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Item is a specific stimulus to which a person responds overtly; this response can
be scored or evaluated
Individual tests those that can be given to only one person at a time
Test administrator the person giving the test
Group test can be administered to more than one person at a time by a single
examiner
Behavior-rating scales are used to measure behavior in such places as classrooms
and hospitals
Self-reports rely on answers from people about their feelings and experiences
psychological test or educational test is a set of items that are designed
to measure characteristics of human beings that pertain to behavior.
Structured personality tests provide a statement, usually of the selfreport variety, and require the subject to choose between two or more
alternative responses such as True or False
Projective personality test or unstructured either the stimulus or the
required response or both are ambiguous. (ex: Rorschach test, the
stimulus is an inkblot.). This test assumes that a persons
interpretation will reflect his/her characteristics.
Psychological testing refers to all the possible uses, applications, and underlying
concepts of psychological and educational tests. This measures individual
differences in ability and personality and tendency of a person.
Reliability refers to the accuracy dependability, consistency, or repeatability of
test results. This also refers to the degree to which test scores are free of
measurement errors.
Validity refers to the meaning and usefulness of test results. Also refers to the
degree to which certain inference or interpretation based on a test is appropriate.
Test administration the act of giving test
Interview is a method of gathering information through verbal interaction, such as
direct questions.
Han Dynasty test batteries was quite common. These are utilized to such diverse
topics as civil law, military affairs, agriculture, and revenue.
Sir Francis Galton cousin of Charles Darwin. He concentrated on demonstrating
that individual differences exist in human sensory and motor functioning.
James McKeen Cattell coined the term mental test
Wilhelm Wundt who set up a first laboratory at the University of Leipzig in 1879, is
credited with founding the science of psychology.
Representative sample one that comprises individuals similar to those for whom
the test is to be used.
Binet-Simon Scale determine a childs mental age.
World War I the war created a demand for large-scale group testing. This fueled
the widespread development of group test.
Traits are relatively enduring dispositions (tendencies to act, think, or feel in a
certain manner) that distinguish one individual from another.
Henry Murray and Christina Morgan developed the Thematic Apperception Test.
The TAT required the subject to make up a story about the ambiguous scene.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) began a new era for structured
personality test.
Factor analysis is a method of finding the minimum number of dimensions, called
factors, to account for a large number of variables.
Woodworth Personal Data Sheet: An early structured personality test that assumed that a test response can
be taken at face value.
The Rorschach Inkblot Test: A highly controversial projective test that provided an ambiguous stimulus
Nominal scales are really not scales at all. Their purposes is to name objects
nd labels. Ex: color, sex, name
Ordinal scale this scales allows you to rank individuals or objects but not to
say anything about the meaning of the differences between the ranks. Ex:
rank, satisfaction, fanciness
Interval scale when a scale has the properties of magnitude and equal
intervals but not absolute 0.
Ratio scale scale that has magnitude, equal intervals, and absolute 0.
Stanine system developed in the US Air Force. This system converts any set of
score into a scale, which ranges from1 to 9. standard nine.
Norms refer to the performances by defined groups on particular tests.
Norm-referenced test compares each person with a norm
Criterion-referenced test describes the specific type of skills, tasks, or knowledge
that the test taker can demonstrate such as mathematical skills.
Positive correlation means that high scores on Y are associated with high
scores on X nad low scores on Y correspond to low scores on X.
Negative correlation higher scores on Y are associated with lower scores on
X and lower scores on Y are associated with higher scores on X. The higher
the drug dose, the less active the patients are.
Quantitative Research