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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.

2
INDORE

Electromagnetic Induction

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
SUBMITTED BY
BHUVNESH TENGURIA

Under the guidance of

Mr. MUKESH BAGDI

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO 2
INDORE M.P.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA (NO 2)


INDORE M.P.

PHYSICS
2014-2015

BONA FIDE CERTIFICATE


This is to certify that this project entitled Electromagnetic
Induction is a record of bona fide work carried out

by Bhuvnesh Tenguria in Physics prescribed by Kendriya


Vidyalaya No 2 INDORE M.P.
ROLL NUMBER:
INTERNAL EXAMINER :

EXTERNAL EXAMINER :

DATE:
PRINCIPAL:

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled
Electromagnetic Induction submitted to KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.2,
INDORE for the subject Physics under the guidance of Mr. M BAGDI

is a record of original work done by me. I further declare that this


project or any part of it has not been submitted elsewhere for any
other class.

Class:

Place:

Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I praise and thank the god almighty from the
bottom of my heart, who has been an unfailing source of strength,
comfort and inspiration in the completion of this project work.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to Mr.S.P Bhatt Principal,


Kendriya Vidyalaya (No.2) Indore, for the successful outcome of
this project work.

I wish to express my deep and profound sense of gratitude to my


teacher and guiding light Mr. M Bagdi (PGT PHYSICS) for his expert
and valuable guidance, comments and suggestions.

I also express my gratitude to my parents and friends who have


helped me in preparing this project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Objective

Apparatus required

Theory

Conclusion

References /Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction:

It is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field


will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the
fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors and many types of
electrical motors and generators.
Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using the concept of lines of force.
These equations for electromagnetic induction are extremely important since they
provide a means to precisely describe how , many natural physical phenomena in
our universe and behave.

Michael Faraday

The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena not only allows us to gain

a better understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible a host of


technological innovations that define modern society. Understanding Faradays
laws of electromagnetic induction can be beneficial since so many aspects of our
daily life function because of the principles behind Faradays law.
From natural phenomena, such as the light we receive from the sun, to
technologies that improve our quality of life, such as electric power generation,
Faradays law has a great impact on many aspects of our lives.

(a) Representation of magnetic fields


inside a solenoid

(b) Cross-sectional view

Faradays law describes electromagnetic induction. Whereby an electric field is


induced, or generated by a changing magnetic field.
In Faradays first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic induction, he
wrapped two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or torus to induce
current.
Faradays law is a single equation describing two different phenomena: the
motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving wire, and the
transformer EMF generated by an electric force due to a changing magnetic field.

Electromagnetic Induction

EXPERIMENT

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Insulated Copper wire

An iron rod

A strong magnet

A light emitting Diode (LED)

OBJECTIVE
To determine the Faradays law of electromagnetic
induction using a copper wire wound over an iron rod and a
strong magnet.

THEORY
The magnetic flux ( or B) through a surface is the component
of the magnetic field passing through the surface.
The SI unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb), and the CGS unit is
maxwell.

Representation of Magnetic flux ( ) in a


solenoid

Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux meter, which contains


measuring coils and electronics that evaluate the change of voltage
in the measuring coils to calculate the magnetic flux.
If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing
through a surface of vector area S is
B= B.S = BScos
Where B is the magnitude of magnetic field having the unit of
2

Wb/m (T). is the area of the surface and is the angle between
magnetic field lines and the normal.

For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic


flux through a small amount of area where we may consider
the magnetic field to be constant.
dB= B.dS
From the magnetic vector potential and the fundamental
theorem of the curl, the magnetic field may be defined as

B= A.dl

where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the


surface, which is denoted as S .

LAW
The most widespread version of Faradays law of
electromagnetic induction states that

The induced electromotive force in any closed surface is


equal to the negative of the rate of change of magnetic flux
through the circuit.

This version of Faradays law strictly holds true only when the
closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is invalid in
other circumstances as discussed below. A different version,
the Maxwell-Faraday equation is valid in all circumstances.

The magnetic flux ( ) changes due to the change in magnetic


field.
Faradays law of electromagnetic induction states that the
wire loop acquires an EMF, defined as the energy available
per unit charge that travels once around the wire loop.

Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by


cutting the wire to create an open circuit. And attaching a
voltmeter to the leads.

According to Lorentz force law,


F=q(E+vB)
And the EMF of the wire loop is
= (1/q)F.dl
= (E+vB).dl
where (i)

is the electric field

(ii)

is the magnetic field

(iii)

is the infinite length along the wire


and the line integral is evaluated along the wire.

The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time varying magnetic


field is always accompanied by spatially varying, non-conservative
electric field and vice versa. The Maxwell-Faraday equation is

E= -(B/t)
Where is the curl operatoe and againE(r,t) is the electric field
and B(r,t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be
functions of position and time .
The four Maxwells equations (including the Maxwell-Faraday
equation), along with the Lorentz force law are a sufficient
foundation to derive everything in classical electromagnetism.
Therefore, it is possible to prove Faradays law starting with
these equations. Faradays law could be taken as the starting
point and used to prove the Maxwell-Faraday equation and/or
other laws.

CONCLUSION

Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, first observed and


published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes a very important electromagnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of Faradays
law is not hard to grasp. It relates an induced electric potential or
voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many far
reaching ramifications that touch our lives in many ways: from
shining of the sun to electricity and power in our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound impact Faradays law has on us.

REFERENCES

www.wikipedia.com

www.howstuffworks.com

www.scienceforall.com

www.100scienceprojects.com

Google images

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