IADC/SPE 156176

Successful Application of ESPs in Bohai Bay Development

Ed Sheridan, SPE, Baker Hughes; Dr Zia Janjua, SPE, ESP Expertise Ltd; Jim McRae, Sanjay Paranji,
Michael Long, SPE, Anadarko Petroleum Corporation
Copyright 2012, IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition
This paper was prepared for presentation at the IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibitionheld in Tianjin, China, 911 July 2012.
This paper was selected for presentation by an IADC/SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not
been reviewed by the International Association of Drilling Contractors or the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily
reflect any position of the International Association of Drilling Contractors or the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any
part of this paper without the written consent of the International Association of Drilling Contractors or the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is
restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of IADC/SPE copyright.

Abstract
In 2002, during front-end planning for a project in China, the operator Anadarko understood that the electrical submersible
pumping (ESP) system run life would be one of the critical factors for the project's success.
Therefore, consideration of the complete ESP lifecycle was taken into account. This included design, equipment
specification, contracting strategy, installation practices, commissioning procedures, operating practices including
optimization and troubleshooting,as well as ESP teardown and inspection.
The challenge was to provide ESP systems that could:

Cover initial low productivity index (PI) / low fluid rates

Cover final high PI / high fluid rates
Produce heavy oil
Meet all the above conditions while keeping the ESPs within their operating envelopes

This drove the concept developed for the ESP design. The principle is still being used more than six years since its first
production.
The final design included the following features:

Encapsulated ESPs to assist with motor cooling at lower fluid rates and heavy oil production
Pumps with abrasion-resistant technology selected to cover the required large range of flow rates
Geothermal-specification motors to allow operation at higher temperatures
Comms-on-power down-hole sensors for continuous monitoring and optimization

Since coming on line, ESPs have been installed and operated very successfully in the CFD group of fields and have been
exceeding all run life expectations.Of the 110 ESPs operating, the average run life since the start of production is 3.5 years,
with 30 (28%) running more than four years and the longest ESP run life so far at 6.1 years.
Introduction
With China National Offshore Oil Corporation and Anadarko Petroleum Corporation as the operators, along with partners
Singapore Petroleum Corporation E&P (China) and Newfield Exploration Company,the Cao Fei Dian (CFD) group of fields
was developed in Blocks 04/36 and 05/36 located 80 km offshore in Bohai Bay in the Peoples Republic of China.
The initial discovery well was drilled in 1999 in CFD 11-1 with the first oil delivered in 2004 from the CFD 11-1 and 11-2
Ffields.Production is currently from CFD 11-1, 11-2, 11-3/5, 11-6 and 12-1 Ffields at combined rates of more than 50,000
STB/D; cumulative production has reached 100 million STB.
The fields are located in a water depth of 25 meters. They were developed using three manned platforms and three unmanned
platforms. These were tied back through a single point mooring (SPM) tower to a central processing floating production and
storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel.

IADC/SPE 156176

The purpose-built, double-sided and double-bottom FPSO has a cargo capacity of 1,000,000 bbl with a process capacity
through two trains at 410,000 BFPD.The FPSO also provides for water injection and delivers power to the platforms through
subsea cables for the ESPs via two 10.5-kV, 585-A medium-voltage electrical slip rings (MVESR) located in the SPM.
Following an intensive batch drilling and completion program, CFD 11-1 and 11-2 Fields initially came on-stream with 34
ESPs in July2004.The current well count is now 108 wells spread across six fields producing through ESPs ranging from 48
to 494 hp.The majority of the pumps (101) are within the service companys medium horsepower range of 125 to 600 hp.
There were three major factors that contributed significantly to the CFD success. First, drilling and completion operations
needed to protect the reservoir interface from formation damage due to the fluids.Extensive testing led to the use of a solidsfree sodium formate drill-in fluid displaced with a filtered sodium formate brine for the CFD 11-1,and 11-2 completions, and
a filtered KCL/sodium formate brine for the CFD 11-6/12-1 and 11-3/5 completions.
Second, completions needed to provide a solution for producing high volumes of heavy oil and water without producing sand
from these highly unconsolidated reservoirs. This was accomplished by running premium screens in the 450-meter
horizontal wells and achieving 100% openhole gravel packs (OHGP) with ceramic proppant.The final key, of course, was to
design and engineer the most valuable ESP for the CFD operation.
ESP Run Life
The successful application of ESP technology and ESP run lives were the key factors that governed this project. In 2002,
during front-end planning, consideration of the complete ESP lifecycle was taken into account. This plan included design,
equipment specification, contracting strategy, installation practices, commissioning procedures, and operating practices such
as optimization/and troubleshooting, through to ESP teardown and inspection.
To ensure the best possible application of ESP technologies, the operator coupled its own in-house ESP expertise with an
outside ESP advisor. This team worked with the selected ESP supplier to ensure that all ESP equipment and operational
requirements were integrated into the well completions and facilities design, as well as into the operating procedures.
To help ensure continuous improvement in operating practices, ESP training was delivered by the ESP advisor prior to and
after first oil, for both onshore engineers and theoffshore production operations personnel.
The range of production fluid properties presented a huge challenge. Crude gravities ranged from 12 to 30 API, and reservoir
crude viscosities ranged from 30 to 425 cP,.There was also the potential for tight emulsions and the risk forof sand
production once water cuts increased.
Most of the reservoirs have strong edge and/or bottom aquifer drives;hence, wells are produced at high fluid rates with water
cuts up to 98%. The combined water rate for the fields is currently 360,000 BWPD with cumulative water production since
start-up at 500 million bbl.
Reservoir management requirements also specified a wide range of gross off-take rates of 300 to 11,000 BFPD spread across
the well population as shown in Fig. 2.CFD is geologically a fluvial setting, so reservoir heterogeneity coupled with variabledrive mechanisms result in significant PI variations at a well-by-well level. These cannot be necessarily anticipated before an
ESP is run in a well. Consequently, most of the ESP setups in the CFD field cover a wide range of expected PI and fluid offtake rates to counter the lack of predictability in well PI.
The general reservoir management principle is to produce at the low end of the ESP capability when producing clean oil
during early well life. Then, production is gradually ramped up with a variablespeed drive (VSD) controlling the ESP during
the life of the well as the water cuts increase.
In high-permeability and strong aquifer drive systems, a hyperbolic production profile with a long flat tail end is expected,
and CFD well production profiles follow this behavior where much of the life of the well is spent at >80% water cuts. The
ability to increase the fluid off-take at higher water cuts enables the delivery of competitive oil rates that extend the value of
each valuable well slot on an offshore platform.
Since coming on line, ESPs have been installed and operated very successfully for long run lives in the CFD group of
fields.The average ESP run life since the start of production is 3.5 years, with 30 (28%) running more thanfour years and the
longest ESP run life so far at 6.1 years.Continuous ESP performance monitoring and optimization have played a key role in
achieving the long ESP run lives.However, it is apparent that the comprehensive approaches to ESP design, sizing and
equipment selection together with robust completion designs that ensure maximum sand protection for the pumphave
had significant influence over the long run lives required to make an offshore development with ESPs successful.

IADC/SPE 156176

Another important factor in the projects success was aligning the goals of the service company with the operator in a
performance-based contract.This was achieved with a leased-based contract that included an initial lump-sum payment
followed by a fixed dayrate payment up to the target base run life of 750 days.
If the ESP exceeded the target base run life, the operator would pay the service company a bonus run life payment that was
capped at 1,000 days.If the pump failed before 750 days, then the fixed dayrate payment ceased as long as the pump was
pulled, another run in within an agreed timeframe, and if there were no faults with operators management of the pump,(see
Fig. 3).
Due to the importance of the ESP sizing, design and equipment selection, a review was carried out prior to the tender stage
on projected well conditions and on the PVT data from the drillstem tests (DST) performed on the delineation wells drilled in
CFD 11-1 and 11-2.The highest level of CO2 was determined to be 1%, which is well within the acceptable range for
standard metallurgy and no H2S was found during the DSTs.
Although many CFD area formations are unconsolidated and have potential for sand production, erosion control in the form
of exotic coatings or metallurgies was deemed unnecessary because the completion designs included sand control.Sand
control included two medians of filtration that reduced the possibility of sand production; the 20/40 ceramic proppant and
the medium-mesh premium screens.
ESP Design
The concept developed at the outset, and is still being used as the basis for pump design in the CFD area fields,.It aims to
provide an ESP that can cover the initial low PI/low fluid rate to the final high PI/high fluid rate whilekeeping the ESP within
its operating envelope.
This requirement pushed the limits of a standard multi-staged centrifugal pump. It was achieved only with the use of
additional protection from tungsten carbide inserts at regular intervals throughout the pump. Tungsten carbide was selected
because of its exceptional hardness and that it is less brittle than most ceramics.
During the early stages of the development, the pumps e installed incorporated the abrasion-resistant modular (ARM)
technology.The main reasons for selecting the ARM system were to provide radial support through the tungsten carbide
inserts and allow for additional down-thrust protection through the mushroom-shaped flange on top of the insert.This extra
down-thrust protection increased the operating range of the pump, allowing for a wider range of desired flow rates and
reducing the risk of down-thrust wear at the initial operating conditions as shown in Figs.4a and 4b.This design gave
additional flexibility during the relatively unproven, initial production phase. It potentially eliminated the need for premature
workovers due to pump failure caused by wear during the early production conditions.
The ARM system, with its tungsten carbide inserts, also minimized damage caused by solids production. The ratio of
standard to ARM pump stages depends on the severity of the sand problem. If the basic sediment and water (BS&W)
quantity is high, the particle size fine and composition quartzitic, then a high ratio would have been used.Fortunately, the
completion design has kept the produced fluids from the CFD fields sand free since startup.For During the water phase, more
than 90% of the particle diameters are silt between 6 toand 7 microns andwith the total suspended solids (TSS) at 7
mg/L.During the oil phase, more than 90% of the particle diameters are clay with sizes of 0.9 microns with a TSS of 800
mg/L.
For the CFD 11-1 and 11-2 fields, a 3:1 ARM ratio was recommended.Many of the pumps still running there are the ARM
configuration despite being obsolete following the introduction of the Baker Hughes Centrilift XP Xtreme Performance
series of pumps.The XP series pump equivalent to ARM is the severe duty (SD) specification and is now widely installed in
the later-developed CFD 11-6, CFD 12-1 and more recent wells added in CFD 11-1. The XP series SD pumps have a
tungsten carbide flanged sleeve and pedestal based on L/D ratio and thrust capacity, as shown in Fig. 5.This design again
provides radial support and down-thrust protection, allowing for a wider range of desired flow rates. TheXP series pump
stages are more efficient than the older GC type due to the wider vane opening that provides greater head psi/ft per stage, thus
requiring less horsepower to produce the same fluid to surface.
The operators initial request at the time of tender was for a 4-chamber seal section with two bags and two labyrinths. During
the ESP-sizing process, though, the AutographPC sizing software raised a number of red flags regarding the specified
design.The main problem with the 4-chamber design is that it contains two labyrinth chambers which are less effective when
set at high deviations. A model GST3 4B tandem seal section was recommended, consisting of six chambers, with a 4-bag, 2labyrinth configuration.

IADC/SPE 156176

The recommended design was preferable because the bag-type chambers perform better at deviated setting angles.The
tandem GST3 4B seal section also contains 30% more motor oil than a 4-chamber seal. This provides a further barrier against
wellbore fluid ingress, which adds significantly to motor protection. The addition of two chambers also provides two extra
mechanical seals around the rotating shaft from the motor to the pump, with six mechanical seals for maximum wellbore
isolation.
The reservoir temperatures in the CFD area fields are not particularly high; they range from 207F in the Dongying
formation, to a more typical 185F in the Guantao and 126F in the Upper Ming. However, the crude viscosities are relatively
high in the Guantao and Ming reservoirs. The in-situ viscosities typically range from 200 to 400 cP on the Upper Ming
reservoirs, 40 to 200 cP on the Lower Ming reservoirs and 2 to 30 cP on the Guantao reservoirs.
There are exceptions to this general trend in specific areas and reservoirs of the CFD field. This generates extra heat
downhole due to the lower flow rates which lead to reduced motor cooling.A motor upgrade was proposed from the standard
KMH range to a KMH-G which is designed for geothermal applications. This option upgrades the motor oil from CL5
(standard) to CL6, which is more viscous, and also changes some components' metallurgy to brass. This option is now used
in the higher gas/oil ratio(GOR) reservoirs in the CFD 11-6 and 12-1 fields. It allows the motors to be rated to athe higher
temperature of 350F, which in low flow-rate applications, allows the ESP to be run for extended periods at lower rates.
ESP cable is the link between the ESP and the VSD at surface.Power is transmitted to the motor by clamping a specially
constructed three-phase power cable to the production tubing.The cable selected for CFD was an EPDM/barrier design
(CEBER model) e with dual 3/8-in.capillary tubes as shown in Fig. 6.The cable is constructed with a solid copper conductor
using a low-swell EPDM rubber insulator that is wrapped in a high-temperatureFluoroBarrier polymer.All three phases are
then molded into a high-modulus, breathable EPDM rubber jacket.
Protection for the EPDM jacket comes from galvanized steel armor.A second armor layer is then used to hold the capillary
tubes, which provides the added benefit of additional protection from the double armor in the highly deviated section of the
wellbores. The system also eliminates the need for separate cable and control line spoolers at the surface during installation.
Recognizing the importance of permanent down-hole monitoring, key parameters such as motor temperature, pump intake
pressure, as well as the discharge pressure, are easily monitored at the surface via the comms-on cable down-hole monitoring
system.The design uses a standard gauge system that includes a motor gauge unit (MGU), ported pump discharge head, highvoltage choke panel and a surface electronics package.This system has been incorporated into the fields completion designs
and has been installed on all platforms as standard.
The MGU is attached to the bottom of the motor and communicates to the surface electronics via a DC signal transmitted
through the Wye (star) point connection in the base of the motor. The MGU always has five parameters:

Intake pressure
Fluid temperature
Motor winding temperature
Electronics temperature
Vibration (X & Y)

The ported discharge head reading is taken by running hydraulic capillary tubing from a pressure tap on the discharge of the
pump to the MGU. There are pressure compensation factors that adjust for the differential head exerted on the pressure
sensor from the fluid in the hydraulic tubing, thus giving the discharge pressure reading.
The surface choke panel provides power for the MGU, collects the data from it and passes the data to the Modbus
module.The choke panel contains fuses, chokes and other protection components, as well as electronics for decoding the
signals from the MGU.The signals are routed to two Modbus modules; one of these ties back to SCADA, the other to the
graphic control system (GCS) display on the VSD.

IADC/SPE 156176

Discussion on VariableSpeed Drives

All the wells in the CFD group of fields are powered by variable-speed drives (VSD) due to the wide range of potential
operating conditions and uncertainty about the initial conditions. As with any ESP operation, startup procedures greatly
influence ESP performance. Developing startup procedures that protect the ESP has required a focused effort.
The maximum starting frequency was set at 35 Hz to ensure that there is enough lubrication on the seal section thrust
bearing.When pressure is seen at the wellhead, the frequency is increased at a rate of 1Hz every five minutes with a
recommended choke change of 2% every five minutes until the target frequency and choke setting are reached.This could not
be done without a VSD.
An ESP is fairly inflexible when operated at a fixed speed.Without a VSD, the ESP is limited to a fixed range of production
rates and a fixed head output at each rate controlled by varying the choke.With a VSD, an ESP can be run from 35 Hz to 70
Hz,.Meanwhile, the performance of the centrifugal pump is described by a curve of head versus rate for a given speed.
Changes in speed generate a new curve.The head values are larger if the speed is increased and smaller if the speed is
decreased.As the operating frequency of a three-phase induction motor varies, the pumps speed changes in direct proportion
to the frequency.Thus, the speed of the pump and its hydraulic output can be controlled by varying the power supply
frequency.
Although pumping flexibility is typically the original purpose of applying a VSD, there are also additional benefits.The VSD
extends down-hole equipment life by providing a soft startboth electrically and mechanically. It also controls wellbore
drawdown, which provides additional ESP protection by allowing maximum opportunity to optimize production while
reducing premature failure risk.
Maximizing ESP Run Life
Both the GCS drives and the permanent downhole gauges have played a significant part in the success of ESPs used in the
CFD fields.The ability to monitor data in real time and to set trip alarms in the VSD have added direct value for long run
lives. The trip and alarm settings, as with any ESP installation, are there as protection from problems like pumping off, gas
locking and dead heading.
With the trip points correctly set up from the start, the ESP should be protected from the phenomena previously
mentioned.We believe one of the most significant factors on the run lives seen at CFD has been limiting the ESP to the
maximum operating frequency of 60 Hz. During six years of ESP operations, very few of the systems have been operated
above 60 Hz, and only for a few times. Obviously, running an ESP at slower rpm under the right conditionswith all the
data monitoring and protection in placewill extend the run life.
Another significant factor for long run lives was setting the maximum motor temperature trip point to 130C, even though the
motors are rated up to 170C.Following every ESP trip, the VSD initiates a 30-minute lockout that stops the operator from
restarting. This is performed for two reasons; the first is to ensure that the fluid in the tubing has stabilized and the ESP is no
longer turning, and the second is to allow the motor sufficient time to cool down.
The delay minimizes risk of a broken shaft due to a restart if the pump were to be rotating in reverse while fluid in the tubing
was still equalizing and falling back. To ensure adequate coolingon specific wells, the operator has opted to leave the ESP
shut down for several hours until a target temperature is reached before going for the restart.
The operator anticipated a high number of ESP change outs over the life of each well, and sotherefore, sought a method for
reducing near-wellbore damage that would normally be caused by killing the well prior to ESP change out.This led to the
development and introduction of the reservoir control valve (RCV). The RCV is a mechanically-actuated isolation system
which provides a positive down-hole barrier and reservoir protection for ESP installations.
The introduction of the RCV required that a tailpipe be run from the ESP assembly to the reservoir control valve. That meant
several methods of hanging tailpipe had to be investigated.
The first method tried was to suspend the lower tubing string and bottomhole assembly from the bottom of the sensor located
at the base of the ESP string.Stress modeling showed that compression and tensile forces expected on the ESP with this
design could have affected the ESP run life.There was also a possibility of shearing bolts on the ESP assembly if significant
overpull was required to unseat the snap-latch assembly from the RCV.
The other two options included hanging the weight from a Y-tool or running a can/pod system.There was no problem
handling the required weight using either option.The can system was favored initially because all compression and tensile

IADC/SPE 156176

forces were transferred through the can, and none were passed to the ESP assembly.Both the Y-tool and can systems were fitfor-purpose for the CFD Field.However, the final decision was to run the can system as shown in Fig. 7.This decision was
made because of the additional benefits which include: additional motor cooling at lower flow rates due to the smaller flow
area around the motor, protection of the ESP assembly running in highly deviated wells and enhanced heavy-oil production
due to the additional heat transfer as the fluid passes through the can.
Finally, another factor forinfluencing the long run lives has been the close working relationship between the operator and
ESP service company, with a service company ESP application engineer embedded into the operators engineering team.This
arrangement has ensured that the service company wasis represented in ESP-related discussions including the decisionmaking processes relating to day-to-day operations, ESP optimizations, completion design considerations and ESP
troubleshooting.
Other(Additional) benefits of having the application engineer embedded in the operator's team have included the
identification and application of new or alternative technologies to either enhance operations or to improve cost savings.
One example of this from the CFD fields is the use of micro drives, a space-saving initiative that enabled 12 extra drives to
be fitted onto an existing platform without the need for adding deck space, as shown in Fig. 8.As a cost-saving initiative, the
ESP service company started the process of refurbishing ESP power cables, pumps, seal sections, intakes and discharges for
reuse.
Prior to rebuilding, an ESP is torn down and the root cause of the failure is investigated. Therefore, the ESP service company
invested in a full ESP service center and created an in-country team that specializes in tear-downs and refurbishment.
Each component of the system is now torn down and inspected against the original manufacturing specifications. Parts that
are still in tolerance are cleaned and re-used. Anything that falls out of tolerance is scrapped and a new replacement is fitted.
When the units are rebuilt, they go through the same testing process that is performed at the manufacturing plant.All testing is
performed to the recommended API testing requirements for ESP-related equipment. This ensures the operator is still getting
equipment toof the highest quality without compromising run life.The standard warranty as applied to new equipment is also
valid for the refurbished units.
Summary / Conclusions
The lift efficiency of ESPscombined with the ability to scale up fluid ratesmaximizes the value of individual wells in
projects such as CFD where most of the field's life is produced at high water cuts.Due to the high-frequency acquisition of
flowing pressures and operating parameters, continuous optimization of wells is achievable, whereby oil production is
maximized within fluid handling, water discharge and power handling constraints. The methodology detailed in this paper to
maximize ESP run lives results in minimizing intervention costs per well. More importantly,this reduces lost production, thus
improving the economics of the whole field.
The results from the CFD development greatly exceeded expectations.Initially, this project had difficulty getting off the
ground because it was marginal at 2002 oil prices. However, after implementation of the three key factors, the wells were
achieving record production rates and unprecedented run efficiencies.
What originally could have been only 30 to 40 wells or 2 two years of drilling has evolved to 108 wells with seven years of
drilling and completionwith the possibility of more in the future.

IADC/SPE 156176

Fig.1
Field Conditions
QUANTITY

FROM

TO

Oilfield Name & Location

Cao Fei Dian (CFD), Offshore BohaiBay, P.R.China

ONSHORE/OFFSHORE

Offshore

Reservoir:

Ming, Guantao and Dongying reservoirs, fluvial setting

# OF WELLS

110

AVG. BFPD

4024

Typical Completion Type

7 5/8 Encapsulated Can System

Typical ESP design

GC4100 / P31

GC10,000 / P100

SIBHP, PSI

996

2458

PUMP INTAKE PSI

466

2000

GOR, SCF/STB

36

498

API, SP.GR.

12

30

Viscosity, CP

30

425

BHT, F

126

208

TVD, FEET

2200

6750

MD, FEET

3765

11726

TBG, O.D.(IN) & WT.

3 9.3#

4 12.75#

CSG, O.D.(IN) & WT.

7 29#

9 5/8 47#

Fig. 1Field conditions.

10 Wells over 2000 days

48 Wells over 1000 days

Incentivized period

11-1-20A
11-1-26H
11-1-27H
11-1-48H
11-1-28H
11-1-19A
11-2-02V
11-1-24H
11-2-16H
11-2-15H
11-1-44H
11-1-21H
11-1-03H
11-1-02H
11-1-22H
11-3-02H
11-1-40H
11-1-09H
11-3-01H
11-1-34H
11-1-32H
11-5-06H
11-1-18H
11-1-23H
11-1-35H
11-1-45H
11-1-07H
11-1-37H
11-6D-04H
11-1-16H
11-1-43H
11-1-33H
11-1-29H
12-1E-02H
12-1E-03H
12-1E-01H
12-1F-02H
12-1F-01H
11-6D-18H
11-6D-19H
11-6D-17H
11-3C-11H
11-5-10H
11-1-17H
12-1E-05H
12-1E-06H
11-1-15H
11-1-08H
11-6D-05H
11-1A-51H
11-1-38H
11-30V
11-6D-16H
11-6D-14H
11-6D-13H
11-2A-21
11-1A-53
11-1A-50
11-2-01V
11-1A-52ST
11-6D-01H
11-6D-15H
11-1-13H
12-1F-06H
12-1F-04H
11-1-01H
11-1-04H
11-6D-08H
11-6D-11H
12-1E-11H
11-1-30A
11-1-A10
11-1-46H
11-1-25H
11-6D-24H
11-6D-23H
11-1-06H
11-6D-22H
11-1-39H
12-1E-07H
12-1E-04H
11-1-41H
11-6D-21H
11-6D-07H
11-6D-06H
11-6D-10H
12-1E-08H
12-1E-12H
12-1E-10H
11-1-31H
11-1-42H
12-1E-09H
11-1-14H
11-1-12H
11-1-36H
11-1A-54H
11-1-47H
11-1A-49H
11-1A-55H
11-2-17H
11-1A-56H
11-2-18H
11-2-05V
11-1A-57H
11-2-03V
11-1A-58H
11-6D-02H
11-6D-03H

2300
2200
2100
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

6000

Average Rate = 4024 BFPD

BFPD

IADC/SPE 156176
8

Well Fluid Rates

12000

10000

8000

4000

2000

Fig.2The range of fluid rates at CFD.

Current Installed Time and Well Count

Fig.3CFD ESP runlife graph.

IADC/SPE 156176

Fig.4aStandard pump curve.

Fig. 5SD pump stage and tungsten insert.

Fig.7ESP can system.

Fig. 4bSD pump curve.

Fig.6Dual-encapsulated ESP cable.

Fig. 8Micro drives installed on WGPA.