:00,016 --> 00:04:04,063
water hammer arrestors have correctly
sized
64
00:04:04,063 --> 00:04:07,089
placed and maintained will reduce water
hammer
65
00:04:07,089 --> 00:04:11,097
when the forward motion of the water
column is stopped by the valve
66
00:04:11,097 --> 00:04:15,168
part of the reversing column is forced
into the water hammer arrestor
67
00:04:16,068 --> 00:04:20,081
the water chamber up the arrester expand
to rate controlled by the pressure
68
00:04:20,081 --> 00:04:20,167
chamber

69
00:04:21,067 --> 00:04:26,112
gradually slowing the column and
preventing hydraulic shock
70
00:04:27,012 --> 00:04:30,091
to prevent water hammer due to hydraulic
shock avoid
71
00:04:30,091 --> 00:04:33,147
suddenly stopping water columns ensure
72
00:04:34,047 --> 00:04:37,052
small closure %uh valves and install
spring-loaded
73
00:04:37,097 --> 00:04:40,169
Center guided non slam or silent check
valves
74
00:04:41,069 --> 00:04:44,168
that close before floor reversal when
appropriate
75
00:04:45,068 --> 00:04:49,126
use water hammer arrestors if necessary
but be sure they are sized and placed
76
00:04:50,026 --> 00:04:51,027
correctly
77
00:04:51,027 --> 00:04:54,109
and are well maintained
78
00:04:55,009 --> 00:04:59,071
water hammer may also be initiated by
thermal shock
79
00:04:59,071 --> 00:05:04,074
in by phase systems steam bubbles may
become trapped in pools of condensate
80
00:05:05,001 --> 00:05:08,092

since the condensate temperature is

usually below saturation
81
00:05:08,092 --> 00:05:11,134
the steam will immediately collapse
82
00:05:12,034 --> 00:05:16,081
steam occupies hundreds of times the
volume more than equal amount of water
83
00:05:16,081 --> 00:05:20,085
when this team collapses water is
accelerated into the resulting vacuum
84
00:05:21,021 --> 00:05:24,050
from all directions when the void is
filled
85
00:05:24,005 --> 00:05:29,091
the water impacts at the center sending
shock waves in all directions
86
00:05:30,036 --> 00:05:35,098
one likely place for thermal shock to
occur is in steam utility corridors
87
00:05:35,098 --> 00:05:38,136
in these areas the drip traps from high
pressure steam engines
88
00:05:39,036 --> 00:05:44,054
often discharge directly into the pumped
condensate return lines
89
00:05:44,054 --> 00:05:47,133
the temperature of the condensate in
these lines usually ranges from
90
00:05:48,033 --> 00:05:52,062
140 to 180 degrees Fahrenheit
91
00:05:52,062 --> 00:05:55,076
the condensate being discharged from the

steam trap
92
00:05:55,076 --> 00:06:00,455
is it nearly steam temperature when it
passes through the trap orifice
93
00:06:01,139 --> 00:06:04,650
when the trap discharge enters the low
pressure come in saline
94
00:06:04,065 --> 00:06:07,152
a great deal of it flashes back into
steam
95
00:06:08,052 --> 00:06:11,147
the flash team immediately collapses
again when it encounters the relatively
96
00:06:12,047 --> 00:06:14,112
cool pump discharge water
97
00:06:15,012 --> 00:06:20,020
this thermal shock often causes damaging
water hammer
98
00:06:20,002 --> 00:06:23,068
the localized sudden reduction in
pressure or near the wall
99
00:06:23,086 --> 00:06:26,130
chips away piping and tube interiors
100
00:06:27,003 --> 00:06:30,039
oxide layers that otherwise would resist
further corrosion
101
00:06:30,066 --> 00:06:35,149
are removed resulting in accelerated
deterioration of piping and equipment
102
00:06:36,049 --> 00:06:39,141
to minimize such a disturbance the drip
trap should discharge

103
00:06:40,041 --> 00:06:44,098
in the direction of condensate flow by
means of a special fitting
104
00:06:44,098 --> 00:06:47,132
this method of controlling thermal shock
called sparging
105
00:06:48,032 --> 00:06:51,057
reduces the concentration of collapsing
steam bubbles
106
00:06:51,057 --> 00:06:55,906
and keeps the action from occurring by
the pipe wall
107
00:06:56,419 --> 00:07:00,540
thermal shock can also occur easily in
steam coils if they are constructed
108
00:07:00,054 --> 00:07:04,133
as shown here since the steam is
directed toward the center to
109
00:07:05,033 --> 00:07:09,109
first it can reach the return header
before the top and bottom tubes are
110
00:07:10,009 --> 00:07:11,016
filled
111
00:07:11,016 --> 00:07:14,030
consequently steam feeds the more remote
tubes
112
00:07:14,003 --> 00:07:18,842
from both ends with steam flowing into
both ends for two
113
00:07:19,139 --> 00:07:22,460
waves have comments AP flow toward each
other

114
00:07:22,046 --> 00:07:26,097
these waves have the potential %uh
trapping pocket some steam between them
115
00:07:26,097 --> 00:07:29,174
if this happens thermal shock will
result when the pocket of steam
116
00:07:30,074 --> 00:07:30,171
collapses
117
00:07:31,071 --> 00:07:35,107
and water hammer will probably occur
118
00:07:36,007 --> 00:07:39,041
prevent the thermal shock that is
generated by such a design
119
00:07:39,041 --> 00:07:42,520
by substituting a constant purge device
120
00:07:42,889 --> 00:07:47,360
such as a differential cumin seed
controller for the steam trap
121
00:07:47,036 --> 00:07:50,041
condensate controllers maintain a
positive differential pressure
122
00:07:50,086 --> 00:07:55,183
across the coil at all times all the
tubes will be fed from the supply and
123
00:07:56,083 --> 00:08:00,147
only preventing me entrapment up steam
and the resulting formal shock
124
00:08:01,047 --> 00:08:04,062
malfunctioning steam traps
125
00:08:04,062 --> 00:08:08,116

may also contribute to thermal shock

followed by water hammer
126
00:08:09,016 --> 00:08:12,022
a steam trap that has failed to open
injects
127
00:08:12,022 --> 00:08:16,044
live steam directly into the condensate
return line
128
00:08:16,044 --> 00:08:19,493
if this team is mixed with return line
condensate
129
00:08:19,889 --> 00:08:24,430
up sufficiently low-temperature it will
immediately collapse
130
00:08:24,043 --> 00:08:27,077
and thermal shock will follow
131
00:08:27,077 --> 00:08:30,084
to prevent the occurrence water hammer
due to thermal shock
132
00:08:30,084 --> 00:08:33,523
you must reduce the concentration of
collapsing steam bubbles
133
00:08:34,279 --> 00:08:39,304
in the condensate if flashing condensate
must be discharged into a cool
134
00:08:39,529 --> 00:08:40,568
condensate lime
135
00:08:40,919 --> 00:08:44,680
it should be discharged in the direction
of condensate flow
136
00:08:44,068 --> 00:08:47,277
and away from the pipe wall

137
00:08:47,889 --> 00:08:51,930
precautions must be taken that heat
exchanger tubes are always filled from
138
00:08:51,093 --> 00:08:55,097
the supply and only
139
00:08:55,097 --> 00:09:00,123
differential shock like thermal shock
occurs in by phase systems
140
00:09:01,023 --> 00:09:05,372
differential shock can occur whenever
steam and condensate flow in the same
141
00:09:05,579 --> 00:09:06,170
line
142
00:09:06,017 --> 00:09:11,786
but a different velocities such as in
high-pressure condensate return lines
143
00:09:11,939 --> 00:09:14,966
in by phase systems the velocity the
steam
144
00:09:15,209 --> 00:09:18,278
is often ten times the velocity of the
liquid
145
00:09:18,899 --> 00:09:22,470
if this gas flow causes condensate waves
to rise
146
00:09:22,047 --> 00:09:27,666
and fill the pipe a seal is formed with
the pressure of the steam behind
147
00:09:28,089 --> 00:09:31,101
since the steam cannot flow through the
condensate CEO

148
00:09:31,209 --> 00:09:34,234
pressure drops on the downstream side
149
00:09:34,459 --> 00:09:38,496
the condensate see all now becomes a
piston that has accelerated downstream
150
00:09:38,829 --> 00:09:41,829
by virtue of this pressure differential
151
00:09:41,829 --> 00:09:44,911
as it is driven downstream the piston
picks up more liquid
152
00:09:45,649 --> 00:09:48,670
that is added to the existing has to be
a slog
153
00:09:48,067 --> 00:09:53,916
and velocity increases this is
differential shock
154
00:09:54,519 --> 00:09:59,555
if the slug games high enough momentum
and is then required to change direction
155
00:09:59,879 --> 00:10:02,883
at a tea or elbow or stopped by a valve
156
00:10:03,279 --> 00:10:08,294
great damage can be done in the demo lab
but Armstrong International we have
157
00:10:08,429 --> 00:10:09,720
assembled a fixture
158
00:10:09,072 --> 00:10:12,691
to illustrate the problem we use this
159
00:10:13,339 --> 00:10:19,170
24 two-inch diameter glass pipe to act
as a condensate return line

160
00:10:19,017 --> 00:10:22,426
the pipe is pitch one-quarter inch in 10
feet
161
00:10:22,579 --> 00:10:27,615
to provide gravity flow flowing through
the pipe we have cold water
162
00:10:27,939 --> 00:10:30,976
in addition to water we can also have
compressed air
163
00:10:31,309 --> 00:10:35,366
flowing in the system to simulate flash
steam flowing across the top of the
164
00:10:35,879 --> 00:10:35,974
condensate
165
00:10:36,829 --> 00:10:39,858
by virtue of differential pressure
166
00:10:40,119 --> 00:10:44,140
one flow meter constantly measures the
flow rate of the water
167
00:10:44,329 --> 00:10:49,335
another flow meter continuously monitors
the flow rate up the compressed air
168
00:10:49,929 --> 00:10:54,050
as you can see we now have 1500 pounds
per hour water
169
00:10:54,005 --> 00:10:58,534
flowing in our glass pipe and no
compressed air
170
00:10:58,579 --> 00:11:03,360
under this condition are pipe is
approximately half filled with water

171
00:11:03,036 --> 00:11:07,117
as we increase the flow rate of water in
our pipe to 2,000 pounds per hour the
172
00:11:08,017 --> 00:11:10,036
depth of the water increases
173
00:11:10,036 --> 00:11:14,575
to 5/8 we now introduced compressed air
174
00:11:14,899 --> 00:11:19,921
into the system to simulate flash steam
with the flow rate of about 200 standard
175
00:11:20,119 --> 00:11:21,170
cubic feet per hour
176
00:11:21,629 --> 00:11:25,540
and the depth of the water receipts
177
00:11:25,054 --> 00:11:28,097
we are increasing the speed of the water
flowing through the pipe
178
00:11:28,097 --> 00:11:32,756
by virtue of the velocity of the gas
flowing across its surface
179
00:11:33,629 --> 00:11:37,650
observe now as the compressed air flow
increases
180
00:11:37,839 --> 00:11:40,860
the waves formed on the surface of the
condensate
181
00:11:40,086 --> 00:11:44,124
become higher further increasing the air
flow causes the waves
182
00:11:45,024 --> 00:11:48,233
to block of more of the cross section of

the piping
183
00:11:48,449 --> 00:11:53,420
until the seal is formed completely
closing of the pipe
184
00:11:53,042 --> 00:11:57,073
a slug compensators accelerated
downstream by the pressure differential
185
00:11:57,073 --> 00:12:03,122
becoming a piston that gains in mass and
velocity is a travels
186
00:12:03,779 --> 00:12:07,845
the proper sizing and pitching comments
8 lines are the only means of guarding
187
00:12:08,439 --> 00:12:11,440
against this type of problem
188
00:12:11,449 --> 00:12:15,170
the Armstrong's team conservation
handbook includes a chart
189
00:12:15,017 --> 00:12:18,926
that helps you in deciding the correct
condensate return line size
190
00:12:19,079 --> 00:12:22,155
for your particular application
191
00:12:22,839 --> 00:12:26,864
differential shock can also become a
problem when elevated heat exchange
192
00:12:27,089 --> 00:12:30,150
equipment is trained with a substantial
vertical drop
193
00:12:30,699 --> 00:12:34,786
ahead of the trap under normal
conditions condensate drains down the

194
00:12:35,569 --> 00:12:37,350
walls of the pipe
195
00:12:37,035 --> 00:12:41,084
a sufficient volume up steam constantly
flows down the center of the pipe
196
00:12:41,399 --> 00:12:44,441
to replace the steam that is condensed
by radiation losses
197
00:12:44,819 --> 00:12:48,730
the piping and the trap body itself
198
00:12:48,073 --> 00:12:52,152
the steam flow rate increases if a
thermostatic elements such as the
199
00:12:52,809 --> 00:12:57,230
bellows or way for in an F in T trap
opens
200
00:12:57,023 --> 00:13:01,292
if a slug of condensate seals of the
pipe steam collapses
201
00:13:01,499 --> 00:13:05,568
downstream of the seal again a pressure
differential forms
202
00:13:06,189 --> 00:13:10,214
and this along with gravity accelerates
the slog
203
00:13:10,439 --> 00:13:14,170
when this piston strikes the trap it can
damage afloat
204
00:13:14,017 --> 00:13:18,246
the thermostatic element or other parts
about mechanisms

205
00:13:18,399 --> 00:13:21,466
to avoid differential shock arising from
the situation
206
00:13:22,069 --> 00:13:26,050
use in FNT trap and back fed it to the
top of the vertical line
207
00:13:26,005 --> 00:13:29,084
to maintain near equal pressure
throughout the riser
208
00:13:29,129 --> 00:13:33,100
even if a slug condensate forms
209
00:13:33,001 --> 00:13:37,006
in both the two previous cases the
condensing up steam downstream of the
210
00:13:37,006 --> 00:13:37,665
seal
211
00:13:38,259 --> 00:13:42,298
produced the acceleration it follows
that the likelihood a differential
212
00:13:42,649 --> 00:13:43,661
shocker rising
213
00:13:43,769 --> 00:13:46,867
and causing water hammer is greater in
uninsulated pipes
214
00:13:47,749 --> 00:13:52,761
especially on outdoor systems then
insulated pipes
215
00:13:52,869 --> 00:13:55,912
long runs have any kind between the heat
exchange equipment
216
00:13:56,299 --> 00:14:01,326

and the trap can produce the situation

and should be avoided
217
00:14:01,569 --> 00:14:05,611
damaging water hammer may also occur due
to differential shock whenever there's
218
00:14:05,989 --> 00:14:07,360
an improperly dripped
219
00:14:07,036 --> 00:14:10,225
pocket and head over control Bell
220
00:14:10,549 --> 00:14:14,578
condensate builds up in front of the
valve while disclosed
221
00:14:14,839 --> 00:14:18,856
when the valve is opened the slug
condensate is driven through the valve
222
00:14:19,009 --> 00:14:23,035
and into the piping and equipment by the
live steam
223
00:14:23,269 --> 00:14:27,850
the placement of a riser and a drip trap
immediately upstream of the control
224
00:14:27,085 --> 00:14:27,684
valve
225
00:14:28,449 --> 00:14:31,910
will prevent this rampaging slog
226
00:14:31,091 --> 00:14:36,000
to control differential shock you must
prevent condensate seals from forming in
227
00:14:36,819 --> 00:14:38,820
by phase systems
228

00:14:38,829 --> 00:14:42,923

condensate lines must be sized correctly
and long vertical drops to the traps
229
00:14:43,769 --> 00:14:45,786
must be back to read
230
00:14:45,939 --> 00:14:48,946
the link to the lines to traps should be
minimized
231
00:14:49,009 --> 00:14:53,071
and the lines may have to be insulated
to reduce condenser
232
00:14:53,629 --> 00:14:56,684
the installation a proper drip leg ahead
of control valves
233
00:14:57,179 --> 00:15:00,211
will prevent differential shock from
occurring when the control valve is
234
00:15:00,499 --> 00:15:00,575
opened
235
00:15:01,259 --> 00:15:04,353
after a period of closure careful
attention
236
00:15:05,199 --> 00:15:09,800
to these few guidelines will prevent
most modern
237
00:15:09,008 --> 00:15:11,105
prevent the sudden stopping the water in
pipelines
238
00:15:12,077 --> 00:15:16,143
by closing manual valves slowed and by
installing spring-loaded
239
00:15:17,043 --> 00:15:22,069

Center guided silent check for homes

were appropriate prevent thermal shock
240
00:15:22,069 --> 00:15:23,073
by using the sparging
241
00:15:24,009 --> 00:15:28,091
to wherever flash team is discharged
into condensate at a lower temperature
242
00:15:28,091 --> 00:15:31,104
and by ensuring that heat exchanger
tubes
243
00:15:32,004 --> 00:15:38,029
our field from one and prevent
differential shocking by phase systems
244
00:15:38,029 --> 00:15:41,030
by providing return lines that are
properly pitched
245
00:15:41,003 --> 00:15:46,060
and adequate size avoid training
equipment with long lines to the track
246
00:15:46,087 --> 00:15:52,155
and insulate compensate lines whenever
necessary following these guidelines for
247
00:15:53,055 --> 00:15:57,073
the proper design and operation your
system will minimize the likelihood the
248
00:15:57,073 --> 00:15:57,138
shocks
249
00:15:58,038 --> 00:16:02,135
the cause water this in turn will
greatly reduce the likelihood of damage
250
00:16:03,035 --> 00:16:04,044
to your system

251
00:16:04,044 --> 00:16:11,044
to your product and to your personnel
252
00:16:16,008 --> 00:16:17,030
no