CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction ....1

1.2 Background of study....1
1.3 Problem statement.......2
1.4 Objectives of the study....3
1.5 Research questions..3
1.6 Scope of the study....3
1.7 Significance of the study.....3
1.8 operational key words 4
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0. Concepts, ideas, opinions from different authors/experts.5

2.1 Introduction5
2.2 Types of NGO and Their Development..6
2.3 Range of NGO Activities.......7
2.4 Role of Nongovernmental Organizations......8
2.5 Sustainable Community Development...12
2.6 what is employment generation? Why is it a necessary condition?.......................................................16
2.7 Somaliland youth employment......19
CHAPTERTHREE: METHODOLOGY.
3.0 Research design....
......23 3.1
research population..
23
3.2 sample size .......23
3.3 sampling procedure ....24
3.4 research instrument24
3.5 Validity and reliability ..24
3.6 Data analysis, processing and presentation ....24
3.7 reference list....25

Page 1 of 25

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction
1.6 Background of study

According to ILO in 2009, about 81million young people were unemployed, the most ever.
The youth unemployment rate rose from11. 9 percent to 13.0 percent between 2007 and 2009,
an increase of 7.8 million.
Across the globe, economic fluctuations and economic crisis have left an impact on the young
people like the challenges facing when seeking jobs. Between 2008 and 2009, the youth
unemployment rate has seen the largest annual increase on record, reversing the pre-crisis trend
of declining youth unemployment rates since 2002 and rising to 13 per cent in 2009.
Unemployment rates, however, reflect only the tip of the iceberg. Young people are used to work
longer hours under informal, intermittent and insecure work arrangements characterized by low
productivity and earnings and reduced social protection. Young workers are more exposed to
poverty than other age groups.
In 2008, an estimated 152 million young workers were living with their families on less than
US`11 $1.25 a day, amounting to more than 28 per cent of all young workers in the world (smith
Andrew, 2013).
A publication written by Shantayanan Devarajan Chief Economist of the World Banks Africa
Region B.A. in mathematics from Princeton University and his Ph.D. in economics from the
University of California, Berkeley says that In low-income African countries, most people cannot
afford to be unemployed. Lacking any significant safety net, 70 to 80 percent of the labor force
seeks a living by working in low-productivity, informal farms or household enterprises. Privatesector wage and salary jobs have been growing at a fairly rapid clip at 7.3 percent a year between
1992 and 2005 in Uganda The challenge of youth employment in Africa, therefore, is not just to
create more wage and salary jobs important as this may be but to increase the productivity, and
hence earnings, of the majority of young people who will be employed in informal farms and
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household enterprises. How can this be done? In general, workers productivity can be increased
by (i) demand-side measures, such as better infrastructure and business climate, that lower the
costs of production and thus increase the demand for labor; and (ii) supply-side measures that
improve the skills of workers.
Somaliland, unemployment is noted to be at an alarming rate. With regards to SONYO (2010),
The situation of the youth in Somaliland is well described in a study carried out by the
Somaliland National Youth Organization (SONYO), in partnership with Oxfam-Novib, in
December 2010. The term youth in the study was defined to mean young people between the
ages of 15 and 30. Altogether, 800 individuals were interviewed, distributed across the regions.
The median age of the participants was 21. 51% of the survey sample came from urban areas,
while rural communities accounted for 49%. The gender breakdown of the sample was 61%
male, 39% female. This study covered both qualitative and quantitative variables about the
challenges facing youth with regard to employment, education, health, HIV/AIDs, young
girls/woman's situation, sports and recreation, political participation and information
communication and technology.
1.7 Problem statement
Local organizations play a vital role in the youth development specially youth employment
creation and other people who oppose this argument and saying local organizations like SONYO
do only their self-interest.
Be that as it, with reference Ahmed (2013), an indigenous person criticizes the role of LNGOs in
halting unemployment. In particular, blames are put on SONYO which bears the name of the
Somaliland youth. This person started his article that SONYO is an entity organized in a way
they do business, and that do not meet standards established under the umbrella of Youth, their
aim is only seeking financial basis as long as the leader has, which until now has never been
asked young idea how things are going.
Therefore, this thesis aims to reveal the role of LNGOs in the nationwide struggle to reduce
youth unemployment.

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1.8 Objectives of the study

1.3.1 The general objective: to assess the role of local nongovernmental organizations on youth
employment in Hargeisa Somaliland.
1.3.2 Specific objectives:
1.

To examine the roles of SONYO with regards to youth employment.

2.

To explore the ways through which SONYO creates employment

3.
4.

opportunities for the youth.

To analyze the fairness of employment opportunities created by SONYO
To forward workable recommendations, responding to the findings of the
research.

1.4. Research questions

1. What are the roles of SONYO with regard to youth employment?
2. How SONYO creates an employment opportunity for the youth
members?
3. Does SONYO make fair youth employment opportunity?

1.5

Scope of the study

1.5.1 Time scope

The study covered the period between Marchs July, 2015.
1.5.2

Geographical scope

The research was conducted at Somaliland national youth organization (SONYO) main branch in
Hargeisa capital city of Somaliland.

1.6 Significance of the study

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This study will be useful in different groups like, local non-governmental organisations,
government institutions as MOYS, MONPD, policy makers and management of SONYO,
academicians and even in current and future researches.
The research will also help the management of SONYO to discover the role of local none
governmental organizations in the youth employment generation. This will help them come up
with better management techniques which will result into improved job creation in the country.
The research will also benefit the future researchers who will carry out research about the same
topic of the role of local none governmental organizations in the youth employment and will
learn more about local organizations, factors contribute employment, the role of local none
governmental organizations in the youth employment.
This study as well advises government organizations, private companies and other people with
authority to come up with effective realistic policies of youth employment.
1.7. Operational Definition of key terms:
Youth: is best understood as a period of transition from the dependence of childhood to
adulthoods independence.
Employment: Employment is an agreement between an employer and an employee that the
employee will provide certain services on the job, and in the employer's designated workplace, to
facilitate the accomplishment of the employer organizations goals and mission, in return for
compensation.
NGO: A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a citizen-based association that operates
independently of government, usually to deliver resources or serve some social or political
purpose.
SONYO: The Somaliland National Youth Organization (SONYO Umbrella) is dedicated to
mobilizing and empowering young people in Somaliland. It is made up of young people, local
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), associations, and community organizations, student
committees in universities, educational institutes, colleges and secondary schools.
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
Page 5 of 25

2.0. Concepts, ideas, opinions from different authors/experts

2.1 Introduction:
This chapter will comprise the fallowing concepts, opinion, and ideas from authors / experts
Nongovernmental organization (NGO), voluntary group of individuals or organizations, usually
not affiliated with any government that is formed to provide services or to advocate a public
policy (Margaret P. Karns).
The term NGO stands for a nongovernmental organization, and it includes a variety of
organizations such as private voluntary organizations, civil society organizations, and
nonprofit organization (McGann & Johnston, 2006).
NGO describes a range of groups and organizations from watchdog activist groups and aid
agencies to development and policy organizations. Usually, NGOs is defined as organizations
that pursue a public interest agenda, rather than commercial interests (Hall-Jones, 2006).
As Professor Peter Willetts said, The term, "non-governmental organization" or NGO, came
into currency in 1945 because of the need for the UN to differentiate in its Charter between
participation rights for intergovernmental specialized agencies and those for international
private organizations. At the UN, virtually all types of private bodies can be recognized
as NGOs. They only have to be independent from government control, not seeking to challenge
governments either as a political party or by a narrow focus on human rights, non-profitmaking and non-criminal.
The United Nations, for statistical purposes, defines youth, as those persons between the ages
of 15 and 24 years, without prejudice to other definitions by Member States. The SecretaryGeneral first referred to the current definition of youth in 1981 in his report to the General
Assembly on International Youth Year
Definition of youth, perhaps changes with circumstances, especially with the changes in
demographic, financial, economic and social-cultural settings; however, the definition that uses
15-24 age cohorts as youth fairly serves its statistical purposes for assessing the needs of the

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young people and providing guidelines for youth development United Nations Department of
Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA, 2008).
A youth is defined as a transitional phase from childhood to adulthood innovative by events such
as completing school and further education, entering the world of work. Youth is also defined in
terms of the duties a person takes on within a society, youth is seen as ending when the
individual

takes

on

adult

jobs

and

responsibilities.

Youth have unique potential assets and resources to make their country into productive one and
overcome his challenges.
Youth in Somaliland organize themselves by establishing Youth forums, Youth organizations,
Youth councils, Youth clubs and Youth alliances that are promoting youth rights, youth opinions
and youth networks among different regions in Somaliland. The matters they deal with are as
varied as the forms they take. Young people who join youth organizations have gained power and
visibility through their involvement and want to bring about change. Thus, the role of youth can
be depicted as harmonizing and essential to Somali lands development.
Employment is an agreement between an employer and an employee that the employee will
provide certain services on the job (humanresources.about.com).
Employment is a situation in which all available labor resources are being used in the most
economically efficient way (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/)
Employment can be defined in number of people working or in total working hours
(http://www.economicswebinstitute.org)
2.2 Types of NGO and Their Development
According to World Bank, NGOs have been classified into four categories they are:
Types of NGOs Characteristics
1. Charitable NGOs Service oriented NGOs
2. Participating NGOs and Class Organization Empowering NGOs
3. Community Based Organization Community Development Oriented Organization

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4. International NGO is NGOs which are working in more than one country
Ali Mostashari, Iranian Studies Group at MIT June 2005 says NGOs can be distinguished into
two groups: Operational and advocacy NGOs. This may be interpreted as the choice between
small-scale change achieved directly through projects and large-scale change promoted indirectly
through influence on the political system.
Operational NGOs have to mobilize resources, in the form of financial donations, materials or
volunteer labor, in order to sustain their projects and programs. This process may require quite
complex organization. Finance obtained from grants or contracts, from governments, foundations
or companies require time and expertise spent on planning, preparing applications, budgeting,
accounting and reporting. Major fund-raising events require skills in advertising, media relations
and motivating supporters. Thus, operational NGOs need to possess an efficient headquarters
bureaucracy, in addition to the operational staff in the field.
Advocacy NGOs will carry out much the same functions, but with a different balance between
them. Fund-raising is still necessary, but on a smaller scale and it can serve the symbolic function
of strengthening the donors' identification with the cause. Persuading people to donate their time
is necessary, but, in addition to a small number of people giving a great deal of time, it is also
necessary to be able to mobilize large numbers for brief periods. External donors may not impose
onerous administrative burdens, but supporters still have to be supplied with information on an
efficient regular basis. Major events will aim to attract favorable publicity rather than raise funds.
Therefore, despite their differences, both operational and advocacy NGOs need to engage in
fund-raising, mobilization of work by supporters, organizing special events, cultivating the
media and administering a headquarters. Only the defining activities implementing projects or
holding demonstrations serve to differentiate them. In reality, the distinctions are not as sharp as
the labels suggest. Operational NGOs often move into advocacy when projects regularly face
similar problems and the impact of the projects seems to be insufficient. All the large
development and environment operational NGOs now run some regular campaigns, at least by
supporting campaigning networks. Similarly, advocacy NGOs often feels they cannot ignore the
immediate practical problems of people in their policy domain. Human rights NGOs and
women's NGOs end up having programs to assist the victims of discrimination and injustice.

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2.2.1 Phases of NGOs Development

In developing countries, NGOs develop through different stages which are shown below:
Phase I: Most the NGOs are at first organized as emergency service providers when some natural
disaster happens like earth quake, flood, landslide, and epidemic etc.
Phase II: Then gradually they take up peoples welfare oriented development program such as
setting up health post, saving and credit groups for women, starting literacy classes etc.
Phase III: Gradually they try to empower the marginalized people and to undertake an advocacy
role with the government, power holders in the society and to promote international solidarity.
2.3 Range of NGO Activities
Community Health Promotion and Education
Contraception and Intimacy Education
General Hygiene
Waste Disposal
Water Usage
Vaccinations
Youth Counseling Services
Emerging health crises
HIV/AIDS education and support
Hepatitis B education
Drug Addiction recovery
Environmental
Sustainable water and energy consumption education
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 Keeping mountains and forests clean

Economic
Microenterprises and Micro-loans
Skill Training (Computers, technician, training, catering services, clothing and textile,
etc.)
Product promotion and distribution (Bazaars etc.)
Cooperative creation
Financial consulting
Career services and job search assistance
Development
School construction
Infrastructure construction
Cultural center construction and operation
Agriculture and Aquaculture expert assistance
2.4 Role of Nongovernmental Organizations
Given this unprecedented growth in the numbers and financial power of NGOs, how has the role
changed or matured? What we see is that NGOs can have a huge impact. These NGOs are
unfettered, not answerable to specific agendas, and, in many instances, can act independently.
Even though NGOs are highly diverse organizations, the one common goal is that they are not
focused on short-term targets, and, hence, they devote themselves to long-term issues like
climate change, malaria prevention, or human rights. In addition, public surveys state that NGOs
often have a public trust, which makes them a useful proxy for societal concerns (Hall-Jones,
2006). Next, we will discuss four important roles of NGOs. These roles are (1) social

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development, (2) sustainable community development, (3) sustainable development, and (4)
sustainable consumption.
2.4.1International Non-Governmental Organizations and Development

The main focus for INGOs is to provide relief and developmental aid to developing countries. In
relation to states, the purpose of INGOs is to provide services that the state is unable or unwilling
to provide for their people. These organizations projects in health, like HIV/AIDS awareness
and prevention, clean water, and malaria prevention, and in education, like schools for girls and
providing books to developing countries, help to provide the social services that the countrys
government is unable or unwilling to provide at the time. International Non-governmental
Organizations are also some of the first responders to natural disasters, like hurricanes and
floods, or crises that need emergency relief.
NGOs in general account for over 15% of total overseas development aid, which is linked to the
growth and development process. It has been estimated that aid (partly contributed to by INGOs)
over the past thirty years has increased the annual growth rate of the bottom billion by one
percent. While one percent in thirty years does not sound like a lot of progress, credit should be
given to the fact that progress has been consistently increasing throughout the years instead of
remaining stagnant or falling backward
Many international projects and advocacy initiatives promoted by INGOs encourage sustainable
development via a human rights approach and capabilities enhancing approach. INGOS that
promote human rights advocacy issues in part try to set up an international judicial standard that
respects the rights of every human being and promotes the empowerment of disadvantaged
communities.
Other organizations, like the International Justice Mission, are working in effective and
legitimate judicial systems, which enhance a countrys legitimacy and development. Still others,
such as those promoting micro-financing and education, directly impact of capabilities of
citizens and communities by developing skills and human capital while encouraging citizen
empowerment and community involvement. INGOs, along with domestic and international
governmental initiatives, are a critical part of global development.
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Nearly every INGO originate and persist throughout voluntary action by individual actors with
explicit rationalized goals. Under bold norms of open membership and democratic decisionmaking, they seek to spread "progress" throughout the world, in the purposes of encouraging
safer and more efficient technical systems, more powerful knowledge structures, better care of
the body, friendly competition and fair play. In order to achieve these goals, they highlight
communication, knowledge, consensual values and decision-making and individual commitment.
INGOs have five basic world-cultural principles underlying between ideologies and structures,
that is, universalism, individualism, rational volunaristic authority, human purposes of
rationalizing progress, and world citizenship.( Boli and Thomas, John and George M. (1997).
World Culture in the World Polity)
2.5 Sustainable Community Development
NGOs have shown leadership in promoting sustainable community development. Due to their
particular ideology and nature, NGOs are good at 226 PART III STAKEHOLDER INTEREST
AND CHOICES reaching out to the poor and remote communities and mobilizing these
populations. They can also empower these populations to regain control of their lives and can
work with and strengthen local organizations. In addition, such NGOs can carry out projects
more efficiently and at lower costs than government agencies and, most importantly, promote
sustainable development (Nikkhah & Redzuan, 2010).
The five dimensions of sustainable community development are as follows:
1. Increasing local economic diversity
2. Self-reliance: development of local markets, local production, local processing, greater
cooperation among local economic entities
3. Reduction in the use of energy combined with recycling and management of waste products
4. Protection and enhancement of biological diversity and stewardship of natural resources
5. Commitment of sustainable communities to social justice. (Bridger & Luloff, 1999)

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2.5.1. Importance of youth employment

Youth are so important in this globe the world leaders that mentioned the importance of youth
are By the year 2015, there will be three billion people under the age of 25. They are the future..
They are also the now James D. Wolfensohn, Former President of the World Bank (2003)
We must fulfill our obligations to youth. The World Program of Action for Youth asks
Governments to consider the contributions of young person on all policies affecting them.
Governments must honor this commitment. They must also increase the financial, education and
technical support made available to young people It is high time that we stopped viewing our
young people as part of the problem and started cultivating their promise and potential. (Ban
Ki-moon, UN Secretary General, International Youth Day 2007)
2.5.2. Objectives of youth empowerment
The special fund supports youth-led initiatives within the following areas:

Mobilizing young people to help strengthen youth-related policy formulation;

Building the capacities of governments, non-governmental and civil society and privatesector organizations to ensure a better response to the needs and issues of young people;

Supporting the development of interest-based information and communication-oriented

networks;

Piloting/demonstration of new/innovative approaches to employment, good governance,

adequate shelter and secure tenure;

Sharing and exchange of information on best practices;

Facilitating vocational training and credit mechanisms to promote entrepreneurship and

employment for young women and men, in collaboration with the private sector and in
co-operation with other UN bodies and stakeholders,

Promoting gender mainstreaming in all activities of urban youth

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2.5.3 The Challenge in Youth Employment

The current global youth employment crisis is unprecedented, as globally young people are on
aaverage three times more likely than adults to be out of a job, and four out of every ten people
unemployed worldwide are young people. According to ILO estimates, the world faces a
monumental challenge of creating 600 million jobs over the next decade, in order to absorb the
current 200 million unemployed plus the 40 million new job market entrants each year. More
youth are poor or underemployed than ever before: some 309 million young people work but live
in households that earn less than the equivalent of US$2 per day. Millions of young people are
trapped in temporary and involuntary part-time or casual work that offers fewer benefits and
limited prospects for advancement at work and in life. Young women often face additional
barriers. (ILO, 2009)
Young people today build the foundations for the economies and societies of tomorrow. They
bring energy, talent and creativity to economize and make important contributions as productive
workers, entrepreneurs, consumers, agents of change and as members of civil society. Yet the
lack of sufficient or sustainable decent jobs makes young people extremely vulnerable. The
youth employment crisis is not only an integral element of the broader general employment
situation; it has specific dimensions.
Creating jobs for the millions of young women and men entering the labor market every year is a
critical component in the path towards wealthier economies, fairer societies and stronger
democracies. It is not only the quantity, but also the quality of jobs that matters. Decent Work is
the best way young people can realize their aspirations, improve their living conditions and
actively participate in society. (ILO, 2009)
Furthermore, young people have different experiences and their needs depend on individual
characteristics (e.g. Age, gender, national origin, socioeconomic background and education and
training levels). (ILO 2009)
The best labor market entry path for young people remains a good basic education, vocational
training or higher education and initial work experience. Policies and national programs that
provide incentives for enterprises to hire young people, promote youth entrepreneurship, and
facilitate access to finance and to other targeted active labor market measures can also help
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countries to improve decent work prospects of its young population. The development of
national action plans on youth employment that focus on these elements can guide countries to
translate national commitment into action source: international year of youth ILO
2.6 What is youth employment? Why is it a necessary condition?
Creating jobs is a keystone of any economic recovery program. Many activities can fall under the
rubric of job creation, including immediate short-term opportunities that yield quick impact, or
the development of more enduring livelihoods in the civil service or private sector. It is important
to distinguish between these different activities, recognizing that sustainability and long-term
impact should be duly considered in implementing any employment youth program. Providing
jobs is vital on many levels. Politically, employment opportunities give the population a stake in
the peace process by providing young men and women with alternatives to violence.
Economically, employment provides income to poor families, revives domestic demand
for goods and services, and stimulates overall growth. Socially, employment can also promote
social healing, encourage the return of displaced persons, and improve social welfare in the long
run.
2.6.1 Guidance for Employment Generation
Developing enduring livelihoods is vital for long-term peace and economic growth, but getting
concrete results can take many years. In the emergency phases of economic recovery, the most
immediate imperative is getting people back to work and getting money flowing, even if it the
work is only temporary. The point of emergency phase economic recovery is to get labor and
capital back to work quickly to show visible benefits of peace.
2.6.2 Generate positive results by focusing on public works projects. Public works
projects are effective ways to generate a lot of employment quickly while demonstrating progress
that benefits communities. Job opportunities can include small-scale food- or cash-for-work
projects, such as cleaning up public places, repairing roads and facilities, or installing generators.
Be sure to consult with the host nation population on these efforts and to communicate to the
population that this is a partnership effort between international actors and the host nation
population.

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2.6.3 Keep sustainability in mind, but avoid placing undue emphasis on it in the very early
stages of recovery: Jobs that favor quick impact cannot substitute for long-term livelihood
creation and should be viewed as much as possible through a lens of long term sustainability.
Any short-term job creation program should be established in parallel with sustainable
employment programs. However, focusing too heavily on the sustainability of economic
activities while ignoring short-term imperatives is a mistake When implemented well, quick
impact projects can be effective in employing large numbers of people in the immediate
aftermath of violent conflict.
2.6.4 Recognize the potential impact of the international presence on economic distortions.
One distortion often occurs in the domestic labor, housing, and retail markets in the early
recovery phases. International actors often pay high salaries for expatriates, international civil
servants, domestic translators, and drivers, while increasing the demand for local housing and
services attuned to foreign tastes and salaries. This creates tough competition for the host nation
government to attract skilled professionals for public service. The resulting disparity between the
wealth of international actors and the economic hardships of the host nation population risks
increasing friction, particularly between the countrys urban centers and the rest of the country.
To mitigate these effects, international actors should determine appropriate wage rates for local
staff, making them comparable to local government pay scales. Progressive income taxes
are another way to reduce the attractiveness of working for the international community versus
the host nation government.
2.7. Somaliland youth employment:
In Somaliland there are many local organizations that intended to develop the whole people by
using especial programs one of these programs are the programs that is used for youth
development. Although Somaliland local organization argue that they provide many projects that
the youth get advantage there is many people are against this argument and saying local
organization in Somaliland specially SONYO dont do anything for the youth so this research
will display the reality of this issue
In Somaliland ministry of planning and national development has given Special attention in the
NDP, to the challenges and opportunities facing young people.
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In order to strengthen youth participation in the social, cultural, economic and civic development
of Somaliland, the government will put emphasis on:
1.

providing youth employment training,

2.

supporting youth business startups,

3.

Creating sports and recreational facilities,

4.

Establishing youth and cultural centers, and

5.

Developing youth volunteering programs.

2.7.1 Employment and Livelihood:

With reference of Somaliland ministry of planning in national development plan book, on the
issue of employment, participants were asked if they had any type of employment, paid or
unpaid. 75% indicated that they had none. This was in away to be expected, because youth
between the ages of 1522 could still be in school or university. In the Somali culture, young
people who go to school are not normally expected to work. Only 25% of the youth stated that
they had some employment. 43.1% of the employed group were 251 engaged in business, 40.6%
were employed in the private sector, whereas 14.4% were employed in the public sector. Of
those employed, 77% were confident that they had job security. As the business sector is the
biggest employer of young people and is not yet well formalized and regulated, the youth who
worked for this sector were not mostly satisfied with the remunerations they received for the
work they did. 69.1% of the unemployed youth had been unemployed for more than 3 years,
despite the fact that 53.2% of them had skills for different trade
Develop employment programs that target womens and youth enterprises in urban and rural
areas, including skills training and non-formal education. Provide support services to young
people, including counseling and vocational guidance in and out of school; financial assistance
for business start-ups; capacity building training especially in management and business skills;
Today, Somaliland continues to experience the problem of unemployment although accurate
estimate of the unemployment is constrained by intricacies in determining the perceived high
rate of hidden unemployment. This problem is concentrated in the central region and in urban
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areas where 12% are unemployed which is so high compared to the 2% of rural population which
is unemployed (ministry of planning and national development, Somaliland, 2010).
Therefore, improving the working conditions, technology in the informal sector as well as in the
agriculture sector could have substantial impact on productivity and returns derived from the
sector which will boost employment and hence growth.
The Somaliland government has taken a number of measures to curb unemployment and
basically it refers to them as the macro economic reforms which include; poverty eradication
action plan. This is a policy frame work for poverty eradication in Somaliland. The policy is built
on four (4) pillars namely; sustainable economic growth and structural transformations, good
governance and security, increasing the income of the poor and improving the quality of life of
the poor.
Besides the government, there are other employment providers among which NGOs and CBOS
are the key contributors. These basically support self help projects and they render relatively
higher levels of employment to the people of Somaliland.

There are a number of NGOs

operating in a country such as world vision, care Somaliland, the Red Cross society, DANIDA.
According to Resent SONYO projects and programs that is useful for youth some of these
programs are as follows

Leadership and organizational development project, through which more than 10,000 young
people were reached

Mapping of member organizations and their division into thematic networks working on
similar projects

Mentoring of 150 youth organizations for capacity development and professional growth

Youth Peer Education Programme through which SONYO trained 5,000 young people

Participatory Education Theatre Programme that has reached 20,000 adolescents.

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Succeeded in creating dialogues with the Somaliland parliament and executive branch,
including the Presidency, and with political parties addressing young peoples political
participation and elimination of legal barriers and age discrimination.

Girls Leadership Development Initiative through which they reached 3,000 young girls,
training them in valuable skills and enabling education

Youth Baseline Survey: the only nationwide survey which has been officially conducted in
Somaliland. All further youth projects will be based upon these results. The survey was
funded by Oxfam Novib.

Creating Decent Work for Young People: SONYO trained 60 youth entrepreneurs, 15 of
which, with the best business plans, received a grant of $1333.33.

Conducted successful media programmes designed to influence the KAP of their youth
society. These ranged from TV programmes to Newsletters.

Human rights project with Progressio, bringing awareness and training.

As one of the managers told there are many project for youth which SONYO already
implemented and some projects which are currently under process like the following:
In its Livelihood, Employment and Recreation Program, SONYO Umbrella will put its emphasis
on addressing the livelihood-related issues. Unemployment is one of the most challenging
problems that youth in Somaliland today face. SONYO Umbrella will build effective
partnerships in working on the issues under this Program. For realizing this Programs strategic
objective, SONYO Umbrella will:

Improve youth employability skills by conducting research on the extent to which the
youth access to right and proper skills trainings and through using of SONYOs land
space in Hargeisa for establishing a functional National Youth Skills Development,
Leadership and Resource Center. From this Center, the young people (both female and
male) will acquire skills-training kits and obtain employable, right and proper skills to
improve their employability for enhancing youth capacities for self-employment. This

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Center shall always ensure its impact on the lives of the youth communities in
Somaliland;

Collaborate on the establishment of Youth Enterprise Development Fund and support

youth entrepreneurs who come up with innovations and effective business ideas;

Improve existing recreational facilities and encourage upcoming local councils to gazette
new land spaces for games and sports by partnering with the government institutions that
are concerned on such matter including the Somaliland Ministry of Youth, Sports and
Tourism. (SONYO 2014).

The Global Employment Trends for Youth, 2013 by the ILO looked at the challenge from a gobal
perspective; from various continents. According to the report, from 2012 to 2018, the youth
employment-to-population ratio is projected to decrease in all regions except in the Developed
Economies and EU. The largest decrease is projected in the Asian regions, ranging from 1.1
percentage points in South Asia to 2.5 percentage points in East Asia. In countries and regions
with high poverty levels and high shares of vulnerable employment, the youth employment
challenge is as much a problem of poor employment quality as one of unemployment. for
instance, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa present relatively low regional youth
unemployment rates, but this is linked to high levels of poverty, which means that working is a
necessity for many youth people.
The World Bank Development Report 2013, looked at the jobs as drivers of development.
According to the report, jobs can be transformational along three dimensions: living standards,
productivity and social cohesion. The report further stated that it is not only creating large
number of jobs that matters but the kind of job being created but be taken into consideration
because some jobs do more for development than others. It also outlined that jobs challenges
vary across countries. For instance, in agrarian countries, higher productivity allows the
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development of off-farm employment and urban jobs connected to the world markets set the
foundation for cities to become dynamic. On the other hand, countries with high youth
unemployment, privileges must be removed in business entry and jobs made more accessible.
According to the GLSS6 report by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), unemployment rate
among people 15 years and above is higher in the urban areas (3.6%) than in rural areas (0.8%).
This was conducted with a sample of 21,554 people from 2012 to 2013. In addition, in the urban
area, unemployment is higher among females (3.8%) than males (3.3%).
Amankrah, (2012), elaborated the youth unemployment challenge in Ghana and made some
recommendations. He stated that the Ghanaian labour market needed to go through a
transformation in order to address the youth unemployment challenge. He further outlined,
Considering the type of jobs created by the private sector, the explosive growth of urban selfemployment has brought about the emergence of various types of skills and initiatives meant to
provide the needed safety nets to assist the unemployed to better manage the risks that leave
them

vulnerable.

Soso, (2011), did a survey on the role of the church in poverty reduction, but his research was
focused on the Ashanti Region of Ghana. According to him, many people see the church as a tool
or place of refuge, where they can go and have solutions not only to their spiritual problems, but
also to economical, health and psychological problems. Among his findings is the fact that the
churchs contribution to the economy of Ghana goes beyond just meeting the spiritual needs and
provision of basic infrastructure such as schools, hospitals and so on. It is directly involved
alleviating poverty and extreme hunger by engaging in various interventions such as the
institution of Welfare schemes, scholarship schemes, establishment of farms, formation of
cooperative credit unions, and direct provision of employment to members and non-members.
Page 21 of 25

2.8. Contract failure theory

The related theory is the contract failure theory. When people find it difficult to perceive the
sense of contract, they have to find reliable agents to fulfill their needs. Therefore non-profit
organizations could be more reliable or trusted agents work as contract agents between the
people and the commercial finns. As commercial firms could take more/undue benefits from the
consumers ignorance, in such situation the voluntary organization could be helpful to the
people. Brown and Korton argue that organizations might come into existence to be remedies in
case of market failure situations because markets tend to be especially vulnerable to failure in
developing countries, (Brown & Korton. 1991: 48).
In such cases NGOs could emerge because people trust them more than the profit organization
(Krashinsky, 1986; also see Williamson 1985).
Esman and Uphoff argued that NGOs play the role of local intermediaries to fulfil the
organizational gap. According to this model, a local intermediary mobilises the people to
participate in government-initiated programs. NGOs could be a potentially effective medium.
Which could be utilized in delivering services to the rural areas of developing countries? n this
way, NGOs are taken as an alternative institutional framework through which the rural poor and
socially disadvantaged groups are served better than the traditional bureaucratic mechanisms
(Esman & Uphoff 1984).
The relationship between the state and the NGO could have both conflicting and
interdependence and partnership. In case of sharing expertise, experiences, and resources,
there could be a siwation of complementing one another. There could be a situation of voluntary
failure for meeting the public needs which include philanthropic insufficiency for generating
voluntary resources to scale tip their functions and philanthropic paternalism an absence of selfreliance (Salamon & Anheier 1998: 224-225). Under such situation the theory of
interdependence or the partnership theory applies to emerge NGOs as the partners (Salamon.
1987). In such situations non-profit organization could not be alternatives to the state in the
provision of public goods, but rather the state and the non-profit sector could grow in parallel
and even in co-operation with each other for expansion of public goods and work hand to hand.

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Chapter three
3.0 Research design
This study will follow case study design. This study and the researchers will investigate the role
of local non-governmental organizations on youth employment in Somaliland National Youth
Organization (SONYO), located on Shaab area Hargiesa Somaliland.
3.1 Research Population
The population of the study included the management of SONYO, beneficiaries of the youth
projects together make 30 from SONYO. In addition to these, the researchers will include local
youth activists and academicians.
3.2 Sample size
The researchers used a sample size of 26 respondents who were gotten from 30 persons based on
Slovens formula. These were categorized in the following manner, 8 from the SONYO
management, 8 from the managers of employment generation program coordinators and
colleagues, 6 from the persons who are the beneficiaries of the employment generation programs
and finally 4 local youth activists and academicians.
Table 1: It shows the number of respondents from each department.
Department

No.
respondents

SONYO management

of
8

Managers of employment generation program

Beneficiaries

local youth activists and academicians

Total

26
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3.3 Sampling procedure

This study will employ stratified random sampling and simple random sampling techniques.
Stratified random sampling refers to a process of dividing a population into smaller groups
known as strata basing on the members shared attributes. This will be done by divided the
employees according to function where by only those engaged in the project shall be included in
order to sample.
Simple random sampling was also applied. This refers to a process of selecting a group of
subjects (a sample) for study from a larger group (population). The researchers will randomly
select a respondent from those engaged in the project.
3.4 Research instrument
The researchers will use a questionnaire will be tested the validity and reliability before a given
to the respondents. A questionnaire is a list of questions drafted by the researchers to be filled by
the respondent. This will the basic tool the researchers use in data collection. The questionnaire
contained both close ended and open ended structured questions and the variables therein were
measured using a Likert scaling technique. The reason for the use of this method was that it
minimized bias.
3.5 Validity and reliability
Validity of the instrument will be tested through expert judgment, and the researchers will make
sure the coefficient to be at least 0.75. The researchers will consult their supervisor for the
construction of the questionnaire.
3.6 Data analysis, processing and presentation.
Data will be gathered by use of questionnaire and will be analyzed by use of SPSS software
package. Data will then be presented by in frequency tabulations rendering it ready for
interpretation.

Page 24 of 25

References
1. Somaliland national development plan MNP&D 2002 Main Report,
2. African Union (2004), Issues paper, African Union extraordinary summit of heads of
State and Government on employment and poverty Alleviation in Africa.
3. Doellgast, L. (2006). Discretionary effort and the organization of work: Employee
participation and work reform since Hawthorne. New York: Columbia University.
4. Krishna R. (1973), A model of the unemployment Trap with policy implications
Employment Creation in Developing Societies, Edited by Wohlmuth Karl
5. Youth and Employment in Africa: The Potential, The Problem and the Promise, World
Bank
6. Youth unemployment to rise to 75million in 2012, Business Day Tuesday 22nd May,
2012.
7. Seminar tackles youth employment in Africa, African Development Bank, 10 July, 2012
8. Zuehike, E. (2009) Youth Employment and underemployment in Africa brings
uncertainty and opportunity, Population Reference Bureau.
9. Fanimo, D. & Okere, R. (2009) Nigerians bemoan rate of unemployment, seek action,
The Guardian, Tuesday 7, 2012.
10. http://www.ilo.org/youthmakingithappen/PrivateSector/Peter Anderson, Employers
Spokesperson, General discussion on youth employment, International Labour
Conference, 2005
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12. Smith, M. (2001) Definition, tradition and change in youth work Encyclopedia of
Informal Education.Irish Statute Book Government of Ireland.
13. Jenkinson, H. (2000). "Youth work in Ireland the struggle for identity," Irish Journal of
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14. Macaulay, T, 2006 "Faith Based Youth Work in Northern Ireland", Youthnet
15. Smith, Mark. K., Detached, street-based and project work with young people., retrieved
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16. MAYC, "Detached Youth Work Project Guidelines"., archived from the original on
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