THE

JOURNAL

OF THE

ACOUSTICAL

SOCIETY

OF AMERICA

VOLUME

31, NUMBER

MAY,

1959

Three-Dimensional Investigation of the Propagation of Waves in Hollow

Circular Cylinders. I. Analytical Foundation
DENOS C. GAZI$

ResearchLaboratories,GeneralMotors Corporation,Detroit 2, Michigan

(ReceivedNovember 28, 1958)

The propagationof free harmonicwavesalong a hollowcircularcylinderof infinite extent is discussed

within the frameworkof the linear theoryof elasticity.A characteristic
equationappropriateto the circular
hollowcylinderis obtainedby useof the Helmholtzpotentialsfor arbitrary valuesof the physicalparameters
involved.Axially symmetricwaves,the limiting modesof infinite wavelength,and a specialfamily of equivoluminal modesare derived and discussedas degeneratecasesof the generalequations.

INTRODUCTION

type equivoluminalmodes.A derivationand discussion

of thesedegeneratecasesis includedin Part I.
HE propagation
of freeharmonic
wavesin an
infinitely long cylindricalrod has been discussed Part II contains the numerical results obtained by
on the basisof the linear theory of elasticityby Poch- the use of an IBM 704 digital computer,and a comparisonwith the corresponding
resultsof a shelltheory.
hammer and Chree? Similar waves in a hollow circular
cylinder have been investigated,under the restriction
of axial symmetryof motion, by McFadden,a Ghosh,
4
and Herrmann and Mirsky.5 A three-dimensional
solution of the more generalproblemof wave propagation
in a hollow cylinder without the stipulation of axial
symmetryis desirable,not only asa further contribution
to the elastictheory, but alsoas a meansof estimating
the rangeof applicabilityof variousshelltheories.
This papercontainsthe analyticalfoundationfor the
investigationof the most general type of harmonic
waves in a hollow circular cylinder of infinite extent.
A characteristicequation has been obtained, in the
framework of the linear theory of elasticity, for the
eigenmodes
of an isotropiccontinuumboundedby two
concentriccylindricalsurfaces.This equation appears,
in general, rather intractable, but its evaluation can
alwaysbe achievednumericallyby the useof a modern
high-speedelectroniccomputer. In this manner the
frequency spectrumhas been completelydetermined
for a wide range of the physicalparametersthat are
involved.

FREQUENCY EQUATION

The equationsof motion for an isotropic elastic

medium are, in invariant form,

tV2uq-(Xq-t)VV.u=p(Ou/Ot'),

(1)

whereu is the displacement

vector,p is the density,X
and u are Lam(?sconstants,and W' is the three-dimensionalLaplace operator.
The vector u is expressedin terms of a dilatational
scalarpotentialand an equivoluminalvectorpotential
H accordingto
u= v,/,+vXH

(2)

V-H=F(r,t).

(3)

with

In Eq. (3) F is a functionof the coordinatevectorr

and the time, which can be chosenarbitrarily due to
the gaugeinvariance
6 of the field transformationdescribedby Eq. (2). The displacementequationsof

if the potentials andH satisfythe

The paper is divided into two parts. In Part I the motionaresatisfied
frequencyequationis obtainedfor an arbitrary number
of waves around the circumferencen, Poisson'sratio v,
ratio of wall thickness to internal radius h/a, and
longitudinalwave number (Fig. 1). The Helmholtz
displacementpotentialsare usedfor the sakeof clarity
of presentation.An addedadvantageof this presentation is that it demonstratesthe mechanismof coupling
of dilatational and equivoluminal motion; it also
facilitates the derivation and discussionof somesimple
degeneratecases,namely the casesof axial symmetry
and/or infinite wavelength,and the caseof the Lamb L. Pochhammer,J. ftir Math. (Crelle) 81, 324-336 (1876).
C. Chree, Quart. J. Math. 21, 287-298 (1886).
aj. A. McFadden, J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 26, 714-715 (1954).
4j. Ghosh,Bull. CalcuttaMath. Soc.14, 1, 31-40 (1923-1924).
s G. Herrmann and I. Mirsky, Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs.
78, 563-568 (1956).

FIo. 1. Reference coordinates and dimensions.

6 See,for example,P.M. Morse and H. Feshbach,Methodsof

TheoreticalPhysics (McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New
York, 1953), Part 1, p. 297.

568

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PROPAGATION

IN

wave equations

CYLINDERS.

569

Then the generalsolutionof Eqs. (9) is

,'-V%= 0%/0t"

(4)

,-V-H= 0-H/Ot,

f= AZ (,..,) +W

ga=
AaZ,
(gr)
q-BaW,
(gr)

where

2g= (gr- go)= 2AZ (&r)+ 2BW,,+05r)

..= (X+ 2u)/,

(S)

22--Let

=/(r) cosn0cos(t+z)
tit= gr(r) sinn0sin(cot-+-z)

Ho= go(r)cosnosin(cotq-z)

(6)

tIz= ga(r)sinn0cos(cot+
z);

then Eqs. (4) yield

(V-- 1/r+/v)H,

-- (2/r ) (OHo/OO)=0

(w-

(7)

(10)

2g= (g,+g0)= 2A.Z,_(&r)q- 2B2W,,_(&r),

where,for brevity, Z denotesa J or I function,and W
denotesa Y or K function, accordingto Table I.
The property of the gaugeinvariancecan now be
utilized in order to eliminate two of the integration
constantsenteringEqs. (10). It may be shownthat any
oneof the threepotentialsg, (i= 1, 2, or 3) can be set
equalto zero,without lossof the generalityof solution.
Physically, this implies that the displacementfield
corresponding
to an equivoluminalpotential gi of Eq.
(10) can alsobe derivedby a combinationof the other
two equivoluminalpotentials.This is seen to be true
for the potentialfunctions(6).
Setting g.=0 one obtains
g=

(odoo)=0.

--go=g

(11)

and hencethe displacementfield

Furthermore,usingthe differentialoperatornotation

u= [fl--}-(n/r)ga+ g cosno
cos(co/-+z)
t Ox

uo=[-- (n/r) f q-g-- ga'sinnocos(cot-+z)

x Ox

(12)

uz=[-- f--g'-- (n-q-1)(g/r)-] cosno

sin(cot-+z),
oneobtains,from Eqs. (6) and (7),

whereprimesdenotedifferentiationwith respectto r.
The strain-displacement
relations

. ,[ga3= 0

(8)

.[g-go=O

r=OudOr

(1/2)[OudOz+OudOr3

(13)

where

(9)

The generalsolutionof Eqs. (9) is given in termsof

ro=
(1/2)Lrrr\--!
r O0
J
and the stress-strain

relations

the Besselfunctions7 J and Y, or the modified Bessel

functionsI and K of the argumentsar= larl and

r= !r], depending
onwhethera and, asdetermined
by Eqs.(9), arerealor imaginary.
Theproperselection
of Bessel functions

to be used is shown in Table

I.

TABLE I. Bessel functions used at different

intervals of the frequency co.

Interval

vd/<co:

co< v2//:

Functions

used

J (ar), Y (ar), J ((r), Y ((r)

I (ar), K (ar), J ((r), Y ((r)
I (atr), K (atr), 105tr), K 05tr).

(14)

o'ro= 21.tero

are now utilized in order to express the boundary

stressesin terms of the potentialsf, g, and ga. In the
first of Eqs. (14), zXis the dilatationgivenby

zX=V24=-- (d'+')f cosn0cos(t+z).

(15)

The boundaryconditions,for free motion, are

v=v=v0=0
7 For the notation usedsee,for example,G. N. Watson, Theory
of BesselFunctions(CambridgeUniversityPress,London, 1952).

2t,

at r=a and r=b,

(!6)

and the stresscomponentsentering Eqs. (16) are,

in terms of the splacement potentials and their

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10:10:23

570

DENOS

derivatives,

C.

GAZIS

Besselfunctions.The value of theseparametersis 1

whenJ and Y functionsareused,and - 1 whenI andK
functions are used.

By referenceto Table I it is seenthat Xi vary as

X(a2q-2)f
q-2[f"q--nr(ga'g)q-g']}
follows:

X cosnO
cos(wt+

v/<co:

M = 1, X.= 1

v.<o<,:

aro= --

_ (2ga"--152ga)

X= - 1, M= 1

co<v./:

(20)

X= -- 1, M= -- 1.

For given dimensionsand elastic constants of the

/n+l

sinn0cos(cot+
/z)
--[----g--g')}

(17)

cylinder,Eq. (18) constitutes

an implicittranscendental
functionof h/L andco/co,
whereL is thewavelength
and
o,=rv./h

(21)

is the lowestsimplethickness-shear
frequencyof an
={--2f'-nr[g'q-(n71--15=q-)g]--a}
X cosnosin(cotqz).

Substitutionof Eqs. (17) into Eqs. (16) yields the

characteristicequation,formedby the determinantof
the coefficients
of the amplitudesA, B, A, B, As, and
Ba, as follows:

infinite plate of thicknessh. The rootsco/co

may be
computedfor a fixedh/L, or viceversa,by an iteration
procedure;this is done numericallyin Part II, for a
wide rangeof the physicalparametersinvolved.
The characteristicequation (18) degeneratesto
simpler forms when the wave number / and/or the

number of waves around the circumference n are taken

[c,il =0, (i, j=l to 6),

(18) equalto zero.Anotherdegeneratecaseis that of pure
equivoluminalmodes analogousto the modes first
where i identifiesthe row and j the columnof the discussedby Lam( for an isotropicplate. These
determinant. The first three rows of this determinant
degenerate
casesare discussed
in the following.
are given by
MOTION

11-[2n(n- 1)- (if'- 2)a']Z(ma)q

- 2XalaZn+l
ca.=25lSxaZ
(15xa)-2a(nq- 1)Za ($aa)

c..=-- lSaaZ(5aa)
q- 2a (nq- 1)Z a($aa)

c.a=-- [ 2n(n- 1)-- lSa'JZ

(/51a)-2XgSaaZ,
a
(19)
c.4=2n(n-- 1)W (aa)-- 2naxaW+(aa)
c= -- XlSa'W(taa)q-2a(n-i-1)W ($a)
c.6=-- [2n (n- 1)--15a2']W
(15a)
- 215aW,,+
(15a)
a
-- 2ncelZn
(ota)-- 2Xla2Zn+l
ntaz,
(tt'caa=-- naZ,, (151a)

c,= 2naW (ala)- 2aaW (ma)

ca,: MnlSaW,,
(15a)--(15

ca6=-- nliaW,,(15a).
The remaining three rows are obtainedfrom the first

threeby substitution
of b for a. In the foregoing
Eqs.
(19) X and M are parameterswhichare introducedin
order to account for the differences in the recursion and

differentiation formulas between the different kinds of

OF z

When the wave number / is taken equal to zero,

Eq. (18) breaksinto the productof subdeterminants

caa=- 2n(n- 1)Z (15aa)

q- 2XnlSaaZx(15xa)

c14
= [2n(n-- 1)-- (tt-- )a']W(ma)q- 2maW,+a(ala)
ca=2X2/51a'W
(Ba)-- 2(n-t-1)aW,4
c16=-- 2n(n- 1)W (gaa)q-2ntSaaW,,+a
(gaa)
c.=2n(n- 1)Z (aa)- 2XnmaZ+(ma)

INDEPENDENT

DD.=O,

(22)

where

D1 --

11

613

14

C16

C21

25

C24

26

C41

43

44

46

C51

53

54

56

and

D:=

ca.
ca
I (23)
C62 C65l

and the termsco are givenby Eqs. (19) with /--0. It

shouldbe remarked that for =0 both a2 and/5' are
positiveas seenfrom Eq. (9), and hencethe J and Y
Besselfunctionsenter the solutionof the wave equations accordingto Table I.
Equation(22) is satisfiedif eitherDx or D is equalto
zero.ThecaseofD,-- 0 corresponds
to plane-strain
vibrationswhichhavebeendiscussed
in a previous
paperyThe
caseof D--0 corresponds
to longitudinalshearvibrations,i.e., motioninvolvingonly longitudinaldisplacementsu. It is seenthat thesetwo typesof vibrationare
uncoupledwhen the motion is independentof the
longitudinalcoordinatez. They are coupledfor a nonzero wave number /, as may be ascertainedfrom
Eq. (18). The frequencies
of the uncoupled
plane-strain
8M. G. Lam4,Leonssurla thoriemathmatique
del' lasticit
des corpssolides(Gauthier-Villars,Paris, 1866), secondedition,

p. 170. SeealsoH. Lamb, Proc. Roy. Soc.(London)93, 122

(1917), footnote.
D.C. Gazis,J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 30, 786-794 (1958).

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PROPAGATION

IN

CYLINDERS.
MOTION

and longitudinalshearmodesare the cutofffrequencies

of waves with

the same number

of circumferencial

wavesn in a diagramof the frequencyas a functionof

the wave number.

For the longitionalshearvibrations,it may be ascertained that the displacementfield is derived from a
potentialg aloneand is givenby

I
INDEPENDENT

OF 0

For motion independentof the angular coordinateO,

(n=0), the determinantalEq. (18) breaks into the
product of subdeterminants

D)4= 0,

(29)

where

Ur = 40-- 0
11

I,g,=[AI[Jn([F)'JFBI[IZn([F)3
GOS/'/0
sint.

(24)

14

15

Da= SlS9.
84G85 and D4= ca c0 (30)

The frequencyequationis

co

J,'Oa)Y,'(b)-J'(b)Y,'(a)=O

co

c4

co

(25)

and the termsco are givenby Eqs. (19) with n=0.

and the amplitude ratio

A 1/B= -- Y' (a)/J' (a).

Longitudinal Waves

(25a)

The lowestmodeof this type corresponds

essentially
to a shearingof the cylinder as a whole acrossits
diameter; the displacementu, is zero along 2n radial
planescorresponding
to the zerosof the function cos.
The secondand all higher longitudinal shear modes
involve, in addition, a number of concentric nodal
cylindrical surfaces,and correspondessentiallyto a
shearingof the cylinderacrossits thickness.
Equation (25) may be usedfor the determinationof
the frequencyratio

The frequencyequation
Da=0

(31)

corresponds
to longitudinalwaves,i.e., wavesinvolving
displacements
up and u which are independentof 0.
A frequencyequationequivalentto Eq. (31) has been
given by J. Ghosh,
4 who also derived a simplified

equationfor thin cylindricalshells,and the corresponding frequencyequationfor a cylinderwhichis rigidly

clamped along one of its boundariesand free along
the other.

for any arbitrary ratio h/a. A numericalcomputation

of the longitudinalshearcutoff frequenciesis included
in Part II. A briefinvestigation
of Eq. (25) for limiting
valuesof h/a is given in the following.
For thin cylindricalshells,that is h/a<<l, and under
the assumptionof nonzeroh it is seenthat a>>l and
b>>l. Accordingly,usingthe Hael-Kirchhoff asymptotic approximations
1for the Besselfunctions, one

The displacement
field is derivedfrom a dilatational
potential f and an equivoluminalpotential g. As may
be seenfrom Eqs. (17) the dilatationaland equivoluminal parts of the solutionof the wave equationsare
in generalcoupledthrough the boundaryconditions.
However, somepure equivoluminalmodesmay exist
uncoupledand are discussed
in the following.

EquivoluminalLam6-Type Modes

obtains

sinh-[(4n+3)h/8ab

cosh=0

(26)

A particular type of equivoluminalwaves,analogous

to the ones first discussedby Lam(8 for the infinite

isotropicplate, may be obtainedin the following

and finally

manner.

v l+8(q) , q=1,2,3....
(27)

For n=0, the boundaryconditions(17) aresatisfiedif

/= > 0

The precedingapproximationsare valid for all the

f=g3=0
longitudinalshear modes except the lowest one for
g'(la)= g'(lb)=O,
whichh0 ash/aO. As is to be expected,for h/aO
the frequencies
of the secondand highermodestend to where
the frequenciesof the simplethickness-shear
modesof
g(ttr)= A J(lr)+ Br
a plate of thicknessh.
When a/hO, that is for an almost solid cylinder,
Hence,the frequencyequation
Eq. (25) tends asymptoticallyto the corresponding
frequencyequationfor a solidcylinderof radiush,

nJ,(h)-hJ

(h) = 0.

See,for example,reference7, p. 194.

(28)

(32)

(33)

(34)

and the amplituderatio

A /Bi= -- Y' (la)/J' (ta).

(35)

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572

DENOS

C.

The completesolutionis

ur=//[-A1J1(r)nLBiYl(lgr) cos(wt-q-

Uz= -- [A iJo(lr)q-BiYo(lr)sin(wt-l-z)

(36)

a,= -- 2u[A 121'(Br)q-BiY'(Br) cos(wt+z)

gtO
-- O'rO
: O'rz: O.

A superposition
of two wavesof thistype,of the same
amplitudeand travelingin oppositedirectionsyields
standingequivoluminal
waveswith traction-freeplanes
z-constant at intervals 2r/. A number of cylindrical
surfacesr=cj may also be traction free, the cj being
determinedby

Jl'(i)Yl'(a)--Jl'(ct)I/"l'(j)---O.

GAZIS

two rootsof Eq. (40). Similarly,ratiosof any two roots

of the equation
dI/rl(X)/dx- O,
(41)
if set equalto a/b, make it possibleto obtain solutions
with zero amplitudeA1 [Eq. (33)-] and henceanother
family of free contour surfacesanalogousto those
obtainedby Goodman.It may be seenthat the ratios
a/b corresponding
to the precedingmodesare independent of the elastic constantsof the material. The
firstfiverootsofEqs. (40) and(41) aregivenin TableII.
Torsional

Waves

For f- gl= 0 and

(37)

D4-- 0,

(42)

Equation (34) is of the sameform as the frequency

equation(25) of the longitudinalshearvibrations,for one obtains motion involving displacementsu only,
n-1. The resultsof the investigationof the latter are i.e., torsionalmodes.Equation (42) may be reducedto
directly applicable to the case of the Lam(-type
J.(a)Y.(lb)--J.(Bb)Y.(lga)=O,
(43)
equivoluminal
modes,insofaras the determination
of
the frequencyratio/his concerned.
Accordingly,
for the
where/gis given by (9). It may be ascertainedthat no
limitingvaluesof theratioh/a oneobtainsthefollowing:
rootsof Eq. (42) existfor/'<0; hence,it followsfrom
For thin cylindricalshells,i.e.,
Eq. (9) that the phasevelocityof the torsionalwaves
sin/gh--(71h/81g2ab)
cos/gh=0
(38) is alwaysgreater than or equal to
Equation (43) is identicalin form to the frequency
and, finally,by virtue of the first of Eqs. (32)
equationof axiallysymmetricshearvibrationsin plane
strain, which has been investigatedby the author in
reference9. It follows that the frequenciesof these
plane-strainshear modes are the cutoff frequencies
(//=0) of the torsional waves. The frequency corre-

wV2--v.
qr[lq-8(qr)7'(!)21
, q-l,2,3.... (39)

For h/a--O, Eq. (39) yields the frequenciesof the spondingto a wavenumber//0 is then given,for the
straight-crested
Lam(modes
s of a plate of thicknessh. jth mode,by
When a/h-->O,Eq. (34) tendsasymptoticallyto the
coi=['(coo)i'q'v?',
(44)
frequencyequationfor the Lam(-typemodesof a solid
cylinder of radius h
where (w0)iis the jth cutofffrequency.
Jl' (lh)= O.
(40)
As in the case for the cylindrical rod,2 the phase
velocity for all modesdecreases
monotonicallyfrom
One last remarkon the frequencyequation(34): for
infinity to v.as/j increases
from0 to m. At the sametime
somespecificvaluesof the ratio of the innerto the outer
the group velocity increasesmonotonicallyfrom zero
diameterof the hollowcylinder,a/b, it is possibleto to
obtain a/g suchas to make Jl' (a) and Jl' (/b) vanish
In analogy to the caseof the cylindricalrod, the
simultaneously.As a consequence
the amplitude B1
lowest torsionalmode, correspondingto
[Eq. (33)-]vanishesand oneobtainsthe equivoluminal
modesobtainedby Goodman
n for sectionsof an infinite
B2= w./,?_' = 0,
(45)
plate. The appropriateratiosa/b are the ratiosof any
is not adequatelydescribedby the generalexpressions
TABLE II.
for the displacements.
However,it is seenthat a dis-.
placementfield
dJ (x) /dx -- 0

d Y (x) /dx - 0

1.841185
5.331445
8.536320
11. 706009
14.863590

3.683025
6.941504
10.123409
13.285762
16.440059

n L. E. Goodman, "Circular-crested vibrations of an elastic

solid bounded by two parallel planes," Proceedingsof the 1st
U.S. National Congress
of AppliedMechanics,p. 70 (1951).

ur=uz=0,

u=Ar sin(wt-l-z)

(46)

satisfiesthe equationsof motion (1) and the boundary

conditions(17), if Eq. (45) holdstrue. The displacement
field (46) corresponds
to a rotation of eachtransverse
sectionof the cylinder as a whole about its center.
See,for example,H. Kolsky,StressWavesin Solids(Clarendon
Press,Oxford, 1953), p. 67.

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PROPAGATION

IN

CYLINDERS.

573

There is no dispersionfor wavesof this type, both the coupled yielding the axially symmetric longitudinal
phasevelocityand the groupvelocitybeingequal to v2. modes, which are uncoupled from the g3-generated
torsional modes. A specialfamily of the longitudinal
SUMMARY
modesare the Lam(-type equivoluminalmodeswhich
The displacementfield is derivedfrom a dilatational are derivedfrom g alonefor somediscretevaluesof the
potential f and two equivoluminalonesg3 and g, all frequencyandwavelengthgivenby Eqs. (37) and (38).
three of them periodicin 0 and sinusoidalin z. When the
Finally, for a0 and na0 all three potentials are
number of waves around the circumference n and the
coupled through the boundary conditions.Thus nonlongitudinalwavenumber arebothzero,i.e., for axially axially symmetricwavesmay be consideredas the result
symmetricmotion and infinite wavelength, the three as couplingof motion in the planer, 0, analogousto the
potentialsgeneratethree uncoupledfamilies of modes motion in plane-strainand longitudinalshearmotion.
identifiedasplane-strainextentional,plane-strainshear, Alternatively, they may be consideredas the result of
and longitudinalshearmodes,respectively.
couplingof modesanalogousto the longitudinal and
For =0 and na0 the potentialsf and g3are coupled torsionalmodesbut periodicin 0. This may providean
through the boundary conditionsand generate the approachfor obtainingthe coupledfrequencyspectrum
nonaxially symmetric plane-strain modes. An un- with the aid of the spectraof two uncoupledfamiliesof
coupled family of longitudinal shear modes is again modes.A more direct approachis a numericalcomputaderived from g alone.
tion of the frequencyspectrumsuchas given in Part II
For a0 and n=0 the potentialsf and g are similarly of this paper.

THE

JOURNAL

OF THE

ACOUSTICAL

SOCIETY

OF AMERICA

VOLUME

31, NYMBER

MAY,

1959

Three-Dimensional Investigation of the Propagation of Waves in Hollow

Circular Cylinders. II. Numerical Results
DENOS

C. GAZlS

ResearchLaboratories,GeneralMotors Corporation,Detroit 2, Michigan

(ReceivedNovember 28, 1958)
The resultsare givenof a numericalevaluationof a characteristicequationderivedin Part I, appropriate
to free harmonicwavespropagatedalong a hollow cylinder of infinite extent. This equationis evaluatedfor
somerepresentativecylinderscoveringthe entirerangefrom thin shellsto solidcylinders,and the resultsare
comparedwith the corresponding
resultsof a shell theory. Observationsare made regardingthe variation
of the frequencyspectrumwith the physicalparameters,aswell asthe rangeof applicabilityof shelltheories.
INTRODUCTION

The caseof n- 1 includesthe ordinary flexuralmode

of a bar, while n=2 is a typical case of nonaxially
harmonicwavesalonga hollowcylinderof infinite symmetricmotion with n> 1, insofar as the character
The valuesof m
extent is given in Part I of this paper, togetherwith a of the frequencyspectrumis concerned.
which have beenusedcover the rangefrom the caseof
discussion
of somedegeneratecasesof simplemotion.
a thin shell (m= 1/30) to the Pochhammercaseof a
Part II contains the results of a numerical evaluation
of the completefrequencyspectrumwhichwasobtained, cylindricalrod (m- 2). The first twovaluesof m, namely
for varioussetsof the physicalparametersinvolved, by m-1/30 and m= 1/4, were used also for the sake of
meansof an IBM 704 digital computer.It alsoincludes comparisonwith the Mirsky-Herrmann results.This
a comparisonwith the corresponding
resultsobtained comparisonis given in the last sectionof this paper,
by Mirsky and Herrmann on the basisof their Timo- while the first two sectionscontain a descriptionof the
computationprocedure
anda discussion
of thenumerical
shenko-typeshelltheory.

HEfrequency
equation
for
the
propagation
offree

The

reference coordinates

and dimensions of the

cylinderare shownin Fig. 9, and the coveredrangeof

parametersis as follows:

results.
NUMERICAL

COMPUTATION

As mentionedin Part I, for given dimensionsand

elasticconstantsof the cylinder,the frequencyequation
(18) of Part I constitutesan implicit transcendental
function of =h/L and f=co/cos.The frequencyspectrum co/co8
versush/L was computedby an "interval
ratio of thicknessto wavelength,0<xh/L<x 1.0.
halving"
iteration
technique,as follows.
xI. Mirsky and G. Herrmann,J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 29, 1116-1123
For a fixed value of the determinant (18), Part I,
(1957).
Poisson'sratio, v=0.30;
number of circumferential waves, n= 1 and 2;
ratio of thicknessto mean radius, re=h/R= 1/30,
1/4, 1 and 2;

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