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Lecture 09
5) Ships with single controllable-pitch screws may experience screw bias, even when
the propeller pitch is set for low or zero thrust.
6) Twin-screw/twin-rudder ship generally have good maneuverability and control at
all speeds.
7) Twin-screw-twin-rudder ships may have good maneuverability at service speeds,
but poor maneuverability at low speeds.
8) Ship fitted with adequate low or other thrusters may have very good low-speed
maneuverability. Ships with omni-directional thrusters (azi-pods) will generally
have excellent low-speed maneuverability.
Oil tankers, ore carriers from 100,000 to 200,000 DWT and greater;
Liquid gas carriers with 125,000 m3 and greater;
Container carriers longer than 250 m; and
Ferries and Ro/Ro ships longer than 90 m and heavier than 45,000 DWT.
L2S
B =
8R
Rmin ~ 1,200 m
Rmin ~ 2,100 m
Rmin ~ 3,000 m
R 4 Ls
R = 10 Ls
Channel Depth.
The channel depth must permit the passage of the largest design draft ship during
high tide. There should not be (1) any accidental grounding of the ship, that reduces
maneuverability due to underkeel clearance, and (2) the ship should never hit the
bottom and run the risk of grounding or contaminating the environment.
The symbols mean:
- D.T.L. is design tidal level;
- W.R.L. is the water reference level;
- N.C.B.L. is the nominal channel bed level;
- C.D.L. is the channel dredge level;
- T1 is the tidal change during ship transit;
- T2 is allowance for unfavorable conditions;
- D is the ships static draft;
- z1 is the static draft uncertainties;
- z2 is the change in the water density;
- z3 is the squat;
- z4 is the wave response allowance;
- z5 is the net underkeel clearance;
- z6 allowance for bed-level uncertainties;
- z7 bottom change between dredgings;
- z8 dredging execution tolerance.
Channel Width.
The channel width is measured across the nominal
channel depth. This width is designed with the
largest design ships beam and maneuvering
characteristics, the traffic volume and the nature
of this traffic. The width of the lane Bm is
determined by,
a = t(sin )Vmax
where t is the yawing time, is the angle of yawing and Vmax is the maximum speed of
the ship; for good maneuverability Bm ~ 1.8 Bmax, and a good channel width should be
about 3.0 Bmax. The bank clearance Bbc is provided to reduce the bank suction effect
from ships. The propeller draws water between the ship and the bank producing a
lateral asymmetrical hydrodynamic force which drifts the stern towards the bank. It is
best to have Bbc = 1.5 Bmax.
This figure shows the change in the channel profile in time due to its long-term
instability, assuming that A1 = A2, where the line 1 is the dredged profile whereas the
line 2 is the long-term final slope.
These are the typical sections for navigation channels, in (a) in a one-way channel and
in (b) in a two-way channel.
Vn
BE = Bmax +
LS + Vmin t sin + BE
Vmin
where Bmax is the beam of the largest ship in meters; V is the normal component of the
speed drifting out of course under the action of currents and wind in meters/second;
Vmin is the minimum speed of the ship travel when she enters the port protected area in
m/s; Ls is the length of the design ship in m; t is the time of the ship yaw (usually 60 s);
is the yaw angle (between 3 to 10) depending on the current and wind effect; and
BE is the width allowance to prevent the ship from colliding with a breakwater or the
channel lateral slopes, in meters.
The value of BE depends on the amount of entrance protection, and ranges from Bmax
for well-protected entrances to 2Bmax for the less protected ones.
The drifting speed of the ship due to the wind and currents is,
Vn = Vcn + Vwn
where,
Vcn is the normal component of the cross-current acting on the ship (m/s); and
Vwn is the speed of the ship's drift under the normal component of the
strongest wind acting on the windward side (m/s).
Example.
Determine the width of a ports entrance BE with the following conditions:
1) The design ship length Ls = 220 m and a beam Bmax = 30 m;
2) The natural current and wind velocities are,
The normal component of the current at the entrance is,
Vn
1.25
BE = Bmax +
L
+
V
t
sin
B
=
30
+
220 + (1.5)( 60)( sin10) + ( 45)
(
)
S min
E
1.5
Vmin
BE = 274 m
Consider the first case, when the entrance is not constrictive, so that the basin is
roughly the same size as the entrance.
a) For the non-restrictive entrance, the basin is relatively short and deep, where
Lb
( gd )
0.5
0.05
T
where Lb is the basin length in meters; d is the average basin depth in meters; g is
the acceleration of gravity in 9.81 m/s2, and T is the tidal period in seconds.
b) The basin water area is relatively constant,
c) The in-flow of freshwater is minimal, and
d) The ocean tide is approximately sinusoidal.
For these conditions, the current velocity is,
2 a S Ab
VC =
AC T
where Vc is the average cross-section velocity at the maximum tidal flow in m/s; T is
the tidal period in seconds; Ab is the surface area of the basin in m2; Ac is the crosssectional area of the entrance at mean tide level in m2; and as is one-half the range of
the ocean tide in meters.
If the entrance is constrictive, as shown below, the tidal range is reduced, and the tidal
currents tend to be overestimated.
Basin Sizes.
The components of a typical basin are shown below,
The symbols are, (1) the access channel, (2) the interior channel (stopping area), (3) the
turning basin, (4) the anchorage area, (5) berthing areas, (6) special, (7) breakwaters.
The turning basin in an unrestricted port, with the symbols: Lst is the
ship stopping area, (1) is the turning basin, (2) is the maneuvering lane,
(3) are breakwaters, and (4) is a ship.
Port Everglades.
The main turning
basin measures
1,200 feet from east
to west and 2,450
feet north to south,
with a depth of 43
feet. Its north
extension ranges
from 900 feet wide
at its south portion
to 620 feet at its
northern limits, and
measures 1,150 feet
from north to south
with a 31-foot depth.
The main basin's
south extension is
1,300 feet square
and has a 37-foot
depth.
Fairport Harbor.
The harbor entrance to
the Fairport harbor
from Lake Erie is
through a dredged
channel marked with
lighted buoys, with a
length of approximately
3.5 kilometers and a
width of BE = 225 m.
The Fairport harbors breakwaters: the left is a shore-bound breakwater, whereas the
one at center is an offshore breakwater. Note that this recreational port has an outer
basin (shown in the left photo) and an inner basin (shown in the right photo).
The Port of Palm Beach has a turning basin measuring 1,100 feet by 1,400 feet with a
depth of 32 feet.