R. Ludwig and G.

Bogdanov
RF Circuit Design: Theory and Applications
2nd edition
Figures for Chapter 2

20

z=0

V(z, t)

10
0
10
20

0.2

0.4 0.6

20

1.6 1.8 2.0

t=0

10
V(z, t)

0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

t, s

0
10
20

20

40

60

80 100 120 140 160 180 200

z, m

Figure 2-1 Voltage distribution as a function of time (z = 0) and as a function of

space (t = 0).

Channel 1

Channel 2

V
VA

z=l

B
RL

RG
z VG
VB

l
z

VA
0

Figure 2-2 Amplitude measurements of 10 GHz voltage signal at the beginning (location A) and somewhere along a wire connecting load to source.

z z + z

I(z)

R1

I(z + z)

L1

+
G

V(z)

R2

L2

V(z + z)

z + z

Figure 2-3 Partitioning an electric line into small elements z over which
Kirchhoffs laws of constant voltage and current can be applied.

Electric Field
(solid lines)

2a
Magnetic Field
(dashed lines)

Figure 2-4 Geometry and field distribution in two-wire parallel conductor

transmission line.

2a

2b
2c

Figure 2-5 Coaxial cable transmission line.

t
h
(a) Printed circuit board section

(b) Microstrip line

Figure 2-6 Microstrip transmission line representation.

(a) Teflon epoxy (

r=

2.55)

(b) Alumina ( r = 10.0)

Figure 2-7 Electric flux density field leakage as a function of dielectric constants.

(a) Sandwich structure

(b) Cross-sectional field distribution

Figure 2-8 Triple-layer transmission line configuration.

x
z
0
(a) Geometric representation

Figure 2-9 Parallel-plate transmission line.

(b) Field distribution

z + z

1
2

R1

I(z) R1

L1

I(z + z) R1
+

L1

G
R2

L2

V(z)

G
R2

L2

V(z + z)
R2

L1
1
G

L2
2

z + z

Figure 2-10 Segmentation of two-wire transmission line into z-long sections suitable for lumped parameter analysis.

z + z

R1

I(z) R1

L1

I(z + z) R1
+

L1

G
R2

L2

V(z)

R2

L2

V(z + z)
R2

L1
G

L2

z + z

Figure 2-11 Segmentation of a coaxial cable into z length elements suitable for
lumped parameter analysis.

I(z) R

I(z + z)

+
V(z)
_

Figure 2-12

V(z + z)
_

z + z

Generic electric equivalent circuit representation.

H(r)
Line path l

I =

H dl

H(r)

I
Figure 1-1 Ampres law linking the current flow to the magnetic field.

160
140
H=

120

Ir
2a2

H, A/m

100
80

H=

I
2r

60
40
20
0
0

r =a
5
10

15

20

25 30
r, mm

35

40

45

50

Figure 2-13 Magnetic field distribution inside and outside of an infinitely long
wire of radius a = 5 mm carrying a current of 5 A.

Figure 2-14
voltage.

E
B

_
+V

Path l

The time rate of change of the magnetic flux density induces a

x
dp
d

z
y
w

Figure 2-15 Parallel-plate transmission line geometry. The plate width w is large
compared with the separation d.

Table 2-1

Transmission line parameters for three line types

Parameter

Two-Wire Line

Coaxial Line

Parallel-Plate Line

1
----------------------a cond

1 1
1
----------------------- --- + ---
2 cond a b

2
-------------------w cond

1 D
--- cosh ------
2a

b
------ ln ---
2 a

----

diel
----------------------------------------1
cosh ( D ( 2a ) )

2 diel
------------------ln ( b a )

diel ----

----------------------------------------1
cosh ( D ( 2a ) )

2 ------------------ln ( b a )

----

/m
L
H/m
G
S/m
C
F/m

d
w

w
d

w
d

I(z) R

+
V(z)
_

Figure 2-16
node.

I(z + z)

V(z + z)
_

z + z

Segment of a transmission line with voltage loop and current

ith cell
x

plate 2

w
I

J
z

Figure 2-17
application.

Hy

z + z

plate 1

Integration surface element for Faradays law

ith cell
x

plate 2

w
I

I
z

z + z

z
plate 1

Figure 2-18 Surface element used to apply Ampres law.

Characteristic impedance Z0,

1k

100

10

=2
r

1
0.1

Figure 2-19

=1

= 12

= 10

=3

=7
r

= 4.6

1
3
0.3
Line width to dielectric thickness ratio, w/h

10

Microstrip characteristic impedance as a function of w/h.

Effective dielectric constant,

eff

12
10
r

8
6
4
2
0
0.1

= 12
r

= 10
r

=7

=4
r=3
r=2
r=1

0.3
1
3
Line width to dielectric thickness ratio, w/h

10

Figure 2-20 Effective dielectric constant of the microstrip line as a function of w/h
for different dielectric constants.

Characteristic line impedance Z 0,

150
t=0

FR4
h = 25 mil
r = 4.6

100
t = 1.5 mil

50

0
0.1

0.3
1
3
Line width to dielectric thickness ratio, w/h

10

Figure 2-21 Effect of conductor thickness on the characteristic impedance of a microstrip line placed on a 25 mil thick FR4 printed circuit board.

Zin

Z0

ZL

z
z = l

Figure 2-22

Terminated transmission line at location z = 0.

Zin

ZL = 0

Z0

d
d=l

Figure 2-23

Short-circuited transmission line and new coordinate system d.

t = 1/2 + 2n

0.8

t = 3/8 + 2n

0.6

t = 1/8 + 2n

V(d)/(2jV +)

0.4
0.2

t = 2n

0
0.2
0.4
t = 1/4 + 2n

0.6
0.8
1

0.5

1.5

2.5

Figure 2-24

Standing wave pattern for various instances of time.

3.5

20
18
16
14
SWR

12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Figure 2-25

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

|0|

SWR as a function of load reflection coefficient 0 .

2
Zin(d)
jZ0

1.5

V(d)
2jV+

1
0.5
0
I(d)
2V +/Z0

0.5
1
1.5
2

Short
circuit

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Open
circuit

Short
circuit

Open
circuit

1 d/

Short
circuit

Figure 2-26 Voltage, current, and impedance as a function of line length for a shortcircuit termination.

500
450
400

|Zin|,

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

1.5

2.5
f, GHz

3.5

Figure 2-27 Magnitude of the input impedance for a 10 cm long, shortcircuited transmission line as a function of frequency.

2
Zin(d)
jZ0

1.5
1

I(d)
2jV +/Z0

0.5
0

V(d)
2V +

0.5
1
1.5
2

Open
circuit

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Short
circuit

Open
circuit

Short
circuit

1 d/

Open
circuit

Figure 2-28 Voltage, current, and impedance as a function of line length for an
open-circuit termination.

500
450
400

|Zin|,

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

1.5

2.5
f, GHz

3.5

Figure 2-29 Impedance magnitude for a 10 cm long, open-circuited transmission

line as a function of frequency.

ZL = given

Zin = desired

Z0 = ZLZin

ZL

/4

Figure 2-30
ment.

Input impedance matched to a load impedance through a 4 line seg-

Z0 = 50

ZL

Zin
Zline

l = /4

Figure 2-31 Input impedance of quarter-wave transformer.

50
45
40

|Zin|,

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

f, GHz

Figure 2-32 Magnitude of Zin for frequency range of 0 to 2 GHz and fixed
length d.

L = 0

ZG

Z0

VG

in

ZL

out

Figure 2-33 Generic transmission line circuit involving source and load
terminations.

ZG

VG

Figure 2-34

Zin

Equivalent lumped input network for a transmission line configuration.

100
90
80
|Zin|,

70
60
50
40
30
20

(a)

200

400
600
f, MHz

800

(b)

Figure 2-35 Impedance of a coaxial cable terminated by a 100 resistor:

(a) network analyzer measurement, (b) theoretical prediction.

1000

Figure 2-36

Network analyzer with the resistive 100 test load attached.