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ABSTRACT
European Directive for Energy Performance of Buildings was approved in the beginning
of 2003. The transition period is 3-6 years depending of the article. European
Standardisation Organisation (CEN) has drafted several standards to help the member
countries implementing the directive. One of these is the Criteria for the indoor
environment including thermal, indoor air quality (ventilation) light and noise. The
standard specifies design values of indoor environment, values to be used in energy
calculations, and methods how to verify the specified indoor environment in the buildings.
The paper describes some of the principles used in standards, and gives examples
presented in the standard. The standard covers all building types but the paper is focuses
on the non-residential buildings, numeric examples are given only for offices. A draft
standard has been under the international review process and is now being revised for final
approval during 2006...
INDEX TERMS
Standard, guidelines, ventilation, temperature, draft, lighting, noise, energy
INTRODUCTION
The European Parliament and Council approved in December 2002 a directive on the
energy performance of buildings (EPDB). The directive requires member countries to (1)
develop a comprehensive methodology for calculation of the integrated energy
performance of buildings and HVAC systems including heating, cooling, ventilation and
lighting (2) set minimum requirements for energy performance of new buildings (3) apply
requirements in existing buildings (4) develop an energy certification system for buildings
(5) have heating and air-conditioning systems inspected regularly.
The energy consumption of buildings depends significantly on the criteria used for the
indoor environment, which also affect health, productivity and comfort of the occupants.
An energy declaration without a declaration related to the indoor environment makes no
sense. The indoor environment is mentioned several times in the directive. First of all
energy-saving measures should not sacrifice peoples comfort and health. Secondly,
besides the energy certificate and actual values for the energy consumption, it is
recommended to display in the building the design values for the indoor environment and
indicators for the environmental comfort. There is therefore a need to specify criteria for
the indoor environment for design, energy calculations, performance evaluation and
display of operation conditions.
The paper describes how design criteria of the indoor environment are set for
dimensioning of systems and for energy calculations in the draft standard (prEN15251*
bwo@mek.dtu.dk
2005). The paper highlights some of the new principles in the standard such as three
categories of indoor environment, the difference between target values for dimensioning
and energy calculations, principles of defining the ventilation rates, and evaluation of the
indoor environment. For dimensioning and energy calculations, different approaches are
introduced for mechanically cooled buildings and buildings without mechanical cooling.
Finally, the paper will discuss some of the issues raised during the public review.
SOCPE OF THE STANDARD
The European Draft Standard specifies the parameters of impact and/or criteria for the
indoor environment and how they are used to meet the intent in the EPBD. It
Specifies the indoor environment parameters that have an impact on energy
performance of buildings, and specifies how to establish indoor environmental
input parameters for the building system design and energy performance
calculations.
Specifies methods for long-term evaluation of the obtained indoor environment as
a result of calculations or measurements.
Specifies criteria for measurements, which may be used if required by inspection.
Identifies parameters to be used by monitoring and displaying the indoor
environment in existing buildings.
Is applicable mainly in non-industrial buildings where criteria for the indoor
environment are set by human occupancy and where the production or process
does not have a major impact on the indoor environment. The standard is thus
applicable to the following building types: single-family houses, apartment
buildings, offices, educational buildings, hospitals, hotels and restaurants, sports
facilities, wholesale and retail trade service buildings.
The parameters and criteria are based on existing Standards and Guidelines (such as ISO
DIS16814-2005, EN ISO 7730-2005, prEN 13779-2005, CR1752-2001, and existing
national standards).
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR DIMENSIONING
For the design of buildings and dimensioning of HVAC systems the thermal comfort
criteria (minimum room temperature in winter, maximum room temperature in summer)
shall be used as input for heating load (EN12831) and cooling load (prEN15423)
calculations. This will guarantee that a minimum-maximum room temperature can be
obtained under design outdoor conditions and design internal loads. Values are presented
for the sizing and dimensioning of the systems and well as for the design of buildings
without mechanical cooling.
In general national specified criteria for design and dimensioning of systems must be used,
but in case of no national regulations, the standard gives recommended design values in
informative annexes. The recommended criteria are given for three classes (categories).
Using a higher class with stricter criteria will result in higher calculated design loads and
may then result in larger systems and equipment. The designer shall document design
criteria for the indoor environment. As an example, thermal design criteria for different
types of space are given in Table 1 for buildings with mechanical cooling.
Especially the criteria for kindergartens and department stores are under discussion. In
these types of building, activity will not be uniform as some people will be sedentary,
children will be playing and people walking. Also the clothing may vary between the
different groups of occupancy (sales people, customers). Other types of building like
hospitals, restaurants, sports facilities, and warehouses will have similar problems
regarding variations in activity and clothing between different types of occupant. The
temperature ranges are based on a general comfort criteria using the PMV-PPD index (EN
ISO 7730) of + 0,5 for category A (+ 0,2 for category A and + 0,7 for category C).
Table 1. Recommended design values of the indoor temperature for the design of buildings
and HVAC systems.
Type of building/ space
Category
Operative temperature oC
Heating (winter season),
~ 1,0 clo
21,0
25,5
20,0
26,0
18,0
27,0
18,0
16,0
14,0
21,0
25,5
20,0
26,0
19,0
27,0
21,0
25,5
20,0
26,0
19,0
27,0
21,0
25,5
20,0
26,0
19,0
27,0
Auditorium
21,0
25,5
20,0
26,0
19,0
27,0
21,0
25,5
20,0
26,0
19,0
27,0
Classroom
21,0
25,0
20,0
26,0
19,0
27,0
Kindergarten
19,0
24,5
17,5
25,5
16,5
26,0
17,5
24,0
16,0
25,0
15,0
26,0
Conference room
Sedentary ~ 1,2 met
Cafeteria/Restaurant
Sedentary ~ 1,2 met
Department store
Standing-walking ~ 1,6 met
shading, thermal capacity of the building, design, orientation and opening of windows etc.
Based on a mean monthly outside temperature, recommended criteria for the indoor
temperature are given in Figure 1. This is similar to the criteria used in ASHRAE
Standard 55-2004. One issue to consider is, however, whether a monthly mean of the
outside temperature or maybe a weighted weekly, running mean value should be used. In
this case the x-axis cannot just be changed. The whole diagram will change as ex. a month
with a mean outside temperature of 23 oC will include a weekly mean outside
temperatures even higher.
This diagram has been validated only for office buildings with operable windows under
occupant control.
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
-5
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 1. Design values for the indoor operative temperature as a function of mean
monthly outdoor air temperature for buildings without mechanical cooling systems.
Indoor air quality and ventilation rates
For the design of ventilation systems and the calculation of heating and cooling loads, the
required ventilation rate must be specified in the design documents based on national
requirements or using the recommended methods in this standard. In the design and
operation the main sources of pollutants should be identified and eliminated or decreased
by any feasible means. Local exhausts and ventilation then deal with the remaining
pollution. Air cleaning devices can also be used to remove pollutants from the room air in
order to improve the air quality. The ventilation rates for air quality are independent of
season.
In the standard the recommended ventilation rates in non-residential buildings take into
account pollutant emission. The calculated design ventilation rate is from two components
(a) ventilation for pollution from occupancy and (b) ventilation for the pollution from the
building itself. The ventilation for each category is the sum of these two components as
illustrated by the equation (1).
The ventilation rates for occupants (qp ) only are:
Category A: 10 l/s, pers
Category B: 7 l/s, pers
Category C: 4 l/s, pers
(1)
Single
office
Landscaped
office
Conference
room
Auditorium
Restaurant
Class room
Kindergarte
n
Department
store
Category
Floor
area
m2/person
For
occupancy
qB
for lowpolluted
building
l/s,m2
1,0
0,7
qA
for nonlowpolluted
building
l/s,m2
2,0
1,4
qtot
total for
lowpolluted
building
l/s,m2
2,0
1,4
qtot
total for
non-low
polluted
building
l/s,m2
3,0
2,1
Add
when
smoking
allowed
l/s,m2
0,7
0,5
A
B
10
10
l/s,m2
1,0
0,7
10
0,4
0,4
0,8
0,8
1,2
0,3
A
B
15
15
0,7
0,5
1,0
0,7
2,0
1,4
1,7
1,2
2,7
1,9
0,7
0,5
15
0,3
0,4
0,8
0,7
1,1
0,3
A
B
2
2
5,0
3,5
1,0
0,7
2,0
1,4
6,0
4,2
7,0
4,9
5,0
3,6
2,0
0,4
0,8
2,4
2,8
2,0
A
B
0,75
0,75
15
10,5
1,0
0,7
2,0
1,4
16
11,2
17
11,9
0,75
6,0
0,4
0,8
6,4
6,8
A
B
1,5
1,5
7,0
4,9
1,0
0,7
2,0
1,4
8,0
5,6
9,0
6,3
5,0
1,5
2,8
0,4
0,8
3,2
3,6
2,8
A
B
2,0
2,0
5,0
3,5
1,0
0,7
2,0
1,4
6,0
4,2
7,0
4,9
2,0
2,0
0,4
0,8
2,4
2,8
A
B
2,0
2,0
6,0
4,2
1,0
0,7
2,0
1,4
7,0
4,9
8,0
5,8
2,0
2,4
0,4
0,8
2,8
3,2
A
B
7
7
2,1
1,5
2,0
1,4
3,0
2,1
4,1
2,9
5,1
3,6
0,9
0,8
1,2
1,7
2,1
Noise
The noise from the energy systems of the building may disturb the occupants and prevent
the intended use of the space or building. The noise in a space can be evaluated using Aweighted equivalent sound pressure level (Table 3). These criteria apply to the sources
from the building as well as the noise level from outdoor sources. The criteria should be
used to limit the sound power level from the mechanical equipment and to set sound
insulation requirements for the noise from outdoors and adjacent rooms. The values can be
exceeded in the case where the occupant can control the operation of the equipment or the
windows. For example a room air-conditioner may generate a higher sound pressure level
if its operation is controlled by the occupant, but even in this case the rise of the sound
pressure level over the values in Table 3 should be limited to between 5 and 10 dB(A).
It is therefore noted that the ventilation should not rely on operable windows if the
building is located in an area with an outdoor noise level too high considering the level the
designer wishes to achieve in the indoor zone.
Draft
Criteria for maximum mean air velocity are given for summer (cooling season) and winter
(heating season) as mean air velocity (Table 3).
Table 3. Criteria to evaluate draft and noise criteria of some spaces and buildings
Type of building/space
Category
0,18
0,15
30
0,22
0,18
35
0,25
0,21
40
Landscaped office
0,18
0,15
35
(open-plan office)
0,22
0,18
40
0,25
0,21
45
0,18
0,15
30
0,22
0,18
35
0,25
0,21
40
0,18
0,15
30
0,22
0,18
33
0,25
0,21
35
0,18
0,15
35
0,22
0,18
45
0,25
0,21
50
0,18
0,15
30
0,22
0,18
35
0,25
0,21
40
0,16
0,13
30
0,20
0,16
40
0,24
0,19
45
0,16
0,13
40
0,20
0,15
45
0,23
0,18
50
Conference room
Auditorium
Cafeteria/Restaurant
Classroom
Kindergarten
Department store
Sound pressure
dB(A)
Table 4. Temperature ranges for hourly calculation of cooling and heating energy in three
categories of indoor environment.
Type of building or space
Category
21,0 -25,0
Temperature
range for cooling,
o
C
Clothing ~ 0,5 clo
23,5 - 25,5
20,0-25,0
23,0 - 26,0
18,0- 25,0
22,0 - 27,0
18,0-25,0
16,0-25,0
C
A
B
C
14,0-25,0
21,0 23,0
20,0 24,0
19,0 25,0
23,5 - 25,5
23,0 - 26,0
22,0 - 27,0
A
B
C
A
B
C
19,0 21,0
17,5 22,5
16,5 23,5
17,5 20,5
16,0 22,0
15,0 23,0
22,5 - 24,5
21,5 25,5
21,0 - 26,0
22,0 - 24,0
21,0 25,0
20,0 - 26,0
Department store
Standing-walking activity ~1,6 met
Temperature range
for heating, oC
Clothing ~ 1,0 clo
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Temperature Rise, C
Figure 2. Air speed required to offset increased temperature (ASHRAE Standard 55, EN
ISO 7730). The air speed increases by the amount necessary to maintain the same total
heat transfer from the skin. Acceptance of the increased air speed requires occupant
control of the local air speed.
.95
.9
.85
composite weighted
.8
Relative Performance
The recommended upper temperature levels do not take into account any influence on
peoples performance. By an economical evaluation of the trade-offs between increased
temperature, comfort and energy performance, the performance of the occupants should be
included. Based on a literature analysis by Seppnen and Fisk(2005), Figure 3 shows a
relation between performance and space temperature for spaces occupied by people with
mainly sedentary activities and normal indoor clothing.
15
20
25
30
35
Temperature (C)
As the loads of the building vary spatially and temporally, the designed system may not be
able to fulfil the design intent in all rooms during all hours. There is a need to evaluate the
long-term performance of a building in respect to indoor environment. This evaluation is
necessary for the display of the climatic factors (indoor environment) in the energy
performance certificate (a requirement of the directive in articles 6 and 7). The standard
also presents indicators for such an evaluation and their use. The evaluation of the indoor
environment of a building is made by evaluating the indoor environment of typical rooms
representing different zones in the building. Evaluation can be based on design,
measurements or calculations. An evaluation includes (1) thermal criteria for winter (2)
thermal criteria for summer (3) air quality and ventilation criteria (4) lighting criteria (5)
acoustic criteria (6) draft criteria.
As the criteria are based on instantaneous values it values outside the recommended range
should be acceptable for short periods during a day. Therefore it is recommended that for
3-5% of the time (working hours) the calculated or measured values can be outside the
range. The 3-5% is to be used for daily (meaning 15-25 minutes during a working day),
weekly (24-120 working minutes) and yearly (50-100 working hours) periods.
Finally, the standard is discussing methods to give an overall evaluation of the indoor
environment, which in the future could be used for an indoor environmental certificate.
Unfortunately, only a few research results are available on the combined effects of the
indoor environmental parameters.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by the European Organisation for Standardization (CEN) with a
grant from the European Commission, and reviewed by a CEN working group TC 156
WG12, as well as national organisations.
REFERENCES
ASHRAE Standard 55-1992, 2004. Thermal environment conditions for human
occupancy. ASHRAE, Atlanta.
ASHRAE Standard 62-2001, 2004, Ventilation for Acceptable Air Quality. ASHRAE,
Atlanta.
CEN prEN15251, 2005 Criteria for the Indoor Environment including thermal, indoor air
quality, light and noise.
CEN prEN15423, 2005 Ventilation for Buildings-Calculation of room temperatures and of
load and energy for buildings with room conditioning systems
CEN prEN13790-2005 Energy performance of buildings Calculation of energy use
for space heating and cooling.
EN ISO 7730, 2005. Moderate thermal environments - Determination of the PMV and
PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort".
EN 12464-2002. Light and lighting Lighting of work places- Part 1: Indoor work places
EN12831-2002 Heating systems in buildings Method for calculation of the design heat
load.
CEN CR 1752-2002. Ventilation for buildings Design criteria for the indoor
environment
CEN PrEN13799-2005. Ventilation for non-residential buildings - performance
requirements for ventilation and room-conditioning systems
ISO DIS 16814-2005 Building environment design Indoor air quality Methods of
expressing the quality of indoor air for human occupancy
Seppnen O, Fisk WJ. 2005. Some quantitative relations between indoor environmental
quality and work performance or health. Proceedings of 9 th International conference on
Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Beijing September 2005
Wargocki, P. (2004) "Sensory pollution sources in buildings, Indoor Air, Vol.14 (Suppl
7), 82-91