Chapter 2 The Mass Balances

2
THE MASS BALANCES

We are concerned in this course of study with mass, energy, and
momentum. We will proceed to apply the entity balance to each in tun. There
also are sub-classifications of each of these quantities that are of interest. In
terms of mass, we are often concerned with accounting for both total mass and
mass of a species.
2.1 The Macroscopic Mass Balances

Consider a system of an arbitrary shape fixed in space as shown in Figure
2.1-1. V refers to the volume of the system, A to the surface area. AA is a small
increment of surface area; AV is a small incremental volume inside the system;
v is the velocity vector, here shown as an input; n is the outward normal; a is
the angle between the velocity vector and the outward normal, here greater than ~t
radians or 180 because the velocity vector and the outward normal fall on
opposite sides of AA.
Figure 2.1-1 System for mass balances
73
Chapter 2: The Mass Balances
74
Using the continuum assumption, the density can be modeled functionally

by
(2.1-1)
2.1.1
The macroscopic total mass balance
We now apply the entity balance, written in terms of rates, term by term to
total mass. Since total mass will be conserved in processes we consider, the
generation term will be zero.
output
input
accumulation
The total mass in AV is approximately
P AV
(2.1 1-2)
0
where p is evaluated at any point in AV and At.

The total mass in V can be obtained by summing over all of the elemental
volumes in V and taking the limit as AV approaches zero
(2.1.1-3)
Accumulution of mass
First examine the rate of accumulation term. The accumulation (not rate of
accumulation) over time At is the difference between the mass in the system at
some initial time t and the mass in the system at the later time t + At.
duringAt
7.5
(2.1.1-4)
The rate of accumulation is obtained by taking the limit

rate of
accumulation
of total mass
in V
(2.1.1-5)
Input and output of mass
The rate of input and rate of output terms may be evaluated by considering
an arbitrary small area AA on the surface of the control volume. The velocity
vector will not necessarily be normal to the surface.
The approximate volumetric flow rate' through the elemental area AA can
be written as the product of the velocity normal to the area evaluated at some
point within AA multiplied by the area.
r
volumetric
flow rate
through AA
(2.1.1-6)
Notice that the volumetric flow rate written above will have a negative sign for
inputs (where a > n) and a positive sign for outputs (where a c x ) and so the
appropriate sign will automatically be associated with either input or output
terms, making it no longer necessary to distinguish between input and output.
The approximate mass flow rate through AA can be written by multiplying
the volumetric flow rate by the density at some point in AA
We frequently need to refer to the volumetric flow rate independent of a control
volume. In doing so we use the symbol Q and restrict it to the ahsolute value
= kI(v*n)ldA
76
-I$[]
(2.1.1-7)
[F]
The mass flow rate through the total external surface area A can then be written
as the limit of the sum of the flows through all the elemental AAs as the
elemental areas approach zero. Notice that in the limit it no longer matters where
in the individual AA we evaluate velocity or density, since a unique point is
approached for each elemental =a.*
mass
through A
= l A p (v n) dA
(2.1.1-8)
Substitution in the entity balance then gives the macroscopic total mass
balance
Total mass
output
rate
-1 ] [
Total mass
input
rate
accumulation
To:;as]
=0
We Erequently need to refer to the mass flow rate independent of a control volume. In
doing so we use the symbol w and restrict it to the ahsolute value
w = IApl(v-n)ldA
For constant density systems w = p Q
77
l/Ap(v-n)dA+$lvpdV = 0
(2.1.1-9)
wout-win+9 = 0
We can use the latter form of the balance if we know total flow rates and the
change in mass of the system with time; otherwise, we must evaluate the
integrals. In some cases, where density is constant or area-averaged velocities are
known, this is simple, as detailed below. Otherwise, we must take into account
the variation of velocity and density across inlets and outlets and of density
within the system
Simplijied forms of the macroscopic total mass balance

Many applications involve constant density systems. Further, our interest is
often only in total flow into or out of the system rather than the manner in
which flow velocity varies across inlet and outlet cross-sections.
Such problems are usually discussed in terms of area-average velocities.
The area-average velocity is simply a number that, if multiplied by the flow
cross-section,gives the Same result as integrating the velocity profile across the
flow cross-section, i.e., the total volumetric flow rate. (So it is really the area
average of the normal component of velocity.)
In such cases
(2.1.1-10)
which can be written in terms of mass flow rate as
(2.1.1-11)
or in volumetric flow rate
(V)Aout-(v)A,,,+% = 0
78
(2.1.1- 12)
m D l e 2.1.1-1
Mass balance on a surge ta&
Tanks3 are used for several purposes in processes. The most obvious is for
storage. They are also used for mixing and as chemical reactors. Another purpose
of tankage is to supply surge capacity to smooth out variations in process flows;
e.g., to hold material produced at a varying rate upstream until units downstream
are ready to receive it. Consider the surge tank shown in Figure 2.1.1-1.
10 f t
Figure 2.1.1-1 Surge tank
Suppose water is being pumped into a 10-ft diameter tank at the rate of 10
ft3/min. If the tank were initially empty, and if water were to leave the tank at a
rate dependent on the liquid level according to the relationship Qout = 2h (where
the units of the constant 2 are [ft2/min],of Q are [ft3/min],and of h are [ft]), find
the height of liquid in the tank as a function of time.
So 1u t ion
This situation is adequately modeled by constant density for water, so
(2.1.1-13)
Tank is here used in the generic sense as a volume used to hold liquid enclosed or
partially enclosed by a shell of some sort of solid material. In process language, a
distinction is often made among holding tanks, mixers, and reactors.
79
[e] [g]+ $ [&](,q

h)
=0
2 h min - 10
h-5+39.3$
- 39.3
[ft3]
=0
(2.1.1- 15)
I,(-4
___
5-h
t = - 39.3 In
(2.1.1- 14)
dt
[v]
(2.1.1-16)
(2.1.1- 17)
(2.1.1-18)
h = 5[Lexp(-&)]ft
(2.1.1-19)
Note that as time approaches infinity, the tank level stabilizes at 5 ft. It is
usually desirable that surge tank levels stabilize before the tank overflows for
reasons of safety if nothing else. The inlet flow should not be capable of being
driven to a larger value than the outlet flow.
From a safety standpoint it would be important to examine the input flow
rate to make sure it is the maximum to be expected, and to make sure that the
exit flow rate is realistic - for example, could a valve be closed or the exit piping
be obstructed in some other way, e.g., fouling or plugging by debris (perhaps a
rag left in the tank after cleaning), such that the exit flow becomes proportional
to some constant with numerical value less than 2. Overflow could be serious
even with cool water because of damage to records or expensive equipment; with
hot, toxic, andor corrosive liquids the hazard could be severe.
.rn circular
.nle 2.1.1-2
DW
. rn. l&ar
Volumetric flow rate o f flurd
flow
The (axially symmetric) velocity profile for fully developed laminar flow in
a smooth tube of constant circular cross-section is
80
v = v,[l-
(321
(2.1.1-20)
Calculate the volumetric flowrate.
Solution
Choose the flow direction to be the z-direction.
a) Since we are not referring the volumetric flow to any particular system or
control volume, we use the absolute value
(2.1.1-21)
(2.1.1-22)
Noting that
(2.1.1-23)
= 2rrvm,4 R [l-(&)2]rdr
(2.1.1-24)
(2.1.1-25)
R
0
= 2avma[$-q
(2.1.1-26)
(2.1.1-27)
81
(2.1.1-28)
Dle 2.1.1-3
Air stoLgpe t a d
A tank of volume V = 0.1 m 3 contains air at 1000 kPa and (uniform)

density of 6 kg/m3. At time t = 0, a valve at the top of the tank is opened to
give a free area of 100 mm2 across which the air escape velocity can be assumed
to be constant at 350 m / s . What is the initial rate of change of the density of air
in the tank?
Solution
(2.1.1-29)
Examining the second term
But, since the tank volume is constant, dV/dt = 0 and

$ l V p d V = V-dP
dt
(2.1.1-31)
The first term yields, since the only term is an output

J^*p(v.n)dA = p ( v . n ) l A d A = p v A
(2.1.1-32)
Substituting in the mass balance

p v A + V -dp = 0
dt
(2.1.1-33)
82
kg
= -2.1 m2s
l j x a m d e 2.1.1-4
(2.1.1-34)
Water manifold
Water is in steady flow through the manifold4 shown below, with the
indicated flow directions known.
The following information is also known.
A manifold is a term loosely used in engineering to indicate a collection of pipes

connected to a common region: often, a single inlet which supplies a number of
outlets; e.g., the burner on a gas stove or the fuel/air intake manifold for an multicylinder internal combustion engine. If the volume of the region is large compared to
the volume of the pipes, one does not ordinarily use the term manifold - for example,
a number of pipes feeding into or out of a single large tank could be called but would
not ordinarily be called a manifold.
83
Assuming that velocities are constant across each individual cross-sectional
area, determine v.4.
Solution
We apply the macroscopic total mass balance to a system which is bounded
by the solid surfaces of the manifold and the dotted lines at the fluid surfaces.
jAp(v.n)dA+&lvpdV = 0
(2.1.1-35)
At steady state
gIvpdV = 0
(2.1.1-36)
so
SAp(v-n)dA= 0
(2.1.1-37)
and, recognizing that at the solid surfam
("..)
=0
the macroscopic total mass balance reduces to
(2.1.1-38)
84
(2.1.1-39)
Examining the first term,
jAp ( v - n ) d A =
1
lAl
(62.4)[y](8i[#n)dA
but the outward normal at A1 is in the negative x-direction, so the velocity

vector at A1 and the outward normal are at an angle of 1800, giving
( i . n ) = II(IlIcos(nradians) = - 1
(2.1.1-41)
and therefore
[T][%]
= - (62.4) [T]
(8) [g](A1)
= - (62.4) [T]
(8) [$](0.3)
p ( v . n) dA = - (62.4)
(8)
= - 1 5 10bmass
.7-
1 dA
[ft2]
(2.1.1-42)
Proceeding to the second term, and recognizing that this also is an input
term so will have a negative sign associated with it as in the first term
p ( v - n ) d A = p!
A2
(v.n)dA = -pQ2
= - 5 lbmass
6 7
(2.1.1-43)
The third term, which is an output (therefore the dot product gives a positive
sign), then gives
(2.1.1-44)
The fourth term simplifies to

p (v n) dA = p (v n)
a
IA
4
p (v . n) dA = (62.4)
= (25)
dA = p (v4 - n) A 4
[T] n)]![
(v4
[v]- [9]
(0.4) [ft2]
(v4 n)
= 25 (v4.n)-
(2.1.1-45)
Substituting these results into the simplified macroscopic total mass

balance
- (150)
[1-
- (56)
[9
1+ (250) [v]
{ [y]
[$I}
(25)
(v4-n)
(2.1.1-46)
Solving
v 4 . n = - 1 . 7 6 8ft
(2.1.1-47)
The negative sign indicates that the velocity vector is in the opposite direction to
the outward normal. At A4 the outward normal is in the positive y-direction;
therefore, the velocity vector is in the negative y-direction, or
86
v4 =
- 1.76g j
(2.1.1-48)
Water flows into the system at b.
Notice that if had emerged from the bottom of the manifold rather than
the top, the outward normal would have been in the negative rather than the
positive y-direction, giving a velocity vector in the positive y-direction, so the
resultant flow would still have been into the system - we cannot change the
mass balance by simply changing the orientation of the inlet or outlet to a
system (we can, of course, change the momentum balance by such a change).
The reader is encouraged to change the orientation of A4 to horizontally to the
left or right and prove that the mass balance is unaffected.
2.1.2
The macroscopic species mass balance
As noted earlier when we discussed conserved quantities, total mass can

be modeled as conserved under processes of interest to us here. However,
individual species are not, in general, conserved, especially in
processes where chemical reactions occur. Chemical reaction can give a positive
or negative generation of an individual species.
For example, if we feed a propane-air mixture into a combustion furnace

there will be a negative generation of propane (since propane disappears) and
there will be a positive generation of C02.sIn such a case, to apply the entity
balance in a useful way we need a way to describe the rate of generation of a
species by chemical reaction.
Let us consider for the moment applying, to a control volume fixed in
space, the entity balance (again, as for total mass, written in terms of rates) now
to mass of a chemical species, which is assumed to be involved in
processes for which the generation is by chemical reaction.
We can, of course, at the same time generate elemental carbon (in soot, etc.), CO,
and other byproducts of combustion. There will also be a negative generation of 0,.
87
Generation of mass of a species

Consider the generation rate term.Call the rate of species mass generation
per unit volume of the ith chemical species r,, which will be a function of
position in space and of time
(2.1.2-1)
I%[
The rate of generation of mass of species i in a volume AV is then

approximately equal to
rate of generation
of mass of species i = ri AV
in volume AV
(2.1.2-2)
To get the rate of generation throughout our control volume, we add the
contributions of all the constituent elemental volumes in V. Taking the limit as
approaches 0, we obtain the rate of generation term in the entity balance
rate of eeneration
ofmassofspeciesi = lim Z r i,AV = Jv ri dV
AV+O V
in volume V
v
(2.1.2-3)
Accumulation of mass of a species

In the same manner as for total mass,the amount of accumulation of mass
of species i (not rate of accumulation)over time At is the difference between the
mass of species i in the system at some initial time t and the mass of species i
in the system at the later time t + At. The mass of species i in the system at a
given time is determined by taking the sum of the masses of species i in all of
the elemental volumes that make up the system and then letting the elemental
volumes approach zero, in a similar way to that shown in Equation 2.1.1-5 for
total mass.
88
accumulation
of mass of species i = (m,) t+b - (m,)
in volume V
(2.1.2-4)
The rate of accumulation of mass of species i is obtained by taking the limit as

At approaches 0
rate of accumulation
of mass of species i = lim
At 0
in volume V
At
1
(2.1.2-5)
Input and output of mass of a species

The input and output for mass of a species are readily obtained in the same
manner as for total mass. The approximate mass flow rate of species i through
an elemental area AA can be written by multiplying the volumetric flow rate6by
the mass concentration of species i, pi, (rather than the total density, as was done
for total mass) at some point in AA
r
mass flow rate

of speciesi
through AA
pi ( v . n)AA
(2.1.2-6)
Strictly speaking, we must replace v by vi, since the individual species may not
move at the velocity v in the presence of concentration gradients. The difference
between v and vi is negligible, however, for most problems involving flowing
streams. We discuss the difference between v and vi in our treatment of mass transfer.
89
[r] [$][q
The mass flow rate through the total external surface area A can then be
written as the limit of the sum of the flows through ail the elemental AAs as the
elemental areas approach zem.
r
mass flow rate

of speciesi
through A
(2.1.2-7)
1 I-[
Rearranging the entity balance as
rate of output
ofmass
of speciesi
_I
rate of input
ofmass
of speciesi
1[
rate of generation
rate of accumulation
ofmass
=
ofmass
of speciesi
of speciesi
(2.1.2-8)
entering the various terms as just developed

(2.1.2-9)
which is the macroscopic mass balance for an individual species, i.

If there is no generation term, the macroscopic total mass balance and the
macroscopic mass balance for an individual species look very much the same
except for the density term.
90
BxarnDle 2.1.2-1
acroscopic sbecies mass balance with zeroorder irreversible reaction
Water (whose density p may be assumed to be inde ndent of the
concentration of A) with p = loo0 kg/m3 is flowing at 0.02 m /min through a
pipe of inside diameter 0.05 m into a perfectly mixed tank containing 15 m3
solution and out at the same rate through a pipe of diameter 0.02 m as shown in
the following illustration.
The entering liquid contains 20 kg/m3 of A. The zero-order reaction

2A+B
(2.1.2- 10)
takes place with rate rg = 0.08 kg B/(min m3).

If the initial concentration of A in the tank is 50 kg/m3, find the outlet
concentration of A at t = 100 min.
Solution
Applying the macroscopic mass balance for an individual species
(2.1.2-11)
Evaluating term by term,starting with the first term on the left-hand side
91
But, since the volumetric flow rates in and out are tbe Same in absolute value
The second term on the left-hand side is
But a total mass balance combined with constant density and the fact that inlet
and outlet volumetric flow rates are the same gives
-dVtank - 0
dt
(2.1.2-15)
so
Examining the right-hand side, we note that the reaction rate of A is twice the
negative of that of B by the stoichiometry
rA = -2r,
(2.1.2-17)
92
= -2r,V,,--&-mol A
(2.1.2-18)
Substituting in the balance

(2.1.2-19)
but, since the tank is perfectly stirred
(2.1.2-20)
'tank
(2.1.2-21)
Integrating and applying the initial condition
(- Q
dp A
[P A - P Ain] - 'B
= jidt
'tank)
(2.1.2-22)
93
(2.1.2-23)
(2.1.2-24)
(2.1.2-25)
Evaluating the constant term
(2.1.2-26)
Introducing the required time
[1"
- (2) min - (
Oeo2)
[-%I
[$i](P [5
1
A)
I"[
- (2) min - (0.02) min (50)
[$]
m3
[ (F)(
(0.02)(PA) = (2) + (0.02) (50)] exp (PA)
= 31.3-kg
m3
ICNI)] - 2
(2.1.2-27)
94
Bxamde 2.1.2-2
Macroscooic soecies mass balance with firstorder irreversible reaction
Suppose that a reaction B 3 C takes place in a perfectly mixed tank.(By
perfectly mixed we mean that Pi is independent of location in the tank,
although it can depend on rime. Although no real vessel is perfectly mixed, this
is often a good model.)
Further suppose that the initial concentration of B in the tank is 5 lbm/t3,
that the inlet concentration of B is 15 lbm/ft3, that the volume of liquid in the
tank is constant at 100 ft3, and that flow in and out of the tank is constant at 10
ft3/min.
If
= (- k PB) o( = 0.1 m i d ) what is PB as a function of time?
Solution
10 ft3/min
Figure 2.1.2-1 Perfectly mixed tank with reaction

Applying the macroscopic mass balance for an individual species
(2.1.2-28)
Evaluating term by term
95
= (pS),[
"I[
lbmysB]
(10) mm
ft
(2.1.2-30)
(2.1.2-31)
Substituting in the balance
(2.1.2-32)
but, since the tank is perfectly stirred

(2.1.2-33)
which gives
96
(-5)[ln(15-2Ps)15P B =
(15 - 5 e(-o.2d)
= 2.5 (3 - e(-*s20)
PB =
2
(2.1.2-34)
2.2 The Microscopic Mass Balances

The microscopic mass balance is expressed by a differential equation rather
than by an equation in integrals. In contrast to the macroscopic balances, which
are usually applied to determine inpudoutput relationships, microscopic balances
permit calculation of profiles (velocity, temperature, concentration) at individual
points within systems.
2.2.1 The microscopic total mass balance

(continuity equation)
The macroscopic total mass balance was determined (Equation 2.1.1-9) to be
97
jAp(v*n)dA+$jvpdV = 0
(2.2.1-1)
which can be written as

(2.2.1-2)
sv
In Chapter 1 from the Gauss theorem we showed

( V . U) dV =
js(n -
U)
dS
(2.2.1-3)
where U was an arbitrary vector (we have changed the symbol from v to U to
make clear the distinction between this arbitrary vector and the velocity vector).
The macroscopic mass balance was derived for a stationary control volume,
and so the limits in the integrals therein are not functions of time. Application
of the Leibnitz rule therefore yields
(2.2.1-4)
Applying these two results to the macroscopic total mass balance gives
(note that multiplying the velocity vector by the scalar p simply gives another
vector)
(V.pv)dV+lv%dV = 0
(2.2.1-5)
Combining the integrands, since the range of integration of each is identical
The Leibnitz rule is useful in interchanging differentiation and integration

operations. It states that for f a continuous function with continuous derivative
Kaplan, W. (1952). Advanced Calculus. Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, p.

220.
98
(2.2.1-6)
Since the limits of integration are arbitrary, the only way that the left-hand
side can vanish (to maintain the equality to zero) is for the integrand to be
identically zero.
(v.pv)+-&=o
(2.2.1-7)
This is the microscopic total mass balance or the equation of

continuity.
Special cases of the continuity equationa

For incompressible fluids, the time derivative vanishes, and by factoring
the constant density the continuity equation may be written as
p ( v * v )= 0
(2.2.1-8)
but we can divide by the density since it is non-zero for cases of interest, giving
1 v . v = 01
(2.2.1-9)
For steady flow, the density does not vary in time, so the continuity
equation becomes
p p v = 01
(2 2.1- 10)
0
These relationships often prove convenient in simplifying other equations.
These forms, as well as being used in and of themselves, are often used to simplify
other equations by eliminating the corresponding terms.
99
Continuity equation in different coordinate systems

For computation of numerical results, it is necessary to write the continuity
equation in a particular coordinate system. Table 2.2.1-1 gives the component
farm in rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates.
Table 2.2.1-1 Continuity equation (microscopic total mass
balance) in rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate
frames
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
D l e 2.2.1-1
dv incorn-le
Velocitv c o w n t s in two-dimasional
flow. r e c t k l a r coordinates
The x-component of velocity in a two-dimensional steady incompressible

flow is given by
v, = c x
where c is a constant.
What is the form of the y-component of velocity?
(2.2.1-11)
Chapter 2: TIre Mass Balances
Icx)
Solution
The continuicj equation reduces to

v-v=0
(2.2.1-12)
which is, for a two-dimensional flow

(22.1-13)
(2.2.1-143
But from the given x-component
(2.2.1 - 15)
Integrating with respect to y
c cdy=
[(2)dy =
-J
- c y + f ( x ) = vy
(2,2.1-16)
Notice that since we are integrating a partis! derivative of a function of x and y

with respect to y, we can determine the result of such an integration only to
within a function of x rather than a constant, because any such function
disappears if we take the partial derivative with respect to y. Consequently, the
result shown would, as is required, satisythe inverse operation
(3)
- -
=-
(a[-cY+f(.)i
ay
)x=c
(2.2.1- 17)
We have added the subscript x to the partial derivative to emphasize that x is

being held constant during the operation. We should write such a subscript in
conjunction with all partial derivatives; however, the subscripts are usually
obvious so we customarily omit them for conciseness.
Therefore, the most genera! form is

vy = - c y + f ( x )
101
(2.2.1- 18)
This form includes, of course

f (x) = constant
(2.2.1-19)
ard
f (x) = 0
(2.2.1-20)
Examrrle 2.2.1-2
Velocity comDonents in two-dimensional
steady incomuressible flow. cvlindrical coordinates
Water is in steady one-dimensional axial flow in a uniform-diameter

cylindrical pipe. The velocity is a function of the radial coordinate only. What is
the form of the radial velocity profile?
Solution
The continuity equation in cylindricalcoordinates is
(2.2.1-21)
which, for steady flow reduces to
(2.2.1-22)
which then becomes, for velocity, a function of r only
I d
TZ(P'Vr) = 0
(2.2.1-23)
where we have replaced the partial derivative symbols with ordinary derivatives
because we now have an unknown function of only one independent variable.
This then becomes, for an incompressible fluid
I d
P iz ( r v r ) = 0
(2.2.1-24)
102
We multiply both sides by the radius, and, since the density is not equal to zero,
we can divide both sides by the density
a(rvr)
d
=
(2.2.1-25)
Integrating
-$(r
vr) dr = 1 0 dr
(2.2.1-26)
rv, = constant
which gives as the form of the radial velocity profile
Vr
= constant
Examde 2.2.1-3
(2.2.1-27)
Compression o f air
Air is slowly compressed in a cylinder by a piston. The motion of the air is

one-dimensional. Since the motion is slow, the density remains constant in the
z-direction even though changing in time. As the piston moves toward the
cylinder head at speed v, what is the time rate of change of the density of the air?
Figure 2.2.1-1 Air compression by piston

So1u t ion
We begin with the continuity equation
I03
(V.pv)+% = 0
(2.2.1-28)
In cylindrical coordinates
*+I&
at
r &(P TV,) ++&P
ve) + Z(P
vz) = 0
(2.2.1-29)
In one dimension (the z-direction)
a~ +az(P
at
vz) = *
(2.2.1-30)
Expanding the derivative of the product
JP
%
P ~
aP
V
-- 0~
(2.2.1-31)
However, density is constant in the z-direction, so

-+paP
at
2.2.2
h z
aZ
=o
(2.2.1-32)
The microscopic species mass balance
We can develop a microscopic mass balance for an individual species in the

Same general way that we developed the microscopic total mass balance, but, as
in the macroscopic case, individual species are not conserved but may be created
or destroyed (e.g., by chemical reactions), so a generation term must be included
in the model.
The macroscopic mass balance for an individual species took the form
Models based on the above equation (which are adequate for many real problems)
are restricted to cases where the velocity of the bulk fluid, v, and the velocity of
the individual species, Vi, are assumed to be identical.
104
As was just noted, individual species may not move at the same velocity as
the bulk fluid, for example, because of concentration gradients in the fluid. This
becomes of much more a concern in certain classes of problems we wish to
model at the microscopic level than it was at the macroscopic level.
We begin with the more general equation, which includes the species
velocity rather than the bulk fluid velocity
jAp,(vi.n)dA+&jvp,dV =
V ridV
(2.2.2-2)
By incorporating the species velocity v, instead of the velocity of the bulk

fluid v we can model cases where Vi and v are significantly different. This is the
whole point of mass transfer operations.
The Leibnitz rule and the Gauss theorem can be applied as in the case of the
microscopic total mass balance, giving
(2.2.2-3)
Again the limits of integration are arbitrary, so it follows that
(2.2.2-4)
which is the microscopic rnass balance for an individual species. There is one
such equation for each species. In a mixture of n constituents, the sum of all n
of the species equations must yield the total mass balance, and therefore only n
of the n+l equations are independent.
The microscopic mass balance in the form above is not particularly useful
for two reasons:
First, it does not relate the concentration to the properties of
the fluid. This is done via a constitutive equation (such an
equation relates the flow variables to the way the fluid is
constituted, or made up).
10.5

Second, it is written in terms of mass concentration, while
most mass transfer process operate via molar concentrations
(diffusiveprocesses tend to be proportional to the relative
number of molecules, not the relative amount of mass).
DifSusion
An example of a constitutive equation relating fluxes and concentrations is

Fick's law of diffusion
(2.2.2-5)
where Nj denotes the molar flux of the ith species with respect to axes fixed in
space, Xi is the mole fraction of species i, c is the total molar concentration, and
Dm is the diffusion coefficient.
The molar flux can be written in terms of the velocity of the ith species, V i ,
which is defined as the number average velocity
(2.2.2-6)
It is not difficult to see that substituting this relationship in Fick's law to
obtain velocity as a function of concentration and then putting the result in the
microscopic species mass balances (adjusting the units appropriately) is not a

trivial task. We will return to this later in Section 8.2.
Chapter 2
Problems
2.1 For the following situation:

a. Calculate (v n)
b. Calculate vx
c. Calculate w
Use coordinates shown.
106
W
2.2 For the following
A=f d
a. Calculate (v n)
b. Calculate w (p = 999 kg/m3)
c. Calculate(*P(v.n)dA if Ivl = (l-*)vwhere vmax = 4.5 m / ~ .
2.3 Calculate
I07
I, P (v n) dA for the following situation

*
\A,,
circular; diameter * 1 I t
Use coordinates shown.

2.4 A pipe system sketched below is carrying water through section 1 at a
velocity of 3 ft/s. The diameter at section 1 is 2 ft. The same flow passes
through section 2 where the diameter is 3 ft. Find the discharge and bulk
velocity at section 2.
2.5 Consider the steady flow of water at 7OOF through the piping system shown
below where the velocity distribution at station 1 may be expressed by
( -);
v ( r ) = 9.0 1
108
Find the average velocity at 2.

2.6 Water is flowing in the reducing elbow as shown. What is the velocity and
mass flow rate at 2?
p = 62.4-
2 ft/sec
ft3
to
2.7 The tee shown in the sketch is rectangular and has 3 exit-entrances. The
width is w. The height h is shown for each exit-entrance on the sketch. You
may assume steady, uniform, incompressibleflow.
a. Write the total macroscopic mass balance and use the
assumptions to simplify the balance for this situation.
b. Is flow into or out of the bottom arm (2) of the tee.
c. What is the magnitude of the velocity into or out of the
bottom arm (2) of the tee?
"2
2.8 The velocity profile for turbulent flow of a fluid in a circular smooth tube
follows a power law such that
I09
Find the value of <v>/vmax for this situation. If n = 7 this is the result from
the Blasius resistance formula.
(Hint: let y = R - r)
2.9 Oil of specific gravity 0.8 is pumped to a large open tank with a 1.0-ft hole
in the bottom. Find the maximum steady flow rate Qin, ft3/s, which can be
pumped to the tank without its overflowing.
2.10 Oil at a specific gravity of 0.75 is pumped into an open tank with diameter
3 m and height 3 m. Oil flows out of a pipe at the bottom of the tank that has a
diameter of 0.2 m. What is the volumetric flow rate that can be pumped in the
tank such that it will not overflow?
2.11 In the previous problem assume water is pumped in the tank at a rate of 3
m3/min. If the water leaves the tank at a rate dependent on the liquid level such
that Qout = 0.3h (where 0.3 is in m2/min and Q is in m3/min, h is in m. What
is the height of liquid in the tank as a function of time?
2.12 Shown is a perfectly mixed tank containing 100 ft3 of an aqueous solution
of 0.1 salt by weight. At time t = 0, pumps 1 and 2 are turned on. Pump 1 is
I10
pumping pure water into the tank at a rate of 10 ft3/hr and pump 2 pumps
solution from the tank at 15 ft3/hr. Calculate the concentration in the outlet
line as an explicit function of time.
2.13 Water is flowing into an open tank at the rate of 50 ft3/min. There is an
opening at the bottom where water flows out at a rate proportional to
where h = height of the liquid above the bottom of the tank. Set up the equation
for height versus time; separate the variables and integrate. The area of the
bottom of the tank is 100 ft2.
2.14 Salt solution is flowing into and out of a stirred tank at the rate of 5 gal
solution/min. The input solution contains 2 lbm saldgal solution. The volume
of the tank is 100 gal. If the initial salt concentration in the tank was 1 lbm
saltlgal, what is the outlet concentration as a function of time?
2.15 A batch of fuel-cell electrolyte is to be made by mixing two streams in

large stirred tank. Stream 1 contains a water solution of H2SO4 and K2SO4 in
mass fractions XA and x g l lbm/lbm of solution, respectively (A = H2SO4, B =
K2SO4). Stream 2 is a solution of H2SO4 in water having a mass fraction
XA2.
If the tank is initially empty, the drain is closed, and the streams are fed at steady
rates w l and w2 lbm of solutionlhr, show that XA is independent of time and
find the total mass m at any time.
(Hint: Do not expand the derivative of the product in the species balance, but
integrate directly.)
111
Cqn;;ntration
in tonk
2.16 You have been asked to design a mixing tank for salt solutions. The tank
volume is 126 gal and a salt solution flows into and out of the tank at 7 gal of
solutiodmin. The input salt concentration contains (3 lbm salt)/gal of solution.
If the initial salt concentration in the tank is (1/2 lbm &)/gal, find:
a. The output concentration of salt as a function of time
assuming that the output concentration is the same as

that within the tank.
b. Plot the output salt concentration as a function of time
and find the asymptotic value of the concentration m(t) as
t+-.
c. Find the response time of the stirring tank, i.e., the time
at which the output concentration m(t) will equal 62.3
percent of the change in the concentration from time t =
0 to time t + - .

Chapter 2 The Mass Balances

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Chapter 2 The Mass Balances

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2

THE MASS BALANCES

2.1 The Macroscopic Mass Balances

Figure 2.1-1 System for mass balances

Chapter 2: The Mass Balances

Using the continuum assumption, the density can be modeled functionally

The macroscopic total mass balance

The total mass in AV is approximately

where p is evaluated at any point in AV and At.

Chapter 2: The Mass Balances

The rate of accumulation is obtained by taking the limit

Chapter 2: The Mass Balances

For constant density systems w = p Q

Chapter 2: The Mass Balances

Simplijied forms of the macroscopic total mass balance

Chapter 2: The Mass Balances

Mass balance on a surge ta&

Figure 2.1.1-1 Surge tank

Chapter 2: The Mass Balances

[e] [g]+ $ [&](,q

Chapter 2: The Mass Balances

Calculate the volumetric flowrate.

Chapter 2: The Mass Balances

A tank of volume V = 0.1 m 3 contains air at 1000 kPa and (uniform)

But, since the tank volume is constant, dV/dt = 0 and

The first term yields, since the only term is an output

Substituting in the mass balance

Chapter 2: The Mass Balances

The following information is also known.

A manifold is a term loosely used in engineering to indicate a collection of pipes

Chapter 2: The Mass Balances

Assuming that velocities are constant across each individual cross-sectional

area, determine v.4.

and, recognizing that at the solid surfam

the macroscopic total mass balance reduces to

Chapter 2: The Mass Balances

Examining the first term,

but the outward normal at A1 is in the negative x-direction, so the velocity

Chapter 2: The Mass Balances

The fourth term simplifies to

Substituting these results into the simplified macroscopic total mass

Chapter 2: The Mass Balances

Water flows into the system at b.

The macroscopic species mass balance

As noted earlier when we discussed conserved quantities, total mass can

For example, if we feed a propane-air mixture into a combustion furnace

Chapter 2: The Mass Balances

Generation of mass of a species

The rate of generation of mass of species i in a volume AV is then

Accumulation of mass of a species

Chapter 2: The Mass Balances

The rate of accumulation of mass of species i is obtained by taking the limit as

Input and output of mass of a species

mass flow rate

Chapter 2: The Mass Balances

mass flow rate

Rearranging the entity balance as

entering the various terms as just developed

which is the macroscopic mass balance for an individual species, i.

Chapter 2: The Mass Balances

The entering liquid contains 20 kg/m3 of A. The zero-order reaction

takes place with rate rg = 0.08 kg B/(min m3).

Chapter 2: The Mass Balances