CH01 and 02

Basic Circuit Example
All Circuits Require:

1.
Voltage Source
2.
A Load (or it would be a short circuit)
3.
A Conductive Path
(Load)
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Basic Circuit Schematic
All Circuits Require:

1.
Voltage Source
2.
A Load (or it would be a short circuit)
3.
A Conductive Path
(Load)
Thomas L. Floyd

Metric Prefixes
Metric prefixes are symbols that represent the
powers of ten used in Engineering notation
Electrical Units
Voltage and Current Flow in a Circuit
No Voltage Applied
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Electrons flow from negative to positive when a voltage is applied across a conductive material.
Voltage Applied
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Illustration of 1 A of current (1C/s) in a material
Resulting Electron Current Flow (1 Ampere)

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American Wire Gage (AWG):

Gage Number Up -> Wire Size Down
A (CM) = d2
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Wire Gage Measurement
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House Wiring and Amperage

Wire Use
Rated Ampacity
Wire Gauge
Low-voltage Lighting and

Lamp Cords
10 Amps
18 Gauge
Extension Cords
13 Amps
16 Gauge
Light Fixtures, Lamps,

Lighting Runs
15 Amps
14 Gauge
Receptacles, 110-volt Air

Conditioners, Sump
Pumps, Kitchen
Appliances
20 Amps
12 Gauge
Electric Clothes Dryers,

220-volt Window
Air Conditioners,
Built-in Ovens,
Electric Water
Heaters
30 Amps
10 Gauge
Cook Tops
45 Amps
8 Gauge
Electric Furnaces, Large

Electric Heaters
60 Amps
6 Gauge
Electric Furnaces, Large

Electric Water
Heaters, Sub Panels
80 Amps
4 Gauge
Service Panels, Sub

Panels
100 Amps
2 Gauge
Service Entrance
150 Amps
1/0 Gauge
Service Entrance
200 Amps
2/0 Gauge
Printed Circuit Board (PCB)Foil Traces as

Conductors
Empty Board Showing Traces
and Connection Pads
Populated Board Showing

Traces and Soldered
Connections
Components are mounted on Opposite Side
Ground is not Always Earth Ground
Earth
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Common
Ground is Always a Common 0 Volt Reference

A simple circuit with ground connections
(Electron Flow)
Ground is a common path for current to return to the Voltage

Supply is considered to have 0V potential
Most Voltage Measurements are made Referenced to Ground
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Sizes of common batteries
Battery Voltage Sources
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Battery Voltage Sources
Voltages Add or Subtract Depending Upon Polarity
Voltage Stays the Same, but Increased Current Capability
Creates Voltage From Chemical Reaction

No Voltage Source has Unlimited Current Capability
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AC Power Supply Voltage Source
Creates DC Voltage From Raw AC Outlet Voltage

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Generator/Alternator Voltage Source
Creates Voltage From Rotating Magnetic Fields

Requiring a Great Amount of Force/Torque
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Solar Cell Voltage Source
Creates Voltage From Exposure to Light
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Fuel Cell Voltage Source
Electronic power supplies. (Copyright Tektronix, Inc. Reproduced by permission.)
Workbench Voltage/Current Power Supplies

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Example of a voltmeter connection to measure voltage in a simple circuit
Measuring Voltage
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Example of an ammeter connection to measure current in a simple circuit
Measuring Current
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Resistance/resistor symbol
Resistors
Basic Resistor Symbol

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Two common types of individual fixed resistors with axial leads
Low Watt Axial Lead Resistors

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Chip resistor and resistor networks
Low Watt Resistors

Size of Resistor is Based Upon Wattage Rating
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Two types of fixed resistors (not to scale)
Low Watt Resistor Construction

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The power rating of a resistor is directly related to its surface area and its material
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Relative sizes of metal-film resistors with standard power ratings of 1/8 W, 1/4 W, 1/2 W, and 1W
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Typical resistors with high power ratings.
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Typical wirewound power resistors
Higher Watt Resistors

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Common types of power resistors
Higher Watt Resistors

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Construction views of typical film resistors
LowWatt
High Watt
Resistor Construction
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Resistor Color Codes
12K Ohms
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Resistor color codes
Answers on Next Slide
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27K Ohms
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100 Ohms
5.6M Ohms

Example of three-digit labeling for a resistor
Other Labeling Method

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Example of using an ohmmeter to measure resistance
Measuring Resistance
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Potentiometer and rheostat symbols and basic construction of one type of potentiometer
Variable Resistors/Potentiometers/POT
Have Moveable Wiper to Vary Resistance

Can be used as Voltage or Current Dividers
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Examples of (a) linear and (b) tapered potentiometers
More Change at Low Volume

Less Change at High Volume
Most Common Type
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Type Used in Volume Controls

Typical potentiometers and two construction views
Potentiometer Examples
Smaller POTS are called Trimmers
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Symbols for resistive devices with sensitivities to temperature and light
Special Purpose Resistors

Both Usually have Negative Coefficients
Temperature Up
Resistance Down
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Light Level Up
Resistance Down

Common Thermistor Use
Modern Thermostats use them to Sense Room Temperature
Special Purpose Resistors
Strain Gage
Attached to a surface
Resistance changes when stretched or bent
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Illustration of closed and open circuits using an SPST switch for control
Switches
Simple On/Off Switch

Open or Closes the Circuit
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An example of an SPDT switch controlling two lamps
Switches
Switching Between two Circuits
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Switch symbols
Types of Common Switches
Single Pole
Single Throw
Basic On/Off Switch
Single Pole
Double Throw
Double Pole
Single Throw
Double Pole
Double Throw
Switch Between
Two Circuits
On/Off
Two Circuits
One Source,
Two Circuits
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Normally-Open
Push Button
Normally-Closed
Push Button
Doorbell
Car Open-Door
Beeper
Multi-Function
Control Switch

SPDT Controlling Two Circuits
Single Pole
Double Throw
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Single Pole
Rotary
Single Pole
Double Throw
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Double Pole
Single Throw
Single Pole
Double Throw

Rotary Switch Controlling Four Circuits
Single Pole
Rotary
Multi-Function
Control Switch
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Good Rotary Switch Application
Multi-Function
Control Switch
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Typical mechanical switches
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Construction view of a typical toggle switch
SPDT
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Why we Have Circuit Protection
Typical fuses and circuit breakers and their symbols
Circuit Protection
Chemical Slow Blow
Wire Fast Blow

Wire
WireFast
FastBlow
Blow
Industrial Fuses
Automotive
Household Circuit Breaker
Once a fuse is blown, It cannot be reused

Once a Circuit Breaker is Tripped, It can be Reset
Household Circuit Breakers

220V Line Voltage
Neutral
Set
Tripped
Earth Ground at Bottom of Panel
Breaker Panel
The more current, the more the electromagnet becomes magnetized
At the specified breaker current, there is enough magnetic force to pull the breaker contact open
Breaker is Reset by pushing the switch to Off and then back to On
Household Breaker Panels

220V Line Voltage
Heat from Overloaded Circuits
Neutral
Interleaved Bus Bars
Bad Connections and Arc Hazard
GFCI receptacle
Trips Much Faster Than Circuit
Breaker or Fuse
Neutral
Hot
Compares
current
between Hot
and Neutral
and if not
equal, Trips
(Opens) the
circuit
Ground
FIGURE 2-53 Shock hazard in terms of three basic current path groups.
Shock Hazard
Current Kills:
You dont want it to pass through your heart
-First and Last Example
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Review of Symbols
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Common Electronic Test Equipment
DC Power Supply
Digital Multimeter - DMM

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Function Generator
Oscilloscope OScope


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Basic Circuit Example

All Circuits Require:

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Basic Circuit Schematic

All Circuits Require:

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Voltage and Current Flow in a Circuit

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Illustration of 1 A of current (1C/s) in a material

Resulting Electron Current Flow (1 Ampere)

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

American Wire Gage (AWG):

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Wire Gage Measurement

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

House Wiring and Amperage

Low-voltage Lighting and

Light Fixtures, Lamps,

Receptacles, 110-volt Air

Electric Clothes Dryers,

Electric Furnaces, Large

Electric Furnaces, Large

Service Panels, Sub

Printed Circuit Board (PCB)Foil Traces as

Populated Board Showing

Components are mounted on Opposite Side

Ground is not Always Earth Ground

Ground is Always a Common 0 Volt Reference

A simple circuit with ground connections

Ground is a common path for current to return to the Voltage

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Sizes of common batteries

Battery Voltage Sources

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Battery Voltage Sources

Voltages Add or Subtract Depending Upon Polarity

Voltage Stays the Same, but Increased Current Capability

Creates Voltage From Chemical Reaction

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

AC Power Supply Voltage Source

Creates DC Voltage From Raw AC Outlet Voltage

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Generator/Alternator Voltage Source

Creates Voltage From Rotating Magnetic Fields

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Solar Cell Voltage Source

Creates Voltage From Exposure to Light

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Fuel Cell Voltage Source

Electronic power supplies. (Copyright Tektronix, Inc. Reproduced by permission.)

Workbench Voltage/Current Power Supplies

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Example of a voltmeter connection to measure voltage in a simple circuit

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Example of an ammeter connection to measure current in a simple circuit

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Basic Resistor Symbol

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Two common types of individual fixed resistors with axial leads

Low Watt Axial Lead Resistors

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Chip resistor and resistor networks

Low Watt Resistors