Design Of HVDC System

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Objectives for Design Of HVDC

System

Maximum reliabilityy / availabilityy

High Flexibility.
Low Maintenance
Safety

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System Consideration for Design Of

HVDC System
Outage
g risks for p
planning
g High
g capacity
p
y Links.
Inter-tripping Schemes to take care of HVDC pole/Bipole
outages.
Minimum and Maximum Fault levels.
Reactive Power Exchange with System.
Need
N d ffor E
External
t
lD
Dynamic
i support.
t
Load rejection Over voltages (TOV).
Recovery from AC and DC faults
faults.
Commutation failure performance.

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COMMUNICATION
Highly reliable and effective telecommunication system
should be available between the terminals.
Telecommunication link can be either PLCC or OPGW.
OPGW
Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) can be installed on one of
th peaks
the
k off the
th HVDC line.
li

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System Specification
Configuration
Main Power Requirements and modes of operation
System Parameters and main requirements
Voltage
Frequency
Harmonic Impedance
Reactive Power Exchange
Short Circuit Level
Environmental Conditions temp, soil, location etc.

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AC SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
AC system
y
voltage

Frequency

Short
Circuit
Levels
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400kV;; The HVDC system

y
shall be designed
g
for voltages from 360 to 440kV but the
performance shall be guaranteed for voltages
from 380 to 420 kV
50Hz; The HVDC system shall be designed
for frequencies ranging
g g from 47.5 Hz to 52.5
Hz but the performance shall be guaranteed
for frequencies from 48.5 Hz to 51.5 Hz
Ranges to be given for both rectifier and
inverter side.

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Single Line Diagram for a Bipolar

Transmission System
AC System

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HVDC Station

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DC Overhead Line

HVDC Station

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AC System

Energy Transmission

Single Line Diagram for a Back-toBack System

AC S
System
t

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HVDC Station
St ti

AC
System

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Bipolar HVDC Terminal

AC

AC

AC

System 1

System 2

To/ from
other
terminal

Controls, Protection, Monitoring

1 AC Switchyard
2 AC Filters

DC
filter

Pole 1

AC
filter

4 Converter Valves
DC
filter

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3 Transformers

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Pole 2

5 Smoothing Reactors
and DC Filters
6 DC Switchyard

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Basic Design Process

Specification
Main transmission Data
Pdc
Udc
Idc
AC-Network
Load flow study
Stability
St bilit study
t d

Main data of converter station (U, I, , Q)

Simulator Computer
DC H
DC-Harmonics
i

Simulation study

Insulation
y
coordination Thyristor
valves
and
arresters

etc.

Smoothing
g
reactor

DC Filters
DC-Filters

DC Li
DC-Line

AC Harmonics
AC-Harmonics

AC-Filters
AC
Filters

Converter
transformer

Design data for all equipment of the HVDC-system

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Main Data of Converter Station

Basic Control Concept

DC-Voltage, DC-Current, ...

Thyristor Type
Short Circuit Current Capability

Main Data
DC Voltage Vdc and DC Current Idc
Reactive Power Q
Firing Angles
AC B Voltage
AC-Bus
V lt
(Tap
(T Changers)
Ch
)
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Main design parameters

P
Parameter
t

T l h
Talcher

K l
Kolar

Min AC Voltage (normal/extreme)

380/360kV

380/360kV

Max AC Voltage (normal/extreme)

420/440kV

420/440kV

Min Frequency(normal/extreme)

48.5/47.5Hz

48.5/47.5Hz

Max Frequency(normal/extreme)

50.5/52.5Hz

50.5/52.5Hz

2.5

2.5

1500

1500

Min SCR for Pdc > 1000 MW

Min SCR for 500 MW < Pdc < 1000
MW
Mi SCR for
Min
f Pdc
Pd < 500 MW
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Salient Features
Rectifier
I
Inverter
t
Distance
Rated Power
Operating Voltage
Reduced Voltage
Overload

Two Hour, 50C

Two Hour, 33C
Half an hour
hour, 50/33C
50/33 C
Five Seconds

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Talcher, Orissa
K l K
Kolar,
Karnataka
t k
1400 km
2000 MW
500 kV DC
400 kV DC

1.1 pu per pole

1.2 pu per pole
1 2/1 3 pu per pole
1.2/1.3
1.47 pu per pole

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Reactive Power of HVDC Converter

600

Q rect.

500

Q [MVAr]
400

Q filter
300

200

delta Q
100

+80

-80

-100

-200
0

02
0,2

04
0,4

06
0,6

08
0,8

12
1,2

14
1,4

power in p.u.

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Reactive Power
R
Reactive
ti power controller
t ll operates
t att station
t ti level
l
l
Reactive power requirements are met by
AC h
harmonic
i fil
filters
Capacitor banks and reactors
Sizing of RP elements is influenced by
The reactive power exchange capabilities of the ac
system at given dc power level
Reactive power consumption of converter at given dc
power level
contd
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Reactive Power
Various sub-banks can be connected either in automatic
or manual mode
Two closed loop automatic control modes are possible
AC Voltage control
Reactive power exchange control
Switching hierarchy is
AC voltage
Harmonic performance
Reactive power exchange
contd

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AC Filters
C l l ti Method
Calculation
M th d

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Step
p1

Calculate AC Harmonics,
S l t Maximal
Select
M i lV
Values
l

Step 2

Calculate AC System
Impedance (Locus)

Step 3

Split up Reactive Power,

Define Filter Parameters

Step
p4

Check Filter Performance

Step 5

Calculate Filter Performance

and Component Stresses for
Different Load Conditions

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AC Filter Performance

Dn

individual Distortion =

Dtot

total Distortion =

Un
100[%]
U1

50
2
Dn
n=2

TIF Telephone Interference Factor

THFF Telephone Harmonic Form Factor

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AC Harmonic Currents
dc voltage (Du/UdN)

dc current ((Id/IdN))

5
1.0

0.0

0.5

-0.5

15

10

20

-1.0

0.0
5

10

15
t (ms)

20
t (ms)

current [%]
100
10
1
0.1
0.01

10

11

13

23

25

35

37

47

49

order of harmonic

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Design Aspects - Insulation Design

Insulation

Coordination

Air Clearance &

Flashover Distance

Creepage

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Distance

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Design AspectsAspects Insulation Design

Air Clearance / Flashover Distance
Clearances/Flash Distances
in HVDC Stations
are determined based on impulse overvoltages,
normally of the switching impulse type
Electrode Shapes of the Equipment
are important; favorable electrode shapes (especially
indoors) allow to reduce clearances / flash distances,
compared to commonly used design based on a rod-plane
configuration

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Design Aspects - Insulation Design

Creepage Distance
Indoors (Valve Hall)
clean
l
and
dd
dry environment
i
t
typical values: 1.2 ~ 1.4 cm/kV

Out doors

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decisive influences:

degree of pollution
material / surface of equipment
diameter of equipment

Typical values for large

di
diameters
t :

4 cm/kV (normal pollution)

5 cm/kV (heavier pollution)
up to 6 cm/kV (Bushings, porcelain)

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Insulation Co-ordination with ZnOArresters

Arrester Protection Level and Energy Capability

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Step 1

Define Arrester Rating for Maximum

Continuous Operating Voltage (MCOV)

Step 2

Calculate Protection Levels for

Switching Surges (Lightning)
Dynamic Overvoltages
Fault Conditions

Step 3

Check Energy Capability

If Energy Capability exceeded,
increase MCOV or increase Number
of Parallel Columns and repeat
Calculation

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Insulation Co-ordination with ZnO-Arresters

Arrester Arrangement
AC-Bus Arrester
Valve Unit Arrester
Valve Group Arrester
DC Line Arrester
Neutral Bus Arrester
Filter Arrester

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Arrester Arrangement

9 DC Line

AC-Filter Bus
C1

Lsmooth
Arr
B1

1
3

7
AC-Bus

Arr
B2

L1
Fachv

Arr
D

Arr
A

FacIv

Arr
C

6
Arr
B2

Fdc

L2

Arr
B2

C2

Arr
E1

AC-Filter
10

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Fdc

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Arr
E2
neutral

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Energy Unavailability
Energy unavailability is a measure of the energy which could
not have been transmitted due to (scheduled & forced)
outages.
E
Energy
U
Unavailability
il bilit % (EU) = EOH/PH x 100
Forced Energy Unavailability % (FEU) = EFOH/PH x 100
Scheduled Energy Unavailability % (SEU) = ESOH/PH x 100

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Energy Availability
A measure of the energy which could have been transmitted
except for limitations of capacity due to outages, arising
from any cause, either forced or scheduled.
Energy Availability % (EA) = (100 - EU)

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Reliability
Reliability is expressed in terms of the number of forced
outages of curtailment occurrences of poles and Bipole
per unit of time, usually one year.
EOF is the equivalent outage frequency which shall be
calculated as follows:
EOF = number of one pole outages x 1+ number of
other pole outages x 1+ number of bipole outages x 2

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Normally specified Values

Energy Availability: 97%
FEU: 0.7 %
Reliability: Not more than 10 forced outages

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Outage Statistics

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HVDC Station Losses

Losses calculated as per IEC-61803
No load losses and load losses are guaranteed

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THANK YOU

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