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Welcome back.
So we were considering our coffee cup
system, and whether or not it should
be treated as open or closed, or a control
mass, or a control volume.
So recall a control mass is one with a
fixed mass, or closed system,
and a control volume is an open system,
where mass can cross the system boundary.
So I said, well I want you to consider the
coffee in the mug.
So the answer is a little bit tricky in
that,
okay what do we mean by the coffee in the
mug?
Are we pouring the coffee into the mug?
Then I'd argue that's best treated as an
open system.
If we're looking at maybe, is there any
evaporation of the coffee from the mug?
Yeah, again that would be considered an
open system.
On the other hand, if we don't think
there's going to be any evaporation, and
all we're
looking at is let's say the coffee cooling
in the mug, that would be a closed system.
So it's kind of,
it requires a little bit of thought
sometimes.
I mean that's a little bit of a fun
example, but
some systems it may be just like that, a
little bit tricky.
And we'll cover some of those trickier
examples as we go through the class.
The second system is pretty straight
forward.
So we want to know is the microcheck,
microchip in
your computer best treated as an open or
closed system?
Well, if the system is just the CPU,
then we only want to, then it is a closed
system.
But if we're considering air around the
CPU, then
obviously the air has got some movement
associated with it.
And we'll use this as an example a little
later in the class too.
But, as I think I've mentioned already,
the
microchips that we use, the
microcomputers, the brains
that are in our laptops in particular, ha,
have to dissapate quite a bit of heat.
And that puts an incredible
demand on the heat removal from that

system, the heat transfer from the system.

So we can only generate as much power as
the waste heat can be removed from the
microchip.
So we'll discuss the cooling of the
microchip in
an example a little later on in this
class.
Okay, back to our definitions.
So again, we need the vocabulary before
we can actually start the quantitative
analysis.
So properties are the characteristics of a
system.
And specifically we care about the
thermodynamic properties.
And those describe the state of the
system, or the thermal properties of the
system.
So the state is the condition of the
system
as described by the thermodynamic
variables, so the thermodynamic
properties.
Steady state means we have a system where
those properties are invarying [SIC].
And that's important for us, because in
thermodynamics, we are going to, in
order for us to define a state, the
properties have to be invarying.
Okay.
So, what types of properties are there?
There are extensive properties, and those
are properties which depend
on the extent, or the amount, of the
material that's
present in the system.
These properties are additive.
And the best and easiest example is mass.
So, if I have so much material in the
system, if
I have twice as much material, I have
twice as much mass.
If I have, volume is another good example
of an extensive property.
If I have twice as much mass in them as
to, here in the system, I have twice as
much
volume in the system.
Intensive properties do not depend on the
amount of material present.
These are properties which are not
additive.
Things like pressure or temperature, which
are not additive.
If I have my brick, and then I have
another brick at the same temperature,
the mass of the system, let's say is twice
as much.
Let's say they're two bricks of the

same size, but the temperature of the

bricks are the same.
So temperature's not an additive property.
It's an intensive property.
Equilibrium, which I've already mentioned
a little bit once, is when a
system is unchanging in terms of
its thermal, mechanical, phase, and
chemical characteristics.
Some of that gets into a lot of
detail that we're not going to cover in
this class.
But the thermal equilibrium means
essentially there
are no temperature gradients in the
system.
Mechanical equilibrium is in terms of the
force balance in the system.
That the system is in equilibrated, or
balanced,
in terms of the forces on the system.
Phase is with respect to phase change.
So solid, liquid, vapor, things like that.
Chemical means there's no spontaneous
chemical
reaction that's occurring in the system.
It's chemically equilibrated.
There's no change in the composition.
And a process,
is the path that connects between
different states, between two states in
particular.
So process is the path that's followed to
connect one
state of the system to another state in
the system.
So some of these may be a little bit odd
right now, again
I'd encourage you to use your
reading material to help support your
understanding.
But it'll make a lot more sense when we
start doing some examples.
We can say this is a system,
this is the state, this is the path the
process that the system undergoes.
So let's move on.
Let's start talking about some specific
thermodynamic properties.
Well we've already mentioned temperature.
We can tell that's going to be very
important, because we know it drives heat
transfer.
It's used to define the state, or it is a
property
that we can use to define the state of a
system.
But there are some other
properties that I expect you are quite
familiar with already.

Density, which is the mass per unit

volume.
Specific volume, which is the inverse of
the density, so it's volume per unit mass.
Pressure, and there's both absolute
pressure, and relative pressure.
And again, good reading material in the
references if you
want to learn more about the differences
between those and temperature.
Those are four intensive thermodynamic
properties.
So let's talk about temperature a little
bit more.
Now pressure, we already talked about.
You know, all the you, issues associated
with
the many different units that there are
for pressure.
So be aware, there are many units, and
you're going to have to
be able to move between the different
con-, units, using conversion factors.
temperatures, there really only four units
for temperature.
And those are on a relative scale and an
absolute scale.
And in
thermodynamics, we only want to use the
absolute scale.
You can use, there are times where you
can use the relative scale, and you'll be
fine.
But if you always use the absolute scale,
you'll
always be using the correct analysis, the
correct tools.
So I strongly encourage you to always
convert into absolute units.
And in British and SI, there are two
different
absolute scales.
And there's a conversion factor we'll go
through right now between the two scales.
So, the SI Relative scale, the SI units
are Celsius.
The absolute scale, are units of Kelvin,
and we can convert between
the two just using this expression.
[SOUND] So we just
take the temperature in Kel, in Celsius
units, add
273.15, and that's going to give us units
of Kelvin.
So this again, is the conversion from the
relative
scale to the absolute scale for the SI
system.
And if we're looking at the British
system,

we know the relative scale is degrees

Fahrenheit,
and the absolute scale are degrees
Rankine.
And we don't often use the British units.
We're trying to standardize towards SI
units around the world.
So I'd strongly encourage you to convert
everything into the SI standard.
And the conversion between Fahrenheit and
Kelvin is just a multiplication
factor of 1.8.
Okay.
So, these are just a few of the properties
that we're going to use in this class.
These are all intensive properties.
In other words, each one of these
properties is independent
of the, of the amount of mass present in
the system.
We'll build additional thermodynamic
properties into our skill set as
we move along, but let's start with these
for right now.
Okay so I know you're familiar with these
properties, and you've seen them before.
So, temperature and pressure we already
discussed and we talked all about their
units, so what I want to do in this
question to answer more specifically.
What are the units of density, and what
are the units of specific volume?
And I want you to consider those units,
and then in the second
question here, I want you to identify are
these properties intensive or extensive?
I've already told you.
But I want you to consider why the
pressure and the specific volume are
intensive properties.
And we'll cover that next time.
Thank you.