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Ductile iron:

Ductile iron, also known as ductile cast iron, nodular cast iron, spheroidal graphite iron,
spherulitic graphite cast iron[1] and SG iron, is a type of cast iron invented in 1943 by
Keith Millis.[2] While most varieties of cast iron are brittle, ductile iron is much more
flexible and elastic, due to its nodular graphite inclusions.
On October 25, 1949, Keith Dwight Millis, Albert Paul Gagnebin and Norman Boden
Pilling received US patent 2,485,760 on a Cast Ferrous Alloy for ductile iron production
via magnesium treatment.
Composition
A typical chemical analysis of this material:
Iron
Carbon 3.3 to 3.4%
Silicon 2.2 to 2.8%
Manganese 0.1 to 0.5%
Magnesium 0.03 to 0.05%
Phosphorus 0.005 to 0.04%
Sulfur 0.005 to 0.02%
Other elements such as copper or tin may be added to increase tensile and yield strength
while simultaneously reducing elongation. Improved corrosion resistance can be achieved
by replacing 15% to 30% of the iron in the alloy with varying amounts of nickel, copper,
or chromium.
List of alloys
1 Alloys of aluminium
2 Alloys of bismuth
3 Alloys of cobalt
4 Alloys of copper
5 Alloys of gallium
6 Alloys of gold
7 Alloys of indium
8 Alloys of iron
9 Alloys of lead
10 Alloys of magnesium
11 Alloys of mercury
12 Alloys of nickel
13 Alloys of potassium
14 Alloys of plutonium
15 Rare earth alloys
16 Alloys of rhodium
17 Alloys of silver
18 Alloys of titanium
19 Alloys of tin

20 Alloys of uranium
21 Alloys of zinc
22 Alloys of zirconium
Aluminium:
is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al
and its atomic number is 13.
ability to resist corrosion due to the phenomenon of passivation. Structural components
made from aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and are very
important in other areas of transportation and building
Aluminium is a soft, durable, lightweight, ductile and malleable metal with appearance
ranging from silvery to dull gray, depending on the surface roughness. Aluminium is
nonmagnetic and nonsparking.
Applications
Aluminium is the most widely used non-ferrous metal
pure aluminium is encountered only when corrosion resistance and/or workability is more
important than strength or hardness
Aluminium alloy:
Aluminium alloys are alloys in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. The
typical alloying elements are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, and zinc. There are
two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought alloys, both of which are
further subdivided into the categories heat-treatable and non-heat-treatable. About 85% of
aluminium is used for wrought products, for example rolled plate, foils and extrusions.
Cast aluminium alloys yield cost effective products due to the low melting point,
although they generally have lower tensile strengths than wrought alloys. The most
important cast aluminium alloy system is Al-Si, where the high levels of silicon (4.0% to
13%) contribute to give good casting characteristics. Aluminium alloys are widely used
in engineering structures and components where light weight or corrosion resistance is
required.[1]
Alloys composed mostly of the two lightweight metals aluminium and magnesium have
been very important in aerospace manufacturing since somewhat before 1940.
Aluminium-magnesium alloys are both lighter than other aluminium alloys and much less
flammable than alloys that contain a very high percentage of magnesium.
Aluminium alloy surfaces will keep their apparent shine in a dry environment due to the
formation of a clear, protective layer of aluminium oxide. In a wet environment, galvanic
corrosion can occur when an aluminium alloy is placed in electrical contact with other
metals with more negative corrosion potentials than aluminium.

Bismuth:
is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. The free element is 86% as
dense as lead, and brittle, with a silvery white color, and often a pink tinge owing to the
surface oxide
Applications
Bismuth has few commercial applications, none of which are large. Taking the U.S. as an
example, 1,090 tonnes of bismuth were consumed in 2008, of which 55% were chemicals
(including pharmaceuticals, pigments, and cosmetics), 34% were metallurgical additives
for casting and galvanizing, 7% were bismuth alloys, solders and ammunition, and the
balance went for research and other uses

Cobalt:
is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. It is found naturally only in
chemically combined form. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard,
lustrous, silver-gray metal.
Applications
Batteries
Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) is widely used in lithium ion battery cathodes. The
material is composed of cobalt oxide layers in which the lithium is intercalated. During
discharging the lithium intercalated between the layers is set free as lithium ion.[46]
Nickel-cadmium [47] (NiCd) and nickel metal hydride[48] (NiMH) batteries also contain
significant amounts of cobalt, the cobalt improves the oxidation capabilities of nickel in
the battery.
Copper

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