Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Devesh Kumar
Paulson Samuel
Rajesh Gupta
I.
INTRODUCTION
2009 Third International Conference on Power Systems, Kharagpur, INDIA December 27-29
PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER 164
A. Permanent Magnet Alternator
In this scheme a Permanent Magnet Alternator has been
used to derive the electricity from wind turbine. An induction
generator is the widely used generator for wind energy
applications due to its robustness and low cost. However, the
operating speed of a typical induction generator is around
1000-1500 rpm while wind turbine rotates at around 30-60
rpm [1]. Hence, a gearbox is needed to couple the generator to
the turbine. This decreases the overall efficiency of the
system.
(3 2 )Vrms
(1)
= m sin( ) max
(2)
Vref
K
(Vref Vo ) +
s
Vin
(3)
where variables are defined as, the duty ratio of gating pulse,
Vin is the input voltage, Vo is the output voltage, Vref is the
reference voltage and K the constant gain.
The duty ratio of the gating pulse of the IGBT switch is
varied by the controller to obtain the voltage Vref at the output.
m=
V ref _ rms
K
(V ref _ rms V o _ rms ) +
s
Vin _ dc
(4)
(5)
C. Controller Design
The control algorithm is implemented at the buck
converter and the inverter stages of the system following the
2009 Third International Conference on Power Systems, Kharagpur, INDIA December 27-29
PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER 164
x = A2 x + b 2Vi
(14)
Vo = q 2 x
(15)
where
dI Vi Vc
=
dt L L
(6)
dVc I
Vc
=
dt
C RC
(7)
Vo = Vc
(8)
From (6), (7) and (8), the state space model for the system can
be obtained during the ON Period:
x = A1 x + b1Vi
(9)
Vo = q1 x
(10)
where
dI
dt
0
;
A1 =
x =
dVc
1
dt
C
1
1
L ; b1 = ; and q1 = [0 1]
L
1
0
RC
2)
During OFF Period: When the switch is OFF, the
equivalent circuit of the buck converter is as shown in Fig.4.
dI
Vc
=
L
dt
(11)
dVc I
Vc
=
dt
C RC
(12)
Vo = Vc
(13)
From (11), (12) and (13), the state space model for the OFF
Period can be written as
dI
dt
0
x =
;
2
A
=
1
dVc
C
dt
1
L ; b 2 = 0 and q 2 = [0 1]
1
0
RC
(16)
(17)
dt C
1
L I + 0Vi
1 Vc 0
RC
I
Vo = [0 1]
Vc
(18)
(19)
<< 1 and
<< 1 . Substituting the values defined
where,
vi
2009 Third International Conference on Power Systems, Kharagpur, INDIA December 27-29
PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER 164
where, X is the dynamic variable at the operating point and x
is the perturbation about it. Solving (22) and (23) and equating
the dc component from the result to zero, the following
equations are obtained.
x = Ax + bVi + e
(24)
vo = qx + (q1 q 2) X
(25)
where,
A = A1 + A2(1 ); b = b1 + b 2(1 )
q = q1 + q 2(1 )
2
s
1
+
+
s
LC
From the results it is seen that the gain and phase margins
of the buck converter are both positive. Therefore the buck
converter based system under voltage control mode will be
stable.
It can be seen from (28) that the boost converter under
voltage control mode has a non-minimum phase
characteristics. Also as can be seen from Fig. 6, the phase
margin and gain margin for this converter are found to be
negative. This indicates the instability of the boost converter
under voltage control mode. Similarly, it can be shown that the
buck-boost converter also has the non-minimum phase
characteristics and hence show instability under voltage
control mode of operation.
This implies that for the applications such as wind energy
conversion system where the converter is required to control
the output voltage directly the buck converter is a suitable dcdc converter due to its stability and robustness under voltage
control mode. This leads to the constant dc link voltage at the
PWM inverter stage and relieves the designer from using
complicated control strategy at the inverter stage [11], that
otherwise may be required to provide the high performance
control against variations in the dc link voltage. The constant
dc link voltage allows to use a slow RMS controller (4) at the
PWM inverter stage to regulate the voltage across the load.
2
R(1 )
(1 ) 2
IV.
(28)
2009 Third International Conference on Power Systems, Kharagpur, INDIA December 27-29
PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER 164
Fig. 7. Circuit diagram of the laboratory model of the buck converter based
wind system.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The buck converter control under varying wind input is
tested on the laboratory model of the wind energy system. The
converter has been designed for the reduced rating of 200W.
The laboratory model consists of a dc motor-synchronous
generator set that models the wind turbine as shown in Fig. 7.
An IGBT is used as the switching device in the buck
converter. The controller algorithm is implemented through
ATmega32 microcontroller. The voltage sensors (model LV25P) have been used to convert the input and the output
voltage of the buck converter with the voltage conversion ratio
of 1/50. These reduced voltages are used for the control
algorithm implementation in the microcontroller.
2009 Third International Conference on Power Systems, Kharagpur, INDIA December 27-29
PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER 164
VI. SIMULATION RESULTS FOR COMPLETE WIND ENERGY
CONVERSION SYSTEM
In this section the simulation results are obtained for the
complete wind energy conversion system for the load ratings
as considered in Section IV. The power electronics converters
and their controller given in Section II.B have been
implemented
in
MATLAB/SIMULINK.
of the inverter for the step input. The figure also shows the
total harmonic distortion of the inverter output voltage that
settles to 0.75 %.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper performance of the buck converter based
wind energy conversion system has been analyzed. The results
have been obtained using frequency response characteristics of
the small signal model of the converter. It has been shown that
the buck converter used in the dc-dc converter stage controls
the output voltage robustly against variations in the input wind
speed. This allows the use of a slow RMS controller at the
PWM inverter stage. A common control algorithm used in this
paper for both dc-dc and dc-ac converter stage eases the
controller implementation. The experimental results verified
the performance of the buck converter used for the wind
energy conversion system. The simulation results have been
obtained to show the performance of the complete wind
energy conversion system upon change in the input wind
speed.
REFERENCES
[1]
Fig. 11. Inverter output voltage waveform for step input voltage.