Analysis and Transmission

of Signals

Lesson 04
EEE 352 Analog Communication Systems
Mansoor Khan
EE Dept. CIIT
 Signal Energy, Parseval’s Theorem

• Parseval’s theorem gives an alternative method to evaluate

energy in frequency domain instead of time domain.
• In other words energy is conserved in both domains
• Consider an energy signal g(t), Parseval’s Theorem states that
Parseval’s Theorem – Conservation of
energy in frequency domain(CFT)
 Parseval’s Theorem – Conservation
of energy in frequency domain(DFT)

Proof
Example
 Spectral Density
• The spectral density of a signal characterizes the distribution
of the signal’s energy or power in the frequency domain.

• This concept is particularly important when considering

filtering in communication systems while evaluating the signal
and noise at the filter output.

• The Energy Spectral Density (ESD) or the Power Spectral

Density (PSD) is used in the evaluation of the signals
 Energy Spectral Density (ESD)
• The energy of the output
signal y(t) is given by

1
Ey   G(w) H (w) d
2
 2
1
 G(w) H (w)


Ey  d
2

2 

• Because H(w)=1 over the

passband Δw and as Δw
tends to zero

1
Ey  2 G( wo ) d  2 G( wo ) df
2 2

2
 Energy Spectral Density (cont)

• Energy spectral density describes the signal energy per unit

bandwidth measured in joules/hertz.
• The energy spectral density (ESD) ψ(t) is thus defined as

Ψ g ( )  G( )
2

 
1
Eg 
2 Ψ

g ( )d 

Ψ g ( f )df
 Energy of modulated signals
• The AM signal is
 t   g t cos w0t
• And the fourier transform will be

w  Gw  w0   Gw  w0 

1
2
• The ESD of the modulated signal will be φ(t) is
[Φ(w)]2

 w  Gw  w0   Gw  w0 

1 2

4
Energy of modulated signals (cont)
 Energy of modulated signals (cont)
• If w0≥2πB, then G(w+w0) and G(w-w0) are nonoverlapping and

1
4

 w  Gw  w0   Gw  w0 
2 2


 w  g w  w0   g w  w0 
1
4

• Observe that the area under modulated signal is half the area
under baseband signal

1
E  E g
2
 ESD of the Input and the Output
• If g(t) and y(t) are the input and the corresponding
output of LTI system, then

• Therefore

• This shows that

• Thus, output signal ESD is |H(w)|2 the input signal

ESD
 Essential Bandwidth
• The spectra of most of the signals extend to
infinity.
• For practical signals Eg(energy) must approach
zero for ω→∞.
• Most of the signal energy is contained within a
certain bandwidth B Hz.
• Energy content of components greater than B Hz
is negligible.
• Thus most of the energy of signal can be
suppressed within a certain bandwidth B called
essential bandwidth - B Hz.
 Criteria for selection of B Hz
• The Criteria for selecting certain bandwidth B
Hz to suppress the signal energy within
depends on error tolerance.
• For example for a particular application B can
be selected at 95% of signal bandwidth.
• Essential bandwidth varies from error
tolerance suited for a particular application
EXAMPLE
 Signal Power and Power Spectral
Density
• The power Pg of a real signal g(t) is given by
T
1
Pg  lim  2
T
2
g (t ) dt
T  T
2
• We take a truncated signal gT(t)
• The integral on the right hand side will be the energy
of the truncated signal, thus
E gT
Pg  lim t 
T
 Power Spectral Density (cont)
• The truncated signal is an energy signal as long as T
is finite.
• From Parseval’s theoram
  2

  g t dt   G w dw
2 1
E gT
2
T T
 

• The power of the signal is given by

E gT
Pg  lim t 
T
 Power Spectral Density (cont)

GT w
2
1
Pg 
2  lim

t 
T
dw

GT w
2
• Where
S g w  lim t 
T
• Sg(w) is the Power Spectral Density of Power Signal, Which is
actually the time average of ESD
 

 S wdw  2 S wdf
1
Pg 
2
g g
 0
 Time Autocorrelation Function and
PSD
• For a real signal the autocorrelation function g(t) is
defined as

 g ( )   g (t ) g (t   )dt


• Notice that
 g ( )   g ( )
• The auto correlation function is an even function
 Time Autocorrelation Function and
ESD
• The ESD is the Fourier Transform of the
autocorrelation

 g ( )  G( )
2

 g ( )  Ψ( )
 Time Autocorrelation (cont)
• For energy signals the ESD is the Fourier transform of the
autocorrelation
 g ( )  Ψ( )
• A similar result applies to power signals

 gT ( )
• Because  g ( )  lim
T  T

 g ( ) G( )

2

GT ( )
2

 g ( )  lim  S g ( )
T  T
 PSD of Input and Output
• We Know
Y ()  H ( )G()
• then
Y ( )  H ( ) G( )
2 2 2

GT ( )
2

 g ( )  lim  S g ( )
T  T

S y ( )  H ( ) S g ( )
2
 PSD of Modulated Signals
• The modulated signal can be represented by
 (t )  g (t ) cos 0 t
• Its Fourier transform
1

S ( )  S g (  0 )  S g (   0 )
2

1
P  Pg
2
Mathematics-H(f) = 1*exp(-j2∏fto)