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Problem sheet # 04 Advanced Algebra

Winter term 2013


(Rosona Eldred and Ingo Runkel)

Homework problems
Problem 17(6 Points)
i) (4 of 6 Points) Let C be a category with zero object and let f be a morphism
in C. Show that if a kernel k of f exists, k is always mono, and that if a
cokernel c of f exists, c is always epi.
Solution:
f
k
Kernel: We have K M N with the factorization property that for any
forcing h to factor over
h : U M with f h = 0, theres a unique map h
K.
Now assume we have maps g, g 0 : U K such that k g = k g 0 . In
particular, f k g = f k g 0 = 0. So, we can draw our diagram as
K

/M
O

/N

kg kg 0

U
Now were done by uniqueness. (why?)
Cokernel is dual.
ii) (2 of 6 Points) Show that in R-Mod (for a ring R), every epimorphism is a
cokernel of some module homomorphism.
Solution:
Idea: : M N is the cokernel of its kernel. Recall: notes, Ch3, example
of R-Mod following the definition of cokernel. An R-mod map always has
a kernel which is an R-module (this is not, as written, saying that it is the
categorical kernel, but that is also true). So, we can consider

ker(f ) , M N
From the lecture, we know in R-Mod that epi iff surjective and surjective
means that N
= M/ ker(), which comes with the property (Prop 1 or
1

2 of Ch2 of the notes) that for any map M f : L gives rise to a map
f : M/ ker()
=N L.
ker() 

/M

 ~
L

/N

!f

(Why is this the cokernel?)


Problem 18(6 Points)
i) (3 of 6 Points) Show that if a coproduct of a family of objects (Xi )iI exists
in a category C, then it is unique up to unique isomorphism.
Solution:
Go to the proof of Prop 1. in section 3.2. Re-write the proof but for coproducts (Youll need to flip some arrows).
ii) (3 of 6 Points) Consider the category Set of sets and maps between sets.
Show that every family (Si )iI of objects in Set has a coproduct, and this
coproduct is given by the disjoint union.
Solution:
`
We clearly get maps ei : Si iI Si just as inclusions into the ith coordinate. Disjoint union
is such that any element of it must living in one of
`
the factors; s I Si can be also viewed as (s, j) Sj . Given a set V
and maps vi : Si V for all iI, need a unique
` map out of the coproduct
factoring over the embeddings. Define v : iI Si V to take (s, j) to
vj (s). This clearly factors as needed, and is unique.
Problem 19(6 Points)
A divisible group is an abelian group A such that for any a A and n Z0
there exists a b A such that nb = a. The category of divisible groups is the
full subcategory of Ab formed by divisible groups (i.e. its objects are divisible
groups and its morphisms group homomorphisms).
Show that the canonical projection : Q Q/Z is mono and epi in the category of divisible groups, but not an isomorphism.
Solution:
Not an iso because there is a nonzero kernel.
(mono)Assume that we have maps f, g : A Q (keeping in mind that A is a
divisible group), such that f = g. Since were in groups, we can add and
subtract maps and our equality is equivalent to saying that (f g) = 0. To
2

consider the kernel, we need to work in the larger category Ab for a bit, as Z is
clearly the kernel, but not divisible.
Z being the kernel (via i : Z , Q) means that (f g) = 0 implies that we
have a map h : A Z such that f g = h i. But there are no non-trivial
group homs from a divisible group to Z (why?); h must be 0, so f g = 0, done.
(epi) Assume that we have maps f, g : Q/Z B for B some divisible group,
with f = g . If f 6= g, then there must be at least one element q Q/Z
such that f (q) 6= g(q). For every q Q/Z, since is surjective, there is (at least
one) pre-image q Q with (
q ) = q. Then f (
q ) = g (
q ) i.e. f (q) = g(q).
So, there are no elements where the two maps can differ; f = g.
Problem 20(6 Points)
Let K be a field. A Z-filtered vector space is a K-vector space V together
with subspaces (Vi )iZ , such that Vi Vi+1 for all i. Let C be the category of
Z-filtered vector spaces. The objects of C are Z-filtered vector space and the
morphisms are linear maps f : V W such that f (Vi ) Wi for all i.
You may assume (or prove for your own well-being) that C is additive. Show
that
i) (4 of 6 Points) C has kernels and cokernels.
Solution:
RMod has kernels and co-kernels, so purley as maps of K-vector spaces,
we know that every g : A B will have a kernel and cokernel. Now to
produce filtrations of these.
For the kernel: As an RMod hom, g has a kernel the submodule of A
given by a A which are sent to 0 under g; (ker(g), k : ker(g) , A).
As a result, the induced associated filtration of the kernel is defined as
ker(g)i := ker(g) Ai .
Proof that this is the kernel: Starting with a morphism : V W of
Z-fitered R-Modules, let : U V be a morphism of Z-fitered R-Modules
(i.e. grading-preserving) with = 0. Using that what we want to show
to be the kernel is the kernel a priori on the level of R-Modules, we know
that we have a map of R-Modules : U K. Now just need that it also
preserves grading. Note that |Ui K and |Ui Vi , hence (Ui ) Ki .
We know that kernels are unique up to unique iso, so were done as weve
shown it satisfies the universal property.
To make it as clear as possibly why just taking ker() with the zero filtration
(ker()i = 0i)as the definition of kernel (which a few people tried), will
not work, I will provide a nice example where that fails to have the right
properties. Lets call this alternate construction kker().
Let be the 0 map V 0. The kernel of in RMod is V , and kker() is
V with the 0 filtration. If kker were a kernel, than any map into V which
composes to 0 (which in this case is every map) must factor through kker()
as a map of Z-filtered vector spaces. Let our test map be the identity which
3

is also the identity as a map of filtrations. That is, we are considering


/V
KS

kker()
c

=0

/0

V
with Vi Vi . To factor through kker() as a map of Z-filtered vector spaces
would mean that the following triangle would commute:
0 = kker()i
e

/ Vi
KS
Vi

Which it doesnt, since it cant be true that for arbitrary V the identity
map on Vi is equal to 0.
For the cokernel: Recall that as an R-Module, its of the form (A/(im(g), c :
A A/(im(g)). Then the filtration on Ai induces one on the cokernel of
g, via c; (coker(f ))i := c(Ai ) (clearly contained in (A/(im(f )). For all
z c(Ai ), there is a preimage x Ai Ai+1 and since c : Ai+1 c(Ai+1 ),
we know that all z c(Ai ) are also in c(Ai+1 ), i.e. that c(Ai ) c(Ai+1 ).
Proof that this is the cokernel: (is similar to kernel).
ii) (2 of 6 Points) C is not abelian.
Hint: Consider V = W = K with Vi = Wi = 0 for i < 0 and Vi = Wi = K
for i > 0. Choose V0 = 0 and W0 = K. Let f : V W be the identity map
on K as a map from V to W . We saw in the lecture that every morphism
is the kernel of its cokernel. Show that the cokernel of f is 0. What is the
kernel of 0 : W 0? Why is it not f : V W ?
Solution:
Following how we built cokernels/kernels in i), we first take the cokernel
of the f , then consider the induced filtration of the cokernel. The map
f : V W is the identity map. Its cokernel is the zero map, mapping to
0; (0, c : W 0). First, because thats the only way to get a map c such
that c idK = 0. Secondly, if you have any map h : W Z such that
h idK = 0, it must factor through 0.
Since 0 is our cokernel, the only choice of subspaces are also 0, so the
filtration is constantly 0.
The kernel of 0 : W 0 as an RMod hom is (W, idW : W W ). The
filtration is by ker(0) Wi , which is equal to Wi that is, with the same
filtration as W . This makes it not equivalent to f , as the filtrations differ:
Vi 6= Wi for i = 0.
Then this category is not abelian, as we do not recover f as the kernel of
its cokernel.

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