83

RD

SHOCK ANND VIBBRATIO

ON
SYM
MPOSIU
UM
NEW
W ORLEAN
NS | NOV
VEMBER 4 - 8, 20
012

ABSSTRA
AC
CTSS

ABSTRACTBOOK
TABLEOFCONTENTS
UNDEXNUMERICALMETHODS&APPLICATIONSI
ApplicationofanRKDGDGFMw/ALEMethodtoModelUnderwaterExplosions.......................................................1
ADirectGhostFluidMethod(DGFM)forModelingExplosiveGasandWaterFlows...................................................1
TheInfluenceofVaporBubblesIntheMitigationofUnderwaterExplosionStructuralLoading.................................1
DynamicResponseofaCompositePropellerBladeSubjectedtoShockandBubblePressureLoading.......................2
StudyfortheCloseProximityUnderwaterExplosionProblemUsingSimplifiedShipModel.......................................2
ShockResponseAnalysis&EvaluationforOnBoardEquipmentAccordingtoApproachMethodologyBasedonthe
DesignRegulation..........................................................................................................................................................2
STRUCTURALRESPONSETOBLASTLOADING
Modelingconcreteerosionstrainforblastresistantdesign.........................................................................................3
Dynamicanalysisonmembraneeffectofonewaysupportedstructurestoresisttriangularpressureload..............3
LimitationsandConsequencesofFragmentProtectionforNearFieldAirblastMeasurements..................................3
InnovativeBlastResistantDesignofSteelStudWallSystemsAccountingforCompositeBendingandControlled
HingeFormation............................................................................................................................................................4
ConnectionDesignofSteelMembersSubjectedtoBlastLoading................................................................................4
DEDICATEDSESSION:UNDERWATEREXPLOSIONLOADING
AMethodforFittingWaterEOSParametersforUnderwaterExplosionSimulations..................................................5
DeterminationofSeaBottomPropertiesUsingUnderwaterExplosionPressureData................................................5
DYSMASSimulationoftheUnderwaterExplosionShockWaveLoadingfromaLargeChargeontheSeaBottom.....5
AnImprovedPentoliteJWLEquationofStateforUNDEXShockandBubbleSimulations...........................................6
ValidationExamplesUsingtheImprovedPentoliteEOS...............................................................................................6
INSTRUMENTATIONMETHODS
Characterizationofdampedaccelerometersusingpulseshapingtechniquesforhigherenergyshockinputs...........6
Miniaturizedhighgshocktriaxialaccelerometers........................................................................................................6
LaboratoryPreScreeningMethodforPreDetonationMaterialsAgainstPlungerTypeFuzedMortarsUsingan
InstrumentedInertFuze................................................................................................................................................7
AIRBLASTDATA&ANALYSIS
GuidetoNuclearAirblastRecords:AReportSummary................................................................................................7
SalvagingAirblastImpulseDatafromShieldedGauges................................................................................................8
MULTIAXISVIBRATION
OnControlling6DOFElectrodynamicTables................................................................................................................8
MultiaxisExcitationMoreRealisticVibrationTesting.................................................................................................9
ContemporaryMultiAxisTestSystems:Applications,PerformanceandLimitations...................................................9
BringingTrueBroadbandFieldVibrationEnvironmentsintotheLab...........................................................................9

ComparativeResultsofSingleAxisVibrationvs.MultiAxis.......................................................................................10
StressBasedComparisonsbetweenSingle&MultipleDegreeofFreedomVibration...............................................10
MODELING&SIMULATIONOFUNDERWATERSHOCK
AutomatedShipShockM&SSoftwareToolIntegration;TheNewCommonStructuralModel(CSM)GUI:RapidEarly
StageDesignTool........................................................................................................................................................10
EffectofaBubblyLayeronanIncomingPressureWave............................................................................................11
Parameterizationofthepressurewaveemittedbyhydrostaticimplosionofsubmergedcylinders..........................11
Useofaneuralnetforresponsesurfacebasedpredictionofthepressurewaveemittedbyhydrostaticimplosionof
submergedcylinders....................................................................................................................................................11
BLASTMEASUREMENT&ANALYSIS
PredictionofLandmineBlastEffectswithCONWEPandSPHinLSDYNA..................................................................12
Modelingdetonationstoinformblastresistantdesignofbuildings..........................................................................12
ImplicationsofExplosivelyAcceleratingThinFlyerPlatesinTransientRegimesofExplosiveSystems......................12
ExperimentalResistanceFunctionDevelopmentUsingLoadTreeTestingforIncorporationintoSingleDegreeOf
FreedomDynamicBlastAnalyses................................................................................................................................13
BlastOverPressureEnvironmentsforEvaluatingSoldierProtectiveEquipment.......................................................13
AComparativeAnalysisofAirblastLoadPredictionModels.......................................................................................14
DEDICATEDSESSION:UNDERWATEREXPLOSIONBUBBLESIMULATIONS
AssessmentofMultiCycleUnderwaterExplosionBubbleSimulationCapabilitiesinDYSMAS..................................14
ValidationofDYSMASforCloseInShockandBubbleJetTestAgainsttheExTurkuFastAttachCraft......................14
DYSMASSimulationofUnderkeelBubbleJetAttack..................................................................................................14
AccurateandEfficientPhysicsBasedSoftwaretoModelAirGuns............................................................................14
ProcessforAcceptabilityofShockIsolatedDeckModule(IDM)ShockEnvironmentfortheInstallationof
CommercialOfftheShelf(COTS)EquipmentonSubmarines.....................................................................................15
StudiesinSmallChargeUNDEXShotSelectionforSubmarineAnalyses....................................................................15
CREWINJURYSTUDIES
OverviewoftheUNDEXInducedInjuryTestSeries....................................................................................................16
UNDEXInducedInjuryTestSeries:EvaluationofAnthropomorphicTestDevice.......................................................16
AnAlgorithmforPredictingCrewInjuries/CasualtiesDuetoAIREXLoading.............................................................16
ControllingBlastEffectsUsingNovelCombinationsofPolymers,MeshesandHighlyVoidedFiberReinforced
Composites..................................................................................................................................................................16
OutofPositionLoadingResponseoftheHIII&MILLXLowerLegstoSimulatedBlastEffects.................................16
3DDynamicFiniteElementAnalysisofaWeldedandBoltedAppliqueConnectionDetailforGroundVehicle
UnderbellyBlastProtection.........................................................................................................................................17
ISOLATION&DAMPING
VersatileDesignofInternallyIsolatedEnclosures.......................................................................................................17
TunedElastomerVibrationIsolatorfortheReductionofRandomVibration.............................................................18
SimulationAlgorithmforOrthogonallyCoupledBehaviorofIsolators.......................................................................18
DescribingtheShockResponseofanIsolatedEnclosureanditsInternalComponentsusingModalAnalysis..........18
ii

UNDEXNUMERICALMETHODS&APPLICATIONSII
OnTheShockEnvironmentInsideShipsTanks...........................................................................................................19
ComparisonofUNDEXResponseUtilizingDifferentMethodologies..........................................................................19
NewnumericaltransientandspectralmethodstomodelnavalequipmentsagainstUndexLoading......................19
ShockResponseSpectrumComputationforNonlinearStructuresusinganExplicitDynamicsFEACode.................20
BALLISTICS
QualificationTestingforBallisticShockEnvironments...............................................................................................20
Simulationofballisticimpactsofaluminumplateswithogivenosesteelprojectiles................................................21
Part1:CTHLagrangianCapabilities.............................................................................................................................21
Part2:CTHLagrangianCapabilities.............................................................................................................................22
AccelerationProfileofAnExplosivelyDrivenFlatMetallicFlyerDuringProjection...................................................22
UNDEXMODELING&TESTING
ImplosionAtSeaExperiments:ComparisonofPreTestPredictionswithTestData..................................................22
ANewPlatformforWaterBackedUNDEXTestingofCompositePanels...................................................................23
MassShockQualificationofCableHangers................................................................................................................23
CostReductionMeasuresforLocalCableHangerInstallation....................................................................................23
DEDICATEDSESSION:HARDTARGETDEFEATI
OverviewofHardTargetDefeatProjectAgreement,Phase1....................................................................................24
OverviewofHardTargetDefeatProjectAgreement,Phase2....................................................................................24
UseofHighSpeedVideoforDataAcquisitioninaHostileEnvironment....................................................................24
EquipmentFragility/DamagePhenomenologywithRespecttoHardTargetDefeatTesting.....................................24
DEDICATEDSESSION:UNDERSTANDINGSECURITYOFCRITICALINFRASTRUCTURE
ImportanceofInfrastructureSecuritytoModernSociety..........................................................................................25
AgingTransportationInfrastructure&ItsImpactonNationalSecurity......................................................................25
TheEvolutionofCriticalInfrastructureSecurityCaseStudies.................................................................................25
SHOCKANDVIBRATIONTESTINGMEASUREMENTS&QUALIFICATIONTESTING
DesignandTestResultsofaMultifrequencyReedGagetoAssessDamagePotentialofShockLoading...................26
MeasuringUnderwaterExplosions:TransducersandTheirApplication.....................................................................26
ShockExtensionMethodsResourcesforManufacturers............................................................................................26
ShockandVibrationQualificationDatabases..............................................................................................................26
BalancingaFigure15FixtureontheMediumWeightShockMachineWithoutBallastWeightwithSupporting
Analysis........................................................................................................................................................................27
MECHANICALSHOCKTESTING
SmartHydraulicLandingGear.....................................................................................................................................27
ImpactReductionTo120mmMortarTESTBASEIMPACTPIT@WatervlietFederalArsenalusingKELLETTMATERIAL
.....................................................................................................................................................................................27
ExperimentalevaluationofHelicalElectromagneticLaunchersforElectronicallyProgrammableShockPulses.......28
StrainGaugesorLaserVibrometer?............................................................................................................................28
iii

ReferenceStandardsforCalibrationofShockAccelerometers...................................................................................28
TrundlingShocksDevelopmentofSemiAutomaticProcessesforAnalysisandTestSpecification.........................29
NUMERICAL&TESTAPPLICATIONSFORBLASTANDBALLISTICS
NumericalSimulationofISOContainersSubjectedtoInternalExplosions.................................................................29
NumericalSimulationofExplosivesBuriedinSoil.......................................................................................................30
NovelKineticDefeatApproachesforOverheadProtectionSystemsEmployingConstructionGradeMaterials.......30
ModelingofHEFillBehaviorDuringImpactComparingLagrangian,EulerianandSPHMethodologies....................30
AnalysisandTestingofanInnovativeWallDesignforResistancetoBlastEffectsfromaConfinedExplosion..........31
AssigningOverPressureandFragmentImpacttoanInteriorLagrangianBlastSimulation.......................................31
DEDICATEDSESSION:HARDTARGETDEFEATII
VulnerabilityofComputerEquipmentandNetworkstoBlastEnvironments,DistributionD+..................................31
ComparisonofMEVAPredictionstoTestData...........................................................................................................32
ResponseofDesktopComputerWorkStationstoBlastPressureLoadsProducedByExplosiveDetonations..........32
IterativeModelDevelopmentforComplexBlastEnvironments(DistributionD).......................................................32
SecondaryDebrisLoadingonBunkerWallsfromInternalExplosions........................................................................32
DEDICATEDSESSION:TRENDSINCRITICALINFRASTRUCTURE
SustainabilityArchitectsOverview.............................................................................................................................33
IntegrationofSustainability&BuildingSecurity.........................................................................................................33
StructuralHealthMonitoringforBridgeApplications.................................................................................................33
StructuralHealthMonitoringSystemsforRapid,PostDisasterAssessmentofBuildings..........................................33
StructuresManagementinMultihazardEnvironment................................................................................................33
WIMData,RiskManagement,&BridgeSecurity........................................................................................................34
DEDICATEDSESSION:NSRPMODELINGANDSIMULATIONPROJECT/NSRPFOUNDATIONMODELING&ANALYSISI
NationalShipbuildingResearchProgram....................................................................................................................34
NSRPModeling&SimulationProject...........................................................................................................................34
ShipStructureOptimizationStudies............................................................................................................................34
EfficientGenerationofAnalysisModelsforShipStructures.......................................................................................35
AutomationofModelingthe3DWeldingProcessesforDistortionandResidualStresses.......................................35
StreamliningtheSimulationProcessFlowusingCollaborativeSimulationDataManagement..................................35
MECHANICALSHOCKMODELING&ANALYSIS
ModelingofOrdnanceInducedPyrotechnicShockTesting........................................................................................36
TimeDomainAnalysisandEmpiricalModelingofShockResponses..........................................................................37
Modeling&DevelopmentofLowFrequencyMechanicalFilterAccelerometerMounting........................................37
ImplementationofEquationofStateforDrySandinAutodyn..................................................................................37
ModificationofShockIsolationMountPredictions&LoadingEstimates(SIMPLE)ProgramforMultipleInterlinked
EnclosureAnalysis.......................................................................................................................................................38
DevelopmentofLandscapeVehicularAntiramSystemsthroughComputationalandExperimentalMethods........38

iv

SHOCK&VIBRATIONTESTING
AnExampleofConservatisminMILSTD167Testing.................................................................................................39
ShieldTMMountDynamicLoadDeflectionCharacerization,MILSTD167VibrationResults,&MILS901DResults
.....................................................................................................................................................................................39
HowTestSetupAffectsLargeEquipmentVibrationResults.......................................................................................39
Design,AnalysisandTestingoftheM109A6PaladinPIMElectricServoAmplifierIsolationSystem.........................39
MediumWeightShockMachine(MWSM)EquipmentKillCriteria:TestDesign,Setup,andExecution....................40
DEDICATEDSESSION:SYSTEM&PAYLOADRESPONSETOSHOCKENVIRONMENTSI
ALinearizedRepresentationofPenetratorSimulantDynamicswithaCorrelatedFEModel.....................................40
EmbeddedInstrumentationinPenetrationApplications............................................................................................40
InSituDynamicsofElectronicsBoards&ComponentsUnderShock.........................................................................40
ModelingandSimulationofPottedElectronicswithDifferentSolderMaterials.......................................................41
EnergyPropagationThroughNormal&ThreadedInterfaces.....................................................................................41
DEDICATEDSESSION:CRITICALINFRASTRUCTURETOOLS&PROCESSES
ResiliencyandInfrastructureSecurity.........................................................................................................................41
PerformanceBasedDesign(PBD):BuildingSecurity...................................................................................................41
TheBuildingSecurityRatingSystemOfAei.................................................................................................................42
IntegratedRapidVisualScreening(IRVS)....................................................................................................................42
OwnersPerformanceRequirements(OPR)forBuildings............................................................................................42
EvaluatingtheEffectsofExplosiveDevicesinUrbanStreetscapes.............................................................................42
DEDICATEDSESSION:NSRPMODELINGANDSIMULATIONPROJECT/NSRPFOUNDATIONMODELING&ANALYSISII
EnhancingtheShockAnalysisProcessbyIncorporatingAutomation,Optimization,&SensitivityStudies...............43
EfficientModelingofFoundationsPart1(AutomationofGeometryIdealizationforShockModeling,DDAM
Analysis).......................................................................................................................................................................43
EfficientModelingofFoundationsPart2(AutomationofGeometryIdealizationforShockModeling,DDAM
Analysis).......................................................................................................................................................................44
SemiAutomationoftheFoundationAnalysisProcess................................................................................................44
OptimizationDrivenDesignProcessforFoundations.................................................................................................45
AStudyofVariousFoundationProcesses...................................................................................................................45
VIBRATIONTESTING
Continuous/DiscreteSpectraforThreeDegreeofFreedomVibrationEnvironments...............................................46
HullVibrationReductiononaFisheriesResearchVesselusingActiveControl(Parts1&2)......................................46
WorkingTowardsOptimumLifeforAircraftDefensiveAids.......................................................................................46
UNDEXANALYSIS&MODELING
MultiScaleModelingOfStructuralDamageDueToWeaponsEffectsLoading.........................................................47
EvaluationofCompositeMaterialDamageModelsinaWaterBackedUNDEXEnvironment...................................47
InvestigationoftheFundamentalDriversinImplosionDynamics..............................................................................48
AnImprovedFluidStructureInteractionSoftwareCodeforSimulatingImplosion....................................................48

PredictionofDynamicNonlinearBehaviorofaShockIsolatedDeckModuleComposedofTStiffenedPlate..........48
DamagePredictionOfAWeaponsElevatorDoorOnTheFloatingShockPlatformUsingNonlinearTransient
Analysis........................................................................................................................................................................48
DEDICATEDSESSION:SYSTEMANDPAYLOADRESPONSETOSHOCKENVIRONMENTSII
HighFrequencyStructuralExcitation:ImplementinganAcousticSource..................................................................49
HighFidelityForceLocalizationinBeamStructures....................................................................................................49
BlastSimulatorTestingforHighGShockEnvironmentCharacterization...................................................................49
PracticalDSPforShockEnvironments.........................................................................................................................49
Calibrating&EvaluatingPerformanceofCOTSPiezoresistiveShockAccelerometers...............................................50
CharacterizationofaNewAcceleratedDropTowerforShockTesting.......................................................................50
DEDICATEDSESSION:BLAST,PROGRESSIVECOLLAPSE,&POSTDISASTERPERFORMANCEOFINFRASTRUCTURE
StateofProgressiveCollapseKnowledgeandResearch.............................................................................................50
Newfindingsonprogressivecollapseofbuildingsandglobalstructuralintegrityofdamagedstructures................50
DevelopmentofthePostDisasterAssessmentTool(PDAT).......................................................................................51
EffectsofBlastLoadLocalandGlobalResponsesonHighwayBridges......................................................................51
NanomaterialsforInfrastructureProtection&Security.............................................................................................51
MultiDisciplinaryAspectsofTunnelSecurity.............................................................................................................52
INNOVATIONSINSENSORTECHNOLOGY&DATAMANAGEMENT
DevelopmentofaCriticallyDamped2000GMEMSAccelerometer...........................................................................52
LowNoise,HighRangeStrainMeasurementsat2MHz..............................................................................................52
PerformanceCharacterizationofPrecisionInertialAccelerometers..........................................................................52
AmendmenttoISO1606322:2005,"MethodsforthecalibrationofvibrationandshocktransducersPart22:
Shockcalibrationbycomparisontoareferencetransducer".....................................................................................53
RapidDesignCyclesandExplosiveDataGrowthinEngineeringTest.........................................................................53
VIBRATIONMODELING,SIMULATION,&ANALYSIS
Severalaspectstobeconsideredinthedefinitionofalaboratoryvibrationsimulationprogramforairbornestores
incaptivestraightflight...............................................................................................................................................53
Reconstitutionofadisruptedmissilefreeflightmeasuredvibrationtimehistory....................................................54
Criteriafortheevaluationoftheequivalencebetweenafreeflightmeasuredvibrationtimehistory,anda
mathematicallyreconstitutedorshakersimulatedversion........................................................................................54
SynthesisofaPSDCompatibleAccelerationTimeHistory.........................................................................................55
DesigningstructurestowithstandhighspeedfluidimpactswithAbaqus/ExplicitCEL............................................55
DissipatedEnergyLifeModelofaCantileveredBeamSubjecttoRandomVibration................................................56
DEVELOPMENT&VALIDATIONOFTHELARGECAPACITYDECKSIMULATORFIXTUREFORMILS901DHEAVYWEIGHTSHOCKTESTING
Requirements,Production,andTestingofaLargeCapacityDeckSimulatorFixtureforMILS901DHeavyweight
ShockTestingofHeavyEquipmentatLowFrequencies.............................................................................................56
DesignandAnalysisofaLargeCapacityDeckSimulatorFixtureforMILS901DHeavyweightShockTestingofHeavy
EquipmentatLowFrequencies...................................................................................................................................56

vi

FabricationofaLargeCapacityDeckSimulatorFixtureforMILS901DHeavyweightShockTestingofHeavy
EquipmentatLowFrequencies...................................................................................................................................57
MATERIAL/STRUCTURERESPONSE
ValidationStudiesfortheReleaseIIIK&CConcreteModel........................................................................................57
TheTransitionfromtheInversetoClassicalHallPetchPhenomenoninSingleCrystalCopperunderImpactLoading
.....................................................................................................................................................................................57
NewInsightintoGraniticRockTargetDamagefromMacroscopicandMicroscopicstudyofrecentEarthPenetrator
events..........................................................................................................................................................................58
Synthesis,Microstructure,andExplosivePropertiesofSprayDepositedSilverAcetylideSilverNitrateComposite
LightInitiatedHighExplosives.....................................................................................................................................58
EvaluationofResidualCapacityofCompositePressureVesselsAfterImpactEvents................................................59
AnInvestigationintoVentingSolutionsfortheM548AmmunitionContainerduetoitsContentsIgniting..............59
DEDICATEDSESSION:STUDIESINSUBMARINESTRUCTURES&SYSTEM
ComparisonofToroidMountedandBulkheadMountedIsolatedDeckModule(IDM)Configurationsfora
SubmarinePayloadModule(PM)................................................................................................................................60
EvaluationoftheNonPressureInfluenceonDynamicHullStabilityforaDoubleHullSubmarineCompartment....60
AlternativeIsolationDevicesforDeckModulesDesignedforCOTSEquipment.......................................................60
AComparisonofSeveralIncidentFieldModelsforAssessingtheShockResponseofSubmarineStructures.........60
TubeHatchAssemblyShockDesignAnalysisApproach..............................................................................................60
INSTRUMENTATION&MEASUREMENTTECHNIQUES
TestingAntiRamBarrierProtectionSystemsattheLarsonInstituteCrashSafetyResearchFacility........................60
ImprovedDataAcquisitionMethodsforShaftAlignment..........................................................................................61
UsingDigitalImageCorrelationforHighAccuracyMeasurementsinAirBlastTestEnvironments...........................61
DeflectionMeasurementSolutionsforAirBlastTestingofProtectiveWindowSystems..........................................61
FreePseudovelocityShockDataAnalysisSoftwareUsingGNUOctave......................................................................62
BLASTPROTECTIONTECHNOLOGIES
ExperimentalTestingofHighStrengthSteelStudWallSystemforEnhancedBlastProtection.................................62
AnalyticalValidationandDesignGuidelinesofInnovativeBlastResistantSteelStudWallSystem...........................63
NumericalSimulationsandTestingValidationofRetrofittedPrefabricatedCompositeSteelStudBlastPanels.......63
BlastAndFragmentationEffectsOfCloseRangeDetonationsAndRelatedMitigationTechniques..........................64
DevelopmentofShallowFoundationStreetscapeVehicularAntiramSystemsthroughModelingandTesting.......64
NewDevelopmentsinaBlastMitigatingSystemMadeofLaminatedPolycarbonateforExteriorBuildingProtection
.....................................................................................................................................................................................64
DEDICATEDSESSION:UQ/V&VOFLARGESTRUCTURESTOSHOCKLOADING
UQ/V&Vforlargescalestructuressubjecttodynamicshockloading........................................................................65
BootstrapMonteCarlousingadaptivestratifiedsamplingforUQ/V&Voflargestructuressubjecttoshockloading
.....................................................................................................................................................................................66
AssessmentofValidationMetricsforUNDEXSimulations..........................................................................................66
WEAPONSYSTEMS&MUNITIONSSTUDIES

vii

FragmentationCharacterizationofaNaturallyFragmentingCasedMunitionwithaLargeLengthtoDiameterRatio
.....................................................................................................................................................................................67
ANovelApproachtoa100PercentFragmentCaptureTestofaLargeNaturallyFragmentingCasedMunition.......67
StressTestingofMortarBaseplatesMethodandValidation...................................................................................67
DynamicsoftheSafeandArmAssemblyintheM739A1FuzeduringGunLaunchandProjectileFlight...................68
ModelingandSimulationoftheZigzagSetbackPinforFuzingApplications..............................................................68
ComparingofHydrocodesforPredictinganExplosiveSequence...............................................................................69

DEDICATEDSESSION:STUDIESINSUBMARINESTRUCTURES&SYSTEMS
CharacterizationofShockEnvironmentforaShockIsolatedDeckModule...............................................................69
BLASTMITIGATIONFORCRITICALINFRASTRUCTURE
LightweightMicroTrussPanelsforProtectingCriticalInfrastructureFacilitiesfromHighIntensityNearFieldAir
BlastEvents..................................................................................................................................................................69

viii

UNDEXNUMERICALMETHODS&APPLICATIONSI

APPLICATIONOFANRKDGDGFMW/ALEMETHODTOMODELUNDERWATEREXPLOSIONS
Dr.AlanBrown,VirginiaTech
LCDRJinwonPark,ROKN

ThispaperpresentsthemotivationanddevelopmentofaRungeKuttaDiscontinuousGalerkinDirectGhostFluid
Method(RKDGDGFM)tomodelUnderwaterExplosions(UNDEX)andassessestheeffectivenessofthismethodto
modelanexplosioninsideawaterfilledtube.Thesmallchargeexplodesattheinnercenterofthetubeandthe
tubewallisdeformedbythehighpressureloading.Thewalldeformationmodifiestheexplosionfluidflowinthe
regionnearthewallandhassubstantialinfluenceontheresponseofthestructure.Tomodelthefluidstructure
interaction,validdataexchangealongtheinterfaceisnecessaryincludingsurfacepressure,interfacedisplacement
and velocity. Classical FluidStructure Interaction (FSI) simulations typically employ a matched meshing scheme
which discretizes fluid and structure meshes using a single mesh density. The size of the mesh required for the
structure is substantially smaller than that required for the fluid so the fluid mesh must be much smaller than
necessary for solution in the fluid. This makes the computation much more expensive. To reduce the
computationalcost,anonmatchedmeshingschemewhichallowsfordifferentmeshdensitiesisused.Theresults
and computational efficiency of this simulation are compared to experimental data and results obtained using
othermethods.

ADIRECTGHOSTFLUIDMETHOD(DGFM)FORMODELINGEXPLOSIVEGASANDWATERFLOWS
Dr.AlanBrown,VirginiaTech
LCDRJinwonPark,ROKN

Thispaperpresentsatwofluidmethodsuitabletomodelexplosivegasandwaterflowsresultingfromnearfield
underwater explosions (UNDEX). Because of the presence of explosive gas and water in the domain, classical
Eulerianmethodshavinginherentdiffusionarenotdirectlyapplicable.Numericaldiffusionresultsinnonphysically
diffuseddensityatthematerialinterface.Diffuseddensitycancreatespuriouspressureoscillationsinvicinityof
the material interface. Spurious pressure oscillations may cause the sudden abortion of fluid computations or
degrade the quality of numerical results. To eliminate or minimize numerical diffusion, sharp interface methods
havingnomixedelementsmaybeusedinthemultifluidflowcomputations.ADirectGhostFluidMethod(DGFM)
using the direct extrapolation of density across the material interface is presented and a procedure to model
interfaceconditionsisexplored.

THEINFLUENCEOFVAPORBUBBLESINTHEMITIGATIONOFUNDERWATEREXPLOSIONSTRUCTURALLOADING
Mr.JaremaDidoszak,NavalPostgraduateSchool
LTStevenArbogast,UnitedStatesNavy
Dr.YoungKwon,NavalPostgraduateSchool

During an underwater explosion event, a bulk cavitation zone is created near the airwater interface. This
cavitationzonecanbedescribedasathinvolumeofwatertornintobubblesatvaporpressure.Disruptionsinthe
watercolumnduetothisspalledwaterlayerhavebeenshowntoaltertheshockwavepropagationthroughthis
region. This research focuses on the presence of various sized bubble fields positioned along the slant line
extending between an explosive source and a semisubmerged structural target. The influence of varying the
diameter,centertocenterspacingandlayeringdistancesofthediscretelymodeledbubbleswasinvestigated.The
DYSMAShydrocodewasusedtosimulatetheresultingeffectsofpressureloadingandstructuralresponseonthe
target from the introduction of these interferences into the shock wave propagation path. Additionally, mesh
sensitivity of the Eulerian fluid in proximity to the bubbles was also investigated to better understand the
interaction of the pressure caused by their inclusion, size, composition and spacing. Results pertaining to the
buffering effects of the bubble field will be presented along with other findings on the modeling techniques
employed.
1

DYNAMICRESPONSEOFACOMPOSITEPROPELLERBLADESUBJECTEDTOSHOCKANDBUBBLEPRESSURELOADING
Dr.ChaoTsungHsiao,Dynaflow,Inc.
Dr.GeorgesChahine,Dynaflow,Inc.

Theinteractionbetweenanunderwaterexplosionandacompositepropellerinvolvesseveralphysicalphenomena
thatanaccuratenumericalsimulationneedstocapture.Theseincludeproperdescriptionoftheinitialexplosion
shockwaveanditspropagationandinteractionwiththepropellerbladesandanyotherneighboringboundaries.
The shock wave is followed by the formation of an UNDEX bubble whose dynamics are responsible for long
duration loads and resulting propeller dynamics. The resulting impulse loading of the structure could be of a
similartimescaleastheresponsetimeofthecompositestructuremotionandcouldresultinlargescalefailure,i.e.
survivaltotheinitialshockmaynotbesufficienttoqualifythecompositepropeller.

In the present study a numerical procedure which links the compressible flow solver, Gemini with an
incompressible flow solver, 3DYNAFSprocedure has been applied to capture both shock and bubble phases
efficientlyandaccurately.Bothflowcodessolvethedynamicswhileintimatelycouplingthesolutionwithafinite
elementstructurecode,DynaN,toenablesimulationofthefullfluidstructureinteraction.Aparametricstudywas
conducted on the effects of explosive charge weight, standoff distance between charge and propeller, charge
depths, and composite material composition and properties to understand their effects on the propeller
survivability.Multilayeredpropellersmadeofdifferentcompositematerialswithdifferentfiberorientationswere
also studied to understand which materials and fiber orientations give the strongest propeller in terms of both
bendingandtwistingresistance.

STUDYFORTHECLOSEPROXIMITYUNDERWATEREXPLOSIONPROBLEMUSINGSIMPLIFIEDSHIPMODEL
Dr.JeongIlKwon,KoreaInstituteofMachinery&Materials
Dr.JungHoonChung,KoreaInstituteofMachinery&Materials
Dr.YunHoShin,KoreaInstituteofMachinery&Materials
Mr.YeoHoonYun,KoreaSimulationTechnologies

Recently, the vulnerability of the warship's behavior through Cheonan sinking incident in Korea has been
confirmedduetotheshockloadingcausedbythecloseproximityunderwaterexplosion.Fromthisincident,the
assumptioncanbepossibletobelikethatanykindofwarshipcannotbeavoidedthecriticalcasualtyunderthe
shock condition induced Cheonan sinking incident and therefore, any protection design method should be
necessary to decrease the damage resulting in a sink or prevent the crew resulting in death and even greater
damage.Inthisstudy,acloseproximityunderwaterexplosionanalysishasbeencarriedoutusingthesimplified
ship model and the shock damage behavior and mechanism was analyzed. Through this analysis process, the
conceptualdesignimprovementmethodtoatleastsecurethelongitudinalhullgirderstrengthhasbeentriedto
findoutaspreliminarystudy.

SHOCKRESPONSEANALYSIS&EVALUATIONFORONBOARDEQUIPMENTACCORDINGTOAPPROACHMETHODOLOGYBASEDONTHE
DESIGNREGULATION
Dr.JeongIlKwon,KoreaInstituteofMachinery&Materials

Dr.JungHoonChung,KoreaInstituteofMachinery&Materials
Dr.YunHoShin,KoreaInstituteofMachinery&Materials
Mr.TaeMukChoi,CreatechCo.

Ingeneral,theshockresistanceperformanceofonboardequipmentinstalledinwarshipagainsttheshockloading
caused by underwater explosion should be proved and for this purpose a validation process using the specific
shocktestandanalysisinaccordancewiththerelevantspecificationandrulehasbeenconductedeachcountry.
Currently, Typical approach methodology in this regard is U.S. Navy regulations DDAM and MILS901D and the
GermanNavyregulationsBV043beingusedasarepresentative.InKorea,becausethereisnolargetestfacilityfor
theverificationoftheshockhardeningperformanceforheavyweightedequipmentsuchasengineorgenerator
system,ananalytical/numericalapproachmethodhasbeenusedwidelyforthethisresponseanalysisandstudy
currently.Inthisstudy,thenumericalanalysisforMILS901Dheavyweightshocktestandthetransientanalysis
2

usingBV043shockdesignspectrumhasbeencarriedoutandevaluatedindividuallyforanidealizedsystemfor
largeequipment.Finally,withtheseshockresponseresult,theshockresponseresultthroughthenumericalship
shockmodelingandsimulationusingLSDYNA/USAhasbeencomparedandanalyzedtheresponsecharacteristic.

STRUCTURALRESPONSETOBLASTLOADING

MODELINGCONCRETEEROSIONSTRAINFORBLASTRESISTANTDESIGN
ProfessorAndrewWhittaker,UniversityatBuffalo
ProfessorAmjadAref,UniversityatBuffalo
Mr.JinwonShin,UniversityatBuffalo

Material erosion is used for simulations of damage to structural components under blast loadings. Erosion of
elementsfromameshisbasedonuserspecifiedcriteriathatareexploredinthepaper.Singleelementsimulations
of concrete are performed to establish reliable values of concrete erosion strain as a function of strain rate,
compressive strength, element size and loading condition. Blast loading simulations of a reinforced concrete
columnareperformedtoidentifytheimportanceofselectinganappropriatevalueoferosionstain.

DYNAMICANALYSISONMEMBRANEEFFECTOFONEWAYSUPPORTEDSTRUCTURESTORESISTTRIANGULARPRESSURELOAD
Mr.YonghuiWang,NationalUniversityofSingapore

The damage level of oneway supported structures with membrane effect subjected to uniformly triangular
pressureloadwasstudiedinthispaper.Ashapefunctionwasderivedandusedtosimplifytheactualstructureinto
equivalentSingleDegreeofFreedom(SDOF)system.Thestrainexpressionwasderivedandsimplifiedtosecond
orderpolynomialofmidspandisplacementtospanratio,whichisthenusedtogenerateresistantfunctionforthe
SDOFsystem.ThedisplacementtimehistorywasobtainedbyutilizingAverageAccelerationMethod.Thecircular
natural frequency was obtained as function of mass, stiffness and initial velocity. The relationship between
dimensionlessmaximumdisplacementandloaddurationtostructuresnaturalperiodratewasconstructed,based
on which; the dimensionless PressureImpulse diagram was established through curvefitting of dimensionless
pressure and impulse. The PressureImpulse diagram can be used to determine the damage level of actual
structuresubjectedtotriangularblastpressureload.Thedamagelevelcalculatedusingthederivedequationsfor
severalcasestudieswereshowntoagreewellwithFEresults.

LIMITATIONSANDCONSEQUENCESOFFRAGMENTPROTECTIONFORNEARFIELDAIRBLASTMEASUREMENTS
Mr.AlexanderChristiansen,BakerRisk
Mr.DavidBogosian,BakerRisk

Obtainingpressureandimpulsedatafromexplosionswherefragmentsarepresentcanbechallenging.Onewayof
protectingairblastgaugesfromdamageduetofragmentdebrisistoplaceasmallbutphysicallyrobustobstruction
directlybetweenthechargeandthetarget.Typically,averticalmetalpole(steelpipe,usually)ispositionedten
polediametersawayfromthegaugedirectlyinlinebetweenthechargeandthegauge.Thepresenceofthispipe,
however,reducestheamountofblastenergythatreachesthetargetandaffectsthemeasuredpressurerecord.A
widely implemented rule of thumb suggests that placing the pole at a standoff of ten pole diameters from the
gaugecausesanegligiblereductionintheairblastimpulsethatreachesthetarget.

Theeffectofsuchobstructionsonnearfieldairblastmeasurementshasbeeninvestigatedusingthe2DArbitrary
LagrangianEulerian(ALE)andfluidstructureinteraction(FSI)capabilitiesofLSDYNA.Bothasinglepoleaswellas
an array of three adjacent poles were analyzed and compared to results without any obstructions. The results
providevaluableinsightsintothesensitivityofpressureandimpulsemeasurementstothenumber,diameter,and
positionoftheseobstructions.Theseobservationscanbeusedtoassistininterpretinggaugerecordsfrombehind
thesepolesaswellasindesigningtestbedlayoutsthatminimizetheeffectsofpolesontheresults.

INNOVATIVEBLASTRESISTANTDESIGNOFSTEELSTUDWALLSYSTEMSACCOUNTINGFORCOMPOSITEBENDINGANDCONTROLLED
HINGEFORMATION
Mr.CaseyOLaughlin,JacobsTechnology
Ms.AdyAviram,Simpson,GumpertzandHeger
Mr.RonMayes,Simpson,GumpertzandHeger
Mr.RonHamburger,Simpson,GumpertzandHeger

RecentblastvalidationofaninnovativesteelstudinfillwalldesignperformedattheAirForceResearchLaboratory
(AFRL)locatedatTyndallAirForceBase,Floridahasshownthatthroughdetailingconnectionsandsheathing,the
designercanchangetheresponsemodeshapeofthestuds.Theresultwasahighlevelofprotectionagainstmuch
greater blast loads than specified in the Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) for steel stud walls in new and existing
buildings.Previoussteelstudcurtainwallsystemsdesignedandtestedagainstthethreat,specifiedbyUFC4010
10,utilizedstandardscrewtypeconnections,commonsheathingproducts,andmildsteelstuds.Therecentblast
validationexperimentsatTyndallAirForceBasebuildsonthatpreviousresearchbyimpartingablastloadoffour
timesthemagnitudeoftheUFCthreatintoasteelstudwallconsistingofmildsteel,typicalstudlayout,andsimple
constructiondetailspreventingundesirablefailuremodes.Thewallsystemachievedahighlevelofprotectionin
termsofdamagedescriptionprovidedbytheUnitedStatesArmyCorpsofEngineersProtectiveDesignCenters
guidelineswithanestimatedcostof$25$27persquarefoot.Itisestimatedthatbyuseofthesetypesofsystems
the material costs associated with the construction of facilities that require protection to these types of loads
couldbereducedsignificantly.HighfidelityfiniteelementmodelsdevelopedbySimpsonGumpertzandHegerfor
thisinnovativeblastmitigationsystemusingABAQUS/Explicitwereabletopredictthepeakandresidualresponse
of the wall within 5% accuracy. The response of the system was successfully captured by the analytical models,
initially validated through a series of fullscale blast simulation tests atthe Universityof California in San Diego.
StaticresistancefunctionsofthewalldesignwereobtainedatTyndallAirForceBasewiththeuseofAFRLsload
treetestingdeviceandthenincorporatedintobothsingledegreeoffreedomandfiniteelementdynamicanalysis
procedures to confirm the accuracy of each analysis method. Blast testing carried out at Tyndall Air Force Base
usingliveexplosivesandactualblastpressurefurthervalidatedthewallprototypefortheretrofitofunreinforced
concretemasonrywalls.

CONNECTIONDESIGNOFSTEELMEMBERSSUBJECTEDTOBLASTLOADING
Mr.DavidHolgado,ABSConsulting
Mr.DarrellBarker,ABSConsulting
Dr.ManuelDiaz,ABSConsulting
Mr.WilliamLeBoeuf,ABSConsulting

Steelmemberssubjectedtoblastloadingaretypicallymodeledwithboundaryconditionsasfullyfixed,pinnedor
cantilevered. However, connections in real structures are more complex with actual boundary condition
behaviorsomewherebetweenfixedandpinned.Often,thetruenatureofconnectionsmayvaryateachendofthe
member.Overallresponseofmemberdependsinlargepartontheconnectioncapacityaswellasductilityofthe
connection.

Additionalinplaneforcesaswellasrotationalrestrictionattheend(s)ofthemember,otherthantypicalshear
reactions,canimprovethefinalresponseofthemember.Creatingmodelsthatincludeflexureofthemember,as
wellasmorerealisticboundarysupportconditions,willgeneratealessconservativeoveralldynamicresponseof
themember.

ThispaperpresentsaSingleDegreeofFreedom(SDOF)approachtocomputetheoverallresponseofamember
subjected to blast loading using nonlinear models (including material and geometric property considerations).
Using the nonlinear models a Two Degree of Freedom (TDOF) approach is developed. The higher fidelity TDOF
model can predict a more realistic response of the system subjected to blast loading which, in turn, provides
deflections as well as reaction forces which may be used in the design of connections. Several examples are
generated and also a comparison of deflection response with conventional SDOF analysis is shown in
correspondingtables
4

DEDICATEDSESSION:
UNDERWATEREXPLOSIONLOADING

AMETHODFORFITTINGWATEREOSPARAMETERSFORUNDERWATEREXPLOSIONSIMULATIONS
Dr.ThomasMcGrath,NSWCIndianHeadDivision
Mr.MartinMarcus,NSWCIndianHeadDivision
Mr.AlexMeissner,NSWCIndianHeadDivision

Accurate computational modeling of underwater explosion (UNDEX) events is of critical interest to the United
States Navy. The fullycoupled hydrocode DYSMAS has been developed specifically for modeling underwater
explosionsandtheireffectsonnavalstructures.TheaccuracyofcomputationalresultsobtainedwithDYSMASisa
function of both the numerical methods and material models used in the code. The fluid solver in DYSMAS,
Gemini, is distributed with a standard equation of state (EOS) library describing commonly simulated materials
such as air, water and high explosives. While the EOS for water has proven useful and accurate in many
simulations,thepropertiesofwatervarywithlocationandconditionssuchastemperatureandsalinity.Adjusting
the EOS coefficients for water to match local conditions at the test site is necessary to more accurately match
experimentaldata.

ThispaperpresentsamethodfordeterminingtheEOSparametersforwaterthatisshowntoimprovetheaccuracy
ofUNDEXsimulations.Themethodisbasedonmatchingtheexperimentallymeasuredsoundspeedofwaterat
the test site while reproducing a benchmark Hugoniot over the range of pressures encountered in UNDEX
scenarios.DetailsoftheEOSfittingmethodarepresented,andasetofEOScoefficientsforwaterattheNational
Technical Systems, Inc. (NTS) quarry test site are generated. Results from Gemini simulations using both the
standard EOS coefficients for water and those fit for the NTS quarry are compared with existing experimental
measurementsfromUNDEXtests.

DETERMINATIONOFSEABOTTOMPROPERTIESUSINGUNDERWATEREXPLOSIONPRESSUREDATA
Mr.MartinMarcus,NSWCIndianHeadDivision
Mr.GregHarris,NSWCIndianHeadDivision

Underwater explosion loading in shallow water is of interest to many aspects of naval warfare. The complex
pressurefieldfromalargeunderwaterexplosioninshallowwaterisstronglyinfluencedbytheproximityofthesea
bottom and the water surface. Simulation of the UNDEX event requires an accurate description of the bottom
composition, which is often not available. By using the measured bottomreflected shock wave data, the sea
bottom properties can be discerned. Experimental test data from a recent test series is used to illustrate the
process. Once the bottom has been properly characterized, credible simulations of UNDEX events in the water
column(thispresentation)orontheseabottom(followingpresentation)canbemade.

DYSMASSIMULATIONOFTHEUNDERWATEREXPLOSIONSHOCKWAVELOADINGFROMALARGECHARGEONTHESEABOTTOM
Mr.MartinMarcus,NSWCIndianHeadDivision
Mr.GregHarris,NSWCIndianHeadDivision

TestdatafromalargeseaminedetonatedontheseabottomisanalyzedusingtheDYSMAShydrocode.Thesea
bottompropertiesweredeterminedfromotherUNDEXtestdataatthesametestsite(previouspresentation).A
strong head wave was observed in the data. Pressure comparisons between DYSMAS and experiment were in
goodagreement,includingreproducingtheeffectsoftheheadwave.

ANIMPROVEDPENTOLITEJWLEQUATIONOFSTATEFORUNDEXSHOCKANDBUBBLESIMULATIONS
Mr.JeffreySt.Clair,NSWCIndianHeadDivision
Dr.ThomasMcGrath,NSWCIndianHeadDivision

Simulationofunderwaterexplosion(UNDEX)eventsisofinteresttomanynavalapplications.Thefullycoupled
hydrocodeDYSMAShasbeendevelopedspecificallyformodelingunderwaterexplosionsandtheireffectsonnaval
structures. The accuracy of computational results obtained with DYSMAS is a function of both the numerical
methodsandmaterialmodelsusedinthecode.ThefluidsolverinDYSMAS,Gemini,isdistributedwithastandard
equation of state (EOS) library describing commonly simulated materials such as air, water and high explosives.
EOS parameters for many common explosives are taken directly from the literature and were derived based on
cylinder expansion or inair explosion test data. As the EOS parameters were not developed with underwater
explosions in mind, cases exist in which they fall short of accurately predicting underwater performance. Most
notably,bubbleperiodsandpressuresmaybeinerror.Thiswasthecaseforthestandardexplosivepentolite.
Duetotheuseofpentoliteformanyprecisiontestingapplications,thepentoliteJonesWilkinsLee(JWL)EOSwas
revisited and refit to provide more accuracy for UNDEX simulations. This paper describes the process used and
providesvalidationexamples.

VALIDATIONEXAMPLESUSINGTHEIMPROVEDPENTOLITEEOS
Dr.BradleyKlenow,NSWCCarderockDivision

TheimprovedPentoliteJWLequationofstate(EOS)istheresultofaNSWCIndianHeadDivisionefforttorefitthe
Pentolite JWL coefficients to better simulate the loading that results from the oscillation of an underwater
explosive (UNDEX) bubble. Using available test data and empirical calculations, this paper compares the
performance of the improved Pentolite JWL EOS to the standard Pentolite JWL EOS when applied to UNDEX
problems that involve combined shock and bubble loadings. One of the significant faults when applying the
standard Pentolite JWL EOS to such UNDEX problems is convergence to an inaccurate solution. To address this
concern, results generated from multiple fluid grid resolutions are discussed and the accuracy of the predicted
shockwave,bubbleperiod,andbubblepulseisevaluatedforeachEOS.Theresultsofthisassessmentshowthat
therevisionsmadetothePentoliteJWLEOSdoimprovetheaccuracyofUNDEXsimulationsthatinvolvecombined
shockandbubbleloadings.AdditionallyitwasfoundthattheimprovedPentoliteJWLEOSsolvestheconvergence
issueencounteredwhenusingthestandardEOS.

INSTRUMENTATIONMETHODS

CHARACTERIZATIONOFDAMPEDACCELEROMETERSWITHFULLRANGEHOPKINSONBARSHOCK
Mr.JamesLetterneau,Meggitt,SanJuanCapistrano

MeggittSensingSystemshasdevelopedafamilyoflightlydampedhighgshockaccelerometerswhichareavailable
invariouspackageconfigurationsinboth20,000gand60,000granges.Inanattempttofurthercharacterizethe
performanceofthedampedaccelerometeraseriesoffullrangeHopkinsonbartestinghasbeenconductedatthe
ENDEVCO shock laboratory. Performance characteristics discussed include time domain amplitude linearity and
frequency domain characteristics which are compared to thecharacteristics of the industry standard undamped
accelerometers. Additionally, it is shown that these accelerometers meet the new MILSTD810G, Change 1
requirementofvibrationcalibrationandshockamplitudelinearityresultsshouldagreewithin10percentoverthe
amplituderangeofinterestforagiventest.

MINIATURIZEDHIGHGSHOCKTRIAXIALACCELEROMETERS
Mr.RandallMartin,Meggitt,SanJuanCapistrano
Mr.JamesLetterneau,Meggitt,SanJuanCapistrano

AnewminiaturizedhighgshocktriaxialaccelerometerhasbeendevelopedthatusesthesameundampedMEMS
sensingelementastheindustrystandard7270A.Itfeatures3orthogonalaxesofshockdatameasurementinthe
6

same footprint and bolt pattern as the traditional boltmount package making it a dropin replacement for the
single axis device. Test data is presented and performance characteristics including transverse sensitivity and
shock survivability are discussed. Issues related to the testing of triaxial accelerometers are discussed and a
customtestfixtureaddressingtheseissuesispresented.Inaddition,preliminarytestresultsofalightlydamped
triaxinthesameminiaturepackagearepresented.

LABORATORY PRESCREENING METHOD FOR PREDETONATION MATERIALS AGAINST PLUNGERTYPE FUZED MORTARS USING AN
INSTRUMENTEDINERTFUZE
Mr.SamuelMisko,JacobsTechnology
Lt.JohnHeld,UnitedStatesAirForce

In an effort to establish a laboratory prescreening method for predetonation materials against plungertype
fuzed mortars, a laboratory study was conducted to validate the use of an instrumented inert mortar fuze for
candidate predetonation material evaluation in a drop weight test apparatus. Two instrumented inert mortar
fuzesweredevelopedinanefforttoquantifyeachcandidatematerialsabilityto(1)exertforceontheplungerand
(2)depresstheplunger.Onefuzewasinstrumentedwithapiezoelectricloadcellanddesignedtorecordtheforce
at the approximate location of the fuze plungers strike plate. The second fuze was instrumented with a
subminiatureDVRTanddesignedtorecordthedisplacementofarepresentativefuzeplunger.Eachofthedetails
thataffectthearminganddetonationofthefuzewereconsideredandreplicated,includingthewindscreenand
internalplungermechanics.Thestudyfocusedon27differentpredetonationmaterials,eachofwhichwastested
threetimesattwodifferentangles(60and90)withregardstothelineoffire.Thesponsorofthisprogram,US
Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research Development Center, will use the results of this test program to
quantify the effects of low velocity laboratory prescreening methods as compared with both high velocity
laboratoryprescreeningmethodsandlivefiremortartesting.

AIRBLASTDATA&ANALYSIS

GUIDETONUCLEARAIRBLASTRECORDS:AREPORTSUMMARY
Mr.JeffreyThomsen,AppliedResearchAssociates,Inc.

Anefforttocatalog,digitizeandpreservesurfaceandabovegroundairblastrecordsfromnucleareventshasbeen
completedoverthepast15years.TheeffortsculminatedinareporttitledAGuidetotheNWETINuclearAirblast
RecordInventory(DTRIACSR11003,Vols1and2,Aug2011),publishedbytheDefenseThreatReductionAgency
InformationandAnalysisCenter(DTRIAC).ThecomprehensiveAirblastGuide,whichaccompaniesthedigitalfiles
ofallrecoverableairblastrecords,waswrittenbyMr.FredM.Sauer(19222010).

Mr.SauersobjectivesinwritingtheAirblastGuidewere(a)toprovidearoadmaptotherecordscontainedinthe
Airblast record inventory, (b) to provide a brief historical summary of the experimental events which led to the
collectionoftheairblastrecordscontainedintherecordinventory,(c)todescribethestateoftheartofairblast
dataanalysisduringthefirstseveralnucleartestoperationsandhowthatanalysisprogressedasnewinformation
resulted from smallscale high explosive experiments, (d) to provide a description of the instrumentation and
gauges used by the airblast experimenters, (e) to highlight the influence of pressure gauge response in shaping
overpressure waveforms and the determination of maximum incident and reflected pressures, (f) to summarize
the airborne canister data and add new analysis of this freeair information, (g) to present new analyses of the
reflectedpressuredataand,(h)toprovideadescriptionofrecordingmethodsanddataprocessingmethodsused
toreproducetheairblastrecordscontainedinpreviouslypublishedreports.

The purpose of this paper is to make the existence of the Airblast Guide known to the physics and engineering
communitiesbywayofadetailedintroductiontothecontents,examplesofrecords,andcomparisonofrecords
withanalyticalroutinesforcalculatingnuclearairblastwaveforms.ItisexpectedthattheAirblastGuide,itsdigital
recordsanditsextensivereferencelistswillcontinuetobeusefullongafteralloftheactualexperimentersand
othertechnicalpersonnelwhowereinvolvedinthenucleartestoperationshaveretired,alongwithmostofthe
7

technical personnel who digitized and prepared the Numeric Airblast Inventory. Consistent with the resources
available and in order to maintain overview and perspective, the Airblast Guide is necessarily brief, and thus
somewhatlimitedinbothscopeanddepthofthesubjectmatter.Anoverviewofthetheoreticalaspectsofairblast
reflectionispresentedtoacquaintthereaderwithgapsinourknowledgeofairblastphenomenologynotfilledby
currentlyavailableairblastdata.

The Airblast Guide provides the user with a road map to over 3,700 airblast records contained in the Numeric
Airblast Inventory, with the records themselves contained in Volume 2 of the Guide, in a standardized format
provided for reading/writing the unique Inventory record Titles and Reference File Names (RFNs) as well as for
plottingandstoringrecordsonlocalharddisks.

SALVAGINGAIRBLASTIMPULSEDATAFROMSHIELDEDGAUGES
Mr.DavidD.Bogosian,BakerEngineering&RiskConsultants
Ms.AllisonYu,BakerEngineering&RiskConsultants
Mr.AlexChristiansen,BakerEngineering&RiskConsultants

Experiments involving cased charges typically use physical measures to protect airblast gauges from impact of
casingfragments.Theseobstructionsaremadetobesmallinsizeandarepositionedsomedistanceawayfromthe
gauges.Theshockfrontispresumedtoreformbehindthepole,andprovidedthepolesdiameterissmallandits
distancefromthegaugeislarge,theeffectontheairblastdatashouldbeminimal.

In a recent series of experiments conducted by the Air Force Research Laboratory at Eglin AFB, Florida, 8.5 lb
cylinders of Composition B charges were surrounded by rings of prescored steel fragments. Three poles were
positionedtoscreenatotaloffiveairblastgauges,providingasignificantamountofdata.Thegaugesproduced
airblastimpulselevelsthatwerenotonlymuchsmallerthanthosefrombarecharges,butalsodemonstrateda
fundamentallycounterintuitiveandnonphysicalrateofattenuationvs.standoff.Intheiroriginalstate,thisdata
couldnotbeusedtocharacterizetheairblastimpulseproducedbythecasedcharges.

Asetoftwodimensionalcomputationalfluiddynamics(CFD)calculationswereperformedtoinvestigatetheeffect
ofpolesinbiasingthereadingsofthosegauges.Calculationsweremadewithandwithoutpolesandtheresulting
decrease in impulse was documented as a function of standoff. This analytical result was then validated (and
calibrated)bycomparisontodatafromasinglebarechargetestsinwhichthesamearrayofverticalpoleswasalso
fielded. The comparison showed that the 2D CFD results underestimated the level of shielding (and impulse
reduction)producedbythepoles.

Byusingthisoneexperimentaldatapoint,thereductionfactorsobtainedfromtheCFDanalyseswerescaledand
thenusedtoadjustthemeasuredimpulses.Inthiswayareliableestimateoftheairblastimpulsefromthecased
chargecouldbebackedoutoftheavailabledataandusedforfurtheranalysis.Theseresultsweremuchmorein
linewithexpectations,andalsocomparedfavorablytosimplisticpredictionsofthecasingeffectbasedontheFano
equationprovidedintheDAHSCWEManual(UFC334001).

MULTIAXISVIBRATION

ONCONTROLLING6DOFELECTRODYNAMICTABLES
Mr.RussAyres,SpectralDynamics,Inc.
Dr.MarcosUnderwood,SpectralDynamics,Inc.
Mr.TonyKeller,SpectralDynamics,Inc.

Manycurrent6DegreeofFreedomvibrationtestsareperformedusingHydraulicexciters,withupperfrequencies
rangingfrom100to500Hz.However,thereareapplicationsfor6DOFtestingwhichrequireControluptoatleast
2,000Hz.Inthesecases,anapproachusingElectrodynamicshakersisrequired.

Controlling Random, Sine, Shock and Time Waveforms on 8 ED shakers to 2,000 Hz requires a unique set of
capabilitiesinsignalgenerationandcontrol.Italsorequiresdynamiccouplingmechanismswhichwilltransmitthe
required drive signals without damaging the respective shaker armatures. When these requirements have been
achieved, theoptimum control strategy must be selected. This canbe chosen fromSquareControl, Rectangular
Control or Coordinate Transformation Control. No matter which approach is selected, CrossCoupling
CompensationmustbeinvokedtoassurethatthedesiredPhaseandMagnitudevaluesareachievedperthetest
specification.

Spectral Dynamics has developed an Optimal Square Control capability which has been shown to control
dynamic 6 DOF systems, where other control strategies fail to do so. This paper describes the use of a unique
SquareMatrixformulation,whichtogetherwithPatentedAdaptiveControl,createsaworkingcontrolsolutionfor
virtuallyany8shaker6DOFconfiguration.

MULTIAXISEXCITATIONMOREREALISTICVIBRATIONTESTING
Mr.WayneTustin,EquipmentReliabilityInstitute

Ill observe that realworld vibratory motions are multiaxis. We can confirm this by observing signals from
multiaxis accelerometers aboard our land, sea and air vehicles. For many years, however, vibration testing has
beenoneaxisatatime,requiringthreefixtures,threevibrationtests.Thispaperwilldiscussandpraiserelatively
low frequency multiaxis vibrating platforms (driven by multiple electrohydraulic (servohydraulic) shakers, which
have long been used for automotive and seismic testing. A few US military installations have at great expense
combinedthreeormoreexistinghigherfrequencysingleaxiselectrodynamicshakerstospeed(onetestinsteadof
three) and improve vibration testing. The author hopes to know by November whether Japanese and Chinese
militaryforcesrequiresimultaneousmultiaxisshaking.Wewillseethattheirshakermanufacturersoffermultiaxis
electrodynamicshakersystems.

CONTEMPORARYMULTIAXISTESTSYSTEMS:APPLICATIONS,PERFORMANCEANDLIMITATIONS
Mr.CurtNelson,TeamCorporation

Multi axis excitation, or generating motion in multiple degrees of freedom (MDoF) simultaneously, is generally
agreedtorepresenttruedynamicenvironmentalloadingforafieldedcomponent.Whiletheautomotiveindustry
has depended upon road load replication for improving product quality for a number of years, interest in
replicating MDoF in DoD laboratories is currently gaining considerable traction, evidenced by the inclusion of
Method 527 in MIL STD 810(g) and the pending issue of IESTRPDTE022.1 Multi Shaker Test and Control. A
numberoftestsystemswith3or6DoFhavebeenproveneffectiveandlessonslearnedfromthesesystemsshould
beincorporatedintofuturedesigns.Thispresentationwillprovideanoverviewofcommerciallyavailablesystems,
includingMASTtables,StewartPlatforms,theCUBE,andrepresentational3DoFsystemsutilizingelectrodynamic
shakers.Theperformanceenvelopofeachsystemandtheirperformancelimitationswillbedefined.Mechanical
considerations, i.e. moving mass, system stiffness, moment restraint, etc. will be discussed and their resulting
impactonsystemperformance.Asummaryofsystemadvantagesanddisadvantagesservestocreateatemplate
ofdesirablecharacteristicsforimplementationintonewdesigns.

BRINGINGTRUEBROADBANDFIELDVIBRATIONENVIRONMENTSINTOTHELAB
Mr.CurtNelson,TeamCorporation

Commerciallyavailablevibrationtestsystemsabletoreproduceandaccuratelycontrolmorethanasingleaxisof
excitationareconstrainedbyalimitedfrequencybandandexcessivemovingmass.Consequently,theiruseinDoD
testfacilitiesislimitedtoaselectnumberoftestprofilesfoundinMILSTDdocumentsand/ortoplatformspecific
tests where the frequency band of interest is quite narrow. This constraint has now been addressed with the
introductionofanewsystembaseduponmultipleelectrodynamicshakershydrostaticallycoupledtothespecimen
mountingtable.Thissystem,calledtheTENSOR,hasbeendesigned,built,andtestedbyTeamCorporationandis
nowoperationalattwositesintheUSA.Thispresentationwilldiscussthedesignindetail,withanemphasison

mechanicalsolutionswhichincreasedthefrequencyband,reducedmovingmassandprovidedmultiplepointsof
controlauthorityforimprovedresponse.

COMPARATIVERESULTSOFSINGLEAXISVIBRATIONVS.MULTIAXIS
Mr.ChrisPeterson,H&HEnvironmentalSystems,Inc.

Anexperimentwassetupincluding7testsofsimilarproducts.Eachsingleaxiswasused,thenthethreesetsof
dual axes, then all three axes at once. This paper is to show the comparative results. The testingwas done at
TeamandsothismayfitinwellwiththeotherpresentationsbyTeam.

STRESSBASEDCOMPARISONSBETWEENSINGLE&MULTIPLEDEGREEOFFREEDOMVIBRATION
Mr.WilliamBarber,USArmyRedstoneTestCenter
Dr.MichaelHale,USArmyRedstoneTestCenter

Vibration specification development (VSD) procedures historically employed to establish reference criteria for
singledegreeoffreedom(SDOF)laboratoryvibrationtestingaregenerallyconservativeinnature.Manyfactors
contributetothisconservativeapproachincludinglimitedvehiclesassociatedwiththefielddatacollection,limited
maneuversfromwhichdatawasacquired,uncertaintiesintheactualmissionscenario,andlackofcoupledload
vectors in a SDOF laboratory setting, to name a few. In recent years there has been an increased utilization of
multiple degreeoffreedom (MDOF) excitation systems across the dynamic test community. Unfortunately, in
manyinstancesMDOFspecificreferencecriteriahavenotbeenestablishedandusersdefaulttotheuseofSDOF
autospectrum (ASD) references and assume the coherence characteristics of the cross spectral densities to be
uncorrelated.ConcernsexistthatthispracticehasthepotentialtoyieldahighlyconservativeMDOFtestresulting
fromthecumulativeeffectsofconservatism.Thispaperinvestigatesthestressresponseofafiniteelementmodel
basedonbothSDOFandMDOFexcitationwithvariationsinmagnitudeandcoherence.Themodelisadjustableto
allow investigation of the response when structural modes are either coupled or uncoupled across mechanical
DOFs.Resultsofthemodelbasedanalysiswillbepresentedanddiscussed.

MODELING&SIMULATIONOFUNDERWATERSHOCK

AUTOMATEDSHIPSHOCKM&SSOFTWARETOOLINTEGRATION;THENEWCOMMONSTRUCTURALMODEL(CSM)GUI:RAPIDEARLY
STAGEDESIGNTOOL
Dr.RussMiller,AlionScienceandTechnology
Mr.PaulLara,NSWCCarderock
Mr.BrianRich,AlionScienceandTechnology
Dr.E.ThomasMoyer,Jr.,NSWCCarderock

OneoftheprimarychallengesrecognizedbyNAVSEA,NSWCCDandONRconcernstheabilitytoobtainarapidand
accurate technical assessment of an early stage ship design as required for decision making purposes. For
example, current ship designs have demonstrated that approximately 80 percent of the shock modeling and
simulation(M&S)effortisspentonmodelgenerationandonly20percentofthateffortisspentonactualdesign
assessment. As a result, the Navy and ONR set a goal to reduce the amount of effort devoted to generating a
wholeshiptransientanalysis(WSTA)finiteelementmodelbyanorderofmagnitude.

Inordertoanswerthischallenge,theM&Steamisdefininganddemonstratingthecurrentstateoftheartforship
shock model generation for the ONR Swampworks, Full Ship Shock Trial (FSST) alternative and CREATE
(ComputationalResearchandEngineeringAcquisitionToolsandEnvironments)programs.Inpreviouspapers,an
automatedapproachwithadvancedfeatures,developedbytheONRM&Steam,waspresentedthatiscurrently
recognizedbyONRandtheNavyasabletomeetthegoalsandrequirementsoftheSwampworksprogram.

In this paper, an advanced Graphical User Interface (GUI) for CSM is presented together with additional new
features andmodeling capabilities. This GUI develops an early design template for the vessel, generated in a
10

rapidfashionwithminimalinput.Thenutilizingoptimizedinputs,allowstheusertoquicklyupdatetheirmodelto
higherfidelitydetailedstructuralfeatures.

EFFECTOFABUBBLYLAYERONANINCOMINGPRESSUREWAVE
Mr.ArvindJayaprakash,DynaflowInc.
Mr.SowmitraSingh,DynaflowInc.
Dr.ChaoTsungHsiao,DynaflowInc.
Dr.GeorgesChahine,DynaflowInc.

ThegenerationofstrongpressureandexpansionwavesduringaSpallationNeutronSourcefacilityoperationcan
lead to cavitation and significant erosion of the vessel wall containing the liquid mercury. Based on preliminary
numericalandexperimentalwork,mitigationstrategiessuchasinjectingmicrosizedgasbubblesorcreatingagas
layeratthetargetwallofthemercuryloopcouldabsorbandreflecttheshockwavesandprotectthewallsfrom
cavitationerosion.

Inthiswork,theeffectsofdispersedmicrobubblesonasteeppressurewaveanditsattenuationarenumerically
investigated using an Euler equation solver. In the simulations, the mercuryargon mixture was modeled using
either a homogenous mixture model or direct numerical simulations involving discrete deforming bubbles. To
reducecomputationalcostsa1Dconfigurationisusedandthebubblesareassumeddistributedinlayersandthe
initialpressureprofileisselectedsimilartothatofaonedimensionalshocktubeproblem.

Thedependenceofpressurewaveattenuationeffectonthebubbleradii,thevoidfraction,andthebubblylayer
thicknesswerestudied.Inaddition,theapplicabilityoftheassumptionofhomogeneousmediawasinvestigated.
Inthecaseofdiscretebubblymedia,thepressuremitigationcanbeseenasduetowavesreflectinganddispersing
betweentheinterbubbleregions,withtheenergyabsorbedbybubblevolumeoscillationsandreradiation.These
effectsaresmoothedoutinahomogeneousmixturemedia,whicheasilyshowsthatthesoundspeedisafunction
ofvoidfractionandresultinthephasedelay.Layerthicknessandsmallbubblesizescanalsobeseenashavinga
strong effect on the attenuation with enhanced attenuation as the bubble size is reduced for the same void
fraction.

PARAMETERIZATIONOFTHEPRESSUREWAVEEMITTEDBYHYDROSTATICIMPLOSIONOFSUBMERGEDCYLINDERS
Dr.JeffreyCipolla,WeidlingerAssociates
Dr.MichaelD.Shields,WeidlingerAssociates
Mr.PawelWoelke,WeidlingerAssociates
Dr.NajibN.Abboud,WeidlingerAssociates

Therapidinwardcollapseassociatedwithhydrostaticbucklingofsubmergedcylindersresultsinanoutwardly
emittedhighpressurewaveinthewaterthatmaybedamagingtonearbystructures.Inthecurrentstateof
practice,themagnitudeofthispressureanditsassociatedimpulsearedifficulttoobtainbecauseeither
experimentsorcomputationallycostlyhighfidelitycouplefluidstructurecalculationsarerequired.Forthis
reason,thereisadesiretodevelopafastrunningutilitycapableofpredictingthepressurewaveemittedfrom
implosionfromthegivencylindergeometryandhydrostaticpressure.Asafirststeptowardthisend,a
parameterizationoftheimplosionproducedpressurewavehasbeendevelopedandwillbepresented.

USE OF A NEURAL NET FOR RESPONSE SURFACE BASED PREDICTION OF THE PRESSURE WAVE EMITTED BY HYDROSTATIC IMPLOSION OF
SUBMERGEDCYLINDERS
Dr.JeffreyCipolla,WeidlingerAssociates
Dr.MichaelD.Shields,WeidlingerAssociates
Mr.PawelWoelke,WeidlingerAssociates
Dr.NajibN.Abboud,WeidlingerAssociates

Therapidinwardcollapseassociatedwithhydrostaticbucklingofsubmergedcylindersresultsinanoutwardly
emittedhighpressurewaveinthewaterthatmaybedamagingtonearbystructures.Inthecurrentstateof
11

practice,themagnitudeofthispressureanditsassociatedimpulsearedifficulttoobtainbecauseeither
experimentsorcomputationallycostlyhighfidelitycouplefluidstructurecalculationsarerequired.Forthis
reason,thereisadesiretodevelopafastrunningutilitycapableofpredictingthepressurewaveemittedfrom
implosionfromthegivencylindergeometryandhydrostaticpressure.Towardthisend,aparameterizationofthe
implosionproducedpressurewavehasbeendeveloped.Thisparameterizationisusedtocharacterizepressure
historiesspanningalargenumberofstructuralconfigurationsandhydrostaticpressures.Thesedataarethenused
totrainaneuralnetforgenerationofaresponsesurfaceforrapidpressurewavepredictionforagivencylinder
geometryandhydrostaticpressure.

BLASTMEASUREMENT&ANALYSIS

PREDICTIONOFLANDMINEBLASTEFFECTSWITHCONWEPANDSPHINLSDYNA
Dr.XudongXin,QinetiQNorthAmerica
Dr.AbdullatifZaouk,QinetiQNorthAmerica
Dr.BasantParida,QinetiQNorthAmerica

Dynamic loading scenario of airblast, fragmentation and soilejecta produced by landmine detonation are
persistent threats to lightweight military vehicles. In the past decade, considerable efforts have been made on
designing effective landmine blast mitigation devices for military vehicles, and also on developing accurate
prediction methods for landmine blast loading effects in helping such designs. QinetiQ North America (QNA)
recently invented a new type of blast mitigation devices which can greatly reduce the shock acceleration of
vehicles and increase the survivability of occupants in a landmine explosion event. This paper discusses an
effectiveapproachforpredictingblastloadingeffectsonvehicleduetolandminedetonation.Toaccuratelypredict
alandmineblastloadingscenario,twomajormomentumcontributionstransferredfromthemineblasttovehicle
arecalculatedinseparateways.TheairblastoverpressureloadingiscalculatedbyCONWEPfunctionembeddedin
LSDYNA. Momentum imparted to vehicle by soilejecta is explicitly modeled with SPH method in LSDYNA. This
approachhasnotonlyreproducedprevioustestresults,butalsomadereliablepretestpredictionsandimproved
the designing efficiency of QNA blast attenuators. The comparisons between test data and numerical analysis
results will be presented to show the proposed approach is costeffective and yet accurate for a simple target
geometryinpredictinglandmineblasteffectsonmilitaryvehicles.

MODELINGDETONATIONSTOINFORMBLASTRESISTANTDESIGNOFBUILDINGS
ProfessorAndrewWhittaker,UniversityatBuffalo
ProfessorAmjadAref,UniversityatBuffalo
Mr.PushkarajSherkar,ThorntonTomasetti

Blastresistantdesignhasbeentraditionallyperformedusingpressureandimpulseloadingsderivedfromempirical
design charts provided in technical manuals such as the UFC 3340. The design charts are based on regression
analysisoftestdataforsphericalburstsandhemisphericalbursts.Fornonidealizedscenariosnumericalsolutions
can beused if the mathematical models are robust. A comprehensive study ofdifferent modeling strategies for
detonationsavailableinthreewidelyusedcodes(LSDYNA,Air3DandAUTODYN)isperformed.Sampleresultsare
compared with those computed using the empirical curves of UFC 3340. Recommendations for modeling and
analysisofnearfielddetonationsareprovided.

IMPLICATIONSOFEXPLOSIVELYACCELERATINGTHINFLYERPLATESINTRANSIENTREGIMESOFEXPLOSIVESYSTEMS
Mr.MarcusChavez,SandiaNationalLaboratories

ApplicationofthetraditionalGurneymodelsinthetransientregimesofexplosivesystemspresentscomplications
withdeterminationoftheterminalvelocityachievedbyametalflyerplatedrivenbyanexplosive.Aninvestigation
wasconductedtoprobethephenomenainthespraydepositedandlightsensitiveexplosive,silveracetylidesilver
nitrate, used to accelerate thin aluminum flyer plates in both laboratory experiments and in CTH hydrocode
simulations. Flyer plate velocity tracking via laser interferometry points out that there are distinct acceleration
12

phasesduringthefirstfewmicrosecondsoftravel.Specificimpulsemeasurementscomparedtomeasuredflyer
platevelocitytracesindicatethatexplosiveoutputvariationdoesnotsignificantlyaffectthepresenceoflatetime
accelerations,onlyachievedvelocitiesareaffected.Bulkdensitymeasurementsshowalinearlyincreasingdensity
as more explosive is deposited, but the variation at each spray deposition obscures the relation to transient
processes. However, the variation of spray deposited material are documented in this paper and supports that
deflagrationtodetonationtransitionphenomenaareintroducingscatterintotheterminalvelocityofaflyerplate.
CTH simulations show how a Type I deflagrationtodetonation transition can increase the maximum flyer plate
velocitybyapproximately3%ascomparedtoGurneymodelsundercertainassumptionsandtimeframes.Under
otherassumptionsandthesametimeframe,themaximumvelocitycanincrease15%relativetonominal.ATypeII
deflagrationtodetonationtransition,orcommonlyreferredtoasthedeflagrationtolocalizedthermalexplosion
detonationtransition,candecreasetheoutputby9%ofnominalwhileunderonesetofassumptionsorincrease
upto15%givendifferentassumptions.

EXPERIMENTALRESISTANCEFUNCTIONDEVELOPMENTUSINGLOADTREETESTINGFORINCORPORATIONINTOSINGLEDEGREEOF
FREEDOMDYNAMICBLASTANALYSES
Mr.CaseyOLaughlin,JacobsTechnology
Dr.EricWilliamson,UniversityofTexasatAustin
Mr.CharlesNewberry,JacobsTechnology

Toquantifyadesignagainstablastload,adesignengineercanelecttoperformasingledegreeoffreedom(SDOF)
dynamic analysis. One issue that is important to the SDOF analysis procedure is defining the entire resistance
functionofacomponent.Analyticaldevelopmentoftheresistancefunctionformembersthatmakeupstructural
components can be obtained through fundamental structural mechanics. Because an engineer must make
assumptionsregardingthemodeshapesofcomponentsastheyrespondelasticallyandplastically,theanalytical
approachcanbecomechallenging.Thispaperpresentsanalternativeapproachtodevelopingresistancefunctions
usingaloadtreetestingdevicetoexperimentallyobtaintheresponseofacomponent.Datagatheredfromsuch
tests can then be incorporated into SDOF design procedures. Accuracy of the SDOF procedure is compared to
FiniteElementAnalyses(FEA)anddataobtainedfromlargescaleblasttests.Attendeesofthispresentationwill
gaininsightintohowaloadtreetestingdeviceoperates,howresistancefunctionsaredeveloped,andhowthis
informationisusedtoconductdynamicresponsecalculationsofblastloadedstructures.Informationincludedin
thispresentationwillbeofinteresttopractitioners,designers,andresearchengineers.

BLASTOVERPRESSUREENVIRONMENTSFOREVALUATINGSOLDIERPROTECTIVEEQUIPMENT
Mr.W.ScottWalton,ATSS
Mr.BrandonHepner,USArmyAberdeenTestCenter
Mr.MichaelMaffeo,USArmyAberdeenTestCenter

Avarietyofdifferentblastoverpressureenvironmentsareusedforresearchofvarioussoldierprotectivedevices.
Theseenvironmentsinclude:
A.Ahighpressureshocktube
B.Freefielddetonationofbareexplosivecharges
C.Detonationofexplosivechargesinsidevariousenclosures
Unlikeclassicalshocktubes,whichuselongdriversectionstoproduceflattoppedpressurevs.timewaveforms,
thenewATChighpressureshocktubeproducesanexponentiallydecayingpressurevs.timewaveform(similarto
the Friedlander waveform found in free field BOP events). These three different experimental blast
environmentsarediscussedandcomparedintermsofcost,convenience,severity,shockwavecharacteristics,and
similaritytocombatenvironments.

A variety of different criteria are used to characterize the severity of each environment. Examples of different
evaluationcriteriainclude:
A.MILSTD1474D,DepartmentofDefenseDesignCriteria(NoiseLimits)forauditoryevaluation
B.TheArmyendorsedInjury8.3code,whenitispossibletouseaBlastTestDevice(oraModifiedBlastTest
Device)inthetestenvironment.
13

C.ThePulmonaryInjuryRiskAssessmentcurvesdevelopedattheUniversityofVirginiain2008forsituationwhere
aBTDorMBTDcannotbeusedinthetestenvironment.
The three different evaluation criteria are also discussed and compared. For historical purposes, a forth
evaluationtechnique(theBowenCurves,developedin1968)isalsodiscussed.Atestdeviceforevaluationof
bodyarmorandpersonalprotectivematerialsforresearchinattenuationofblastloadingseverityisdiscussed.

ACOMPARATIVEANALYSISOFAIRBLASTLOADPREDICTIONMODELS
Mr.WililamLeBoeuf,ABSConsulting
Mr.GregoryKnight,ABSConsulting

Numericalmodelingofstructuralsystemssubjectedtoblastloadinghasbecomemorecommonanduseofmore
complex and higher fidelity methods such as hydrocodes and CFD has increased in the past 1015 years. As
computingpowerandsoftwarecapabilitieshavegrown,blastloadscanbecalculatedandappliedtostructuresin
varying degrees of complexity. Some of the major issues with predictions using complex codes, such as
fluid/structure interaction modeling in hydrocodes, are the amount of time, the requisite computer power
required to run large models, and the additional specific knowledge of the physical methods and software the
analystmusthavetogeneratereliablesolutions;nottomentionuncertaintiesinthedatageneratedbythecodes
andhowthatinformationcomparestoactualtestdata.

Theintentofthispaperistocomparevariousnumericalanalysismethodsforblastloadpredictionandevaluate
the differences between these methods andcompare to simpler empirical based approaches as well as a set of
blastloadtestdatacollectedduringafullscaletestprogramconductedbyABSConsultingin2005.Thetestingwas
performedusingANFOastheexplosivematerial.

One of the key factors in the comparison will be to evaluate the definition of the equation of state for the
explosiveinthenumericalmodels.SinceANFOisacompositenonidealexplosivethematerialconversionduring
the detonation process requires accurate definition. The parameters for EOS definitions in each model will be
defined.Thecomparisonwillalsoidentifykeyaspectsofthemodelingefforttoachievetheclosestapproximation
tothetestdataincludingmeshrefinementandothermaterialmodeldefinitions.Resultsfromthemodelingwillbe
comparedtobothtestdataandmoreconventionalloadpredictionmethodsusingmethodssuchasscalingcurves,
theKingeryBulmashequations,andConWep.

DEDICATEDSESSION:
UNDERWATEREXPLOSIONBUBBLESIMULATIONS

ASSESSMENTOFMULTICYCLEUNDERWATEREXPLOSIONBUBBLESIMULATIONCAPABILITIESINDYSMAS
Mr.GregoryHarris,NSWCIndianHeadDivision
Mr.AyodejiOjofeitimi,NSWCIndianHeadDivision

The simulation of underwater explosion bubble dynamics is a critical capability of hydrocodes used for naval
applications.Inthisstudy,theabilityoftheDYSMASEulersolver,Gemini,tosimulatemultiplebubbleoscillations
isassessed.Geminiperformanceisbasedoncorrelationsofbubbleradii,bubbleperiods,migrationdistances,and
bubbleenergiesascomparedtoempiricalequationsandunderwaterexplosiontestdata.Casesanalyzedinclude
twolargechargeswithrelativelyshallowgeometriestypicaloftorpedoandminedetonationsnearsurfaceships.A
caserepresentativeofdeepexplosionsisalsoconsidered.

VALIDATION OF DYSMAS FOR CLOSEIN SHOCK AND BUBBLE JET DAMAGE TEST AGAINST THE EXTURKU FAST ATTACK CRAFT
Mr.KennethKiddy,NSWCIndianHeadDivision
Mr.GregoryHarris,NSWCIndianHeadDivision

AspartofaFinlandUSGermanyMOAonaluminumsurfacecombatantdesign,aseriesofweaponeffectstests
wereconductedagainstadecommissionedFinnishFastAttackCraft(FAC),theexTurku.Onetestsubjectedthe
14

hull to closein shock and bubble jet loading. Data from this test was used to validate the DYSMAS hydrocode,
thereby filling a critical gap in the UNDEX database. Details of the data collected and correlation with DYSMAS
simulationswillbepresented.

DYSMASSIMULATIONOFUNDERKEELBUBBLEJETATTACK
Mr.KennethKiddy,NSWCIndianHeadDivision
Mr.GregoryHarris,NSWCIndianHeadDivision

The DYSMAS hydrocode was used to simulate the response of a ship to the effects of a large noncontact
underwaterexplosion(UNDEX)belowthehull.OfprimaryinterestwerethecombinedeffectsoftheUNDEXshock
wave and bubble, particularly the damage due to the bubble jet. The effects of severe hull girder whipping
responseandlocalizedbubblejetloadingareillustratedbythesimulation.

ACCURATEANDEFFICIENTPHYSICSBASEDSOFTWARETOMODELAIRGUNS
Dr.GeorgesChahine,Dynaflow,Inc.
Mr.ChaoTsungHsiao,Dynaflow,Inc.

A physics based model, PHANTOMCLOUDC, was developed to model efficiently and accurately airgun pressure
signals and loadings on nearby structures. The model accounts for key airgun geometrical parameters, which
affectairreleaseintothebubblesejectedintotheliquid,interactionbetweenthereleasedbubbles,gravity,and
anynearbystructures.Thismultibubbledynamicsoftwarehasbeenshowntomatchexperimentallymeasured
pressuresignalsandiscapable,whencoupledwithastructurescode,ofcorrectlyrecoveringtargetresponseto
the loading. Since the model is physicsbased it allows very simply accountfor gunorientation, type of the gas
loadedinthegun,andinterguninteractions.

PROCESSFORACCEPTABILITYOFSHOCKISOLATEDDECKMODULE(IDM)SHOCKENVIRONMENTFORTHEINSTALLATIONOF
COMMERCIALOFFTHESHELF(COTS)EQUIPMENTONSUBMARINES
Ms.RebeccaD.Grisso,NSWCCarderock

To facilitate the use of COTS equipment, while meeting ship hardness requirements, the use of an IDM is
employed.IDMsarespecificallydesignedtomitigateinputloadsandproduceanenvironmentseenbyequipment
to a demonstrated level of equipment survivability. Previous analysis of computational models and test data
concludedthataknowndeckproducedanacceptableenvironmentforequipmentsurvival.Theprocesspresented
herein is the method by which a new IDM can be shown to provide a nomoresevere environment than the
acceptedbaseline.Demonstrationofanenvironmentbeingnomoreseverecanbeachievedbymeetingoneof
twocriteria:1)agroupbaseddirectspectralcomparisonor2)acumulativedistributionfunctionanalysis.

STUDIESINSMALLCHARGEUNDEXSHOTSELECTIONFORSUBMARINEANALYSES
Ms.RebeccaD.Grisso,NSWCCarderock
Ms.CaroleOverman,NSWCCarderock

GivenaninfinitesetofUNDEXchargeweightsandgeometriespotentiallyusedasanalysisscenariosforshowing
submarine equipment hardness, a method is needed to choose a subset for demonstration of submarine
survivability.Thisstudyproceededintwosteps:first,arangeofsmall,bubbleproducingchargeswasconsidered
overarangeofreasonabledepthswiththebubblecodeDFMigrate.Thisresultedinapossiblerangeofbubble
frequencies,impulses,andpressures.Second,thetoolAnalysis,DesignandQualificationUNDEXEventSelection
(ADQUES)wasusedtoranktheseverityoftheloadings,asseenbyinternallymountedequipment.Preliminary
studieswithADQUESweredonetodeterminesensitivitiesandrefinespecifiedparameters.LaterADQUESstudies
focusedontheseverityrankingofattackscenarios.

15

CREWINJURYSTUDIES

OVERVIEWOFTHEUNDEXINDUCEDINJURYTESTSERIES
Ms.KristaHarris,NAVSEACarderock
Dr.ThomasMoyer,NAVSEACarderock
Mr.ThomasBrodrick,NAVSEACarderock

TheUNDEXInducedInjuryTestSeriesfocusedontheHYBRIDIIIresponsetoanunderwaterexplosionwhileaboard
theFloatingShockPlatform(FSP).Thistestutilizedthree50thpercentileHybridIIIanthropomorphictestdevices
surrounded by representative shipboard structure serving as blunt impact surfaces. Six UNDEX shots were
performedwithvaryingchargestandoffandHybridIIIorientationtoinducearangeofshockseveritiesandinjury
responses.Overninetysensorswereusedtomeasuretheforces,moments,andaccelerationstransferredthrough
theHybridIIIbody.

UNDEXINDUCEDINJURYTESTSERIES:EVALUATIONOFANTHROPOMORPHICTESTDEVICE
Dr.TimothyWalilko,NAVSEACarderock
Ms.KristaHarris,NAVSEACarderock

Noabstractprovided.

ANALGORITHMFORPREDICTINGCREWINJURIES/CASUALTIESDUETOAIREXLOADING
Ms.KristaHarris,NAVSEACarderock
Dr.ThomasMoyer,NAVSEACarderock
Mr.ThomasBrodrick,NAVSEACarderock

Aninternalorexternalweapondetonationcancausesignificantinjuriestoshipboardcrew.Thispaperexamines
crewinjuriesresultingfromAirExplosions(AIREX)invariousshipboardcompartments.Awiderangeofloading
scenariosandinjurymechanismsareconsideredforthebluntimpactscrewmembersencounterwithshipboard
structureanddebris.DetailedModelingandSimulation(M&S)effortswereperformedtoserveasthefoundation
for the rapid prediction algorithm. This algorithm, similar to the UNDEX Blunt Trauma and Inertial Loading
Algorithms developed in the past, provides a stochastic injury response tool used for vulnerability assessments
acrossalargethreatspace.

CONTROLLING BLAST EFFECTS USING NOVEL COMBINATIONS OF POLYMERS, MESHES AND HIGHLY VOIDED FIBERREINFORCED
COMPOSITES
Ms.AlyssaLittlestone,NavalSurfaceWarfareCenter
Mr.PhilipDudt,NavalSurfaceWarfareCenter

Exposuretoblastwavescanproducesevereinjuriestothelungs,gastrointestinaltract,andtraumaticbraininjury
(TBI).Blastwavecontent,particularlyinthe1000to3000Hzrangehasbeedfoundtobeespeciallydamagingto
the lungs or possibly on an axonal level, affect the brain as well. It has been established that it is possible to
mitigate blast effects through the combination of high impedance (stiff) materials, backed by lowimpedance
materials. High impedance effects can be magnified through incorporation of highly ratesensitive polymers.
Further,meshesandbafflescanpromotefilteringeffectsbypromotingintrareflectionsandinterfernces.Mesh
effectscanbepromotedthroughopenfibercompositeweaves,conventionalmetalfoils,andperforatedplates.
Combining these attributes in a hybrid architecture ia an important challenge for developing blast protecting
structureandcombathelmetsforprotectingthewarfighter.

16

OUTOFPOSITIONLOADINGRESPONSEOFTHEHIII&MILLXLOWERLEGSTOSIMULATEDBLASTEFFECTS
Mr.JeffreyNesta,ArmyResearchLaboratory
Mr.AmiFrydman,ArmyResearchLaboratory

CombatvehiclepersonnelaresusceptibletolowerleginjuriescausedbyblasteffectsemanatingfromIEDand/or
underbodyminethreats.Anexperimentalinvestigationwasundertakentobetterunderstandthemanifestationof
theloadingofthelowerlegwhenthelegispositionedinvariousangleswithrespecttothenominal0900degree
orientation frequently expected during operational conditions. The 90 degree orientation is parallel to the
direction of the gravity vector of an undisturbed free falling object. The investigation explored theresponses of
twolegs,theconventionallowerlegoftheHIIIAnthropomorphictestdevice(ATD)andthatofthenewMILLX
lowerleg,designedtobettermatchforceresponsecorridorsofpostmortemhumanlegspecimens(undercertain
velocity and energy input conditions). Response characteristics were measured for the 75135 degree arc (15
degrees flexion through 45 degrees extension, respectively) about the seated 90 degree knee angle for input
velocitiesintherangeof3m/sto7m/s.

ResultsshowthattheTibialoading(Fz+)ismaximizedatthe90degreepositioninbothlegs,whiledroppingoffas
the angle is increased or decreased about this position. The lower tibia extension moment (My) reached
minimumatthe90degreepositionforbothlegs,whileincreasinginmagnitudeasthelegangleisincreasedor
decreasedwithrespecttothe90degreeposition.Concurrently,theflexionmoment(My+)reachedamaximumin
the 100120 degree positions for both legs, decreasing in magnitude with a smaller or larger angle beyond the
range cited. It was further observed that tibia loads for the MILLX leg exhibited lower absolute force response
than indicated by the conventional HIII lower leg at comparable floor velocities in the 3m/s to 7 m/s a trend
consistent with the design objective of the MILLX part of the ATD. These responses may be utilized to develop
moreeffectivelowerlegprotectionconceptsandstrategies.

3DDYNAMICFINITEELEMENTANALYSISOFAWELDEDANDBOLTEDAPPLIQUECONNECTIONDETAILFORGROUNDVEHICLE
UNDERBELLYBLASTPROTECTION
Dr.KenNahshon,NAVSEACarderock

Noabstractprovided.

ISOLATION&DAMPING

VERSATILEDESIGNOFINTERNALLYISOLATEDENCLOSURES
Ms.CaitlinONeill,901DLLC
Mr.AldricSeguin,901DLLC

DescriptionoftheVH300enclosureseriesfrom901Dwasfirstpresentedinthe82ndSymposium.Itwasdesigned
asalowcostruggedracktohousesmallerpayloadsupto250lbs,largerrackshavesincebeendesignedthatare
capableofupto850lbsofequipment.Shockandvibrationprotectioniswithacustomdesignedseriesofisolators
byShocktech.Thereisnoexternalmovementoftheouterhousing,onlytheinnerframeoftherackundergoes
relativedisplacement.Noouterswayspaceisneeded.Thismakesthedesignidealforgangedarraysofelectronic
racks.Theenclosureismetalformedconstructionwithspeciallydesignedstructuralelementsandstiffeners.The
isolatorscanbeselectedfromadiversifiedgroupofmountsdependingontheapplication.Designedforstandard
electronicchassis,enclosuresrangeinsizeanddepthto30inches.Theselectionofmountsattheinternalframe
andunderstandingthedynamicsofthehousingareimportantfactorstocontroltheamountofshockandvibration
thatreachestheequipment.

In this paper, we review the expected input and allowable response levels to Navy barge shock, rough road
conditionsandtheuseoftheenclosureinindustrialfacilitieswheretheprobabilityofearthquakeisanimportant
consideration. This paper describes the design of the enclosure, its dynamic characteristics including isolation
systemandhowthemountsareadaptedfordifferentapplications.Engineeringcharacteristicsoftheproprietary
17

elastomerisolatorsaredescribed.Examplesareshown.Theisolationsystemcanbeselectedfordifferentresponse
characteristicsdependentonthecriticalfrequenciesoftheequipmentandtheseverityrangeoftheinputshock
andvibration.

TUNEDELASTOMERVIBRATIONISOLATORFORTHEREDUCTIONOFRANDOMVIBRATION
Mr.KevorkKayayan,Shocktech
Mr.HerbLeKuch,EngineeringConsultant

Severerandomvibrationenvironmentsareencounteredinawidevarietyofmilitaryandindustrialapplications.
Vibrationisolatorsarenormallyusedwithsensitiveelectronicequipmentbutaresuitablefortheprotectionofany
precisiondevice.Inthispaper,wedescribespecialpurposedampedelastomermountsfromShocktechengineered
toreducevibrationsatelectroniccomponentsinmultiaxisdirectionsoverarelativelynarrowbandoffrequencies.
Case studies and test data are presented. Typical high frequency shock inputs include pyrotechnic shock and
aircraftgunfire.Theseisolatorsarealsoeffectiveforothershockandvibrationconditionstoosuchasoffroadand
geophysical drilling applications that exhibit a wide region of high amplitude PSD values. Miles equation is
sometimesusedtopredicttheresponseofSDOFsystemstorandomvibration.Controlofdampingpropertiesand
frequency response of the isolator/mass unit are important in order to ensure minimum shock energy at the
criticalfrequenciesofanelectroniccomponentorprecisiondevice

The mounts were developed for selective tailoring of vibration energy within specified frequency bands and
admittanceofenergyatlowerandhighervibrationfrequencies.Theobjectiveoftheiruseistoreducetheamount
ofcumulativehighamplitudefatiguecyclesatthecriticalfrequenciesoftheequipmentandwithintheexpected
lifetimeoftheequipment.Referenceismadetotherelationshipofenergycapacityofsmallelectronicpartssuch
as weld soldered connections and fatigue strength of the connection. The elastomer isolator is available in
different load ranges. Its tuned frequency band can be shifted through the use of proprietary compounds and
relativelysimpledesignchanges.

SIMULATIONALGORITHMFORORTHOGONALLYCOUPLEDBEHAVIOROFISOLATORS
Mr.StevenDrake,HIINNS

This paper presents an algorithm to capture the stiffness behavior of a resilient element under deflection in
multipledirectionsatonetime.Thedevelopedalgorithm,integratedinamodeltosimulateresponseofisolated
payloadsunderbaseexcitation,provideshigherfidelityresultsovermodelsbasedonuniaxialcharacterizationdata
ofresilientelements.Orthogonalcharacterizationofresilientelementsbasedondatafromloaddeflectiontesting
and/orfiniteelementmodelsisanalyzedandsimplifiedbytheleftdivisionmethod.Theresultingdataidentifies
uncertainty and assumptionvalidity for modeling of isolated payloadsusing nonorthogonallycoupled methods.
Application and consideration of the orthogonally coupled algorithm could support mount sizing for isolated
equipment,highfidelityanalysisrequiredforshockextensions,andprovideaframeworkfordesignandevaluation
ofisolators.

DESCRIBINGTHESHOCKRESPONSEOFANISOLATEDENCLOSUREANDITSINTERNALCOMPONENTSUSINGMODALANALYSIS
Mr.HerbLeKuch,Shocktech
Mr.NeilDonovan,901D

Duetodynamicinteractions,electroniccomponentswithinisolatedelectronicenclosuressubjectedtoNavybarge
testscansometimesexperiencedifferentshockresponseloadsthanattherackitself.Variationsintheresponseof
thecomponentsareusuallyduetoacombinationofthemechanicaldesignofsupportbrackets,placementofthe
components,distributedmassesandthecomplexloadtransferpathwithintherack.Modalanalysisisaneffective
means to evaluate what the loads can be at the equipment. The actual shock input at the internal electronic
components can be significantly different from measured deck input. This paper describes an analysis method
using FEA and modal superposition to evaluate the expected shock response. A case study is described of a
populatedtallrackmountedonanisolationbaseandstabilizerassembly.ResultsfromseveralMILS901Dbarge
tests are presented. The simulation technique is reviewed. The response of the isolated rack is analyzed using
18

finiteelementmodelstoevaluatesignificantchangesinthepredominantfrequenciesandshiftinSRSlevelsatthe
components.

UNDEXNUMERICALMETHODS&APPLICATIONSII

ONTHESHOCKENVIRONMENTINSIDESHIPSTANKS
Mr.JanCzaban,RoyalCanadianNavy
Mr.MervinNorwood,MARTEC
Mr.GuyLucien,NETE

The results of a recent study into the shock environment inside ships tanks will be presented to show the
measured and predicted response of a submerged submarine test vehicle shell environment compared to the
environmentoftwostructuraltanksonepressedfullandonepartiallyfilledinwayoffullgradeUNDEXandairgun
loading.

COMPARISONOFUNDEXRESPONSEUTILIZINGDIFFERENTMETHODOLOGIES
Mr.DustinPearson,MartecLtd.
Dr.RickLink,MartecLtd.
Mr.MervNorwood,Martecltd.
Mr.JohnCrocker,Martecltd.

Anumberoftoolsareavailabletoassesstheloadingandresponseofvesselssubjectedtotheshockloadsfroman
underwater explosion (UNDEX). This study compares results for two different combinations of software tools
whichemploydifferentnumericaltechniques:USA/VASTandChinook/LSDYNA.TheUSAcodeutilizesaBoundary
Elementapproach;VASTisageneralpurposeimplicitfiniteelementstructuralcode.Chinook/LSDYNAutilizesa
FluidStructureInteraction approach where a combination of the Computational Fluid Dynamics code, Chinook,
andtheexplicitfiniteelementstructuralcode,LSDYNA,wasused.Thisstudyincludesbothaparametricandfull
scale feasibility study. The shock loading was applied such that the incident pressure was the same for both
analysis methodologies. The parametric study using a spherical shell to facilitate comparisons of the pressure
distribution, loading rate and structural response calculated by the two approaches. Analyses were performed
bothwithandwithoutcavitationeffects.Thestudywasconductedusingaglobalmodelofatypicalnavalvessel.
Theeffectsofincludingcavitationintheanalysisofthevesselwerealsoexamined.

NEWNUMERICALTRANSIENTANDSPECTRALMETHODSTOMODELNAVALEQUIPMENTSAGAINSTUNDEXLOADING
Dr.GerardVanderborck,ThalesUnderwaterSystems
Prof.PascalMosbah,ISEN

Thales Underwater Systems develops and manufactures sonar systems (acoustic, electronic) for various Navies.
Acoustic antenna are outboard equipments that may withstand severe environmental conditions such as
mechanical shocks and undex. In order to model these conditions various software packages and numerical
approachescanbeused.

InparticulartheclosepartnershipwithFrenchUniversityISENhasalloweddevelopingspecializedmodulesinthe
FEM code ATILA. ATILA is a finite element software package already used by US Navy to model devices
incorporating active materials such as electrostrictive, magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials. The solver
allows to combine fluidstructure together with thermoelectromechanical calculations. This code can also be
coupledwithboundaryelementmethod(BEM)tosolvetheHelmholtzequationinaunboundeddomaintomodel
the acoustic radiation and diffraction of a structure in an infinite fluid medium. A new version of the code,
ATILA++, is actively developed at ISEN. The objective of this development is both, improve the structure of the
code to boost the performance required to solve large problems, and makes the implementation of complex
algorithmseasierfortransientandharmonicanalysis(spectraldomain).Inthiswork,themechanicalbehaviorof
outboard naval structures such as piezoelectric transducers and sonar equipment to severe environmental
19

conditionsasUndexisstudied.Variousnumericalapproachesincludingdampingeffectsareusedtomodeldevices
intimeandspectraldomain.Forinboardequipment,theATILAcodeprovidesinputdata(accelerationversustime)
totheSRS(Shockresponsespectrum)method.Foroutboardequipment,threemethodsusingtheAtilacodeare
developed. The first method which is the equivalent static pressure concept using the modal behavior of the
structure in water is explained together with its domain of application.The second method simulates the undex
problembyusingafasttransientapproachandisappliedforelasticstructure(airbackedandwaterbacked)and
piezoelectric structure. A third method uses a spectral domain approach taking into account the fluidstructure
coupling by using a 3D structural finite element methodcoupled with an acoustic boundary element method in
ordertotakeintoaccounttheinfinitefluidmedium.ByusinganinverseFastFourierTransformmethodweare
able to compute displacements, strains and stresses in the time domain. The different methods are compared
together and with a commercial software. We show that sometimes the spectral method is an efficient and
alternative approach with respectto theclassical transientcomputational methodand methodological rulesare
described

SHOCKRESPONSESPECTRUMCOMPUTATIONFORNONLINEARSTRUCTURESUSINGANEXPLICITDYNAMICSFEACODE
Dr.LeeTaylor,AnatechCorp

AShockResponseSpectrum(SRS)providesthepeakaccelerationresponseofaSingleDegreeOfFreedom(SDOF)
system as a function of natural frequency of the SDOF system. Typically this is presented as a graph of peak
acceleration(ings)asafunctionofnaturalfrequency(inHz).Historically,shockresponsespectrumswerelimited
tolinearstructures.AnonlinearshockresponsespectrumhasbeenimplementedwithinanexplicitdynamicsFEA
code. This general capability determines the SRS at arbitrary points within a model. One simply identifies an
arbitrarysetofpointsonthestructureandtheSRSiscomputedforaspecifiedshockloadingonthestructure.
Nonlinearities such as nonlinear material models, large deformations, contact between parts, and projectile
impact,andprojectileperforationareincludedintheSRScomputedforeachpointidentifiedbytheuser.Examples
ofnonlinearSRScomputationswillbepresented.

BALLISTICS

QUALIFICATIONTESTINGFORBALLISTICSHOCKENVIRONMENTS
Mr.BrandonHepner,USArmyAberdeenTestCenter
Mr.ChristopherMonahan,USArmyAberdeenTestCenter
Mr.W.ScottWalton,ATSS
Mr.JosephMarconi,ATSS

TheUSArmyAberdeenTestCenterhasrecentlyexperiencedasignificantincreaseintestingofsmallcomponents
forballisticshockenvironments.Twoareasofinterestare:
1.Instrumentationtesting,toincludebothinstrumentation(suchasnewaccelerometersandshocksensors)and
mechanical isolation mounts (used to protect accelerometers from the high frequency content of the ballistic
shockenvironment).

2.Evaluationofsmallcomponentsforfunctionalityandsurvivalinaballisticshockenvironment.Forshocklevels
specified in Method 522 of MILSTD 810, components are expected to remain fully functional. At higher shock
levels, component functionality is not required, but components must not break away from their mounts and
becomesecondaryprojectiles.

Threedifferenttesttechniquesareusedtoconductthesetestsforsmalltestitems:
1.The TCU shock machine, developed by the Engineering Class of 2006 at Texas Christian University is used for
testing functionality of both instrumentation items (such as accelerometers and mechanical mounts for
accelerometers) at the Method 522 shock level. This machine can produce up to 1 million gs at 1 MHz, but
displacementislimitedtothenominal15mmdisplacementrequirementoftheMILSTD.

20

2.AFlyAwaytestmethodusesthelaunchmechanismoftheTCUshockmachinetopropelasmalldiscforshort
verticalfreeflight(lessthan24inches).Thisfreeflightisanidealtimetoevaluateinstrumentationresponse
errorsinawelldefinedzerogenvironment.

3.For worst case Secondary Projectile evaluations, a shock level well above the Method 522 level is required,
whichtheTCUshockmachinecannotprovide.Forthesetestrequirements,adroptestisoftenused,atheights
rangingfrom3to12feet.

SIMULATIONOFBALLISTICIMPACTSOFALUMINUMPLATESWITHOGIVENOSESTEELPROJECTILES
Dr.VladimirSokolinsky,DassaultSystmesSIMULIACorp.
Dr.JuanHurtado,DassaultSystmesSIMULIACorp.
Dr.JonathanArata,DassaultSystmesSIMULIACorp.

Accurate computational simulation of ballistic impact events can provide physical insight into the perforation
process that might be beyond experimental ability, shorten the product development cycle, and reduce cost in
various industries. High velocity perforation process is very complex and requires the use of reliable and robust
constitutive models capable of simulating material response at high strain rates, including equations of state to
accountforhighpressurephysics,andprogressivedamageframework.Inthispaper,theperforationofaluminum
platespecimensimpactedwithogivenosesteelrodsintheordnancevelocityrange(~0.52.0km/s)isnumerically
studied using Abaqus/Explicit. The constitutive models used in the simulations account for the effects of strain,
strainrate,temperature,andadiabaticheatingonthematerialbehavior.Becausematerialdamagedevelopsprior
to the appearance of the penetration and strongly influences its progress, it is accounted for in the analysis for
both the target and the projectile. Very good quantitative and qualitative agreement between the numerical
results and experimental data is shown for both normal and oblique impacts, demonstrating the capability of
Abaqus/Explicit for assessing the projectile residual velocities and timeresolved kinematics and reducing the
amountofexperimentaltesting.

PART1:CTHLAGRANGIANCAPABILITIES
Dr.ShaneSchumacher,SandiaNationalLaboratories
Dr.KevinRuggirello,SandiaNationalLaboratories
Dr.BryanKashiwa,LosAlamosNationalLaboratory

High rate, large deformation and shock behavior of structures is of great interest for a variety of applications.
ThereforeatechniqueformodelingLagrangianandEulerianmaterialsthatcoexistinasinglenumericalframework
was implemented in the CTH shock physics hydrocode. Lagrangian numerical methods avoid the advection
diffusionfoundinEulerianmethods,whichtypicallyproduceslargeerrorsincertainmaterialstatevariables,such
as damage. The Lagrangian capability also permits accurate predictions of high rate, large deformation and/or
shockofmechanicalstructures.GridLagrangetechniqueshavebeenproventoworkwellforsmalldeformations,
butlargedeformationsmaycausefailureorbreakdownofthenumericalmethodssuchaselementinversionusing
finiteelementmethods.Variousnumericalprocesseshavebeendevelopedtocircumventtheseproblemssuchas
Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) techniques or element to particle conversion at the sake of accuracy from
advectionorconservationofmomentum.

Two methods have been implemented into CTH, the Material Point Method (MPM) and the marker tracking
method.MPMprovidesaLagrangianmaterialstressatamaterialpointthatproducesstressaccelerationsonthe
Euleriangrid.ThemovementofthematerialmassisperformedusingthebackgroundCTHgridandthemarker
velocities,whichdoesnotrequiretheuseofEulerianadvectionalgorithms.Themarkertrackingmethodsimply
tracksthelocationofthematerialmassandthestateofthematerial.AllaccelerationsarecomputedontheCTH
grid. Both methods have been interfaced to the existing CTH Diatom material insertion library and the CTH
Spymastersuiteofvisualizationtools.BothtechniquesprovidetheusersofCTHanadditionaltechniquetomodel
structureswithinCTHforincreasedaccuracyinstructuralanalyses.ThisworkisacombinedeffortbetweenSandia
NationalLaboratoriesandLosAlamosNationalLaboratories.

21

PART2:CTHLAGRANGIANCAPABILITIES
Dr.ShaneSchumacher,SandiaNationalLaboratories
Dr.KevinRuggirello,SandiaNationalLaboratories
Dr.BryanKashiwa,LosAlamosNationalLaboratory

High rate, large deformation and shock behavior of structures is of great interest for a variety of applications.
ThereforeatechniqueformodelingLagrangianandEulerianmaterialsthatcoexistinasinglenumericalframework
was implemented in the CTH shock physics hydrocode. Lagrangian numerical methods avoid the advection
diffusionfoundinEulerianmethods,whichtypicallyproduceslargeerrorsincertainmaterialstatevariables,such
as damage. The Lagrangian capability also permits accurate predictions of high rate, large deformation and/or
shockofmechanicalstructures.GridLagrangetechniqueshavebeenproventoworkwellforsmalldeformations,
butlargedeformationsmaycausefailureorbreakdownofthenumericalmethodssuchaselementinversionusing
finiteelementmethods.Variousnumericalprocesseshavebeendevelopedtocircumventtheseproblemssuchas
Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) techniques or element to particle conversion at the sake of accuracy from
advectionorconservationofmomentum.

Two methods have been implemented into CTH, the Material Point Method (MPM) and the marker tracking
method.MPMprovidesaLagrangianmaterialstressatamaterialpointthatproducesstressaccelerationsonthe
Euleriangrid.ThemovementofthematerialmassisperformedusingthebackgroundCTHgridandthemarker
velocities,whichdoesnotrequiretheuseofEulerianadvectionalgorithms.Themarkertrackingmethodsimply
tracksthelocationofthematerialmassandthestateofthematerial.AllaccelerationsarecomputedontheCTH
grid. Both methods have been interfaced to the existing CTH Diatom material insertion library and the CTH
Spymastersuiteofvisualizationtools.BothtechniquesprovidetheusersofCTHanadditionaltechniquetomodel
structureswithinCTHforincreasedaccuracyinstructuralanalyses.ThisworkisacombinedeffortbetweenSandia
NationalLaboratoriesandLosAlamosNationalLaboratories.

ACCELERATIONPROFILEOFANEXPLOSIVELYDRIVENFLATMETALLICFLYERDURINGPROJECTION
Dr.BinLim,NewMexicoTech

In a design of explosives devices, understanding of the behavior of explosively propelled matters is one of the
important steps to optimize the performance of the device. In a typical metallic flyer and explosives charge
system,whenanexplosiveschargedetonates,theflatflyerreachesitsmaximumvelocityafteracertaindegreeof
expansion of the detonation gas. This acceleration profile during its projection produces critical information in
designofexplosivessystems.

In this work, an acceleration profile of an explosively propelled flat metallic plate was studied based on the
isentropic expansion behavior of detonation gas. A theoretical model was built to predict the behavior of
explosivelydrivenflyerandtherarefactionintrusionintothecenteroftheexplosivescharge.

UNDEXMODELING&TESTING

IMPLOSIONATSEAEXPERIMENTS:COMPARISONOFPRETESTPREDICTIONSWITHTESTDATA
Dr.JosephAmbrico,NavalUnderseaWarfareCenter

The office ofNaval Research is currently funding aFuture Naval Capability (FNC) program on Payload Implosion
and Platform Damage Prediction and Validation. A significant task within this FNC program is a series of deep
waterimplosiontests,whichwereconductedinthefallof2010and2011offthecoastofScotland.Inthetest
series, several different representative volumes were imploded at depth, triggered by a nearby underwater
explosion(UNDEX).Thegoalofthetestserieswastoprovidevalidationdataforthephysicsbasedcomputational
modelingcodescurrentlyunderdevelopment.Aspartofthecomputationalmodelingdevelopment,detailedpre
testpredictionsweremadeusingtheDYSMASfluidstructurefiniteelementcode.Inthesemodels,boththefluid
and the structure areexplicitly modeled.The UNDEX event is also explicitly simulated, with the resulting shock
22

waveimpingingonthestructure,andtheresultingcollapseisfullytracked.Resultsfromseveralofthesepretest
modelsarecomparedwithrecordedtestdata,includingfinalcollapsedshapeandthetransientpressuresensor
data.

ANEWUNDEXTESTPLATFORMFORWATERBACKEDCOMPOSITEPANELS
Mr.JoshuaGorfain,HITESTLaboratories,Inc.
Mr.WilliamGregory,HITESTLaboratories,Inc.
Mr.ChristopherKey,HITESTLaboratories,Inc.

Compositematerialsarecontinuallybeingconsideredforuseinfloodedsuperstructureapplicationsprimarilydue
to their specific strength and weight. In order to shock qualify these materials in these applications, an
experimentaltestmethodisneededtoidentifytheassociatedfailuremodesanddamageextentsofthecomposite
panelsinafullscale,waterbackedunderwaterexplosion(UNDEX)environment.Insupportofthisneed,anew
test platform was designed, fabricated and exercised to provide a controlled UNDEX test method capable of
varying levels of severity. This new test platform has been designated the Dumbbell Test Vehicle (DBTV). The
DBTVtestmethodandtestfixturewasdesignedtonotonlyallowforvaryinglevelsofshockseverity,butalsowith
particular attention paid to bulk cavitation and bubble effects. Mitigation of secondary loadings due to these
phenomena was successfully demonstrated, resulting in loadings due primarily to the direct shockwave. To
demonstrate the DBTV, Eglass/Epoxy composite panels were tested under various levels of shock input. The
resultsfromthesetestswillbepresentedalongwiththedesigndetailsoftheDBTV.

MASSSHOCKQUALIFICATIONOFCABLEHANGERS
Mr.JarrodGilmore,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries
Mr.SeanMurphy,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries

OvertimeNavyshipshavebecomelargerandthetechnologyinthemhasincreasedsignificantly.Theincreaseof
sizeandtechnologyhasincreasedtheamountofcablethatneedstoberuninsideoftheship.Theincreasein
cablehascausedaneedforalargervarietyofqualifiedhangers.Thissituationwasdiscoveredasthenewerlarge
deckamphibiousships(LDAs)arebeingconstructed.Therearedifferentmaterialsaswellasdifferentmounting
methods depending on where the hangers will need to be located inside the ship, which creates the need of
severalnewtypesofcablehangers.Thecostofqualifyingseveralcablehangerscanbeveryexpensive.Inorderto
massivelyqualifyamultitudeofcablehangersaheavyweightbargetestwasfinallydecidedoninsteadoftesting
eachhangeronthemediumweightshockmachine.

The authors present an overview of a current project that involves the qualification of twenty different cable
hangersandthedecisionsthatweremadetogettheprojecttowhereitistoday.Someofthedecisionsinclude
determining which hangers will be tested, developing a test fixture for all of the hangers, and configuring the
hangeronthefixtureitself.SomeofthechallengesthatwerefacedincludemeetingMILS901DandDODSTD
20034 requirements, handling space and weight limitations of the FSP, and addressing cableway hanger design
andavailability.

COSTREDUCTIONMEASURESFORLOCALCABLEHANGERINSTALLATION
Mr.JarrodGilmore,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries

Late stage outfitting is very expensive due to the cost of doing hot work during the late stages of a build. A
methodisneededtoreducetheamountofcostlyhotworkduringthelatestagesofabuild.Theauthorpresents
an overview of a current NSRP project that involves testing to see if the alternate method mounting of cable
hangersandquadboxesmeetrequirements.Thisprojectincludeslightweightshocktestingaswellasvibration
testingofdifferenttypesofadhesivewithClickBondmounts.Someofthedecisionsincludedwhatsurfacesthe
hangers and quad boxes would be tested on, and what type of paint schemes would be used. Some of the
challengesthatwerefacedincludemeetingMILS901DandDODSTD20034requirements.

23

DEDICATEDSESSION:
HARDTARGETDEFEATI

OVERVIEWOFHARDTARGETDEFEATPROJECTAGREEMENT,PHASE1
Mr.ErnestStaubs,AFRL

Aseriesofinternalandexternaldetonationexperimentswereconductedatafullscaleundergroundhardtarget
test facility. The test structure, constructed as a replica of an existing underground command control and
communications (C3) site, contained representative components and equipment salvaged from a former
operational underground military facility. These tests included fullscale detonations of both bare and cased
charges.Pressure,acceleration,strain,humanhazard,structuralresponse,andtemperaturedatawerecollectedas
well as equipment fragility data and photo and video documentation of the tests. A total of fiftysix (56)
experimentswereconductedinthePhase1testseries.Theprimarygoaloftheresearchwastobetterunderstand
thestructuralresponseofhardtargetslikebunkerstoexplosivedetonations.Thispaperprovidesanoverviewand
summaryofthetestprojectanddescribestheplans,objectives,andscopeofthetestactivitycompletedinPhase
1.Italsoprovidesaconcisereferenceforthelocationoftechnicalreportsanddatausefulintheweaponeffects
communityforvalidationofanalytical,empirical,andcomputationalmodels.Finally,thispaperprovidesabasisfor
companionpaperspresentedatthissymposium.

OVERVIEWOFHARDTARGETDEFEATPROJECTAGREEMENT,PHASE2
Mr.ErnestStaubs,AFRL

Aseriesofinternalandexternaldetonationexperimentswereconductedinandaroundafullscaleunderground
hard target test facility. An amendment to the Project Agreement adding Phase 2 was approved to expand the
testing adding emphasis to component vulnerability to assist with the improving, verifying, and validating our
abilitytomodelandpredictfunctionaldefeatandcollateralhazards.The67testsconductedinPhase2included
fullscaledetonationsofbothbareandcasedchargestoinvestigatetheresponseofshipping/storagecontainers
andcriticalequipmenttoexplosiveblastandfragmentloadingandtheeffectontheircontentswhensubjectedto
theseenvironments.ThispapergivesanoverviewoftheprojectsPhase2.Itprovidesaconcisereferenceforthe
location of technical reports and data useful in the weapon effects community for validation of analytical,
empirical,andcomputationalmodels.Finally,thispaperprovidesabasisforcompanionpaperspresentedatthis
symposium.

USEOFHIGHSPEEDVIDEOFORDATAACQUISITIONINAHOSTILEENVIRONMENT
Mr.DavidHogg,AirForceResearchLaboratory

One of the most difficult aspects of Hard Target Defeat testing is acquiring an overall understanding of the
phenomenology and the effects that blast and fragmenting charges have on components in an enclosed space.
Recentinnovationsinhighspeedvideotechnologyhavemadeitpossibletogetnonlethalglimpsesoftheevents
which occur in this sometimes extremely hostile environment. This paper will discuss how high speed video
cameras have been used to acquire supplementary phenomenological information during recent Hard Target
Defeattests.

EQUIPMENTFRAGILITY/DAMAGEPHENOMENOLOGYWITHRESPECTTOHARDTARGETDEFEATTESTING
Mr.DavidHogg,AirForceResearchLaboratory

Equipmentfragilitydataisofvitalimportancetothelethality/vulnerabilityassessmentcommunity.Thispaperwill
discuss some of the component fragility/damage phenomenology observed during the Hard Target Defeat
Programstestcampaigns.

24

DEDICATEDSESSION:
UNDERSTANDINGSECURITYOFCRITICALINFRASTRUCTURE

IMPORTANCEOFINFRASTRUCTURESECURITYTOMODERNSOCIETY
Dr.MohammedEttouney,WeidlingerAssociates

Civil infrastructures have been described as the skeleton and the vital organs of modern society. As such, their
continuedhealthisparamountandessentialforthecontinuedprosperityofthenation.Thispresentationexplores
oneoftheessentialneedsofcontinuedhealthofcivilinfrastructures:theirsecurityfrommanmadeevents,suchas
terroristicbombblast.

AGINGTRANSPORTATIONINFRASTRUCTURE&ITSIMPACTONNATIONALSECURITY
Dr.RaimondoBetti,ColumbiaUniversity

Theimportanceofinfrastructuretoboththefabricofsocietyanditseconomyisnowheremoreapparentthanin
majorcities,wheremillionsofpeopletakeforgrantedthefunctionalityofroads,bridges,andtuneels.Itsfragility
as it ages is brought into focus by incidents like the I35W bridge collapse in Minneapolis, but the problems are
generallypervasiveandlessevident.Public(federalandstate)expendituresoninfrastructurehavegrownslowly
(1.7% per year) from 1956 to 2004, but now are decreasing. The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
estimates that upgrading the nations infrastructure system will cost $2.2 trillion over a five year period. The
FederalHighwayAdministrationreportsthatthecostsresultingfromthelossofacriticalbridgeortunnelcould
exceed$10billion.ASCEestimatesthatAmericansspend$54billioneachyearonvehicledamagerepairscaused
bypoorroadconditions.

Whiletheaginginfrastructureisofnationalimpactandconcern,largeanddenselypopulatedurbanareaslikeNew
York City, Los Angeles, Chicago and others, are particularly vulnerable by virtue of the vast numbers of people
affected by any disruption in the various infrastructure systems. For example, in New York City's complex
transportationsystemwithmanycomponentsatthelimitoftheirservicelife(e.g.theBrooklynBridgehasover
120 years of service already) andpushed daily to capacity, a minor interruption of service canaffect millions of
people,notonlyintheimmediatevicinitybutintheentireNortheastandthroughoutthecountry.

In thecomplex environment of modern megacities, issues of economics, publichealth and national security will
rival the technical issues and may even dominate. Consequently, aging infrastructure, while presenting many
technicalchallenges,isnotsimplyanengineeringissuebutonecomprisingmultipleareasofexpertise,including
economics,managementandnationalsecurity.

In this presentation, the importance of an upgraded and healthy infrastructure on national security will be
addressed,togetherwithadiscussiononpossiblefuturesolutionsthatinvolvemultiplestakeholders(government,
engineers,publicandalsoacademia).

THEEVOLUTIONOFCRITICALINFRASTRUCTURESECURITYCASESTUDIES
Dr.NajibAbboud,WeidlingerAssociates

Since911,ourunderstanding,approach,toolsandmethodspertainingtoinfrastructuresecurityhaveundergone
several cycle of revisions, refinements, and reconsideration. Much of these correspond to a maturation of the
processasitconfrontedrealworldproblemsinthefieldandinthepolicyarenas.Thisevolutioncontinuestodate,
withamultidisciplinaryparadigmemergingasacurrentimperative,andaresiliencemetricalsotakingroot.Cost
benefitissuesremainsomewhatcontentiousinthisareaaswell.

Thispresentationattempttotracethearcofthisevolutionandhighlightwhathasactuallybeenachievedtodate,
aswellasgapsthatremainandmustbeaddressed.

25

SHOCKANDVIBRATIONTESTINGMEASUREMENTS&QUALIFICATIONTESTING

DESIGNANDTESTRESULTSOFAMULTIFREQUENCYREEDGAGETOASSESSDAMAGEPOTENTIALOFSHOCKLOADING
Mr.AndrewCorbishdale,NSWCCarderockDivision

Multifrequencyreedgageswerefirstusedtomeasureunderwaterexplosioninducedshockresponseinthe1940s.
Individual reeds were tuned to specific frequencies and displacement was recorded during shock loading.
Measurementsfromthereedgagewereusedtoplotanestimationofshockresponsespectrum.

Thispaperpresentsthedesignandtestresultsofamodificationtotheoriginalreedgage.Reedsinthisdesign
wereoutfittedwithstraingagestomeasurestrainresponseneartheclampedendofeachreed.Thedesignwas
evaluatedonthelightweightshockmachineandalsomountedtothefloatingshockplatformanddecksimulator
fixtureforavarietyoftests.Magnitudesandpermanentsetsinstraingagetimehistoriesalongwithanyvisual
permanentdeformationofeachreedwereusedtoevaluatethedamagepotentialofshockloadingsacrossawide
rangeoffrequencies.

MEASURINGUNDERWATEREXPLOSIONS:TRANSDUCERSANDTHEIRAPPLICATION
Dr.PatrickWalter,TCUEngineering/PCBPiezotronics

Thisworkprovidesabriefexplanationofthephysicsassociatedwithunderwaterexplosionsalongwithahistorical
record of the development of transducers to measure these explosions. Its principal focus is on tourmaline
transducers.Last,applicationguidanceisprovidedonthecurrentcommercialversionofthePCBModel138series
transducer.

SHOCKEXTENSIONMETHODSRESOURCESFORMANUFACTURERS
Mr.RaymondLamb,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries

SmalltoMediumsizedequipmentmanufacturersarenotrequiredtoprepareMILS901DShockextensionreports
on a regular basis and theysometimes find it difficult to understand what these extensions require and how to
preparethem.Manytimestheirreportsconsistofonlysubjectiverationaletosupporttheirequipmentsdesignor
servicedifferencesthatwillnotbeacceptablebythegovernmentapprovalauthority.Theshipyardisthenrequired
tocoachthemthroughtheprocessandrequirementstoassisttheminpreparinganacceptableextensionreport.A
resourcetoassistthesemanufacturersintheirextensionreportpreparationwasnotfoundotherthanMILS901D
itself.

Thegoalofthepaperistopresentaresource,notarequirement,tomanufacturersthatonlyoccasionallyneedto
prepare Shock extension reports. The resource includes a basic report outline, a design and service difference
comparisontable,andobjectiverationaleextensionmethodsalongwithexamplestoillustratethem.Theresource
mayalsopresentsomeextensionmethodstoothermanufacturersthatmaynothaveidentifiedandutilizedthem
before.

SHOCKANDVIBRATIONQUALIFICATIONDATABASES
Mr.TedBush,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries
Mr.JamesGiles,Jr.HuntingtonIngallsIndustries

A database is like an electronic file cabinet that can be used to store and manage a great deal of information
relatedtoShockandVibration.ItismuchmorepowerfulthanotheroptionssuchasMicrosoftExcelorWordfor
storing information. Shock and Vibration information stored in a database can easily and instantly be located,
analyzedandprinted,andsharedbymultipleuserswhoneedtoviewandworkwiththesameinformationatonce.
Reports of equipment installation requirements and/ordrawings, shock qualification and testing documentation
canbegeneratedwithminoreffort.

26

The authors present an overview of the Shock and Vibration qualification databases that exists today. The
overview includes how the set of information that is required is collected and catalogued. The features of the
digitaldatabasearedescribedandexamplesarepresentedtoshowhowadvantageousthedatabasesareinthe
shipdesignandconstructionprocess.Lessonslearnedfromthedatabasedevelopmentandimplementationhas
provided significant improvements on recent contracts and will be added to future ship contract qualification
databases.

BALANCINGAFIGURE15FIXTUREONTHEMEDIUMWEIGHTSHOCKMACHINEWITHOUTBALLASTWEIGHTWITHSUPPORTING
ANALYSIS
Mr.NathanPoerschke,HuntingtonIngallsIndustriesNewportNewsShipbuilding
Mr.PatrickMinter,HuntingtonIngallsIndustriesNewportNewsShipbuilding

This paper presents a method for balancing the Figure 15 shock fixture on the Medium Weight Shock Machine
(MWSM)usingastiffnessbalanceapproachinsteadofarearmountedballastweight.Thepurposeofthisisto
saveonweightwhilestillensuringanadequatelysevereverticalshockinputwithasmuchmassparticipatingsolely
inthisdirectionaspossible.ThispaperstepsthroughtheprocessofdetermininghowtoconfiguretheFigure15
onthesupportchannelsandwheretoarrangetheCGofthetestarticleusingabalancingmethoddevelopedby
NAVSEA.ThereisalsosupportingfiniteelementanalysisincludedverifyingthemassparticipationusingDynamic
DesignAnalysisMethod(DDAM)suchthatitmeetsorexceedstherequirementsofMILS901DandNAVSEA0908
LP0003010Rev.1.Thismethodwillbeofusetocurrentandfuturemediumweightshocktesting.

MECHANICALSHOCKTESTING

SMARTHYDRAULICLANDINGGEAR
Dr.KenAnLou,ArmorWorksEnterprise,LLC.
Mr.RichardZimmermann,Zerad,Inc.
Mr.PhilSchaefer,VortantTechnologies,LLC.
Mr.BryanPilati,AviationAppliedTechnologyDirectorate,

Sensor and electronic control technology was applied to gas hydraulic aircraft landing gear (oleo struts) to
improve energy absorption capability. The strut stroking load was adjusted in proportion to sink just prior to
groundcontact.Thisprovidesaddedprotectionforairframeandoccupantsinhardlandingsandcrashes.

The landing gear strut for the UH60A Black Hawk helicopter was used as a baseline for the study. The
performanceofthebaselinestrutwascomparedtostrutsmodifiedwithelectroniccontrolsystems.Fullscaledrop
testswereconductedatsinkratesupto42feetpersecond.Theworkshowedthatprotectioncanbeenhancedin
hardlandingsandcrashesbyincludinganelectroniccontrolsystemusingsensorinputs.

IMPACTREDUCTIONTO120MMMORTARTESTBASEIMPACTPIT@WATERVLIETFEDERALARSENALUSINGKELLETTMATERIAL
Mr.CharlesKahane,KellettEnt.

Thisabstractdetailstheselection&implementationcustomcutKELLETTImpact&VibrationIsolationmaterial(in
padform)foruseintheImpactPitlocatedbelowthe120mmMortarBlastSimulationMachineattheWatervliet
FederalArsenal.TheconnectionbetweenSAVIAC&KELLETTledtoanintroductiontoAndrewLittlefield,Phd.,an
engineer involved in the project. I metDr. Littlefield @ SAVIAC in 2010, inOrlando. Wehad a brief discussion
aboutredundantVibration&ImpactIsolation,duringwhichIpointedoutthatuniquepropertiesofthisKELLETT
Material. At the time, KELLETT was beginning to search for allied Military projects to which we might make a
contributionintheareaofSHOCK&VIBRATIONISOLATION.Anotheryearpassed,andIwasonceagainfortunate
to be allowed to present a short paper in Baltimore. A short time after my return, Terry Mauldin (the CEO of
KELLETT ENT.) was contacted by Dr. Littlefield. He explained the APPLICATION for which he felt the unique
KELLETT Material was being considered. This Abstract details the specifics of the Watervliet Federal Arsenal
ImpactTestPitApplication.EngineeringconstraintswereexaminedviadrawingsoftheIMPACTTESTSTRUCTURE,
27

todeterminecorrectPSI&ImpactloadingcapacitiesfortheREDUNDANTlayersofmaterialtobelocatedinthe
IMPACTPITofthetestbase.DuringthecourseofMaterialFabrication,Terry&IfeltcompelledtoCONFIRMthat
theMaterialwouldmeettheCRITERIAforplacementinthepit.EngineeringconstraintsdictatedthattheMaterial
be precisely cut to allow it to be layered in accordance with project requirements for insertion in the specially
constrained Impact Pit below the test base. Terry & I both agreed the Material would be suitable for this
application. The material was ordered, and KELLETT began production, with a stringent eye to the dimensional
tolerances & loading capacities specified. Quality control during the inhouse manufacturing process was
paramountatthisstageintheproduction,toprovideexactingintegrationintotheconstrainedspacethatwould
absorbtheIMPACTfromtheTestDevice&72,000poundReinforcedConcreteSlababove.

EXPERIMENTALEVALUATIONOFHELICALELECTROMAGNETICLAUNCHERSFORELECTRONICALLYPROGRAMMABLESHOCKPULSES
Mr.ErikTimpson,Honeywell
Dr.GregEngel,UniversityofMissouriColumbia

Thisworkinvestigatesthesuitabilityofusingofhelicalelectromagneticlaunchers(HEMLs)formechanicalshock
actuation.Inthispaper,weexploretheopportunitytoelectronicallyprogramaccelerationpulsesversustheusual
mechanical programming methods. Mechanical programming takes a considerable amount of time and
understanding to characterize the event. It is also difficult to setup, limited to single test use, and could easily
damagethedeviceundertestbysubjectingittolargemagnitudeshocks.But,themostsignificantlimitationof
mechanicalprogrammingisitsinabilitytodeliverlongdurationshockpulses.AHEMLhasaknownrelationship
between its current and the acceleration of the payload. It is, therefore, reasonable to think that any desired
accelerationpulsecouldbeproducedthroughcareful,electroniccontroloftheHEMLcurrentpulse.Theoretically,
theHEMLwouldbeabletoproduceinfinitevariabilityinboththepulsewidthandthepulseamplitude.Practically,
thelimitinpulsewidthandmagnitudevariabilityisdeterminedbythepulseformingnetwork(PFN)capabilities
andthestrengthofmaterialsusedtoconstructtheHEML,bothofwhichhavenotbeendetermined.Thiswork
experimentallyevaluatesthepotentialforHEMLstoelectronicallyprogramaccelerationpulses(electronicshock
pulseshaping)toproducespecificshockpulses.TwotypesofHEMLlauncherswereinvestigated,thesocalled
hollowprojectileandsolidprojectilelaunchers.Thesolidprojectilelauncherproducedshockpulseswhichwere
measuredbyacalibratedaccelerometer.Thehollowprojectilelauncherproducedshockpulsesmeasuredwitha
highspeedcamera.Theaccelerationpulsesrangeinamplitudefrom300gto1400gandfrom3msto14msin
duration with the longterm repeatability of the solidprojectile HEML being better than 5%. Additionally, the
hollowprojectileprojectileHEMLhastheuniqueabilitytodeliverbothpositive(forward)andnegative(reverse)
accelerationpulses.Accelerationamplitude,pulsewidth,risetime,positivevelocitychange,andnegativevelocity
change can all be electronically programmed. In this paper, we also detail other advantages to using an
electronicallyprogrammedaccelerationpulse(e.g.time,size,easeofuse,efficiency,etc.).

STRAINGAUGESORLASERVIBROMETER?
REFERENCESTANDARDSFORCALIBRATIONOFSHOCKACCELEROMETERS
Dr.MartinBrucke,SPEKTRADresden
Dr.GeorgSiegmund,PolytecGmbH
Mr.MichaelMende,SPEKTRADresden

Applications that require measurements of shock type acceleration in an amplitude range above 10 000 g are
becoming increasingly more important. Thus also an accurate calibration of accelerometers used for such
measurements is compulsory. This paper focuses on appropriate reference standards for high shock calibration
systems using Hopkinsonbar shock exciters up to amplitudes of 200 000 g. What is the typical measurement
uncertainty? How can the uncertainty contributions of different reference sensors (laser vibrometer and strain
gauges)beverified?

It will be shown that the measurement uncertainty contribution of strain gauges as reference standards can be
significantlyreducediftheyarecarefullycalibratedbymeansofahighspeedlaservibrometer.Inasecondsection
measurementresultswillbepresentedshowingthatthelaservibrometer,usedforthestraingaugecalibration,
worksveryaccurateupto20m/seveniftheinputsignalhasapulsewidthofjustsomemicroseconds.Thusthe
28

measurementuncertaintyofahighshockcalibrationsystembasedonthislaservibrometerisexpectedtobein
therangeof3%eveniftheaccelerationamplitudeishigherthan100000g.Finallymeasurementresultswithhigh
shockaccelerometerswillbeshownthatprovetheassumptionsregardingthemeasurementuncertaintywithreal
lifemeasurementsonaHopkinsonbarhighshockcalibrationsystem.

TRUNDLINGSHOCKSDEVELOPMENTOFSEMIAUTOMATICPROCESSESFORANALYSISANDTESTSPECIFICATION
Mr.PaulLewis,CranfieldAerospaceLtd

The generation of shock test severities from measured data is an integral part of the UK MODs Safety and
Suitability for Service (S3) assessment process, to ensure that equipment life is optimised by tailoring tests to a
particular environment and duty cycle. One particular environment that often features in the equipments
ManufacturetoTargetorDisposalSequence(MTDS)istransportordeploymentonwheeledortrackedvehicles.
Theshockenvironmentassociatedwiththosetypesofvehiclescanbecomplicatedtoanalysebecauseoftherange
ofspeeds,manoeuvresandterrainsthatarecapablebyeachvehicleaswellasdifferencesinloadconfigurations
anddrivingstyles.Thenumberofshocksexperiencedduringtrundlingcanbelarge,particularlywhennegotiating
crosscountryterrainthatincludesundulating,rockyandbrokensurfaces.Thesize,shapeanddrivingconditionsof
eachvehicletypemeansthatshocksvaryinamplitude,characterandrateofoccurrencefromonelocationtothe
next around the vehicle. Processing this large number of shocks across many monitoring locations can be a
daunting and very time consuming task. This paper discusses work undertaken to improve the efficiency of the
processing,analysisandgenerationoftestseveritiesforlandvehicletrundlingshockenvironments.Thishasledto
thedevelopmentofasemiautomaticprocessforshockdetection,screening,characterisationandtestgeneration,
allofwhicharediscussedandexamplespresented.Akeyaspectoftheprocessisthepartitioningofshocksinto
populationsofsimilarcharacteristics,whichisachievedusingclusteringalgorithmsinthefrequencydomain.Thisis
necessary before test severities can be compiled that are based upon statistical analyses for implementation as
eitheratimehistoryreplicationorSRStesttypes.

NUMERICAL&TESTAPPLICATIONSFORBLASTANDBALLISTICS

NUMERICALSIMULATIONOFISOCONTAINERSSUBJECTEDTOINTERNALEXPLOSIONS
Dr.MichaelOesterle,NavalFacilitiesEngineeringServiceCenter
Mr.RobertConway,NavalFacilitiesEngineeringServiceCenter

As the use of ISO containers for storage and transport of Ammunition and Explosives has become increasingly
prevalentwithintheU.S.DepartmentofDefense,aswellaswithinNATOcountries,concernshavearisenregarding
thehazardouseffectsresultingfromanaccidentalexplosionwithinacontainer.TheKlotzGroup,amultinational
consortium of experts in the field of quantifying explosion produced debris hazards, has identified the need for
improved analytical prediction models and has begun the process of developing a debris prediction tool for ISO
containers.Aspartofthiseffort,theNavalFacilitiesEngineeringServiceCenterperformednumericalanalysesto
simulate the breakup of an ISO container due to the detonation of an internal explosive. The objective of this
analysiswastoquantifythevelocitydistributionandlaunchanglesofthedebrisgeneratedintheblast.Theresults
ofthesimulationarebeingusedinthedevelopmentofsourcefunctionsthatwillbeincorporatedintotheKlotz
GroupEngineeringTool(KGET).

ThecalculationswereperformedwithANSYSAUTODYNandutilizedacoupledsolutiontomodelthefluidstructure
interactionbetweentheblastwaveandthestructure.Theanalysiswasrunforseveraldifferentloadingscenarios
thatincludedawiderangeofexplosiveweights.Twodifferentloadingconfigurationswerealsoconsideredinthe
analysis;onewhereasphericalchargewasdetonatedatmidheightandtheotherwhereahemisphericalcharge
wasdetonatedatthefloor.ThedifferentcomponentsoftheISOcontainerwerecategorizedasskin,rails,orposts,
andwerethensubdividedintotopskin,sideskinorfrontskin;siderailorfrontrail;andsidepostorfrontpost.
Several gauge points were placed on the different components in the model to calculate the velocity and the
angular distributions which are characterized by a normal distribution with an average value and a standard
deviation.
29

The analysis resulted in a set of functions that provide the average and standard deviation of the velocity and
launch angles for the different components of the ISO container and for the different loading configurations.
Results of the analysis are compared with available test data and loaddependent algorithms for the debris
generatedfromaneventweredeveloped,ultimatelybeingincorporatedintotheKGET.

NUMERICALSIMULATIONOFEXPLOSIVESBURIEDINSOIL
Dr.G.WijeWathugala,ACTA
Dr.WenshuiGan,ACTA

Understandinghowtomodeltheexplosionofexplosivesburiedinsoilisimportantformanymilitaryandcivilian
applications.Forexample,itisanessentialpartinmodelingtheexplosionsofmines/IEDs/munitionsburiedinsoil
in military applications and in modeling excavations using explosives in the mining industry. In general, the
expandingexplosivegasesbreakupthesurroundingsoilandacceleratetheresultingdebris.Asthedebrismove
furtherdownrange,airdragslowsthemdown,especiallyforsmallerparticleswithlowballisticcoefficients.We
willpresentresultsofourongoingnumericalsimulationsofthiscomplexproblemusingCartaBlanca.CartaBlanca
isamultiphasecoupledcodedevelopedbytheLosAlamosNationalLaboratoryusingtheMaterialPointMethod
(MPM)forsolidphaseandtheArbitraryLagrangianEulerian(ALE)methodforthefluidphase.

NOVELKINETICDEFEATAPPROACHESFOROVERHEADPROTECTIONSYSTEMSEMPLOYINGCONSTRUCTIONGRADEMATERIALS
Mr.JoeMagallanes,Karagozian&Case
Mr.JasonYang,Karagozian&Case
Mr.MarkWeaver,Karagozian&Case
Dr.MikeOesterle,NAVFACESC

Novel kineticdefeat approaches are described as they pertain to developing overhead protection designs. Of
particularfocusareoverheadprotectionsystemsthatmaybeusedathardenedfacilitiesrequiringprotectionfrom
kinetic munitions. For such applications, use of commerciallyavailable constructiongrade materials is highly
desirabletoexpeditetheirinstallationandoptimizeeconomicviabilityandsustainability.Twogeneralclassesof
kineticdefeat approaches are described. The first class deals primarily with schemes aimed at inducing and
exacerbatingweaponyaw.Thesecondclassfocusesondirectlyhardeningtheimpactingstructure.Althoughthe
descriptionisolateseachkineticdefeatapproach,inpractice,bothclassescanbeemployedtotailoraparticular
overhead protection design. Several overhead protection schemes, using strategic use of constructiongrade
materials,aredevelopedandtheirefficacyinvestigatedusingnumericalmodels.Numericalresultsarepresented
that quantify their effectiveness against a baseline conventional design. Based on these results, several of the
approachesdisplayincreasedresistanceagainstoverheadimpactingweapons.

MODELINGOFHEFILLBEHAVIORDURINGIMPACTCOMPARINGLAGRANGIAN,EULERIANANDSPHMETHODOLOGIES
Mr.LyonelReinhardt,USARMYARDEC
Mr.PasqualeCarlucci,USARMYARDEC
Mr.SteveRecchia,USARMYARDEC

Understandingthephysicalbehaviorofthehighexplosivefillinmodernprojectilesduringimpactisimportantto
createareliableandeffectivemunition.Duetothelowstiffness,alargelengthtodiameterratioandnonlinear
materialproperties,itisextremelydifficulttomodelthisbehavioraccurately.Inadditionthelargefilldeflections
seenduringpenetrationleadtoanelementstabilityissue.Multipleiterationsofthesameanalysiswerecreated
andcompared.Thevariouselementmethodologiesusedtocapturethewarheadresponseduringimpactinclude
Lagrangian, Eulerian and SHP methodologies. All of these iterations were implemented using the Viscoscram
constitutive model for the pertinent explosive created and fit by Los Alamos National Labs. For simplicity,
accelerations were derived using the Pencurve impact code. Various dynamic responses were predicted for the
explosivebilletbyswitchingelementmethodologieswhilekeepingthematerial,geometryandloadingthesame
foreachcase.Thispaperidentifiespitfallsandadvantagesofusingthedifferingelementtechniquesforpredicting
projectilebilletresponseunderimpact.

30

ANALYSISANDTESTINGOFANINNOVATIVEWALLDESIGNFORRESISTANCETOBLASTEFFECTSFROMACONFINEDEXPLOSION
Dr.MichaelOesterle,NavalFacilitiesEngineeringServiceCenter
Mr.JoeMagallanes,Karagozian&Case
Mr.MarkWeaver,Karagozian&Case
Mr.LeoTorres,Karagozian&Case

Aninnovativewallsystemhasbeendevisedtoresistblasteffectsfromaconfinedexplosionofacasedordnance
item. This wall system combines steel studs with fiber reinforced cementitious panels and fill material to
addressescurrentprotectiveconstructionrequirementsfornewtechnologies.Thesystemhasbeendesignedto
resist the combined effects from shock, fragmentation, and quasistatic gas pressure. Single degreeoffreedom
based on structural mechanics and high fidelity physics based models using LSDYNA have been developed to
evaluate the effectiveness of this wall concept for various loading scenarios. Quasistatic load tree tests were
performedtoinvestigatethefailuremechanicsofthewallsystemandtoprovidedatatovalidatethenumerical
models.Testswerealsoconductedataballisticsrangewithfragmentsimulatingprojectiles(FSP)tocharacterize
thecapacityofmultiplewallconstituentstoresistfragments.Finally,anopenairarenatestwithacasedexplosive
wasperformedtocharacterizeresponseofthewallsystemtocombinedshockandfragmentloads.Acomparison
ofthetestdatawiththepredictionsmadewiththenumericalmodelsispresentedinthispaper.

ASSIGNINGOVERPRESSUREANDFRAGMENTIMPACTTOANINTERIORLAGRANGIANBLASTSIMULATION
Mr.StephenRecchia,USArmyARDEC
Dr.JenniferCordes,USArmyARDEC
Mr.AdamEnea,USArmyARDEC
Mr.GregoryStunzenas,USArmyARDEC
Mr.VladimirGold,USArmyARDEC

When hardening a room for internal blast the wall loading is dependent on fragment impact and blast over
pressure.Thisanalysisdescribesmethodologytoapplythoseboundaryconditionsandqueryimportantstructural
informationsuchasrebarreactionforcesinfloortowalljoints.Theblastoverpressurewastakenasanoutput
from an ALE3D hydrocode simulation of a projectile detonating in the center of the room. The fragments were
mapped using a Matlab script from Zdata taken from a PAfrag analysis. The size, velocity and position of the
fragmentswererandomlydistributedwithintheangle/sizebinsassociatedwiththisdata.Theblastandfragment
loadingwasappliedtoaconcretemasonryunit(CMU)andreinforcedconcretewalls.Theresultsoftheanalysis
showoveralldamagetothewallandtheloadingtotheinternalrebarstructure.Historyoutputfromthefloorand
ceilingjointswereoutputforuseindesigningthecornerjoint.

DEDICATEDSESSION:
HARDTARGETDEFEATII

VULNERABILITYOFCOMPUTEREQUIPMENTANDNETWORKSTOBLASTENVIRONMENTS,DISTRIBUTIOND+
Mr.ErnestStaubs,AFRL

TheDepartmentofDefenseconductsweaponeffectsexperimentscreatingharshoperationalenvironments.The
effect of these environments on computers and other critical electronic equipment is not fully understood.
Experimentswereconductedinvestigatingtheresponseofstandaloneandnetworkedcomputerequipmenttoan
explosive blast and fragmentation environments. Computers were positioned environments ranging from
relativelybenign,inareasremovedfromthemaindetonationtoareasincloseproximitytothedetonation.These
computersystemswereoftennetworkedtogetherandactivelycommunicatingwitheachotheratthetimeofthe
detonation. Instrumentation was placed on and in the vicinity of the equipment to help measure the loads the
computersweresubjectedtoduetotheinternalblast.Airblastpressurewasalsorecordedthroughoutthefacility.
This paper discusses the disruptions to the equipment and the network resulting from the detonation
environment.

31

COMPARISONOFMEVAPREDICTIONSTOTESTDATA
Mr.DavidHogg,AFRL

This paper will show comparisons of the Modular Effectiveness and Vulnerability Assessment (MEVA) tools
predictionstoactualtestdata.

RESPONSEOFDESKTOPCOMPUTERWORKSTATIONSTOBLASTPRESSURELOADSPRODUCEDBYEXPLOSIVEDETONATIONS
Mr.DavidWatts,AirForceResearchLaboratory

A series of internal explosive detonation experiments were conducted at a multilevel multiroom fullscale test
structurerepresentativeofanundergroundhardtargetfacility.DesktopComputerWorkstationsinstrumentedfor
triaxialaccelerationandblastpressurewereplacedinlocationsthroughouttheteststructure.Pretestandpost
testobservationsweremadeoftheconditionoftheWorkstationsforeachexperiment.Thispaperdiscussesthe
damage observed to theDesktop Computer Workstations fromblast loads from small and largebare andcased
explosive charges. In addition, the acceleration measurements and corresponding air blast pressure
measurements will be presented. Implications for Desktop Computer vulnerability fragility models will be
discussed.PaperwillbeinthelimitedsessionDistributionD.

ITERATIVEMODELDEVELOPMENTFORCOMPLEXBLASTENVIRONMENTS(DISTRIBUTIOND)
Ms.SherriHodgson,ARA,Inc.
Mr.RandyAnderson,ARA,Inc.

Inthepast,simulationofblasteventsintheHardTargetDefeatprogramhaveusedsimplescenariosinvolvinga
singlemunitiononatestpad,orwithfocusonaparticularroominacomplextarget.Scenariorequirementsnow
includemultipledetonations,multiplerooms,andventing.Thispaperwilldescribejusthowtestinginacomplex
blastenvironmentledtomodificationsandenhancementsofthesoftwaretoolsusedtoperformpredictionsand
analysesofthosetests.

SECONDARYDEBRISLOADINGONBUNKERWALLSFROMINTERNALEXPLOSIONS
Dr.TimothyHasselman,ACTAInc.
Mr.RyanSchnalzer,ACTAInc.
Mr.JoeMagallanes,Karagozian&Case
Dr.SimonFu

Large penetrating weapons that detonate within a hardened structure can breach the walls of the detonation
room and propagate high velocity structural debris into adjoining or adjacent rooms of a multiroom structure.
Experimentshaveshownthistobetrueforsmallerchargesinnonhardenedstructures,implyingthesamethreat
from larger weapons in hardened structures. These secondary debris fragments can damage equipment in the
nextroom,orinseverecasesdamagestructuralcomponents.Thispaperpresentstheresultsofsimulationsusing
a hybrid finite element/particle code to generate a cloud of debris fragments of various sizes flying at different
velocities across the room and impacting an opposing wall of a nondetonation room. Distributed secondary
debrisloadtimehistoriesonatargetwallareobtainedbyflyingthecloudintothetargetwallandcalculatingthe
momentumtransfertothewall.Therateofchangeofthismomentumfluxprovidesthetimedependentforce
distribution.Examplesofthesecalculationswillbepresentedfordifferentweaponstructurescenarios.

32

DEDICATEDSESSION:
TRENDSINCRITICALINFRASTRUCTURE

SUSTAINABILITYARCHITECTSOVERVIEW
Mr.MartinDenholm,SmithGroup

Thegreatissueandobjectofthearchitectureprofessionisnowsustainability,reflectedinthe2030challengeand
the push to create net zero energy buildings. Sustainability and the whole range of high performance building
concernsfromsecurityandresiliencytoeffectsonhumanperformancehavebecomeguidingprinciplesofgood
design.Architecturalexpressionisbecominggroundedintheexpressionofperformanceandhowthebuildingas
anintegrateddesignincorporatesperformanceasthebasisofadesignaesthetic.

INTEGRATIONOFSUSTAINABILITY&BUILDINGSECURITY
Ms.ColleenKirk,WeidlingerAssociates
Dr.RayDaddazio,WeidlingerAssociates
Ms.MargaretTang,WeidlingerAssociates
Dr.MohammedEttouney,WeidlingerAssociates

Inthepastdecade,sustainabilityhasbecomeanincreasinglysignificantdesignconsideration.Buildingcodeshave
been updated to address issues such as energy efficiency, water management, and longterm availability of
building materials. Recent legislation dictates the inclusion of sustainable building practices in new building
designs, including federal facilities. These new design considerations may have unintended consequences that
necessitatefurtherstudy.Thispaperexplorestherelationshipsbetweenestablishedsustainabilityprincipleswith
thephysicalsecurityofbuildings.

STRUCTURALHEALTHMONITORINGFORBRIDGEAPPLICATIONS
Dr.SreenivasAlampalli,NYStateDepartmentofTransportation

Inrecentyears,StructuralHealthMonitoring(SHM)andNondestructiveTesting(NDT)areincreasinglyadvocated
to bridge owners for complementing or replacing visual inspection of bridges. This presentation discusses SHM
anditscomponents,currentuseofSHMandNDTwithsomepracticalexamples,andSHMlimitationsandfuture
use.

STRUCTURALHEALTHMONITORINGSYSTEMSFORRAPID,POSTDISASTERASSESSMENTOFBUILDINGS
Dr.JeromeLynch,Univ.ofMichigan
Dr.AndrewZimmerman,CivionicsLLC

In recent years, the rapid evolution of sensing and information technologies has led to the emergence of new
approachestomonitoringandassessingthestructuralintegrityofsystemsexposedtoextremeeventsincluding
earthquakes, tropical cyclones and blast events. This presentation explores the viable sensing technologies
applicabletotherapid,posteventassessmentofbuildings.Specifically,wirelessmonitoringsystemscoupledwith
analyticaltoolsarepresentedindetail.Extensionsofthewirelessframeworkisalsoproposedtoempowerurban
searchandrescuepersonnelwithopportunitiestomoreeffectivelysearchfortrappedinhabitantsinpartiallyand
fullycollapsedbuildingswhileprotectingthemfromdangerbyalertingthemofunsafestructuralconditions.

STRUCTURESMANAGEMENTINMULTIHAZARDENVIRONMENT
Dr.SreenivasAlampalli,NYStateDepartmentofTransportation

Structures are subjected to several natural and manmade hazards during their service life. These hazards and
theirinteractionsaffectstructuralbehaviorindifferentways.Thus,accommodatingmultihazardconsiderationsis
important in maintaining safety and minimizing lifecycle costs. This presentation describes a general theory of
multihazardsandexplainshowthiscanbeappliedforstructuralmanagementusingbridgeandbuildingexamples.
33

WIMDATA,RISKMANAGEMENT,&BRIDGESECURITY
Mrs.MargaretTang,WeidlingerAssociates
Mr.RyanAnderson,WeidlingerAssociates
Dr.MohammedEttouney,WeidlingerAssociates

Data WeighInMotion (WIM) systems are widely used by transportation departments across the country to
provide roadway and traffic information. This includes metrics such as volume, speed, directional and lane
distribution,andvehicleclassification.Thispaperinvestigatestheuseofthisdataasameansfordeterminingthe
risks, including vulnerabilities and consequences, associated with critical infrastructure, whose disruption could
havecatastrophiceffects.

DEDICATEDSESSION:
NSRPMODELINGANDSIMULATIONPROJECT/
NSRPFOUNDATIONMODELING&ANALYSISI

NATIONALSHIPBUILDINGRESEARCHPROGRAM
Mr.JustinMontague,SCRA

Noabstractprovided.

NSRPMODELING&SIMULATIONPROJECT
Mr.StewartMoore,ElectricBoatCorp.

Largescale fullship analyses and simulations are performed today in various disciplines. Such analyses typically
involvemultiplecomputerbasedtoolsanddatasets.Muchoftheanalysisandsimulationflowisamanualactivity.
Thereisaneedtoimproveuponthetimeandcostrequiredtoexecutesuchlargescale,fullshipsimulationflows.
Furthermore,solelyexpandinguseofmodelingandsimulationtools,withoutaccompanyingchangesinthemodel
generation, analysis, and simulation approach, will not deliver significant savings. Model generation, analysis,
simulation,andresultsinterpretationarecomplexeffortsandoftenarethemajorcostoffullshipanalysis.

The author presents an updated summary of the NSRP Modeling& Simulation Project which supports process
designandanalysisautomationfromtheearlyconcepttothedetailedstages.Theseuniqueapproachesfocuson
supportingmultilevelmodelingfidelitywithinaflexibledesignenvironmentattheearlieststagesofshipconcept
formulation by implementing a more computeraided engineering (CAE) data centric approach. The CAE data is
used in automated simulation flows to significantly reduce the time required to perform various ship analyses.
Reducingthetimerequiredtoperformtheanalysesenablestheresultstobeavailableatthebeginningoftheship
designcycle,thushavingthemostcosteffectiveimpactasshipdesignprogressesthroughtheshipslifecycle.

SHIPSTRUCTUREOPTIMIZATIONSTUDIES
Mr.NicholasBarner,ElectricBoatCorp.

Thedesignprocessforanavalpipingsysteminvolvesahighlycomplexanditerativeproceduretodeterminepipe
hangersupportlocations.Pipehangerlocationsmustbechosenappropriatelyforthesystemtomeetalldesign
requirements.Thereductionofthetotalnumberofpipehangersupportsinasystemcanresultinasignificant
costsavings.Thispresentationdocumentstheuseofsimulationmanagementsoftwaretominimizethenumberof
pipehangersupportsinatypicalnavalpipingsystemforapipestressanalysis.Theprocessusedtoperformthe
optimizationwillbedetailedandthedifficultiesencounteredandresultsachievedwillbediscussed.

This work was conducted under the auspices of the National Shipbuilding Research Programs (NSRP) Advanced
ShipbuildingEnterprise(ASE)FullShipSimulation/AnalysisModelsIIProject.

34


EFFICIENTGENERATIONOFANALYSISMODELSFORSHIPSTRUCTURES
Mr.LenCovian,Altair
Mr.DanielPusey,Altair
Mr.DhirenMarjadi,Altair

Simulationdrivendesignprocessforshiprequireshighqualityandhighfidelityfiniteelementmodelsupfrontin
thedesigncycle.Thetaskofbuildingandsettingupthesemodelscanbecharacterizedasanonvalueaddedtask
formengineeringdesignstandpoint.Also,thesehighlylaborintensivetasksreducetheamountoftimeavailable
forengineeringdesignanddecisionmaking.Hence,thereisaneedforamoreefficientprocessfordesigningship
structures. Under the M&S2 project Altair has addressed this issue by significantly reducing the time for the
overallsimulationprocessforoneclassofshipstructuresfoundations.

AltairProductDesignaddedcustomfeaturestocapturethethreestepsofthefoundationsimulationprocess:(i)
model creation performed in Altair HyperMesh, (ii) problem setup performed in HyperMesh, and (iii)
engineeringanalysisofresultsperformedinAltairHyperView.Allthesetaskswerebrokendownintosmaller
subtasks, and these subtasks were automated or made more efficient in the order of priority. This improved
process was further integrated with HyperWorks Collaboration Tools to make the engineering process
managementmoreeffective.Theresultantprocessreducedoverallprocesstimebyseveralordersofmagnitude.

Authors will provide insight into the challenges of developing the automated process and follow it up with live
demonstrationoftheresultantprocess.Gainsmadeinthisprojectmakeitpossibletodevelopoptimizationdriven
designprocessforshipstructures.Thisworkcanbeexpandedtobringsimilarefficiencytosimulationprocessfor
otherclassesofshipstructures.

AUTOMATIONOFMODELINGTHE3DWELDINGPROCESSESFORDISTORTIONANDRESIDUALSTRESSES
Mr.MuralidharanPandheeradi,Simulia

TheNavyhasbeeninvestigatingsimulationtoolsforanumberofyearsasameanstohelpthewelddesignprocess
andultimatelyreducecost.Anumberoftoolsareavailableinthecommercialmarket,butnosingletoolhasbeen
standardizedonastheyallhavetheirprosandcons.TheAbaqusfiniteelement(FE)softwareispopularamong
thosewhohaveinvestigatedFEtoolsforweldingduetoitsadvancednonlinearcapabilities.However,itisalso
considered one of the most challenging for building welding FE models. In order to address that limitation, a
Plugin (i.e. an addon feature to Abaqus/CAE) has been developed that helps automate most of the time
consumingaspectsassociatedwithsettingupweldsimulationmodelsusingAbaqus.Thisisanextensionto3Dof
therecentlydevelopedtoolfor2Dweldmodeling.Thetoolrequiresonlyminimalinputfromtheuser,including
a prepartitioned part that identifies base and weld regions. Additional partitions to split the weld beads into
chunks are needed if the user selects geometrybased chunking option. Weld beads can be selected simply by
selectingthefacepartitionsassociatedwitheachbead.Asimplemastercontrollerdialogueboxsetsupthetorch
related parameters, convective and radiation interactions of the part with the environment (with the Plugin
automaticallyaccountingfortheevolvinggeometry)andotherinputthatarecommontoalltheweldpasses.The
tool allows generation of weld passes (i.e. deposition sequence) based on welds, beads, or chunks, allowing
maximum flexibility in investigating the effect of different deposition sequences on distortion and residual
stresses.

Thetoolisillustratedwithanexampleproblem,withanemphasisonthesignificantsavingsintimeresultingfrom
theautomationofthegenerationofboththethermalandstressmodelsforamultipassweldmodel.

35

STREAMLININGTHESIMULATIONPROCESSFLOWUSINGCOLLABORATIVESIMULATIONDATAMANAGEMENT
Mr.IraGoldstein,Altair
Mr.DhirenMarjadi,Altair

Thereisacontinuouspushtomakeprocessesmoreefficientwithinallareasofsimulation.Therearemanydrivers
for this push, and they include the desire to provide design validation earlier in a program, perhaps before
prototypesareavailablefortesting;thedesiretoperformmore,andmorevaried,simulationswithinaprogram;
and the desire to free up the engineers time to perform other valueadded engineering tasks. Within the
shipbuildingsimulationprocess,asignificantamountoftimeisspentonsomeofthemoretimeconsumingtasks
such as model building and setup. In addition, inefficiency is introduced to the process when users struggle to
access uptodate and accurate information required by their simulations. The absence of such data leads to
reworkand,evenworse,thepotentialforinaccurateresults.UndertheM&S2projectAltairhasaddressedthis
issuebyprovidinganalystswithdirectandsharedaccesstokeysimulationdatathroughouttheprocess.
TheHyperWorksCollaborationToolsareasetoffeatureswithintheHyperWorksDesktopSuitewhichallowusers
toexploreforinformation,organizetheirdata,andconnecttootherdatasources.First,usingtheCollaboration
Toolsconnectcapability;userswereabletodirectlyconnecttotheircorporatePDMsystemtoaccessCADdata,
guaranteeingaccesstothelatestinformationrequiredforsimulationsandeliminatingtheneedtotrackdownthe
owners of the data. Second, Collaboration Tools libraries were configured to allow users to store and access
information both used by and generated by their simulations. This collaborative environment allows users to
interactivelyaccessteamdataandtomaintainpedigreeofalltheirsimulationdata.Finally,dataandfilesstoredin
Collaboration Tools libraries are accessed directly by automated processes, providing an additional layer of
efficiency.

Theauthorswillprovideinsightintotheinefficienciesinherentinthesimulationprocessandillustrate,includingby
livedemonstration,howtheycanbealleviated.

MECHANICALSHOCKMODELING&ANALYSIS

MODELINGOFORDNANCEINDUCEDPYROTECHNICSHOCKTESTING
Dr.LoganMcLeod,NationalTechnicalSystems
Ms.SantinaTatum,NationalTechnicalSystems

Design of an ordnanceinduced pyrotechnic shock test to meet a specific acceleration based Shock Response
Spectrum (SRS) test requirement for a given test article has traditionally been an empirical process. Based on
experience, the test engineer will determine a potential test configuration and then, through a trialanderror
process, modify the test parameters and configuration until acceptable SRS levels have been achieved. As a
complementtothisapproach,NTShasdevelopedanexplicitfiniteelementbasedmodelingapproachtosimulate
an ordnanceinduced pyrotechnic shock test. This tool may be used assist with test configuration design for
particularlychallengingtestrequirementsortostreamlinetheprocessofarrivingatacceptabletestlevelsduring
thecalibrationphaseofatestprogram.

While othershave recognized the value of modeling ordnanceinduced pyrotechnicshock, the majority ofthese
effortshaveutilizedmoretraditionalimplicitfiniteelementbasedapproaches.Theimplicitapproachsuffersfrom
two major challenges: 1. determining a suitable spatiotemporal force/pressure distribution on the resonating
plate induced by the explosive charge detonation, and 2. accounting for nonlinear material response such as
plastic deformation in the primary resonating plate which commonly occurs during an ordnanceinduced
pyrotechnicshockevent.Theexplicitapproachinherentlyovercomesbothofthesechallenges.

TheNTSdevelopedexplicitfiniteelementmodelingapproachforordnanceinducedpyrotechnicshocktestingwill
be presented along with model predictions for specific test configurations. Predicted results will include the
accelerationtimehistoryandcorrespondingSRSlevelsforagivenlocationonthemountingshelf.Testdatafor

36

thesetestconfigurationswillbepresentedforcomparisonwithmodelpredictions.Postprocessingofthemodel
resultsinordertofacilitatecomparisonwithmeasuredtestdatawillalsobediscussed.

TIMEDOMAINANALYSISANDEMPIRICALMODELINGOFSHOCKRESPONSES
Mr.RobertMartinez,C.S.DraperLaboratory

Execution of shock tests almost always results in the generation of transient responses on the unit under test.
Mostoftentheresponsecanbemodeledtotheformofdampedsinusoidalsignalsinadditivenoise.Thisintrinsic
nonstationarybehavioroftheresponselimitstheuseofstandardtoolssuchasFourier/PowerSpectralDensity
analysis which assume stationary behavior. Instead, the present paper presents a time domain analysis method
thattakesadvantageoftheunderlyingshockresponseformtoproduceanempiricalmodelofthatmorereadily
supportsfurtheranalyticalmodelingandsimulationefforts.Thetechniqueisappliedtotheanalysisoftheshock
responseofaprecisioninertialsensor.

MODELING&DEVELOPMENTOFLOWFREQUENCYMECHANICALFILTERACCELEROMETERMOUNTING
Mr.BrandonHepner,USArmyAberdeenTestCenter
Mr.ChristopherMonahan,USArmyAberdeenTestCenter
Mr.W.ScottWalton,ATSS
Mr.JosephMarconi,ATSS

The US Army Aberdeen Test Center has been using mechanical filter mounts to improve the low frequency
fidelityofballisticshockmeasurementsformorethan20years.TheLOwFrequencyFoamIsolated(orLOFFI)
mountisolatesalowlevel(2,000g)accelerometerfromhighfrequencyballisticshockcontent(1milliongsat1
MHz),whileallowingaccuratemeasurementoftheshockcontentbelow200Hz.

TheopencellfoamrubberusedinthetraditionalLOFFImountisknowntohaveamplitudenonlinearity,which
cause the resonant frequency to change as the shock amplitude increases. Extensive measurements have been
madetodocumentthenonlinearbehaviorofthecurrentmount.Thesesametechniqueswillbeusedtoevaluate
improved ballistic shock accelerometer mounts that are currently under development. Both low amplitude
sinusoidal vibration and high amplitude shock testing are required to study both the frequency behavior and
amplitudebehavior.
Inordertoimprovethelinearityoffuturemechanicalfilters,severaldesignchangesarebeingevaluatedinclude:
1.
Closedcellfoamisolationinsteadofopencellfoam
2.
Significantlyincreasingtheprecompressionofthefoam
3.
Wireropeisolationinsteadoffoam
Significantly decreasing the resonant frequency (and increasing the mechanical travel) of the isolator (e.g. the
PillowLOFFI)
Asignificantexperimentaleffortisnowunderwaytoboth:
a)
Developanimprovedlowfrequencymechanicalfiltermount,andalso
b)
Develop a mathematical model of the filter response, to permit minor analytical correction of the
measuredsignalneartheresonantfrequencyofthemount

IMPLEMENTATIONOFEQUATIONOFSTATEFORDRYSANDINAUTODYN
Dr.LeoLaine,LLEngineering
MSc.OlaLarsen,CAEwizConsulting

This paper shows how an Equation of State (EOS) designed for porous soils was implemented in Autodyn. The
majorbenefitwithearlierimplementationsisthattheunloadingwavespeedcaneasilybemadebothdensityand
pressuredependent.Themodificationresultsinamoreaccuratewaytocalculatetheshockwavepropagationand
attenuationindrysandcomparedtotheCompactionEOSfoundinthestandardlibrary.Previously,onlyanelastic
unloadingwasavailableintheCompactionEOSinAutodynbyspecifyingtheelasticbulksoundspeedasafunction
ofdensity.Currently,anonlinearmodificationisavailablewhichrelatestheslopetoauserdefinedbulkmoduleas
afunctionofdensity.However,neitheroftheseoptionscapturesproperlythenonlinearbehaviourseenintriaxial
37

test data during unloading and how the unloading curve shape varies with both density and pressure. Nor is
attenuationoftheshockwavelargeenoughforscaleddistancesabove1m/kg1/3Theimplementationpresented
hereusestwomainequationstodefinetheunloadingwavespeedinthewholedensityandpressurespace.The
inputdataofthemodelhasbeenmadeflexiblewhichallowsfittingtotriaxialsoilstresstests.Simulationresults
show that ground shock peak pressure reduces with 34, 65, and 74 % for scaled distances 2, 5, and 8 m/kg1/3
respectively,whenthenewEOSiscomparedwithoriginalCompactionEOSinAutodyn.

MODIFICATIONOFSHOCKISOLATIONMOUNTPREDICTIONS&LOADINGESTIMATES(SIMPLE)PROGRAMFORMULTIPLEINTERLINKED
ENCLOSUREANALYSIS
Mr.EdwardFleiss,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries
Dr.MichaelTalley,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries

ThispaperdescribesthemodificationanduseofSIMPLEtoevaluateconceptdesignsofmechanicallinksbetween
shock isolated enclosures. It also details the verification process used to validate the new program. NAVSEA
requested this effort be conducted to determine predicted responses of adjacent enclosures both with and
without these links. The program takes Floating Shock Platform and Deck Simulator Fixture inputs from actual
heavyweightMilS901Dshocktests,andcandeterminerelativedisplacementsbetweenuptofiveadjacentrigid
bodyClassIIresilientlymountedenclosuresusingbothlinearandnonlinearconnections.Benefitsofthisprogram
areforpretestanalysis,shockextensions,anddevelopingdesignstoreducenecessaryshipboardswayenvelopes.

DEVELOPMENTOFLANDSCAPEVEHICULARANTIRAMSYSTEMSTHROUGHCOMPUTATIONALANDEXPERIMENTALMETHODS
Ms.LynseyReese,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity
Dr.TongQiu,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity
Dr.DanielLinzell,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity
Dr.ZoltanRado,TheLarsonTransportationInstitute

Creatingasafeperimeterforprotectingsensitivebuildingsandmitigatingpossiblethreatsagainstvehicularimpact
has become an important issue for existing and new infrastructure. Creating a safe standoff distance is the
numberonelineofdefensewhenattemptingtoshieldbuildingsfrompotentialvehicularthreatsandusingnatural
barriersisonepossiblemeansthatcouldbeusedtoprotectthesestructures.Naturalbarriers,suchasboulders
and potted planters, could offer many potential aesthetic and cost benefits over traditional bollard systems.
Landscape vehicular antiram (LVAR) systems reuse natural materials and are integrated into the existing
topography and surroundings, creating an aesthetically pleasing look while concurrently protecting an intended
target.SummarizedhereinisanongoingresearchprogramaimedatdevelopingseveralLVARsystemsthatrange
fromsinglenaturalembeddedandongradeitemstocollectionsofintegratednaturalitemsthatcouldprovidea
protectiveperimeter.

LVAR system analysis and design is being accomplished using an integrated computational and experimental
approachinvolvingalarge,interdisciplinary,researchteamatPennStateUniversityworkinginconjunctionwith
personnelfrom the sponsoring USgovernment agency. Thecomputational componenthas involved creationof
finite element and smoothed particle hydrodynamic (SPH) models using LSDYNA, an implicit/explicit solver
commonly used for impact analysis [1]. Validated vehicle finite element models have been adapted from the
National Crash Analysis Center (NCAC) [2] and utilized in the simulations. The experimental component is
happeningconcurrentlywiththesimulationsandinvolvestestingseveraltypesofLVARsystemstoevaluatetheir
efficacy according to ASTM F265607 Standard Test Method for Vehicle Crash Testing of Perimeter Barriers [3]
impactandpenetrationrequirements.

38

SHOCK&VIBRATIONTESTING

ANEXAMPLEOFCONSERVATISMINMILSTD167TESTING
Mr.KennethLussky,BAESystems

MILSTD167 is the shipboard vibration test requirement for equipment placed on Navy ships. Previous papers
presented by Scavuzzo and Lussky demonstrated the conservatism of MILSTD167 in certain applications. This
paperdiscussesrecentvibrationtestingofaMk41VerticalLaunchingSystem(VLS)canisterpreproductionunit
that clearly demonstrated the potential for significant overtest, particularly for equipment with resonant
frequenciesjustbelow15HzatwhichpointMILSTD167transitionstoalowerinputlevel.Testdetailsandresults
arediscussedandthedegreeofovertestisquantified.ConclusionsaredrawnregardingwhenMILSTD167can
beusedeffectivelyandwhenatailoredspecificationmaybeadvisable.

SHIELDTMMOUNTDYNAMICLOADDEFLECTIONCHARACERIZATION,MILSTD167VIBRATIONRESULTS,&MILS901DRESULTS
Mr.EdwardFleiss,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries

Thispaperandpresentationwilldetailthecharacterizationandtestresultsofanewtypeofshockisolationmount.
The ShieldTM Mount is designed to have high damping as evidence in the static and dynamic loaddeflection
hysteretic loops. The ShieldTM Mount utilizes a buckling mode in the primary direction of isolation to mitigate
high velocity shock energy levels. Furthermore, detuning of mount natural frequency reduces response
amplificationduringashockevent.Duringvibration,theShieldTMMountisdesignedwithareducedstiffnessat
smalldisplacementstominimizetransmissibilityduringresonance.Thispaperwilldetailtheresultsofstaticand
dynamicmountcharacterization,vibrationresponsetoMILSTD167testing,andshockresponseto8Hzand14Hz
MILS901Dinputs,forafullShieldTMMountSet.

HOWTESTSETUPAFFECTSLARGEEQUIPMENTVIBRATIONRESULTS
Mr.PantoMijatovic,GeneralAtomics
Ms.MariaKoploy,GeneralAtomics

Noabstractprovided.

DESIGN,ANALYSISANDTESTINGOFTHEM109A6PALADINPIMELECTRICSERVOAMPLIFIERISOLATIONSYSTEM.
Mr.RobertSharp,BarryControls
Mr.BretBartness,BAESystems
Mr.EdAlexander,BAESystems
Mr.MikeLevy,BAESystems

BAE Systems Land and Armaments has partnered with the U.S. Army on the M109A6 Paladin Integrated
Management (PIM) program. This project includes updates to the reliability, maintainability, performance,
responsiveness and lethality of the proven M109A6 platform. One critical component of this program is the
PaladinElectricServoAmplifier(PESA),acollectionofelectroniccontrolLineReplaceableUnits(LRUs)locatedina
small,repurposedhydraulicspaceforwardinthevehicleturret.Thisequipmentisdirectlyadjacenttothetrunion
ofthe155mmcannonandissubjectedtoshockinputsfromgunfiringaswellasvehicleroadvibrationandshock
inputs.

Barry Controls has supported BAE in this program by designing and analyzing a shock and vibration isolation
systemforthePESA.ThesystemwasmodeledusingtheBarrySoftAdvancednonlinearanalysisprogramanddata
obtained from isolator testing. Multiple shock, vibration and load case inputs were analyzed, including time
histories of gunfire events. Transmitted acceleration and system deflection at the CG and critical contact points
werepredicted.

39

SevenvehiclesdeliveredbyBAEtotheArmyonscheduleinMay2011havesincetraveledover7,500miles,fired
over 2,600 cannon rounds, and completed Phase One of the Armys Reliability, Availability and Maintainability
(RAM)testing.FurtherdevelopmentalworktocompletetheEngineeringandManufacturingDevelopment(EMD)
phasehasbeencontractedbeginninginFebruary2012andcontinuinginto2015.

Usingdatagatheredduringvehicletesting,thesystemwasreevaluatedtooptimizeperformanceandinstallation,
andreducecomplexity.ParallelanalysiswasperformedbyBarryControlsusingBarrysoftandBAEusingABAQUS
to validate the system models to the test results. The analysis was refined to improve agreement using
simultaneous multiaxis shock inputs before being applied to the new design. Alternative COTS isolators were
proposedandasimplifiedsystemdevelopedwhichisbeingpreparedforthenextphaseoftesting.

MEDIUMWEIGHTSHOCKMACHINE(MWSM)EQUIPMENTKILLCRITERIA:TESTDESIGN,SETUP,ANDEXECUTION
Mr.BrianLang,NavalSurfaceWarfareCenter,CarderockDivision

A test series was executed to develop new failure criteria for Live Fire Test and Evaluation assessments of
equipment tested ontheMedium WeightShock Machine. Fourteen configurationswere tested varying weight,
Adimension,andtestfixture(includingtheMILS901figure13,15,and17fixtures).Forallconfigurations,tests
usingthestandardtabletraveldistances(1.5and3.0inches)andboththefullandhalfenergyhammerheights
were executed. Presented are the test design, test configurations, dynamic measurement suite, and test
execution.

DEDICATEDSESSION:
SYSTEM&PAYLOADRESPONSETOSHOCKENVIRONMENTS

ALINEARIZEDREPRESENTATIONOFPENETRATORSIMULANTDYNAMICSWITHACORRELATEDFEMODEL
Dr.JanetWolfson,AFRL
Dr.JasonFoley,AFRL
Mr.GregoryFalbo,LMSFederal
Mr.MichaelPyrkosz,LMSFederal

Noabstractprovided.

EMBEDDEDINSTRUMENTATIONINPENETRATIONAPPLICATIONS
Dr.JasonFoley,AFRL
Ms.ErinSilva,AFRL
Mr.StephenSzczepanski,AFRL
Dr.JacobDodson,AFRL
Mr.MichaelDenigan,AFRL
Mr.GeorgeJolly,AFRL
Mr.JonathanHong,ARA
Dr.AlainBeliveau,ARA
Dr.DerekReding,JacobsEngineering
Mr.ChrisMougeotte,USArmyARDEC

Noabstractprovided.

40

INSITUDYNAMICSOFELECTRONICSBOARDS&COMPONENTSUNDERSHOCK
Mr.ChrisMougeotte,USArmyARDEC
Dr.JasonFoley,AFRL
Dr.RyanLowe,AFRL
Dr.DerekReding,JacobsEngineering

Noabstractprovided.

MODELINGANDSIMULATIONOFPOTTEDELECTRONICSWITHDIFFERENTSOLDERMATERIALS
Dr.JenniferCordes,U.S.ArmyPicatinnyArsenal
Dr.A.S.Haynes,U.S.ArmyPicatinnyArsenal
Mr.LyonelReinhardt,U.S.ArmyPicatinnyArsenal

An extensive study of modeling and simulation methods with potted electronics was completed. The study
evaluatedwhetherpottingwasnecessaryforgunshotelectronics,whethersolderneededtobemodeledinthe
simulations,andwhateffectsoldermaterialmodelshadonchipstresses.Analysiswascompletedwithageneral
purpose finite element package. ZerilliArmstrong material models were compared to elasticplastic material
models for the solder. Comparisons were completed with lead and leadfree solder. The study concluded that
modelingandsimulationofthesolderwasrequiredforaccuraterepresentationofthestressesinthechipsandthe
boards.Alistofrecommendationsformodelingandsimulationareprovided.

ENERGYPROPAGATIONTHROUGHNORMAL&THREADEDINTERFACES
Dr.JacobDodson,AFRL
Dr.JasonFoley,AFRL
Dr.JanetWolfson,AFRL
Mr.NeilGilkin,AFRL
Mr.JordanCocker,AFRL

Noabstractprovided.

DEDICATEDSESSION:
CRITICALINFRASTRUCTURETOOLS&PROCESSES

RESILIENCYANDINFRASTRUCTURESECURITY
Ms.MilagrosKennett,USDepartmentofHomelandSecurity

The importance of infrastructure to both the fabric of society and its economy is becoming increasingly more
apparent. The current challenge facing us is to shape the infrastructure in a manner that clearly benefits the
Nationtodayandmeetsthedemandsoffuturegenerations,supportsasustainableenvironment,promotesenergy
conservation,providesprotectionandresiliencetotheinfrastructure,accelerateseconomicgrowth,createsnew
jobs, and, as a whole, results in the United States becoming more economically competitive globally. As
importance of critical infrastructure for the wellbeing of the nation increases, so does keeping these
infrastructuressecuredandfunctioningefficiently.Unfortunately,costsofkeepinginfrastructuressafeandsecure
alsoincrease.Resiliencyhasemergedasaninfrastructuresmanagementtoolthatcanhelpinimprovingsafetyand
security as reasonable costs. This presentation addresses different objective efforts that help infrastructures
stakeholderstorealizethepromiseofresiliencyforoptimalinfrastructureperformanceduringandaftermanmade
andnaturalhazardsevents.

PERFORMANCEBASEDDESIGN(PBD):BUILDINGSECURITY
Mr.ScottCampbell

Noabstractprovided.
41

THEBUILDINGSECURITYRATINGSYSTEMOFAEI
Dr.AmarA.Chaker,ASCE

ThispaperpresentstheAEIBuildingSecurityRatingSystemandprovidesadetaileddescriptionofeachofthe
threepillarsonwhichitisbuilt:thebuildingclassificationbasedonthreatorhazardononehand,andimpactor
consequencesontheotherhand;thesecurityratingcategoriesrepresentingdifferentlevelsofprotectionand
providingaquantifiablemeasureofbuildingssecuritystatus;andthelistofcountermeasuresthatprovide
mitigation.Thealgorithmusedtodeterminethesecurityratingachievedisthendescribed,startingwiththe
desiredsecurityratingandthebuildingclassificationthatwasestablished,thenmovingthoughtheevaluationof
countermeasuresfromtheleastdemandingsecurityratingleveltothemostdemandingsecurityratinglevel,while
makingsurethatforagivensecurityratinglevel,therequiredcountermeasuresaremetandtherequired
achievementratioisreached,andthattheadvancementratioissufficientlyhightoproceedwiththeexamination
ofthenexthighersecurityratinglevel.

INTEGRATEDRAPIDVISUALSCREENING(IRVS)
Mr.RogerGrant,NationalInstituteofBuildingSciences

Assessingafacilitysexposuretovariousthreatscanbeadifficultandcomplicatedprocesssubjecttothevagaries
ofapproachandtheexperienceoftheassessor.Toachieveconsistentandmeaningfulresults,astructuredprocess
that can be implemented by a wide range of organizations and individuals is needed. Through application of
moderndecisionmakingconcepts,suchasrisk,resiliency,performancebaseddesign(PBD)andlifecycleanalysis
(LCA),inaunifiedsecurityframework,theDepartmentofHomelandSecurity,ScienceandTechnologyDirectorate
and its Integrated Design Resilience team have developed the IRVS tool. IRVS facilitates a building security
assessmentprocessimplementationinamultihazardenvironment.HowtheprocessandToolworkandhowthis
can improve overall safety, security and operational performance at reasonable costs is covered in this
presentation.

OWNERSPERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTS(OPR)FORBUILDINGS
Mr.RogerGrant,NationalInstituteofBuildingSciences

Improving our nations building stock to be safe, secure, energy efficient, sustainable and durable is a national
priority expressed in the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007. These competing demands for
performance are difficult to balance against each other. The levels of performance expressed in codes to guide
building owners and designers often lead to minimum performance. The National Institute of Building Sciences,
workingwiththeDepartmentofHomelandSecurityhavedevelopedanOPRTooltoestablishOwnerPerformance
Requirementsthatallowfortheselectionofthebestcombinationofsystemattributesthatbalanceperformance
goalstomeettheOwnersneedsfortheproject.ThispresentationwillshowhowtheOPRToolcanhelpestablish
highperformancebuildingrequirementsinamultihazardenvironment.Andhowtousemoderndecisionmaking
concepts,suchasrisk,resiliency,performancebaseddesign(PBD)andlifecycleanalysis(LCA)inaunifiedsecurity
framework to predict outcomes that can be passed to the design team to improve overall safety, security and
operationalperformanceatreasonablecosts.

EVALUATINGTHEEFFECTSOFEXPLOSIVEDEVICESINURBANSTREETSCAPES
Dr.RobertSmilowitz,WeidlingerAssociates
Ms.MilaKennett,HomelandSecurity
Mr.DavidVaughan,WeidlingerAssociates

The Urban Blast Tool (UBT) was developed for the Department of Homeland Security, Science and Technology
Directorate, to provide accurate blast loads on building surfaces that result from vehicle borne explosive
detonations in dense urban environments. The UBT accesses a database that contains the solutions of pre
calculated Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) analyses of a specific urban streetscape anddisplays these blast
loadresultsontoagraphical3diemensionalimageoftheurbanstreetscapemodel.Thisgraphical3dimensional
imagecanberotated,zoomed,andlocalizedinordertoviewthepressureandimpulsedistributionsonindividual
42

surfacesofthebuildingswithinthemodel.SincetheCFDcalculationsareperformedforspecificmagnitudesof
explosivethreatandtheUBTallowstheusertoselectanarbitrarysizeexplosiveuptoalimitingmagnitude,the
UBT contains scaling algorithms that compute accurate blast results for the user defined threat size in a few
seconds.

InadditiontodisplayingtheresultsoftheCFDcalculations,theUBTalsodisplaystheperformanceofstructural,
faadeandEmergencyEvacuationRescueandRecovery(EERR)systemsinresponsetothecalculatedblastloads.
These performance characteristics are currently based on representative response characteristics and do not
representtheactualperformanceofanyspecificbuildingwithintheurbanstreetscapemodel.Nevertheless,the
displayed performance of the structural, faade and EERR systems provide valuable information for crisis
managementplanningexercises,firstresponderstothesceneofanevent,anddesignprofessionalswhomaybe
requiredtopreventcollateraldamageofeitheranewconstructionortheretrofitofanexistingbuildingduetoa
nearbyexplosiveevent.

The UBT may be used by law enforcement professionals to plan their response to a wide range of potential
explosiveevents.Itmayalsobeusedbyfirstresponderstobetteranticipatethelikelyextentofdamagetheymay
encounter following a terrorist explosive event. Alternatively, the UBT may be used by design professionals to
accurately calculate the blast load intensities and estimate collateral damage that may result from explosive
attacks on buildings within the surrounding neighborhood. The accurate loading information may be used with
otheranalyticaltoolstodeterminetheperformanceofproposeddesignsolutionsand,alternatively,theabilityto
importbuildingspecificinformationintotheUBTwillbeincorporatedintosubsequentversionsofthesoftware.

DEDICATEDSESSION:
NSRPMODELINGANDSIMULATIONPROJECT/
NSRPFOUNDATIONMODELING&ANALYSISII

ENHANCINGTHESHOCKANALYSISPROCESSBYINCORPORATINGAUTOMATION,OPTIMIZATION,&SENSITIVITYSTUDIES
Mr.SeanMurphy,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries

Inrecentyearstheworldhasseenadramaticimprovementincomputertechnologywithregardtobothhardware
andsoftware.Whatwaspreviouslydesignedusingspreadsheetsandhandcalculationsisnowbeinganalyzedusing
finite element analysis (FEA) and multimillion degrees of freedom models. Although, computer technology has
improved,analysistasksarestillresourcelimited.Whatusedtobeconstrainedbylimitationsofcomputerpower
isnowlimitedbytimeand/ormanpower.TokeeponimprovingtheuseFEAindesign,wemustaffecthowwe
handletheanalysisprocessingeneral.

The author presents an overview of a recent NSRP project and its tasks that are associated with enhancing the
shockanalysisprocess.Theprojectlookedatusingcommerciallyavailablemodelingandsimulationtoolstoadd
automation, optimization, and sensitivity studies to the analysis process. Through a series of proof of concepts
andbenchmarks,theprojectteamwasabletoshowmethodstoreduceschedule,reducemanualtouchlabor,
whileincreasingthequalityofresults.

EFFICIENTMODELINGOFFOUNDATIONSPART1(AUTOMATIONOFGEOMETRYIDEALIZATIONFORSHOCKMODELING,DDAM
ANALYSIS)
Mr.JohnKaragiannis,SIMULIa

InthecontextofshiphulldesignatHuntingtonIngallsIndustries,manytestsareperformedonavirtualmodel.
OnesuchtestistheFoundationAnalysis,whichistheshockanalysis(dynamicresponse)ofinternalstructuresand
equipments.Thefoundationanalysisconsistsoftypicallylaborintensivepreprocessing(geometrysimplifications,
meshing, material properties and Abaqus input deck generation), analysis (static, modal or DDAM) and post
processing(results,reporting).

43

Thefoundationanalysisprocesshasbeenbrokendowninto2parts,wherePart1isdefinedasthepreprocessing
stage.Consideringthelevelofeffortrequiredinthisprocess,HIIisinterestedinincreasingtheefficiencyofthis
workflow.Asaresult,DassaultSystmesdevelopedaproofofconceptapplicationwithintheCATIAV5platform,
resultinginamoreefficientFoundationAnalysisPart1process,whichsignificantlyreducedthelevelofeffortand
cycletime.

Following an initial successful proof of concept phase, Dassault Systmes implemented additional automation
featuresintheapplicationandpackagedafirsttestversionforcustomerbenchmarking.Thepackagedfeaturesare
within 6 modules: Structure Creation, Material Assignation, Midsurface Creation, Surface Relimitation, Finite
ElementMeshingandFiniteElementModelExport.ThroughacustomGraphicalUserInterface,thetoolinteracts
withthepartpropertiesandfeaturesautomaticallyorinteractivelyatvariousstepsintheprocess.Theendresult
isauserguidedprocessacceleratingfiniteelementmodelcreation.

The developed application drives a quality centric streamlined process within a structured model. Dassault
Systmeshasbenchmarkedtheapplicationandefficiencygainsareexpectedtobeover50%.

EFFICIENTMODELINGOFFOUNDATIONSPART2(AUTOMATIONOFGEOMETRYIDEALIZATIONFORSHOCKMODELING,DDAM
ANALYSIS)
Mr.JaredGraham,SIMULIA

InthecontextofshiphulldesignatHuntingtonIngallsIndustries,manytestsareperformedonavirtualmodel.
OnesuchtestistheFoundationAnalysis,whichistheshockanalysis(dynamicresponse)ofinternalstructureand
equipment.AcompleteFoundationAnalysisconsistsoftakingCADdataofthefoundation(internalstructureand
equipment), simplifying its representation, meshing then running a static, modal, DDAM analysis, and reporting
analysis results. The complete process was broken up into two parts; Foundation Analysis Part 2 consists of
importingasimulationspecificmodel,runningastatic,modalandDDAManalysis,andreportingresults.

Traditionally this is a time consuming process and Huntington Ingalls Industries was looking to increase the
efficiencyofthisworkflow.Asaresult,DassaultSystmesdevelopedaproofofconceptsoftwaretool,resultingin
amoreefficientFoundationAnalysisPart2process,whichsignificantlyreducedthelevelofeffortandcycletime.
Simulia software, namely Isight, Abaqus, SEE and SLM, were used to automate and expedite the DDAM
methodologyforFoundationanalyses.

Former efforts created a software tool which was successful in reducing the amount of nonvalueadded
interactive steps required by any one end user through (1) Eliminating manual steps to reduce runtime and
decrease potential user error. (2) Standardizing the procedure ensures an intuitive, deployable and teachable
process.(3)Automatingandstandardizingreportingtoguaranteeconsistencyacrossalljobs,usersandgroups.(4)
Providing flexibility to ensure that aspects of the template proofofconcept can be customized to the needs of
variousindividuals,groupsororganizations.

Thetoolhasbeenextendedto(1)Supportmultipleusersbyprovidingmeanstodistributeandversiontheprocess
flowdefinitiontoagroup(2)DecomposeanyindividualFoundationanalysisandsetofFoundationanalysessuch
that they can be run concurrently rather than serially (3) Allow each of the multiple users to run their set
Foundation analyses version concurrent with other users (4) Offload the Foundation Analyses to a High
Performance Compute Cluster (HPCC) (5) Copy the results in an Enterprise data management system for
permanentstorageandfutureaccess.

This collection of improvements builds on the existing expedition of the Foundation analysis work flow by
substantiallyreducingthecomputingtimewhileaidinginthedistributionofthetoolandresultstogroupsofusers
andgroups.

44

SEMIAUTOMATIONOFTHEFOUNDATIONANALYSISPROCESS
Mr.SeanMurphy,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries
Mr.PeterSamaj,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries

Theanalysisoffoundationsforstructural,shockandvibrationloadingshasbeenanintegralpartofshipdesignfor
many years. In recent years,the process for analyzing foundations hasbeen improved through the use of finite
elementanalysis(FEA).TheaccessibilityofFEAsoftwarehasdrivenanexpectationtoanalyzemorefoundations
than in the past requiring more manpower. Analysis, results interpretation, and report generation are time
consumingstepsoftheanalysisprocesswhichincreasesthecostandscheduleofthedesign.However,duetotight
budgets,companiesaredecreasingthesizeoftheirengineeringworkforceandmeetingtheschedulingneedsof
thedesignhasbecomeacrucialaspectoftheanalysisprocess.

The authors present an overview of a recent NSRP project which improves the process design and introduces
automationoffoundationanalysis.Thisuniqueapproachfocusesonsupportingtheanalysisprocesscurrentlyin
place and improving this process with the use of the modeling and simulation tool Isight. Isight improves the
foundation analysis process in five specific ways: reduction in time required to perform analyses, reduction of
manual errors, semiautomation of process, increased capability of configuration management, increased
capability of training and documentation, and increased capability in trade studies and optimization. These
improvementshaveapositiveeffectiveimpactonthequality,cost,andscheduleoftheshipdesign.

OPTIMIZATIONDRIVENDESIGNPROCESSFORFOUNDATIONS
Mr.AndyBartels,Altair
Mr.DanielPusey,Altair
Mr.DhirenMarjadi,Altair

Thecurrentprocessfordesigningshipstructuresusesfiniteelementsimulationsessentiallyforvalidatingdesigns
generatedinCAD.Ifthedesignsdonotmeettheperformancetargets,engineersusetheirknowledgetorefine
the design in CAD and then validate it again using FE simulation. This designvalidateredesign process is
inherently inefficient in two ways. First, significant time is lost in handoffs from design to validation and back.
Second,thefinaldesigndependentsheavilyon,andistypicallyjustavariantofthefirstdesigngeneratedbythe
engineer.UnderM&S2project,Altairhasdevelopedanoptimizationdrivendesignprocessforoneclassofship
structuresfoundations.

TheAltairdesignprocessisbasedontheoptimizationtechnologyofferedbysolidThinkinginspireandAltair
OptiStruct.Thetopologyoptimizationtechnologyofinspireyieldsadesignconceptwithinagivendesignspace
given the structural performance requirements. Its sketching functionality enables easy generation of design
spaceandstructuraloptimizationmodels.TheresultantdesignconceptisimportedintosolidThinkingevolve
forsketchingadesignusingstandardsections.ThisoptimizeddesignconceptisimportedintoAltairHyperMesh
for meshing, problem setup and parameterization. The parameterized model is then optimized using Altair
OptiStruct to further refine the design. This twostep physics and mathematics based design process offers
significantlyshorteneddesigncycleandyieldssignificantlybetterfinaldesigncomparedtothetraditionalmanual
designvalidateredesignprocess.

Authors will present the details of the design process, including fundamentals of optimization technology and
providequantitativecomparisonoftheperformanceoftheproposedprocesswiththetraditionalprocess.

ASTUDYOFVARIOUSFOUNDATIONPROCESSES
Mr.JarrodGilmore,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries
Mr.DavidThomer,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries

The analysis of foundations for structural and shock loadings has been an integral part of ship design for many
years.Inrecentyears,theprocessforanalyzingfoundationshasbeenimprovedthroughtheuseoffiniteelement

45

analysis(FEA).Thereareseveraldifferenttechniquesandsoftwarepackagesavailabletoperformthesetypesof
analyses.

The authors present an overview of part of a recent NSRP project which evaluates the process design and
automationoffoundationanalysisusingvariousmodelingandsimulationtools.Thispartoftheprojectevaluates
tools NEiNastran, Abaqus, iSight, FEMAP, Hypermesh, Shiplift, and CATIA and how they handle the foundation
analysis process. The discussion includes some limitations and advantages seen in analysis process and how
severaloftheseproductscanworktogethertoimprovetheoverallprocessingeneral.

VIBRATIONTESTING

CONTINUOUS/DISCRETESPECTRAFORTHREEDEGREEOFFREEDOMVIBRATIONENVIRONMENTS
Dr.RonaldMerritt,JacobsEngineering(NSG)

Thispaperprovidesabasisfordefiningthreedegreeoffreedomcontinuous/discretespectrafromfieldmeasured
vibration environments. For stationary environments this is quite conventional while for a nonsationary
environment the product model is assumed. In either case the prevalence of discrete components leads to
additional processing. An extensive development is provided on estimation of significant discrete components
withinatimehistorybaseduponFourierprocessingtechniques.Thedevelopmentofa"discretecomponentmap"
isprovidedwherebytoneamplitudeandfrequencyaretrackedintimeandfrequencydomainmomentsareused
to identify and define laboratory test. In addition the removal of the discrete components is illustrated for
convenience in estimation of the underlying continous random spectrum. Estimation of the continuous/discrete
spectra for both stationary and nonstationary (product model) is provided.and guidance on laboratory test
specification in terms of (1) sineonrandom or sweptsineonrandom for stationary environments or (2) Time
Waveform Replication (TWR) for nonstationary (product model) environments. The processing for
continuous/discretespectraisextendedtocrossspectraconsiderationswhenmultiaxis/multiexciterlaboratory
testingisanticipated.

HULLVIBRATIONREDUCTIONONAFISHERIESRESEARCHVESSELUSINGACTIVECONTROL(PARTS1&2)
Mr.ThomasDavid,BarryControls
Mr.JohnSailhamer,BarryControls
Mr.MathieuNoe,PaulstraVibrachoc

A NOAA fisheries research vessel required engine vibration reduction measures to achieve compliance with the
ICESshipnoisecriteria.Anactivevibrationcontrolsystemwasinstalledfortestingatdocksideandatseaunder
variedoperationalconditions.Controlwasappliedusinginertialactuatorsattachedtotherafts,orintermediate
masses,underoneoftheengines.Theoriginal2stageelastomericvibrationisolationmountsystemwasretained
unchanged.Significantreductionswereachievedattheproblemfrequenciesof30Hzand1926Hz.Reductionsat
theintermediatemasseswereeffectiveinproducingsimilarreductionsinvibrationofthehull.

WORKINGTOWARDSOPTIMUMLIFEFORAIRCRAFTDEFENSIVEAIDS
Mr.AntonyBown,CranfieldAerospace

Thedynamicenvironmentofcurrentinserviceoperationshasdriventherequirementforthedevelopmentofnew
defensive aids designs and installations for aircraft. As part of the UK MODs Safety and Suitability for Service
assessment process it is imperative that optimum flare life is established for dynamic flight carriage vibration
environmentsthroughtheimplementationoftailoredtestingprogrammes.

This paper describes the process involved, through the collection of large quantities of vibration data, its
verificationandvalidationandthegenerationoftailoredvibrationqualificationtests.Thepaperalsodiscussesthe
issuesencounteredduringthisprocessandduringlivequalificationtestingofdefensiveaids.

46

The dynamic environment experienced by defensive aids can be subject to acoustic tonal responses originating
from magazine cavities; replication of such tones during qualification testing by electromechanical means has
produced unrepresentative failures. The replication of the effects of the acoustic environment by electro
mechanical excitation in qualification tests and the differences between the magazine supporting structures in
serviceandduringqualificationisdiscussed.

Aspartofthesuitabilityforserviceassessmentprocess,specialistinstrumentedflaresweredevelopedtofurther
investigatetheirdynamicenvironment,specificallythevibrationexperiencedbytheflaresopposedtomagazine
measurementstakenpreviously.Theresultsofthisinvestigationintovibrationenvironmentexperiencedbyflares
and their structural dynamic characteristics are presented and discussed. Also considered is the applicability of
usinganinstrumentedflareascontrolduringqualificationtesting.

UNDEXANALYSIS&MODELING

MULTISCALEMODELINGOFSTRUCTURALDAMAGEDUETOWEAPONSEFFECTSLOADING
Dr.E.ThomasMoyer,NSWC/CD
Mr.RayDeFrese,NSWC/CD

The prediction of structural damage and fracture of ship structures is a critical requirement for accurate ship
vulnerability prediction. Ductile damage and fracture, typical in for the materials used in ship structures is
inherentlyadifficultphysicalphenomenatopredictandrequiresaccuratematerialresponseresolutionatsmall
geometrical scale. Modeling at length scales required to resolve fracture and damage is problematic in large,
complexstructures.Thispaperpresentsresultsforthepredictionofstructuraldamageinshipstructuremembers
due to weapons effect loading using multiscale finite element modeling available in the Navy Enhanced Sierra
Mechanics (NESM) code under development for the prediction of Ship Shock/Damage response. Meshes
exhibiting multiple length scales are employed in the analysis without the need for transition meshes. This
greatly simplifies the required modeling as well as the number of degrees of freedom necessary for accurate
solution resolution. Results are compared to several weapons effects test results partially validating the
methodology.

EVALUATIONOFCOMPOSITEMATERIALDAMAGEMODELSINAWATERBACKEDUNDEXENVIRONMENT
Mr.JoshuaGorfain,HITESTLaboratories,Inc.
Mr.ChrisKey,HITESTLaboratories,Inc.
Mr.BillGregory,HITESTLaboratories,Inc.

The predictive capabilities of commercially available, fiberreinforced laminated composite material damage
models in a waterbacked Underwater Explosion (UNDEX) environment are evaluated. UNDEX analysis is
commonlyperformedusingeitherAbaqus/ExplicitorUSA/LSDYNAfiniteelementcodes.Avarietyofcomposite
materialdamageandfailuremodelsarecurrentlyavailablewithineachofthesecodes,wheretheperformanceof
each model is generally unproven under UNDEX loading. In this work, a thorough survey of these models is
conducted, where the most promising models are selected for indepth assessment. Model predictions are
correlated with experimental results from waterbacked UNDEX testing of flat, fiberreinforced polymer matrix
compositepanelsatvaryinglevelsofseverityresultinginmaterialdamage.Theaccuracyofpredictionsfromeach
modelarerankedbasedupondynamicresponseandobservedmaterialdamage.Finally,auserdefinedmaterial
model(UMAT)ispresentedwhichovercomessomeoftheshortcomingsseeninthecommercialmodelsandoffers
animprovedpredictivecapability.

47


INVESTIGATIONOFTHEFUNDAMENTALDRIVERSINIMPLOSIONDYNAMICS
Dr.RyanE.Chamberlin,NUWCNewport
Dr.EmilyGuzas,NUWCNewport

The fundamental physics and underlying relationships in implosion dynamics of submerged structures are
investigated.Totalsystemenergy,theefficiencyoftheimplosionasapressurepulsesourceandpressurepulse
scaling for various size implodable volumes are explored using data mining of previous experimental studies
supplementedwithnumericalsimulationsoffluidstructureinteractionsusingDYSMAS.

ANIMPROVEDFLUIDSTRUCTUREINTERACTIONSOFTWARECODEFORSIMULATINGIMPLOSION
Dr.JosephAmbrico,NUWCNewport
Dr.EmilyGuzas,NUWCNewport

The office ofNaval Research is currently funding aFuture Naval Capability (FNC) program on Payload Implosion
and Platform Damage Prediction and Validation. One of the products of this program is a physicsbased
computational modeling code to simulate implosion. The code that is being developed couples the structure
solverDYNA3DdevelopedbyLawrenceLivermoreNationalLabwiththecomputationalfluiddynamicscodeAeroF
developed by Stanford University. Improvements are being made to each code to address the specific physics
encounteredinunderwaterexplosion(UNDEX)initiatedimplosion.Amongtheimprovementsareasecondorder
timeaccurate coupling scheme between the fluid and structure codes, second order spaceaccurate fluid solver
(even in the vicinity of the fluidstructure interface), and structure cracking via the eXtended Finite Element
Method(XFEM).Severalexampleimplosionproblemsaresimulatedwiththeimprovedcodeandcomparedwith
testdata.

PREDICTIONOFDYNAMICNONLINEARBEHAVIOROFASHOCKISOLATEDDECKMODULECOMPOSEDOFTSTIFFENEDPLATE
Mr.MatthewTilley,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries

This paper describes a method for the evaluation of structural response of isolated modules built of Tstiffened
platetotransientshockusingnonlinearfiniteelementanalysis.Suchastructuralconcepthasbeenproposedasan
alternativetothecurrenttrusstypeapproach.Onerequiredperformancedemonstrationisthedeterminationof
theTstiffenedplatestructuresstabilitybehaviorwhensubjecttotransientshockloading.Duetotheredundancy
inherent in such a structural system, assessment using standard static analysis methods leads to an excessively
conservativedesign.

DAMAGE PREDICTION OF A WEAPONS ELEVATOR DOOR ON THE FLOATING SHOCK PLATFORM USING NONLINEAR TRANSIENT
ANALYSIS
Mr.RickGriffen,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries
Mr.MattDavis,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries

TheweaponselevatordoorIT3wasshocktestedonaFloatingShockPlatform.ThedoorwasmountedontheFSP
usingstructureintendedtorepresenttheshipboardenvironment.Minordamageaccumulatingduringtheshock
testincludedcompromiseoftheGradeAsealingperformancerequirements.PosttestFEMmodelinginconcert
with test instrumentation data was used to show that this damage was the combined result of installation
anomolies and limitations inthe shock test support structure were thebasis for the negative test results rather
thananydeficiencyinthedoorsdesign.Anonlineartransientanalysiswasusedtofirstsuccessfullypredictthe
observeddamageandthenshowalessidealizedinstallationwouldhaveperformedsuccessfully.

48

DEDICATEDSESSION:
SYSTEMANDPAYLOADRESPONSETOSHOCKENVIRONMENTS

HIGHFREQUENCYSTRUCTURALEXCITATION:IMPLEMENTINGANACOUSTICSOURCE
Dr.JanetWolfson,AFRL
Dr.JasonFoley,AFRL
Mr.GregoryFalbo,LMSFederal
Mr.MichaelPyrkosz,LMSFederal

Noabstractsubmitted.

HIGHFIDELITYFORCELOCALIZATIONINBEAMSTRUCTURES
Prof.AndrewDick,RiceUniversity
Mr.PooyaGhaderi,RiceUniversity
Dr.JasonFoley,AirForceResearchLaboratory
Mr.GregFalbo,LMSInternational

Directmeasurementofimpactforcesappliedtomechanicalstructuresisnotalwayspossibleduetothenatureof
theimpactand/orthecomplexityofthestructure.Researcheffortshavefocusedondevelopingindirectmethods
toidentifytheappliedimpactforce.Inversemethodsareacommontechniqueforcalculatingtheimpactforceby
usingameasuredresponseandanaccuratemodelofthesystem.Intheauthorspreviouswork,aspectralfinite
elementmethod(SFEM)basedprocesswasdevelopedtoidentifytheimpactforceappliedtobeamlikestructures.
ThismethodusesaSFEMmodelofasegmentofthestructuretocalculateforceinformationfromthemeasured
response.TheSFEMmodelwaspreparedfromtheEulerBernoullibeamequationinthefrequencydomain.The
forceidentificationprocedurewasstudiedusingsimulatedresponsedataandverifiedwithdatacollectedfroman
experimentalsystem.

Inthiswork,anewlocationidentificationmethodisintroducedwhichusestheforceidentificationprocedure.A
largenumberofaccelerometersevenlyspacedacrossthelengthofthestructureisusedinordertoachievehigh
precision for the location identification method. For impact forces applied at accelerometers, the force
identification procedure detects a single impact force at the location of the accelerometer. However, when the
impact force is applied between the accelerometers, thedetected force is distributedover the two neighboring
accelerometersoneithersideoftheimpactlocation.Theforcevaluesdetectedattheotheraccelerometersare
significantlysmallerinbothcases.Thelocalizationprocessisanonlinearproblemanditisaddressedbyusingthe
datafromtheforceidentificationprocedure.Thebisectionmethodisutilizedinordertodeterminethelocation
where the impact force was applied to the structure. This method matches the simulated response to the
experimental data by changing the impact location within the simulation. When agreement is observed, the
location for the experimental data is identified. The location values are identified for number of sets of
experimentaldataandgoodagreementexistswiththetruemeasuredpositionsoftheimpacts.

BLASTSIMULATORTESTINGFORHIGHGSHOCKENVIRONMENTCHARACTERIZATION
Dr.LaurenStewart,UCSD
Mr.BradDurant,UCSD
Dr.GilHegemier,UCSD
Dr.JanetWolfson,AFRL

Noabstractsubmitted.

49

PRACTICALDSPFORSHOCKENVIRONMENTS
Dr.JacobDodson,AFRL
Dr.JasonFoley,AFRL
Dr.JanetWolfson,AFRL
Mr.GeorgeJolly,AFRL
Dr.AlainBeliveau,ARA

Noabstractsubmitted.

CALIBRATING&EVALUATINGPERFORMANCEOFCOTSPIEZORESISTIVESHOCKACCELEROMETERS
Dr.AlainBeliveau,ARA
Dr.JasonFoley,AFRL
Mr.JonathanHong,ARA
Mr.NeilGilkin,AFRL
Mr.JordanCocker,AFRL

Noabstractsubmitted.

CHARACTERIZATIONOFANEWACCELERATEDDROPTOWERFORSHOCKTESTING
Mr.JonathanHong,ARA
Dr.AlainBeliveau,ARA
Mr.StephenSzczepanski

Noabstractsubmitted.

DEDICATEDSESSION:
BLAST,PROGRESSIVECOLLAPSE,&POSTDISASTERPERFORMANCEOFINFRASTRUCTURE

STATEOFPROGRESSIVECOLLAPSEKNOWLEDGEANDRESEARCH
Dr.MohammedEttouney,WeidlingerAssociates,Inc.

Progressivecollapseasastructuralengineeringanalysisanddesignissuehavegainedimmensedegreeofinterest
fromstructuralengineeringfieldinthepasttwodecades.Thispresentationgivesanoverviewofthecurrentstate
ofknowledgeofprogressivecollapsefromtechnicalstructuralengineeringviewpoint.Currentgapsofknowledge
andhowsuchknowledgegapsmightaffectthecurrentstateofdesignpracticesarehighlighted.

NEWFINDINGSONPROGRESSIVECOLLAPSEOFBUILDINGSANDGLOBALSTRUCTURALINTEGRITYOFDAMAGEDSTRUCTURES
Dr.SimosGerasimidis,ColumbiaUniversity
Dr.MohammedEttouney,WeidlingerAssociates
Dr.GeorgeDeodatis,ColumbiaUniversity

Thecurrentworkpresentstheprogressivecollapseanalysisofsteelframebuildingsusingadvancedcomputational
techniquesincludingmaterialandgeometricnonlinearitiesfocusingontheidentificationofcollapsemechanisms
related to loss of stability. Following the alternate load path method of analysis, as it is described in the
Department of Defense (DoD) and the General Services Administration (GSA) guidelines, the study applies the
columnremovalnotiononasteelmomentresistingframe.Theresultsoftheanalysisarepresentedinorderto
comparethelinearmethodofanalysis,tothenonlinearmethodofanalysisincludingmaterialnonlinearityandto
the nonlinear method of analysis including material and geometric nonlinearity. A newly presented collapse
mechanismforcertainframeconfigurations,triggeredafterthecolumnremoval,isstronglyrelatedeithertothe
locallossofstabilityofthecolumnlocatedadjacenttothecolumnremovalortoagloballossofstabilityappearing
duetothechangeofthetopologyofthebuildingandtheprogressionofthedamage.
50


Thepaperdemonstratestwoveryimportantandinnovativepointsregardingprogressivecollapse:firstlythatthe
collapsemechanismdescribedsofarbypractitioners,researchersandguidelinescouldbeinaccurateforcertain
typesofbuildingconfigurations,andsecondlythatthenewcollapsemechanismwhichispresentedinthecurrent
studyappearsatalowerlevelofloadingthantheonedescribedinpopularprogressivecollapseproceduresand
the aforementioned guidelines. Thus, the objective of the work is to show that stability related phenomena,
although commonly disregarded, could be governing in terms of progressive collapse resistance in certain
commonlyoccurringcases.

DEVELOPMENTOFTHEPOSTDISASTERASSESSMENTTOOL(PDAT)
Mr.AdamHapij,WeidlingerAssociates,Inc.
Mr.AdamDick,WeidlingerAssociates,Inc.
Mrs.MargaretTang,WeidlingerAssociates,Inc.
Dr.MohammedEttouney,WeidlingerAssociates,Inc.

When building emergencies occur, first responders are often left with very little time to take measures to save
lives. Above and beyond the lifesaving skills of the occupants, the responders must be capable of recognizing
unsafe scenarios, hazardous materials emergencies, calling for more additional resources, and numerous other
promptactionsrequiringprudentdecisionmakingskills.

In the modern world of rapidly advancing technology, the need for experienced professionals and their critical
insightcannotbeoverstated.Intheareaoffirstresponsetodisasteraffectedzones,itisdifficulttoimaginethat
softwarecouldeverreplacetheprudentdecisionmakingskillsofaseasonedresponder.However,technologycan
certainlybeusedtoimprovethequalityofinformationavailabletotheresponseteams,toprovideguidancebased
on available forms and checklists, coupled with recent advances in first principlesbased fastrunning tools. This
notion was the basis for the development of the Post Disaster Assessment Tool (PDAT), sponsored by US
DHS/S&T/IDD.Theobjectiveofthedevelopmentwasnottoreplacetheknowledgebaseofthefirstresponsefield,
but rather to organize it digitally, supplement it with engineeringbased assessments, and the comprehensive
database of the UrbanBlastTool (UBT) also sponsoredby USDHS/S&T/IDD. The resulting fastrunning software
applicationofferstheuser(beitafirstresponder,firefirefighter,police,searchandrescue,orother)theunique
advantageofbeingabletoaccessthecombinedresourcesofseveralfieldsoffirstresponseandmakeinformed
decisions in an efficient, trackable manner. Furthermore, the software can be used not only for postevent
assessment,butalsoforpreplanningpurposes,aswell.

EFFECTSOFBLASTLOADLOCALANDGLOBALRESPONSESONHIGHWAYBRIDGES
Mr.Zhihua,Yi,CityCollegeofCUNY
Dr.AnilK.Agrawal,CityCollegeofCUNY

Thereisincreasedawarenesstowardssecurityofhighwaybridgesfromintentionalorunintentionalblastevents.
Hence,abridgemayneedtobedesignedtosustainblasteventsinadditiontootherhazardsanddemandsduring
itslifetime.Adistinguishingfeatureofblasteffectsonbridgesisthattheblastloadusuallystartsatalocalizedarea
ofthebridge.Itseffectsarethenpropagatedtoengulfthewholebridge.Unlikebuildingstructures,blasteffects
onbridgestendtopropagatefurtheraway,andcovermoreareasofthebridge.Thisisduetothefactthatbridge
spans are longer than conventional spans in buildings. This leads to the obvious conclusion that there is an
important interrelationship between local and global bridge behavior during blast events. In this paper, we
investigatevariousaspectsofthisimportantinterrelationshipthatresultsfromblastloadonhighwaybridges.We
usehighlyrefinedfiniteelementmodelofaHighwayBridge.Also,coupleanduncoupled(localandglobalsystems)
are investigated. Results show that the interrelationships between local and global bridge behavior need to be
considered.Thisconclusionseemstobeapplicableatdifferentlevelsofblastloading.

51

NANOMATERIALSFORINFRASTRUCTUREPROTECTION&SECURITY
Dr.AlexanderCheng,UniversityofMississippi
Dr.AhmedAlOstaz,UniversityofMississippi

Noabstractprovided.

MULTIDISCIPLINARYASPECTSOFTUNNELSECURITY
Dr.AmarA.Chaker,ASCE
Dr.MohammedEttouney,WeidlingerAssociates,Inc.

ThispaperpresentstheIntegratedRapidVisualScreening(IRVS)forTunnelsmethodologydevelopedforthe
ScienceandTechnologyDirectorateofDHS.Itstwoobjectivesaretoassesstheriskandtheresiliencyofamass
transitorvehiculartunneltoterroristattacksandtoselectednaturalhazardssuchasfireandfloods.Thepaper
explainshowthethreecomponentsofrisk(consequences,threatandvulnerability)areevaluatedandpresents
thewayscoresforriskandresiliencyareobtained.

INNOVATIONSINSENSORTECHNOLOGY&DATAMANAGEMENT

DEVELOPMENTOFACRITICALLYDAMPED2000GMEMSACCELEROMETER
Mr.RobertSill,PCBPiezotronics

AnextremerangeofmeasurementsispossibleusingMEMSaccelerometers,fromsubtle~1Geventssuchasthe
tiltofaphone,to~100kGshocksgeneratedduringsupersonicpenetrationofconcrete.Correspondinglythereisa
widevarietyofdesigngeometriestocoverthisrange.Thispresentationdescribesthedevelopmentofadesignfor
intermediate~1kGapplications,suchasrepresentedbyautomotivecrashtests.Thedesignofthemoresensitive
devicebearssomesimilaritytohigherrangeMEMSsensors,maintainingmechanicalstopsandsymmetricflexure
design which delivers overrange survivability and low transverse sensitivity. Differences are described, and of
particularinterestistheimplementationofcriticaldamping.Thefrequencyresponsestaysflattoamuchhigher
fractionofthenaturalfrequency,no"ringing"fromresonantamplificationoccurs,andlinearphasesimplyshifts
the pulse, without distortion, by a small fixed time delay. Experiments are described showing the geometry
variationsandresultantfrequencyresponses,aswellastheamplitudelinearityasdefinedbyvariousmechanical
stopheights.Resultsoftestingtheultimateoverrangecapabilityarealsopresented.

LOWNOISE,HIGHRANGESTRAINMEASUREMENTSAT2MHZ
Mr.TomGraver,MicronOptics,Inc.

Experimentsinblast,ballistics,andmechanicalshockoftenrequirefaststrainmeasurements.Buttraditionalfoil
strain gages bring severe limitations. EMI can overwhelm the signal just at the time when the measurement is
most critical. Large strains, where materials are stressed beyond their yield points, can exceed the range of
conventionalgages.Samplingratesmayalsobelimitedsuchthatdatasetsarelessrichthanisideal.

Recentadvancesinfiberopticsensortechnologyaddressalloftheaboveneeds.FiberBragggratingbasedoptical
sensors are as effective as foil gages, and are inherently immune to EMI, have strain ranges of +/ 20,000 or
more,andcanbesampledat2MHz.

Thispresentationwilldigintothedetailsofhowthesemeasurementsaremade,capabilitiesandlimitationsofthis
approach,andexamplesofmeasurementresultsinactualfieldapplications.

52

PERFORMANCECHARACTERIZATIONOFPRECISIONINERTIALACCELEROMETERS
Mr.RobertMartinez,C.S.DraperLaboratory

Precision inertial accelerometers are key components of inertial measurement units and in applications that
demandhighaccuracytheneedforacompletecharacterizationofsensorperformanceisrequired.
Thisinturnrequiresthecarefulconsiderationofmanyfactorstoconducthighqualitytestsinordertocollectthe
requireddataforthecreationperformancemodelthatisoftenusedbyonboardnavigationcomputers.Thedesign
ofsuchtestsrequiresafullunderstandingofboththedeviceundertestaswellastheintendedandunintended
environmental inputs. This paper presents an overview of these considerations with respect to accelerometer
testingaswellasestablishedtestmethodsandpracticesthatwillprovidethenecessarydata.

Draper Laboratory has designed and producedprototypes of inertial guidance sensors and systems for 50 years
beginning with NASAs Apollo Guidance Computer through todays precision guided munitions and ballistic
missiles.

AMENDMENTTOISO1606322:2005,"METHODSFORTHECALIBRATIONOFVIBRATIONANDSHOCKTRANSDUCERSPART22:
SHOCKCALIBRATIONBYCOMPARISONTOAREFERENCETRANSDUCER"
Dr.VestaBateman,MechanicalShockConsulting

A resolution to amend ISO 1606322:2005 was passed at the ISO TC108 meeting in July 2012 with reference to
primarycalibrationISOstandards.Thestandardhasbeeninuseforsevenyears,andithasbeenfoundthatthe
standard'suseisrestrictedbecausetheaccelerationlimitisnothighenoughforactualdeviceusage.Thecurrent
referencesintheISO1606322showthattheuncertaintiesassociatedwiththeHopkinsonbartechniqueapplyto
accelerations up to 2,000 km/s2 (200,000 g). This presentation will show that there is no known restriction or
technicalbarrierthatpreventstheincreasetotheupperlimitofaccelerationto2,000km/s2.

RAPIDDESIGNCYCLESANDEXPLOSIVEDATAGROWTHINENGINEERINGTEST
Mr.RobertEaton,EADSNorthAmerica

More and more organizations identify themselves as information driven enterprises. Yet one of the most
informationintensivefunctionsofthetechnologyenterprise,TestandValidation,hasadvancedlittleintermsof
organizingandintegratingthisimportantdatawithstrategicbusinessfunctions.Theanalysisofcomplexsystems
isadvancedbylargerandmorecompletedatasets.Asthesedatasetsgrowexponentially,sodoesthecomplexity
ofthedatamanagementandanalysis.
Most organizations wrestling with the rapid growth of engineer test data are still utilizing manual processes for
datamanagement.Thispresentationreviewsthecurrentpracticesandissuesinvolvedinmanagingthesecomplex
datasets.

VIBRATIONMODELING,SIMULATION,&ANALYSIS

SEVERALASPECTSTOBECONSIDEREDINTHEDEFINITIONOFALABORATORYVIBRATIONSIMULATIONPROGRAMFORAIRBORNESTORESIN
CAPTIVESTRAIGHTFLIGHT
Mr.ZeevSherf,RAFAEL
Mr.ArieElka,RAFAEL
Mr.PhilipHopstone,RAFAEL

The laboratory testing of an airborne store's capability to withstand and to operate under the flight vibration
regime requires the measurement of the vibrations at relevant locations during flight tests, application of
appropriate analysis methods on the measured data and of specific methodologies on the analysis results, to
generate simulation programs that represent an equivalent to the operational and lifespan conditions. While it
appears that a firm methodology is available for this process, investigations over the last years at the authors'
laboratory revealed the need of reconsidering different aspects of the procedures. Usually for a straight flight
53

exercise, it is assumed that the vibration data accumulation is performed under unchangeable flight conditions
(dynamic pressure) so that an average power spectral density (PSD) and its corresponding RMS are chosen to
representthevibrationregimeoftheflightexercise.Intheworkreportedhere,thisissuewasinvestigated.Itwas
foundthatthesedatadonotfullyrepresentthereallifevibrationregime.Theparametersmentionedabovedo
notpermittheunderstandingofthephenomenon'svariabilityfromframetoframe(nfrframesofnssampleseach,
are used in the evaluation of the average PSD) related to one of the following aspects: changes in the physics,
fluctuationsduetotheevaluationmethodofthePSD,ortodisturbingdata(noise).ByusingtheaveragePSD,only
50% of the PSD's population and their corresponding RMS values are represented. The other 50% of the
population are not represented. Moreover the high limiting values of the population are not known. In the
investigationsitwasfoundthattheminimalandmaximalRMSlevelsforthenfrframescandifferby20t030%
fromtheRMScorrespondingtotheaveragePSD,dependentontheevaluationmethodofthePSD(ARparametric
modelingorFFT).ItwasfoundthattheRMSoftheenvelopePSDoverthenfrframesandthatoftheaveragePSD
plusthreestandarddeviations(overthenfrPSDcurved)differfromthatoftheRMSoftheaveragePSDby50to
100%,dependingontheevaluationmethodofthePSD.ItwasalsofoundthatthesetwoRMSvaluesdifferfrom
themaximalRMSforthenfrvaluesby20to40%,againdependingonthecalculationmethod.Inthelightofthese
findingsthemainconclusionoftheworkisthatcomprehensiveandrealisticdescriptionofthevibrationregimefor
a flight exercise requires additional data that consist of the PSD's standard deviation and of the RMS values'
statisticaldistribution.Thepaperrevealstheeffectofadaptingthisattitudeinthedefinitionofrealisticfunctional
testingconditions(thatcover95%andoverofthemeasuredvalues),inthebuildingoftheregressionmodelthat
relates between the dynamic pressure and the RMS values and in the process of endurance testing conditions
definitions.

RECONSTITUTIONOFADISRUPTEDMISSILEFREEFLIGHTMEASUREDVIBRATIONTIMEHISTORY
Mr.ZeevSherf,RAFAEL
Mr.ArieElka,RAFAEL
Mr.PhilipHopstone,RAFAEL

Preparationoflaboratoryvibrationsimulationprogramsrequiresameasurementofthevibrationregimeonthe
systemtobetested,duringthedifferentstagesofthesystem'slifecycle.Oneofthelifecycle'sstagesforamissile
isthefreeflightstage.Fortheaccumulationofvibrationdataduringthisstagethemissileisequippedwiththe
appropriatemeasurement,signalconditioningandtelemetryequipmentthataccumulatesandtransmitsthedata
tothereceivingsystemontheground.Duringflight,theprocessisdisturbedduetodifferentcauses.Asaresultof
this,partofthedatareceivedonthegroundisdisruptedandnonusable.Itisveryimportantreplacethemissing
datafragments.Inthispaperamethodthatenablesthecorrectionofthedisrupteddataandgenerationofafree
flightmissionrepresentativetimehistorywillbepresented.Thereconstitutionprocessisbasedontheparametric
(AutoRegressiveAR)modelingofshortundisruptedfragmentsofthemeasuredtimehistory.TheARvectorscarry
theinformationonthespectralcontentoftheshortfragmentsthatischangingduetostructuralchangesofthe
missile(propellantcombustion)andchangesinthemissile'saerodynamicalenvironment.TheARvectorsvaryin
time,accordingtoapatternthatcanbeidentifiedfromtheundisruptedfragmentsandusedtocorrectthedata
missinginthedisruptedfragments,byinterpolation.Thisprocesswasimplementedintheworkreportedinthis
paper.Firstthemeasureddisrupteddataarepresented.Followingthis,theAutoRegressivemodelingprocessof
theundisruptedfragmentsisdescribedandtheresultsversustimeofitsapplicationarepresented.Nextthe
interpolationprocessforcorrectionoftheARvectorsinthedisruptedfragmentsisdescribedfollowedby
presentationofitsapplicationresults.UseofthematrixoftheARvectors(originalandobtainedbyinterpolation)
inthereconstitutionofthevibrationtimehistoryisdescribedfollowedbyapresentationoftheresults.The
resultsofapplyingseveralequivalenceevaluationcriteria(presentedinanadditionalpaper)toestimatethe
equivalencebetweenthemeasuredandreconstitutedtimehistoriesarepresentedinthefollowing.Several
summarizingremarksconcludethepaper.

54

CRITERIAFORTHEEVALUATIONOFTHEEQUIVALENCEBETWEENAFREEFLIGHTMEASUREDVIBRATIONTIMEHISTORY,ANDA
MATHEMATICALLYRECONSTITUTEDORSHAKERSIMULATEDVERSION
Mr.ZeevSherf,RAFAEL
Mr.ArieElka,RAFAEL
Mr.PhilipHopstone,RAFAEL

IntroductionofMethod525(TimeWaveReplicationTWR)withMILSTD810Gisanimportantsteptowardthe
increase of the laboratory simulation and environmental robustness testing realism. The use of measured time
histories that are fed to the shakers' digital vibration controllers is an appropriate expression of engineering
commonsense and permits avoiding the distortions introduced by the different analysis and data preparation
processes.Whileusingthemeasuredtimehistoriesforcontrol,problemsrelatedtononstationarityinlevelandin
frequency content can be avoided. This fact is highly relevant when one considers vibration time histories
measuredduringamissilefreeflight.Attheauthors'laboratoryresearcheffortsareinvestedintoimprovingofthe
timehistorybasedsimulationmethods.Theworkreportedhereinvestigatedcriteriaandtoolsforevaluationof
theequivalencebetweenmeasuredandreconstituted,orsimulateddata.Thetestedcriteriaarespectralcontent
versustime,RMStimehistory,changeintheprobabilitydensityoftheinstantaneousvalues,changeinthepeaks
probability density, change of damage with time, cumulative damage timehistory and the total accumulated
damage, energy versus time, cumulative energy versus time and the total accumulated energy. The calculation
principles of the various parameters are described and results of their application are presented. Several
concludingremarkssummarizethepresentation.

SYNTHESISOFAPSDCOMPATIBLEACCELERATIONTIMEHISTORY
Mr.EdAlexander,BAEsystems

Systemsurvivaltoarandomvibrationenvironmentisfrequentlydefinedintermsoftheacceptableresponsetoa
prescribed Power Spectral Density (PSD). Commercial electrodynamic shakers have control systems that will
subjectatestarticletoaninputaccelerationthatiscompatiblewitharequiredPSD.Insomecases,itisdesirable
tohaveanaccelerationtimehistorythatiscompatiblewithaprescribedPSDforpretestand/orposttestrandom
vibrationanalysisofthesystem.Studyofthetemporalresponseofanonlinearsystemisoneexamplewherea
spectrumcompatibleaccelerationtimehistorycouldbebeneficial.

An approach is presented herein to synthesize a base acceleration timehistory that is compatible with a
prescribedPSD.Thesynthesizedaccelerationisdevelopedusingthesummationofsinusoidswithfrequenciesthat
coverthefrequencyrangeofthePSD.Eachsinusoidhasauniquefrequency,uniqueamplitudeandrandomphase
angle. The amplitude of each sinusoid is sized by equating the maximum power of the sinusoid with the area
underthePSDcurvecorrespondingtothefrequencyofthesinusoid.AnenvelopefunctionE(t)isusedtocontrol
the overall shape and duration of the synthesized acceleration. The peak amplitude of the envelope is sized to
matchthetotalpoweroftheprescribedPSDtothatofthePSDthatresultsfromthesynthesizedbaseacceleration.
ThisisdoneefficientlybyNewtonRaphsoniteration.Threeexamplesarepresentedtoillustratetheprocess.

DESIGNINGSTRUCTURESTOWITHSTANDHIGHSPEEDFLUIDIMPACTSWITHABAQUS/EXPLICITCEL
Mr.PeterNannucci,DassaultSystemesSimuliaCorp

AccuratesimulationoftheeffectsofhighspeedwaterimpactisofinteresttomanyindustriesincludingDefense
and Aerospace. Applications include among others splashdown of space flight reentry vehicles where highly
dynamicloadsareimpartedontothestructure,thecrewand/orpayloadduringwaterlanding,andslammingof
shiphullsintoseawaves.Toaccuratelycapturetheresponseduringtheimpactevent,apredictivetoolwhichcan
simultaneouslymodelthestructure;thehighlydeformablelandingmedium(waterorsoil);andtheirinteractionis
a necessary requirement. The coupled EulerianLagrangian (CEL) capability in Abaqus/Explicit provides a fully
coupled solution capable of capturing these complex phenomena with little to no need for idealization of the
problem. This technique was used to replicate experimental tests of the splashdown of a hemispherical dome
droppedfromvaryingheightintoatankofwater.ALagrangianapproachwasusedforthehemisphericaldome
(penetrometer)andanEuleriandescriptionforthewateritwasimpacting.ThewaterwasmodeledusingtheUs
55

UpHugonoitformoftheMieGrneisenEquationofStatemodelinAbaqus.Inthisstudythepenetrometerwas
idealizedasrigidasthefocuswasonthewholesystemdecelerationresponsebutitcouldveryeasilybeextended
to remove this constraint and allow for a fully deformable penetrometer impact. The simulation results agree
favorablywiththetestresultsandproducehigherfidelitysolutionsthancanbeattainedwithotherapproaches.It
isshownthatAbaqus/Explicitcanbeusedtoaccuratelypredicttheresponseofastructureimpactingfluidathigh
speed.

DISSIPATEDENERGYLIFEMODELOFACANTILEVEREDBEAMSUBJECTTORANDOMVIBRATION
Mr.KirkDoughty,NavalUnderseaWarfareCenterDivisionKeyport
Mr.MarkPaulus,NavalUnderseaWarfareCenterDivisionKeyport

Life estimation of structures subjected to nonuniform random vibration analysis has historically been done
through the use of fatigue properties. In general, evaluation of the severity of the vibration environment is
performed at the initial natural frequency. It is widely known, however, that many structures will undergo a
frequency change during failure. If the random vibration is nonuniform with large peaks and valleys, the
frequencychangewillresultinachangingstressstatethatmustbeaccountedfor.Evaluationoftheaccumulated
damagecanbedonethroughaccountingforthenaturalfrequencychange.Thismodelusesexperimentaldataand
dissipatedenergytodetermineasingleempiricalconstanttopredicttimetofailureforvariouscomplexrandom
vibrationprofiles.Thismodelhasshowngoodcorrelationtoexperimentaldata,andimprovementsoverexisting
techniques.

DEDICATEDSESSION:
DEVELOPMENT&VALIDATIONOFTHELARGECAPACITYDECKSIMULATORFIXTUREFOR
MILS901DHEAVYWEIGHTSHOCKTESTING

REQUIREMENTS,PRODUCTION,ANDTESTINGOFALARGECAPACITYDECKSIMULATORFIXTUREFORMILS901DHEAVYWEIGHT
SHOCKTESTINGOFHEAVYEQUIPMENTATLOWFREQUENCIES
Mr.JohnStock,GeneralAtomics

General Atomics was awarded a contract from the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) for the design,
development,testing,andultimatelytheproductionofequipmentinsupportofsystemstobeusedaboardCVN
78.Thefootprintandweightofcertainunitsaretoolargetobeshocktestedonstandarddecksimulationfixtures.

This paper describes the requirements, leading to the development of a Large Capacity Deck Simulator Fixture
(LCDSF)toenableshockqualificationofequipmenttoolargetobetestedonexistingdecksimulatorfixtures.The
approvalprocessofusinganonstandarddecksimulatorfixturewillalsobepresented.

TheLCDSFwasinstalledontheIntermediateFloatingShockPlatformatHiTestLaboratories,Incorporated,fora
series of validation tests which were required to obtain permission from the Naval Sea Systems Command
(NAVSEA)foruseoftheLCDSFduringMILS901Dshockqualificationtesting.Resultsofthetestingofanarbitrary
unitweighing120,000lbsatalowinputfrequencywillalsobepresented.

DESIGNANDANALYSISOFALARGECAPACITYDECKSIMULATORFIXTUREFORMILS901DHEAVYWEIGHTSHOCKTESTINGOFHEAVY
EQUIPMENTATLOWFREQUENCIES
Mr.TravisKerr,HITESTLaboratories

Certain subsystem components of a shipboard installation are to be MILS901D shock qualified for a deck
mounted environment. The size and weight of these components preclude the use of any existing standard
floatingshockplatform(FSP)ordecksimulatorfixture(DSF).Alargecapacitydecksimulatorfixture(LCDSF)has
beendesignedandfabricatedbyHITESTLaboratoriesforuseintheintermediatefloatingshockplatform(IFSP)to
provide testing for these components in the prescribed environment. The LCDSF has been designed to handle
payloadsupto160,000lbsandtobetunableoverarangeoffrequencies.Thispresentationwillprovidedetailsof
56

thedesignandanalysisphaseoftheLCDSFaswellasspecificsforthecapacitiesandfrequencyrangesavailablefor
testing.

FABRICATIONOFALARGECAPACITYDECKSIMULATORFIXTUREFORMILS901DHEAVYWEIGHTSHOCKTESTINGOFHEAVY
EQUIPMENTATLOWFREQUENCIES
Mr.WilliamWood,HITESTLaboratories

HiTestLaboratorieswascontractedbyGeneralAtomicstodesignandfabricateaLargeCapacityDeckSimulator
Fixture(LCDSF)tobeusedontheIntermediateFloatingShockPlatform(IFSP).TheLCDSFisrequiredtocarrya
payloadofupto160,000lbs,andbetunableoverarangeoffrequencies.ThepurposeoftheLCDSFisforshock
qualificationtestingofequipmentthatexceedsthelimitationsofanyavailabledecksimulatorfixtures.

This presentation describes the fabrication of the LCDSF. Topics that will be discussed include the design
development and fabrication processes, custom jig and stiffener fabrication, and related deck assembly and
weldingprocessesinvolvedintheoverallfabricationoftheLCDSF.

MATERIAL/STRUCTURALRESPONSE

VALIDATIONSTUDIESFORTHERELEASEIIIK&CCONCRETEMODEL
Mr.JohnCrawford,Karagozian&Case
Mr.JoeMagallanes,Karagozian&Case
Dr.YoucaiWu,Karagozian&Case
Dr.ShengruiLan,Karagozian&Case

Concrete material models, as well as all other material models, have two main constituents: namely, (a) the
formulations/algorithms used to embody the mathematical approach developed to simulate the actual
performance of the material, and (b) the values specified for the variables employed by these
formulations/algorithms for the specific concrete being considered, which is labeled the fit. In other words, a
material model has two elements that are inextricably combined and often treated as synonymous: the
formulationandthefit.

Thispaperdescribesastudypertainingtovalidatingthepresentcapabilityofthestandardrelease(ReleaseIII)of
the Karagozian & Case concrete (KCC) material model. The overall process of model validation includes four
aspects: (1) validation of the finite element (FE) discretization and formulations/algorithms pertaining to
conductinganhighfidelityphysicsbased(HFPB)analysisofastructuralsystemorcomponent;(2)validationofthe
adequacyoftheformulations/algorithmsusedtorealizethevariousfeaturesincludedintheconcreteconstitutive
model (e.g., incorporation of the effects of confinement on concrete strength); (3) validation of the parameters
valuesselectedforusewiththeconstitutivemodel(i.e.,generallydenotedthevalidityofthefit);(4)validation
ofthedatausedinthefitprocessitself.

The validations studies, including results from material tests and results from tests of structural components,
illustrate and validate the capability afforded by the Release III KCCmodel. The results also show that given a
properfittotheparticularconcretematerialbeingconsideredthattheKCCmodel,whenpartofaneffectiveHFPB
FEmodel,canwellcaptureabroadrangeofdata.

THETRANSITIONFROMTHEINVERSETOCLASSICALHALLPETCHPHENOMENONINSINGLECRYSTALCOPPERUNDERIMPACTLOADING
Prof.ZhenChen,UniversityofMissouri/DUT

Asystematicinvestigationisbeingperformedtounderstandthecombinedsize,rateandthermaleffectsonthe
properties, deformation patterns and failure mechanisms of selected materials. The recent study on the single
crystalcopperresponsetoextremeloadingconditionshasrevealedthesizedependenceoftheHugoniotcurve.In
thispresentation,theinverseHallPetcheffectontheimpactresponseofsinglecrystalcopper,whichhasnotbeen
57

reportedintheopenliterature,isdemonstratedbyperformingmoleculardynamicssimulationsoftheresponseof
copper nanobeam targets subjected to impacts by copper nanobeam flyers with different impact velocities. It
appears from the preliminary results that the transition from the inverse to classical HallPetch behavior in the
impacted single crystal copper is mainly due to the formation and evolution of disordered atoms and the
interaction between ordered and disordered atoms, as compared with the physics associated with the
nanocrystallinematerials.

NEWINSIGHTINTOGRANITICROCKTARGETDAMAGEFROMMACROSCOPICANDMICROSCOPICSTUDYOFRECENTEARTHPENETRATOR
EVENTS
Mr.RobertCouch,AppliedResearchAssociates,Inc.
Mr.JeffDuray,AppliedResearchAssociates,Inc.
Mr.RobertCilke;AppliedResearchAssociates,Inc.
Dr.CraigSchwandt,McCroneAssociates,Inc

This paper examines the target material response in the immediate pathway surrounding a projectile after a
penetration event. Recent experimental observations coupled with mesoscopic, macroscopic, and microscopic
examination of rock damage induced by varying caliber sizes of penetrators have provided new insight and
understandingintothemechanicsofrockpenetration.Theseongoingstudiesofgraniticrockdeformationtextures
surroundingthefinal,atrestpenetratorindicatethataseriesofheretoforeunrecognizedbehaviorsbothbrittle
and ductile are present. Coupled with nonequilibrium thermal processes, these deformation mechanisms
interacttohelpaccommodatethepenetratorpassagethroughthetargetrock.Thefirstorderdamagemechanisms
can be understood with the backdrop of extensive literature in crushing/pulverization and friction, which is
dominatedbyrockdeformationfromseismogenicfaulting,and,toalesserdegree,terrestrialimpactstructures.As
thepenetratorinitiallyadvancesintotherock,azoneofcomminuted,pulverizedrockwithanassociatedfracture
propagationfrontiscreatedinthepenetratornoseregion.Furtherpenetratoradvanceintothetargetrockresults
in total case confinement, the socalled tunneling phase. This tunneling sets up a steadystate condition. This
stageischaracterizedbyhighpressures,localizedshear,frictionalheat,andgasgenerationevidencepreservedin
thesurroundingrockrecord.Theevidenceofthisviolentenvironmentincludesmineralgranulation(cataclasis)and
mineral alteration including physical state changes. Examples of such changes include creation of feldspathic
glasses, decomposition and dehydration of biotite, calcite decomposition, and vesiculated granitic glass, all in
relatively cohesive gougelike cataclastic fragment streams. Dark brown pseudotachylyte (rock melts with
extremelygranulatedrockparticles)formfinenetworkofveinsthatareinjectedintonewlyformedfracturesand
existingvoidswithinafewcentimetersofthecase.Streamsofmineralandrockshardsinavitricgroundmassare
common.Thethicknessofthisseverelydamagedrockextendsabout1/5ofthepenetratordiameterfromthecase
andgradesintoalessdamagedbrecciatedzonetoabout2penetratordiameters(YoungandDunn2010).Asthe
penetratordiameterandmassincreases,sodoestheextentandintensityofthephysicalalterationaswellasthe
thermaleffects.Thus,thedamagezonesappeartobescalable.Withthelargerpenetrators,for1550milliseconds
ofthepenetratortunnelingphase,generationofthepartlycataclastic,fluidized,andmeltedrockdominatesthis
penetratorfrontalprocesszoneandeffectivelylinesthepenetrationhole.Mineralalterationsalsogivecluestothe
temperaturepressure history of the events. This previously undocumented plastic flow likely plays a key role in
accommodating the penetrator volume and allowing the penetrator to advance smoothly with a relatively
constantdeceleration.Therockrecordandsurfacemodificationofthepenetratorcasealsoprovidesinsightinto
thefinalreboundandlockinfrictionalforcesmarkingtheendofthepenetrationevent.Aplausibleexplanationfor
thenose/ogiveablationrelationshipwithdevelopmentofasteel/gouge/glassmeltfused,encrusted,andcrumpled
onthepenetratorcasesurfaceofmanyexhumedpenetratorsispresented.

SYNTHESIS,MICROSTRUCTURE,ANDEXPLOSIVEPROPERTIESOFSPRAYDEPOSITEDSILVERACETYLIDESILVERNITRATECOMPOSITE
LIGHTINITIATEDHIGHEXPLOSIVES
Mr.TimothyCovert,SandiaNationalLaboratories
Mr.MarcusChavez,SandiaNationalLaboratories

Previous studies of pure silver acetylidesilver nitrate (SASN) showed that the synthesis route crash precipitates
two distinct particle structures as seen with a scanning electron microscope, while the spraydeposition process
58

yieldedahighporosityproduct.Raman,infrared,andxraydispersivespectrometryshowacomplexdispersionof
differentmoleculesanddifferentatomicnumbersforeachstructure.Thelightinitiatedhighexplosivewasaltered
during synthesis using a nonreactive flouroelastomer terpolymer, Viton B600, and with a nonionic surfactant,
TritonX100,inordertoinvestigatetheeffectstothemicrostructureandthesubsequenteffectsondetonation
phenomena.SASNslurrywasmade,butwithfivepercentmassfractionoftheVitonB600mixedaftersynthesis,
with the idea to better adhere the particles together in a uniform matrix and partially degrade the explosive
performance to achieve higher resolution in deposition. A four percent mass fraction of the surfactant was
dissolvedinacetonitrilepriortoreactingwithfinalingredientsfortheSASNexplosiveinhopesofcontrollingthe
particlesize,morphology,andtostericallystabilizetheexplosiveslurrybeforesprayingtoachieveahigherbulk
density. The two composite explosives were compared to pure SASN in terms of microstructure and explosive
output.

EVALUATIONOFRESIDUALCAPACITYOFCOMPOSITEPRESSUREVESSELSAFTERIMPACTEVENTS
Dr.LeeTaylor,AnatechCorp

Composite pressure vessels are designed to some predetermined maximum pressure capacity. This pressure
capacitycanbedeterminedwithafiniteelementanalysis,loadingthevesseltofailure.Sophisticatedconstituent
driven composite damage mechanism such as the MultiContinuum Theory (MCT) can be used to analyze the
structuresundamagedstressesandstrainsandaccessthedesignssuitabilityforserviceandtobetterdetermine
the actual failure point. With the MCT method, failure in the composite lamina is calculated by evaluating the
stressstateineitherthefiberormatrix,ratherthanthehomogenizedcompositelamina,allowingonetocapture
interactionsbetweenthetwoandtobetterdescribetheprogressiontofailure.

Pressurevesselsinservicemaybesubjectedtosomedamagingeventsuchasanaccidentaldroporanimpactfrom
acollision.Analysisofthelocalizeddamageduetotheshockinsultcanbeusedtodeterminingtheremainingsafe
residual capacity of the pressure vessel. Numerical solutions provide the baseline pressure and deformation
historyoftheasbuilttankpressurizedtofailure.Next,ashockinsultisappliedtothepressurevesseltoassessthe
localized damage to the structure. The shock insult can be applied to an empty pressure vessel or one under
pressure.Finally,numericalsimulationsofthedamagedpressurevesselsubjectedtopressureuptofailureallowa
comparisonofthecapacityofthebaselineundamagedversusdamagedtankpressurevessel.

ANINVESTIGATIONINTOVENTINGSOLUTIONSFORTHEM548AMMUNITIONCONTAINERDUETOITSCONTENTSIGNITING
Mr.JonathanJablonski,U.S.ArmyARDEC
Mr.PasqualeCarlucci,U.S.ArmyARDEC
Mr.TravisHeithhoff,U.S.ArmyARDEC
Mr.AlexanderColletti,U.S.ArmyARDEC

Theignitionofammunitionwhilestoredinitscontainerposesasignificantsafetyhazardastherapidcombustion
ofpropellantgeneratesexcessivegaspressure,whichoftenleadstoacatastrophicfailureofthecontainer.The
resulting fragments and ejected packaging components can cause severe injury to personnel, damage nearby
structures,andsetoffnearbymunitions.Topreventsuchafailure,itisimperativethatammunitioncontainersbe
designed such that any internal pressurization is vented in a controlled way. A dynamic, explicit finite element
model of the M548 ammunition container packaged with M125 hand held signals was developed in which the
combustionoftherocketpropellantwasincorporatedasthedrivingforce.Theresultingfluidstructureinteraction
between thehighlypressurized propellant gases, the ammunition container, and related packagingcomponents
was captured. Through this model, the structural response of the container could be accurately characterized.
Several venting concepts were studied using this finite element model, which included venting windows and
addingstressconcentratorstotheammunitioncontainertoallowforacontrolledrupture.Additionally,thefinite
element model was used to better understand venting dynamics which are not readily discernible from
experimentaltesting.Thisincludesthepressuredistributionandevolutionofpropellantgasesinsidethecontainer.

59

DEDICATEDSESSION:
STUDIESINSUBMARINESTRUCTURES&SYSTEM

COMPARISONOFTOROIDMOUNTEDANDBULKHEADMOUNTEDISOLATEDDECKMODULE(IDM)CONFIGURATIONSFORA
SUBMARINEPAYLOADMODULE(PM)
Mr.RussellDiatalevi,ElectricBoatCorporation

Noabstractprovided.

EVALUATIONOFTHENONPRESSUREINFLUENCEONDYNAMICHULLSTABILITYFORADOUBLEHULLSUBMARINECOMPARTMENT
Mr.DashiellParsons,ElectricBoatCorporation

Noabstractprovided.
ALTERNATIVEISOLATIONDEVICESFORDECKMODULESDESIGNEDFORCOTSEQUIPMENT
Mr.AndrewRogers,ElectricBoatCorporation

Noabstractprovided.

ACOMPARISONOFSEVERALINCIDENTFIELDMODELSFORASSESSINGTHESHOCKRESPONSEOFSUBMARINESTRUCTURES
Mr.ChrisAbate,ElectricBoatCorporation
Mr.JefferyAdams,ElectricBoatCorporation

Noabstractprovided.

TUBEHATCHASSEMBLYSHOCKDESIGNANALYSISAPPROACH
Mr.LeonardAskinazy,ElectricBoatCorporation

Noabstractprovided.

INSTRUMENTATION&MEASUREMENTTECHNIQUES

TESTINGANTIRAMBARRIERPROTECTIONSYSTEMSATTHELARSONINSTITUTECRASHSAFETYRESEARCHFACILITY
Mr.KurtVeggeberg,NationalInstruments

Thisisanoverviewoftheinstrumentationsystemusedforfullscaletestingofantirambarrierprotectionsystems
for the U.S. Department of State to enhance the security of embassies and other facilities overseas while
maintaining aesthetics by the Larson Institute. The Larson Institute's Crash Safety Research Team has already
conducted a successful crash test for the U.S. Department of State involving a bus stop shelter designed by the
LarsonInstitutetostopaheavytrucktravelingathighspeedusingthisinstrumentationsystem.Inthesetests50
pluschannelsofdynamicstrain,accelerationandtemperatureweremonitored.Thesystemtimestampedinput
eventsforsynchronizingwithhighspeedmotionanalysisindocumentingthereallifeperformanceoftheantiram
barrierdesigns.

PennState'sThomasD.LarsonPennsylvaniaTransportationInstitutereceivedanawardfromtheU.S.Department
ofStatein2010fora5yearagreementforupto$7MilliontoenhancethesecurityofU.S.embassiesandother
facilitiesoverseasthroughresearchanddevelopmentrelatedtoantirambarrierprotectionsystems.Theproject
utilizestheUniversity'sfullscaleTestTrackFacility,theCivilInfrastructureTestingandEvaluationLaboratory,the
Learning Factory and the High Performance Computing Center. Administered by the Larson Institute, the
agreementwillengagefaculty,graduatestudentsandresearchersfromtheinstituteandseveralacademicareas,
including affiliates of the Protective Technology Center (PTC) in the Department of Civil and Environmental

60

Engineering,theDepartmentofMechanicalandNuclearEngineeringandtheCollegeofInformationSciencesand
Technology.

ThePTCisamultidisciplinarycenterfocusingonprotectingCivilInfrastructurefromnaturalormanmadethreats
and dealing with the aftereffects of an event. The PTC will assist with research that focuses on innovative and
optimized antiram barrier designs. It is anticipated that knowledge gained through this fiveyear cooperative
agreementwillenhancethenation'sinfrastructuresandcapabilitiestoprotectpeopleandfacilitiesagainstactsof
violenceandterrorism.Anobjectiveistobalancethelevelofprotectionandtheaestheticsnecessarytopromote
awelcomingatmosphereconsistentwiththeU.S.diplomaticmission.

IMPROVEDDATAACQUISITIONMETHODSFORSHAFTALIGNMENT
Mr.GregMcLelland,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries
Mr.CharlesCook,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries
Mr.DavidPalmer,HuntingtonIngallsIndustries

Theprocessofshaftalignmentisanecessaryandcrucialsteptoshipconstruction,demandingaccurateresultsin
as little time as possible. Strain gages are the transducers of choice for measurement; however the data
acquisition,especiallythosewithlongshafts,canrequiremanystraingagepositionsandpersonneltoconductthe
test.Previousmethodsemployedtheuseofstraingagesignalconditioneramplifiers,digitalvoltmeters,andhand
writtenresults.Thesemethodsproducedlessthandesirableaccuracythroughhumanerrorandincreasedtime
perevolutionoftesting.

AnewmethodwasdevisedthatutilizedNationalInstruments(NI)hardwareandsoftwaretoprovideforasingle
sourcedataacquisition system. Each strain gage location on the shaft was connected toNI hardware and then
using a network and Ethernet cables, connected to a single laptop computer. A LabVIEW program, written
specificallyforthetest,wasthenrunthatwouldacquirethedataandproduceaspreadsheetofthetestresults.

In conclusion, this new method provides for singlesource calibration and acquisition of all strain gage outputs
simultaneously,resultinginincreasedaccuracyandefficiencyofshaftalignmenttesting.

USINGDIGITALIMAGECORRELATIONFORHIGHACCURACYMEASUREMENTSINAIRBLASTTESTENVIRONMENTS
Mr.SamuelMisko,JacobsTechnolgoy
Mr.RyanAlberson,ProtectionEngineeringConsultants(PEC)

By using digital image correlation (DIC) measurement techniques, it is possible to obtain high accuracy, three
dimensional,noncontactmeasurementsonanearinfinitenumberofdiscretepointsovertheentirevisibleareaof
asystemundergoingairblasttesting.Theonlydatacollectionequipmentrequiredisapairofidenticalhighspeed
cameras positioned to provide a stereoscopic view of the system under test. This provides a significant
improvementoverthemajorityoflegacymeasurementsystemsinthattwocamerascanessentiallyreplaceany
numberofindividualmeasurementdevicesforthepurposeofgatheringdeflectionandstrainmeasurementsona
respondingsystem.Becausedigitalimagecorrelationisdependentoncameratechnology,itexcelsovertraditional
noncontact measurement systems (i.e. laser rangefinders) in that it can overcomemanycommon interference
sources with the aid of ever advancing camera technology in the areas of resolution, bitdepth, and extreme
dynamicrange.LivefireairblasttestingpresentsuniquechallengesforgatheringimagesforuseintheDIC.The
challengesincludespecializedspecklepatternapplicationtechniquesandtheadditionalconsiderationsthatmust
bemadetoensurethecamerasthemselvesremainmotionlessduringtheblastbyemployingmethodstoisolate
themfromgroundshock,overpressure,andtheteststructuresresponse.Oneofthemostvaluablefeaturesof
DIC is the unique ability toprovide high resolution, high accuracy shape factors across the face of a responding
componentorsystemforuseinsingledegreeoffreedomanalysisorfiniteelementmodelvalidation.

61

DEFLECTIONMEASUREMENTSOLUTIONSFORAIRBLASTTESTINGOFPROTECTIVEWINDOWSYSTEMS
Mr.SamuelMisko,JacobsTechnolgoy
Mr.MatthewStrickland,JacobsTechnology

Obtainingaccuratedeflectionmeasurementsonprotectivewindowsystemsduringairblasttestingprovidesmany
uniqueinstrumentationchallenges.Thehighlydynamicnatureoflightweightprotectivewindowsystemsrequires
either specialized contact measurement methods, or in the case of unusually lightweight laminated windows, a
noncontact measurement method. Where contact measurement methods are permitted, common rack and
wheeldeflectiongaugescanbeusedtoobtainhighaccuracymeasurementswhensimplemodificationsaremade
at the rackwindow interface. These modifications include the use of specialized polymer patches, studded
washers, and a strong flexible adhesive. In cases where extremely high levels of acceleration will be seen (i.e.
catcher systems), the racks geometry may be altered to obtain additional strength without increasing its mass.
Noncontact measurements can be obtained with either laser range finders or digital image correlation
measurement techniques. Laser range finders must be implemented in such a way as to mitigate common
interference sources such as dust intrusion and saturation due to light emitted by explosives and/or interior
lighting. Digital image correlation is uniquely resistant to interference sources commonly experienced by laser
range finders but is more sensitive to how the cameras respond in a high shock environment. A high accuracy
deflectionmeasurementsystemcanbetailoredtofittherequirementsofanyparticulartestbyunderstandingthe
detailedtradeoffsofthesevariousmeasurementtechniques.

FREEPSEUDOVELOCITYSHOCKDATAANALYSISSOFTWAREUSINGGNUOCTAVE
Dr.HowardGaberson,Consultant

Octaveisagnulicensedfreesignalprocessingprogramthatdoesallourbasicshockdatacalculationsandplotting.
It'smoreclumsythanMatlab,butit'sfree.IhaveadjustedmyMatlabprogramstorunonit,andhaveenough
doneforapaperonhowtodoit.Itwillgiveyouabigstartindoingdigitalsignalprocessingonyourown.I've
always felt less than helpful giving papers on how to do shock analyses, knowing that the user needs a two
thousanddollarprogramtousethematerial.Thischangesthegameentirely.IwillshowhowIuseit.GUIOctave
isanaddonwhichispotentiallyusefulwithOctave.ItpermitsmoredirectWindowsplotting,andcutandpasteof
scriptportionsforfasterprogramming.IfyouhavetimedownloadOctaveandGUIOctavetoyourlaptopandhave
themrunningformypresentation.Onceyoucandoanalysisforyourself,yougainunderstandingofdataanalysis.
Itwillgiveyouastartandenoughconfidencetoseethatyoucanlearnit.Iwillgiveoutmyprogramswhichyou
canuseasisorchangetobettersuityourneeds.

BLASTPROTECTIONTECHNOLOGIES

EXPERIMENTALTESTINGOFHIGHSTRENGTHSTEELSTUDWALLSYSTEMFORENHANCEDBLASTPROTECTION
Dr.AdyAviram,SimpsonGumpertz&Heger,Inc.
Dr.RonaldMayes,SimpsonGumpertz&Heger,Inc.
Mr.RonaldHamburger,SimpsonGumpertz&Heger,Inc.

The US Defense Community has devoted considerable research efforts and funds over the past decade to the
developmentofsteelstudwallsforblastresistance.However,theresultingwalldesignshavebeenunsuccessful
thus far in resisting high blast pressures due to lack ofadequatedetailing resulting in premature failure modes,
inefficient use of materials, and very costly and complex connections rendering the system impractical. An
innovativewalldesigndevelopedbySimpsonGumpertzandHegerhasbeenexperimentallyproventoresistlarge
impulsive blast pressures resulting from large vehicleborne weapons without generating hazardous debris. This
wall design consists of a ductile and strong system that maximizes the strengthtoweight properties of high
strength, lowalloy steel used for the fabrication of steel studs. This wall design represents a very costeffective
highperformance blast protection system, in comparison to conventional and other innovative solutions, and
makesuseofpracticalandstandardconstructionpractices.

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Initialphysicaltestingoftheproposedsystemincludedblastsimulationtestsusinghighspeedimpactactuatorsat
theUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiego.Atotalofsevenfullscalestudwallspecimensweretestedundersingle
andmultipleactuatorimpactsforarangeofimpulsesof100600psims.TheblastsimulationprogramatU.C.San
Diego focused on the development of connection details and calibration of finite element models. The
experimentalprogramssecondphaseconsistedofliveexplosivetestsofstudwallsattheAirForceResearchLab
(AFRL)atTyndallAirForceBase(AFB)inFlorida.Atotaloffivefullscalestudwallspecimensweretestedusingreal
explosives equivalent to a large vehicle bomb with an impulse range of 300400 psims. The field tests fully
validated the system for retrofit of unreinforced masonry walls and allowed identifying the limit states of the
sheathing under direct pressures for standalone construction. Additional detailing requirements to ensure the
stabilityofthewallsunderdirectpressureswerealsodetectedinthefieldtests.Thefinalseriesoftestsconsisted
ofquasistaticloadtreetestsoffullscalewallsegmentsperformedatTyndallAFBtovalidatethestaticresistance
functionsofthecompositestudsheathingwallsystem.

ANALYTICALVALIDATIONANDDESIGNGUIDELINESOFINNOVATIVEBLASTRESISTANTSTEELSTUDWALLSYSTEM
Dr.AdyAviram,SimpsonGumpertz&Heger,Inc.
Dr.RonaldMayes,SimpsonGumpertz&Heger,Inc.
Mr.RonaldHamburger,SimpsonGumpertz&Heger,Inc.

An innovative steel stud wall system developed by Simpson Gumpertz and Heger has been experimentally and
analyticallyvalidatedtoeffectivelyresistlargeblastloadsresultingfromvehicleborneweapons.Thisnewdesign
consistsofaductileandstrongsystemthatmaximizestheflexuralcapacity,aswellastensionmembraneresponse
of a composite steel studsteel sheathing system. This costeffective design, capable of resisting blast loads
equivalenttolargevehiclebombsroughlyfourtimesthemagnituderesistedbyconventionalsteelstudsystems,
includesinventivedetailingsolutionsthatpreventprematurefailuremodesandinstabilitiesinthestudwall,and
reliesonpracticalconnectiondetailsforwallanchorage.

Theexperimentalprogramonfullscalewallprototypedesignsincludedliveexplosivetestsandquasistaticload
treetestscarriedoutatTyndallAirForceBase,aswellasblastsimulationtestsusinghighspeedimpactactuators,
performedattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiego.Theresultsoftheexperimentaltestingcarriedouttodate
ontheproposedsteelstudwallsystemusingmildandhighstrengthsteelsarepresentedincompanionpapers.
SimpsonGumpertzandHegerdevelopedseveralnumericalandanalyticaltoolstopredictthepeakandresidual
response, as well as strength degradation characteristics of the steel stud walls under dynamic blast pressures.
AmongthesearecomplexhighfidelityfiniteelementmodelsusingABAQUS/ExplicitandSingleDegreeofFreedom
formulation, proven to accurately approximate the deformation pattern and peak demands obtained
experimentally. Design and construction guidelines including singledegreeoffreedom simulation and pressure
impulsediagramsweredevelopedtoaiddesignengineerswiththeproperselectionanddetailingofthesehigh
performance steel stud wall systems for a wide range of explosive threats and target performance levels. The
design guidelines have been submitted to the US Army Corps of Engineers Protective Design Center (PDC) for
potentialwidespreadimplementationofthisnewblastprotectionsystembytheUSDefensecommunity.

NUMERICALSIMULATIONSANDTESTINGVALIDATIONOFRETROFITTEDPREFABRICATEDCOMPOSITESTEELSTUDBLASTPANELS
Mr.KhaledElDomiaty,BakerRisk
Dr.JasonFlorek,BakerRisk
Mr.ThomasMander,BakerRisk
Mr.EricWolff,FyfeCompany

Thispresentationexaminestheuseofalightstructuralprefabricatedwallsystemstrengthenedwithglassfiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites to satisfy blastresistant design requirements of protective building
faades. The innovative system has been validated both numerically and experimentally. The wall system is
composedofasteelstudwallassemblypartiallyembeddedinathinlayerofconcretetoobtaincompositeaction.
GFRP composites are introduced to enhance the blast resistance and optimize the panel weight. Fullscale
composite steel stud blast panels were designed, constructed and tested dynamically to applied shock loads.
Simulationsusingnonlineardynamicmethods,includingfiniteelementanalysis,wereperformedtorepresentthe
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responsesoftheexperimentalsetups.Comparisonsbetweenthenumericalmodelsandtestsarepresented.Per
theresults,discussionisprovidedonmodesoffailure,selectedblastresponsecriteriaandrangeofapplicabilityof
theFRPretrofittedcompositesteelstudwallsystem.

BLASTANDFRAGMENTATIONEFFECTSOFCLOSERANGEDETONATIONSANDRELATEDMITIGATIONTECHNIQUES
Mr.KhaledElDomiaty,BakerRisk
Dr.JasonFlorek,BakerRisk

This presentation examines blast and fragmentation effects, particularly when dealing with explosive charges at
closestandoffstoagivenstructure.Differentbehaviorand/orfailuremodesofstructuralcomponentsexposedto
suchblastthreatscenarioswillbehighlighted.Generalblastdesignguidancewillbeprovidedonconventionaland
innovativemitigationtechniquesandmaterialsusedtominimizepotentialstructuraldamageandprotectbuilding
occupants, such as an advanced composite material matrix of a microreinforced concrete (MRC) product.
Representativetestsandcomputationallysimulatedcomparisonmodelsformitigationmaterialswillbepresented.
Discussionwillalsobeprovidedonnoticeableadvantagesandlimitationsofthesetechniquesoverconventionally
reinforcedconcretestructuressubjectedtocloserangeblastloading.

DEVELOPMENTOFSHALLOWFOUNDATIONSTREETSCAPEVEHICULARANTIRAMSYSTEMSTHROUGHMODELINGANDTESTING
Mr.EdwardO'Hare,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity
Dr.DanielLinzell,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity
Dr.ZoltanRado,TheLarsonTransportationInstitute

Establishing a safe perimeter is a common strategy for protecting many sensitive buildings and infrastructure
componentsfrompossiblethreats.Theperimeterthatisestablishedistypicallythefirstlineofdefenseagainst
vehicles carrying explosive devices for facilities in urban settings and helps to maintain safe standoff distances.
Antirambarriersareacommonmethodusedtoachieveproperstandoffdistanceandtheirdesignsarecommonly
characterized by large bollards having deep, stiff foundations. These bollard systems are not always a viable
option for urban environments due to space limitations resulting from existing infrastructure and underground
utilities.Summarizedhereinisanongoingresearchprogramaimedatdevelopingshallowfoundationstreetscape
vehicularantiram(SVAR)systemsthatcanbeinstalledintoconstrainedspacesandarenestedwithinexistingcity
infrastructure. These antiram systems are being designed using commonly available materials and with
components and connections that require minimal skill to fabricate and assemble. Nesting of these protective
systems into their surroundings is being accomplished by embedding them into various types of common
streetscapeitems,including:lampposts;signs;busstops;kiosksandothercommonitems.Thesesystemsarealso
being developed using a modular design that allows for the connection and integration of different hardened
streetscapecomponentsintoaprotectivesystemalongadesiredperimeter.

SVAR system analysis and design has been accomplished using an integrated computational and experimental
approachinvolvingalarge,interdisciplinary,researchteamatPennStateUniversityworkinginclosecontactwith
personnelfrom the sponsoring USgovernment agency. Thecomputational componenthas involved creationof
finiteelementmodelsutilizingLSDYNA,animplicit/explicitsolverwhichistypicallyusedformodelingofimpact
andblast[1].ValidatedvehiclefiniteelementmodelswereprovidedbytheNationalCrashAnalysisCenter(NCAC)
[2] and utilized in the simulations. The experimental component is happening concurrently with the
computational component and involves testing and accreditation of the designs at the Larson Transportation
InstituteCrashSafetyResearchFacilitybymeetingASTMF265607StandardTestMethodforVehicleCrashTesting
ofPerimeterBarriers[3]impactandpenetrationrequirements.

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NEWDEVELOPMENTSINABLASTMITIGATINGSYSTEMMADEOFLAMINATEDPOLYCARBONATEFOREXTERIORBUILDINGPROTECTION
Mr.JamesLorenzo,BayerMaterialScience
Dr.RobertPyles,BayerMaterialScience
Mr.KarlWiecking,BayerMaterialScience

An innovative polycarbonatebased blastmitigating system has been developed and shown to offer building
protection from airborne pressure waves produced by a blast event. The system can be tailored to protect
againstarangeofthreatlevels.Thesystem,containingahightechpolycarbonatelaminate,canprotectbuilding
exteriorsaswellasprovideadecorativeappearance.Thesystemseffectivenessisgreatlyenhancedthroughthe
use of innovative highlydampened, outofphase, energy absorbers to significantly reduce blast forces to the
building.Bothfarfieldandnearfieldchargelocationscanbemitigated.

Tosimulateavehicleborneexplosivedevice(VBED),openarenablasttestinghasdemonstratedthecapabilitiesof
thissystemtoprotectabuildingfromsignificantblastpressures.

Advanced finite element analyses have been conducted using ABAQUS software to predict the system
performance,as well as, pressure transfer to the building wall. Openarena blast test results are discussed and
comparedtocomputersimulationresults.

DEDICATEDSESSION:
UQ/V&VOFLARGESTRUCTURESTOSHOCKLOADING

UQ/V&VFORLARGESCALESTRUCTURESSUBJECTTODYNAMICSHOCKLOADING
Dr.MichaelD.Shields,WeidlingerAssociates,Inc.
Dr.E.ThomasMoyer,NavalSurfaceWarfareCenterCarderock

Verification and validation (V&V) of largescale computational models for shock loading applications is a
challengingtaskforseveralreasons.First,thecomputationalmodelsareoftenverylarge(containinghundredsof
thousands to several million degrees of freedom). Additionally, largescale shock tests are very expensive so
generally there is little data available against which to validate the computational model. Finally, significant
uncertainties exist in both the numerical representation of the physics and in field measurements. Historically,
V&Veffortshavebeenlargelydeterministicandhaveutilizedseveralbasesforcomparisonrangingfromeyeball
testofrecordedhistoriestovariousvalidationmetricsintendedtoquantifydifferencesbetweenrecords.Recently,
V&V efforts have been underway to validate these computational models utilizing probabilistic information to
account for both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. The objective of this session is to highlight the
developments in probabilistic V&V for shock applications where limited data is available. Current and future
applicationswillbediscussed.

ACOMBINEDREDUCEDORDERANDSUBSTRUCTURINGAPPROACHFORUNCERTAINTYQUANTIFICATIONOFHEAVYEQUIPMENT
RESPONSE
Dr.KirubelTeferra,WeidlingerAssociates,Inc.
Dr.MichaelD.Shields,WeidlingerAssociates,Inc.
Mr.AdamHapij,WeidlingerAssociates,Inc.
Dr.RayDaddazio,WeidlingerAssociates,Inc.

Assessingthevulnerabilityandprobabilityoffailureofcritical,heavyequipment(e.g.electricalcontrolsystems)
duetoshockloadingrequiresdetailedfiniteelementmodelingoftheequipmentframingandfoundationaswell
astheunderlyingsupportingstructure(e.g.ship,barge,building,etc.).Inmanycases,equipmentcanbeheavyand
largeenoughrelativetothesupportingstructuresuchthatthedynamiccharacteristicsofthesystemcannotbe
uncoupled with respect to the supporting structure and the equipment. However, it is too computationally
expensive to perform finite element analysis of a high fidelity model of the supporting structure and the
equipmentsimultaneously,especiallyiftherearemultiplepiecesofequipmentdistributedthroughoutthesystem.
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Furthermore, there is a great deal of uncertainty in equipment parameters, such as mass distribution and
structural hysteretic behavior, requiring Monte Carlo simulation in order to quantify equipment response
uncertainty.

In light of the aforementioned constraints, the proposed methodology offers two techniques to improve the
tractabilityoftheproblemareducedorderandsubstructuringapproachcombinedwithastochasticdimension
reductiontechnique.Forthesystemresponseanalysis,theequipmentismodeledasaconcentratedmasswithsix
degrees of freedom (i.e. 3 translations and 3 rotations) connected to a high fidelity model of the supporting
structure at the location of the equipment foundation via random springs or rigid links. After the analysis is
conducted, the nodal velocities at the locations where the equipment connects to the supporting structure are
usedasinputloadingforahighfidelitymodelofonlytheequipment.Here,bruteforceMonteCarlosimulations
are conducted to obtain response statistics. For the system response analysis, input parameters of the
concentratedmassareobtainedbyanupscalingtechniquepresumingamassdistributionwithintheequipment,
leading to 7 strongly correlated input parameters (e.g. total mass, location of the center of mass, and the
rotational inertia terms about an x,y,z coordinate system). These strongly correlated terms are reduced via
Principal Component Analysis into a subset of transformed random variables (i.e. principal components) which
containallthestochasticinformationoftheoriginalset.Itistheseprincipalcomponentswhicharesimulatedand
transformed into the 7 random input parameters of the concentrated mass when conducting Monte Carlo
simulationforthesystemresponse.Thetechniqueisdevelopedindetailinthispresentationandtheefficacyis
demonstratedinanexample.

BOOTSTRAPMONTECARLOUSINGADAPTIVESTRATIFIEDSAMPLINGFORUQ/V&VOFLARGESTRUCTURESSUBJECTTOSHOCKLOADING
Dr.MichaelD.Shields,WeidlingerAssociates,Inc.
Dr.KirubelTeferra,WeidlingerAssociates,Inc.
Mr.AdamHapij,WeidlingerAssociates,Inc.
Dr.NajibN.Abboud,WeidlingerAssociates,Inc.
Dr.RaymondDaddazio,WeidlingerAssociates,Inc.

TraditionalMonteCarlosimulationtechniquesarefartoocomputationallyexpensiveforuncertaintyquantification
oflargescalecomputationalmodels.Severaloptimalsamplingmethodshavebeenproposedwhichreducethe
numberofrequiredsimulationsforadequateprobabilisticresponsecharacterization.Inthiswork,wepresentan
adaptivestratifiedsamplingmethodologywhichisspecificallydesignedtoallowstatisticalbootstrappingfor
confidenceevaluation.ThemethodologyrequiresfarfewercalculationsthantraditionalMonteCarlosimulation
andprovidesdirectlyquantifiableconfidencelevelsforcomputedstatisticsandvalidationmetrics.Themethodwill
beappliedtoalargescalestructuresubjecttoshockloading.

ASSESSMENTOFVALIDATIONMETRICSFORUNDEXSIMULATIONS
Mr.DavidJ.Manko,SandiaNationalLaboratories
Mr.ThomasL.Paez
A necessary phase in the development of a ship model for simulation of response to underwater explosion
(UNDEX)eventsisthequantificationofthemodel'sadequacyfortheintendedpurpose.Validationofamodelis
basedoncomparisonsofcalculatedpredictionsandexperimentalresultswhereselectedmeasuresofresponseare
compared.Metricsbasedontheseresponsemeasuresarevalidationmetricsthatindicatethepredictiveaccuracy
of the modeling. Various response measures have been used for this application, historically based in the time
domainsinceUNDEXisatransientevent.Thispaperexplorestheuseofalternateresponsemeasuresandnovel
implementationofsomestandardmeasuresforvalidatingUNDEXsimulations.Theseresponsemeasuresinclude
windowedaccelerationspectra,windowedpseudovelocityspectra,windowedRMSofthetimesignal,temporal
moments,windowedrelativeinputenergy,andwindowedpeakstrainenergy.Thecontinuousresponsemeasures
are discretized through windowing into vectors for subsequent use in quantifying margin and uncertainty. The
validation metrics obtained from the response measures are applied to a single barge shock test where
acceleration time histories are comparedbetween10 predictions and the experiment for eight locations on the

66

barge.Theperformancesofthevalidationmetricsareexaminedandtheparametricsensitivitiesoftheresponse
measuredefinitionssuchaswindowwidth,overlap,andnumberofwindowsareexplored.

WEAPONSYSTEMS&MUNITIONSSTUDIES

FRAGMENTATIONCHARACTERIZATIONOFANATURALLYFRAGMENTINGCASEDMUNITIONWITHALARGELENGTHTODIAMETERRATIO
Mr.MichaelMagrini,JacobsTechnology
Lt.JohnHeld,USAF

Aneffortwasundertakentocharacterizethefragmentscreatedduringthedetonationofanaturallyfragmenting
casedmunitionswithalengthtodiameter(L/D)ratioof7.Fragmentcharacterizationtestsarecommonlycarried
outonmunitionslessthanhalfthesizeofthiscasedmunitions,butfewtestsaresuccessfullycompletedforlarger
munitionssuchasthis.ThreetestswereperformedattheAirForceResearchLaboratory,TyndallAirForceBase,
to obtain fragment mass distribution, shape factor, fragment spatial distribution, and fragment velocities.
Fragment mass distribution was obtained by conducting a fragment capture test in an enclosed reinforced
concretestructurefilledwith1000ft3ofsawdust.Approximately97percentofthetotalcasemasswasrecovered
providingadetailedmassdistribution.Duetotimeandfundingconstraints,shapefactorwascalculatedusinga
novellaserscanningtechniquewithonlyarepresentativesampleoffragments.Fragmentspatialdistributionand
velocities were recorded during two arena tests in which the munition was oriented vertically for one test and
horizontallyforanothertest.Spatialdistributionofthefragmentswasobtainedbyusingcapturepackscomposed
of plywood, fiberboard, and layers of felt paper to record fragment impact locations. The capture packs were
spacedin10degreeincrementsina180degreesemicirclearoundthemunition.Themainfragmentspraywas
determined using a software program to analyze images of the felt paper. Six methods were implemented for
velocity measurement: high speed video of case expansion, high speed video of fragment flight, make screens,
flash panels, flash xray, and photon doppler velocimetry (PDV). The fragment velocity distribution was
determinedandusedtovalidatepredictivemodels.

ANOVELAPPROACHTOA100PERCENTFRAGMENTCAPTURETESTOFALARGENATURALLYFRAGMENTINGCASEDMUNITION
Mr.MichaelMagrini,JacobsTechnology
Mr.SamuelMisko,JacobsTechnology

A100%fragmentcapturetestwasconductedaspartofanefforttocharacterizethefragmentscreatedduringthe
detonationofalarge,naturallyfragmentingcasedmunitionwithlengthtodiameter(L/D)ratioof7.Testdesign,
setup,execution,andfragmentrecoveryweredocumentedandwillbepresentedinthispaper.Inpreparingfor
thetest,researchrevealedthatnoprevioussuccessfulfragmentationcapturehadbeendoneonamunitionofthis
sizeandmagnitude.Asaresult,engineershadtobeinnovativeintheirapproachtoensuresurvivabilityofthetest
structure and successfully retrieve all the fragments. Preliminary models and past experience with smaller
munitions provided guidance on containment options. The test was carried out in a structure built using three
stackedreinforcedconcreteculvertsandareinforcedconcreteroof.Thefinalinsidedimensionswere10ft.wide
10ft.long15ft.high.Theinsidefacesoftheculvertsandroofwerelinedwithfiberboardandplywoodthenthe
structurewasfilledtoaheightof10ft.withsawdust(1000ft3)topromotetheleastamountoffragmentbreakup.
Thecasedmunitionwasplacedinsideafiberboardboxinthecenterofthesawdusttoallowforuninhibitedcase
expansionandbreakup.Fragmentrecoverywasconductedbyextractingthesawdustfromapreexistingdoorin
thebottomculvertusingaconveyorbeltandamagneticdrumseparatortoseparatefragmentsfromthesawdust.
Thistestandextractionprocesssuccessfullyrecoveredapproximately97%ofthetotalcasemassforanalysis.

STRESSTESTINGOFMORTARBASEPLATESMETHODANDVALIDATION
Dr.AndrewLittlefield,USArmyRDECOMARDECBentLaboratories

Theincreaseduseofmortarsincurrentconflictshasplacedahighpriorityingettingmortarbaseplatestothefield.
Toensurethatthebaseplateissafeforuseinthefielditmustundergoacceptancetesting.Thepurposeofthe
acceptance testing, as defined by Test Operations Procedure (TOP) 32050 Testing of Mortar Systems, is to
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disclose any deficiency or malfunction that would preclude its further use. For a baseplate these deficiencies
couldarisefromeithermaterialormanufacturingmethods.

TraditionallyacceptancetestinghasbeencarriedoutonallbaseplatesvialivefiretestingasdefinedintheTOP.
There are a number of reasons why this is not desirable. First is that the test site is not collocated with the
productionsite,solargenumbersofplatesmustbeboxed,shippedtothetestsiteandanyplatesthatfailmustbe
returned to the production site. Second is availability and response time for the proof site. Higher priority
workload, such as ammunition lot acceptance testing could cause baseplate testing to be delayed. Additionally
weatherconditionscanoftencausedelays.Thirdisthateveryroundthatisusedfortestingisaroundthatisno
longeravailableforuseinthefield.Finallyandmostimportantlyisthecost.Thetestsitescostscanvarygreatly
duetoquantityandworkloadbuthavehistoricallybeenover$2000perbaseplate,notincludingtransportationor
ammunition.

To overcome these issues Watervliet Arsenal approached Bent to investigate an alternative test method for
acceptance. For many years Bent had investigated different ways of duplicating the firing loads for a mortar
baseplate utilizing pile drivers. Though no work had been done onduplicating a single hit acceptance test, this
previousworkprovidedaninvaluablestartingpoint.

Foreachofthesesystemsadifferentloadisrequired.Togeneratetheappropriatestressstate,theloadcanvary
from14kipsforthesmall60mmbaseplateto333kipsforthe120mmbaseplate.Additionallytheyvaryinsize
from8x10inchesforthesmall60mmbaseplatetoalmost36inchesindiameterforthe120mmbaseplate.Any
methoddevelopedhadtocoverthisrangeofconditions.Thispaperwillcoverthemethoddevelopedandvalidate
itagainstfiringdataforthe60mmM7A1baseplateandthe81mmM3A2baseplate.

DYNAMICSOFTHESAFEANDARMASSEMBLYINTHEM739A1FUZEDURINGGUNLAUNCHANDPROJECTILEFLIGHT
Mr.JonathanJablonski,U.S.ArmyARDEC
Mr.PavolStofko,U.S.ArmyARDEC
Mr.RobertLee,U.S.ArmyARDEC
Mr.DaveTabao,U.S.ArmyARDEC

A safe and arm (S&A) is a safety mechanism used in ordnance fuzingto prevent initiation of the explosive train
untilappropriateenvironmentalconditionsarepresentatwhichpointthedeviceisconsideredtobearmed.The
S&AintheM739A1fuzeisacompletelymechanicalsystemconsistingofaseriesofrotors,asetbackpin,anda
geartrain.TheaccelerationspresentduringgunlauncharesufficienttoengagethearmingsequenceoftheS&A.
Duringprojectileflight,themechanismisdesignedtofullyarmonceasafeseparationdistancefromtheguncrew
has been established. Although extensive testing and field use has demonstrated the S&A functions correctly,
there is limited understanding of the structural response of its internal components. A dynamic, explicit finite
elementmodelofthesafeandarmassemblyusedintheM739A1fuzewasdevelopedtostudythebehaviorofthe
mechanismduringgunlaunchandprojectileflight.Thisenabledadetailedstudyoftheunderlyingdynamicsand
structuralresponseoftheS&Adevice.Thefiniteelementmodelwasalsousedtoassesstheperformanceofthe
S&A under adverse launch conditions, such as premature activation of other fuze components. The simulation
resultsyieldedgreaterinsightintotheoverallbehavioroftheS&Adeviceandallowedforthecalculationofsafety
marginsinavarietyoflaunchenvironments.

MODELINGANDSIMULATIONOFTHEZIGZAGSETBACKPINFORFUZINGAPPLICATIONS
Ms.MelissaRhode,U.S.ArmyARDEC
Mr.JonathanJablonski,U.S.ArmyARDEC
Mr.JohnGeaney,U.S.ArmyARDEC

Thezigzagsetbackpinisamechanismusedinordnancefuzingapplicationstodistinguishtheforcesofmunition
launch,flight,andtargetimpactfromthoseproducedduringfuzetransportandhandling.Itconsistsofaweight
which is guided through a zigzag cam track. Acceleration causes a guide pin to move along the track and the
devicearmsoncethepinreachestheend.Aspectsofthezigzagtrack,suchaslength,shape,andnumberofturns,
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are designed so the mechanism arms in the desired environment. In this paper, the zigzag setback pin was
analyzedduringgunlaunchandwhensubjectedtoamunitiondroptest.Thiswastoverifythatthemechanism
would arm ina launch environmentbut would remain safe when dropped. An analytical model was created to
describe the dynamics of the zigzag. A dynamic, explicit finite element model was also developed to study the
effects of tolerancing as well as predict any material damage done to the pin and track, which could not be
determined with the analytical model. The results of the analytical model and finite element model were
compared,yieldinggreaterinsightintotheoverallbehaviorofthezigzagsetbackpin.

COMPARINGOFHYDROCODESFORPREDICTINGANEXPLOSIVESEQUENCE
Dr.JenniferCordes,U.S.Army,PicatinnyARsenal
Mr.ChuckChin,PicatinnyArsenal
Mr.StevenRecchia,PicatinnyArsenal
Dr.RobertDorgan,EglinAirForceBase

A case study was completed to compare the functionality of different hydrocodes for predicting an explosive
sequence. The work used a subsystem of the Perses projectile. The subsystem consisted of a fuze well,
surroundedbyanAuxiliaryBooster,surroundedagainbyametallicshroud.Thechargewasinitiatedfromthefuze
well. The Auxilary booster consisted of a different explosive and was initiated in the models by sympathetic
detonation. The goal was to predict and compare flyer plate development, size, and velocity using different
hydrocodes.

Thecomparisonsweresimulatedusingthreedifferenthydrocodes:SandiaLaboratorysCTH,LawrenceLivermores
ALE3D,andcommercialcodeABAQUS.Intheabsenceofexperimentaldata,thethreecodeswereusedforcross
checking results. The velocity of the flyer plate was within 12% for the three hydrocodes. Strengths and
weaknessesofthehydrocodesforthiscasestudywillbepresented.

DEDICATEDSESSION:
STUDIESINSUBMARINESTRUCTURES&SYSTEMS

CHARACTERIZATIONOFSHOCKENVIRONMENTFORASHOCKISOLATEDDECKMODULE
Mr.AndrewRogers,ElectricBoatCorporation

Noabstractsubmitted.

BLASTMITIGATIONFORCRITICALINFRASTRUCTURE

LIGHTWEIGHT MICROTRUSS PANELSFOR PROTECTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIESFROM HIGH INTENSITY NEARFIELD AIR
BLASTEVENTS
Dr.YellapuMurty,CellularMaterialsInternational,Inc,

CellularMaterialsInternational,Inc.(CMI)hasdesignedanddevelopedablastmitigationsolutiontoprotectlarge
infrastructureassetsfromhighintensitynearfieldairblastevents.ThelightweightMicroTrusssandwichpanel
solutionisdesignedwithaperiodiccellularcoretopologytoabsorbextremelylargeamountsofblastenergy.The
sandwich panel effectively redistributes the incoming blast wave over a larger area of the protective panel by
mechanical deformation through face sheet stretching and core crushing and reduces the blast intensity as it
transmitsthroughseveralsolid/airinterfaces.Invokingthesemechanismsinturndelaystheimpulseandreduces
theblastintensityattheprotectedstructurebehindthepanel.Finiteelementmodelingwasemployedtopredict
the performance and determine the optimum panel weight. The performance of the MicroTruss panels was
assessedbasedonthetimeofarrivaloftheshockwave,reflectedpressureatthestructuralcomponent,andthe
energyinputtothestructuralcomponent.

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ThesandwichpanelsolutionwasvalidatedbyanumberoffullscaleairblasttestsataHopkinsonscalingfactorof
0.77ft/lb1/3,representingthenearfieldblastconditions.TheMicroTrusspanelincreasedthearrivaltimeofthe
shock wave at the structural component by tenfold compared to no protection and by twofold compared to
protection from an equivalent weight monolithic plate and significantly reduced the damage to the structural
component.Theimplicationoftheseresultsandthepotentialsolutionwillbediscussedwithrespecttoprotecting
largescale,blastvulnerablesitesfromseveredamage.

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