6.monitoring Well Control

Instituto Superior Tcnico
Universidade de Lisboa
Masters in Petroleum Engineering 2014-2015
Drilling Engineering Course
Jos Pedro Santos Baptista

Mining and Geological Engineering Msc.
Petroleum Engineering Msc.
Drilling Engineering Course

6. Well Control and Monitoring
Well control
Causes and Assessment, Kill methods
Monitoring
Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015
Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Causes of incidents
Inadequate fulfilment of standards and procedures

Inadequate response from the rig personnel (training and skills)
Poor management (leadership of the person in charge)
Inadequate work practices
Inadequate well design

No compliance with the drilling parameters (trends)

Causes of incidents
Poor alignment/integration with/of the service providers

Poor risk management and management of change (lessons learnt)
Poor communication between stake holders in the drilling process
Lack of communication/clarification of the operations (work instr.)

Kick and Blowout
A flow of formation fluids into the wellbore during drilling operations. The kick is physically
caused by the pressure in the wellbore being less than that of the formation fluids, thus causing
flow.
MW is Too Low
hydrostatic pressure exerted on the formation by the fluid column may be insufficient
to hold the formation fluid in the formation (if the mud density is suddenly lightened
or is not to specification to begin with, or if a drilled formation has a higher pressure
than anticipated, underbalanced kick)
Dynamic and Transient Fluid Pressure Effects
Motion of the drillstring or casing, effectively lower the pressure in the wellbore
below that of the formation(induced kick)

Kick and Blowout
Uncontrolled flow of formation fluids from a well. An uncontrolled flow of formation fluids
from the wellbore or into lower pressured subsurface zones (underground blowout).
Uncontrolled flows cannot be contained using previously installed barriers and require
specialized services intervention.
A blowout may consist of water, oil and gas flow or a mixture of these.
May occur during all types of well activities and are not limited to drilling operations.
In some circumstances it is possible for the well to seal itself with rock fragments from
collapsing formations downhole (well bridge over).

Kick and Blowout
Uncontrolled flow of formation fluids from a well. An uncontrolled flow of formation fluids
from the wellbore or into lower pressured subsurface zones (underground blowout).

Kick Causes
1 Failure to keep the hole full of proper fluid weight

2 Drilling into zones of known pressure with low MW
3 Drilling into unexpected abnormal formation pressures
4 Lost Circulation
5 Unloading mud by pulling the BHA (swab)

6 Mud Weight high enough to drill but not to trip (low ECD)

Kick Causes Low density Fluids
Causes
Dilution of the drilling fluids
Weighting material settling out
Elimination of weighing
Gas/oil saltwater cutting
Prevention
Diligence in the mud pits
Investigation of any MW reduction
Maintaining mud properties
(monitoring parameters)

Kick Causes Abnormal Formation Pressure
Causes
Permeable barrier or rapid deposition sealing fluids in
Uplift of a normally pressure zone
Charged up zone due to channelling
Prevention
Seismic data and offset well analysis (study of drilling logs)
Pore pressure detection technology and monitoring
Monitor Cavings (cuttings)
10

Kick Causes Not Keeping the Hole Full
Causes
Not monitoring the displaced volume of mud
displaced by the drill string
Prevention
Proper use of Trip Tanks and Trip Sheets
Mud logging unit (pipe displacement monitoring)
Pump stroke counter (strokes to fill the well when POOH)
Pit volume monitoring (total volume of mud active sys.)
Monitoring the well all the time (i.e logging ops.)
11

Kick Causes Lost Circulation
Causes
Formations prone to take fluid
High MW
Surge pressures
High ECD
Prevention
Monitoring/maintenance of mud properties
Good surge pressure estimation
Cope with fluid losses before resuming drilling ops
Considering setting intermediate casing
Monitor flow
Manage ECD in low clearance annulus
12

Kick Causes While Tripping
The great majority of well control incidents are reported while tripping in or
out of the hole!!
Loss of ECD, Swabbing, Not filling the Well, Surging/Loss circulation, less focus of the drilling
crew, insufficient MW
A trip tank is essential to keep the hole full while tripping (most important rig device used in kick
prevention), as is a trip sheet to monitor the displacement done by pipe movement
From 30-100 bbl capacity
Detect maximum volume variations of bbl
Re-circulating Trip Tank

Gravity Trip Tank
13

Kick Causes While Tripping
The great majority of well control incidents are reported while tripping in or
out of the hole!!
14

Well Control Stages
Primary Well Control
Use of drilling/completion fluids weight to provide sufficient

hydrostatic pressure to prevent an influx of formation fluids (kick)
Secondary Well Control
Closing the safety valves (if any) and the BOP and implementing a
kick control method to kill the well with a kill mud weight
Tertiary Well Control
Relying on the strength of the formations to contain the wellbore

fluid flow
Plugs (barite, cement, gunk), well capping or relief well
15

Barriers
Primary Barrier
Consists of a homogeneous mud column with a hydrostatic overbalance on the PP
Secondary Barrier
Consists of a cemented casing, wellhead, pipe ram or annular preventer and a

drillstring with a Kelly valve or check valve
The principle of a double barrier system should be in place during testing,

completions, workovers and plugging and abandonment of a well
16

Blow Out Preventer
y
Kill Line
Choke Line
VR Plug
17

Blow Out Preventer
Annular BOP (Hydrill)
Seals on any object that is run on the wellbore
Size: 71/16 291/2
Pressure 2000-20000 psi
18

Blow Out Preventer
Pipe Ram
Fits specific pipe sizes
Need the pipe to be in place to make a seal
Only holds pressures from below
19

Blow Out Preventer
Shear/Blind Ram
Cuts the drill pipe (5) and seals the hole
Can seal on open hole w/ top seal and side packers
Emergency equipment
20

Blow Out Preventer
Hydraulic Accumulator
Choke Manifold
Kill Line
21

Blow Out Preventer
Choke Manifold
A series of high pressure valves, used to lower the pressure of the well head, with several lateral
outlets (lines)
Attached to the BOP stack with a choke line (helps to maintain back pressure, preventing further
influx) and allows the fluid to be diverted
The choke can be operated manually or remotely ( usually on the rig floor, choke panel)
This manifold is connected to the mud gas separator

22

Blow Out Preventer
Mud Gas Separator (MGS)
23

Flow Monitoring
Flow inside the well should be monitored at all times but especially after all the drilling breaks,
when tripping : off bottom, at the lowest casing shoe, prior to pulling DCs through the BOP stack
If the well flows even when the muds ceased to pump, then: SHUT-IN THE WELL
The well may flow due to underbalanced U-Tube, fracture flow back or due to ballooning. if the
flow is not being caused by the above mentions reasons
SHUT-IN THE WELL!

24

Constant Bottom Hole Pressure
There are two main models to maintain well control
Drillers method
Wait and Weight method
All well control methods should be thought before hand by measuring/determining
Slow circulating rates (SCR)
Determine friction losses
Measure FL at rates we plan to pump
Test Several rates (ig. 20, 30, 40 spm)
Test with all rig mud pumps
Pre-calculate pipe and hole capacities

Pre fill a Kill Sheet
25
26

Drillers method
Step 1: Circulate the gas kick out maintaining the bottom hole pressure constant (original mud)
The casing pressure will be constant until the kick volume is out of the hole
Step 2: Circulate Kill Mud Weight (KMW) in maintaining the bottom hole pressure constant
Circulation pressure decreases from the initial circulation pressure to final circulation
pressure (while heavier muds fill up the drill pipe)
Final circulation will have constant pressure until the kill mud reaches the surface
27

Drillers method
28

Wait and Weight Method
Circulate gas out of the hole with the Kill Mud Weight (KMW) maintaining the bottom hole
pressure constant
This is done with only one circulation where pressure decreases from initial circulating pressure
(while heavier muds fills up the drill pipe)
29

30

DM Versus W&W method
Drillers Method
Pros
Less calculations are required, simpler method
Circulation can start immediately (reducing gas migration)
Removes influx and stabilises pressure faster
Best option if weighting agent is limited
Cons
Requires at least two circulations
Under certain circumstances the shoe pressure will be higher
Two circulations might cause damage to the well control equipment
31


Pros
Creates lower pressures on casing shoe
In a long OH section, it is the least likely method to induce lost circulation
Requires one less circulation, less damage to well control equipment
Most used method (standard)
Cons
Requires longest waiting period before circulating, if hole section is long cuttings may
settle and plug the annulus
Gas migration is a problem while the density of the system is increased
32

Engineers Method
33

Swiss Cheese Model
Engineers Method
34

Swiss Cheese Model
Engineers Method
35

Swiss Cheese Model
rs Method
36

Swiss Cheese Model
rs Method
37

End of Well Control and Monitoring
Next Chapter: 7. Exercises
Questions?
38

6.monitoring Well Control

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

6.monitoring Well Control

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Instituto Superior Tcnico

Jos Pedro Santos Baptista

Drilling Engineering Course

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

6. Well Control and Monitoring

Inadequate fulfilment of standards and procedures

Inadequate well design

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

6. Well Control and Monitoring

Poor alignment/integration with/of the service providers

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

6. Well Control and Monitoring

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

6. Well Control and Monitoring

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

6. Well Control and Monitoring

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

6. Well Control and Monitoring

1 Failure to keep the hole full of proper fluid weight

5 Unloading mud by pulling the BHA (swab)

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

6. Well Control and Monitoring

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

6. Well Control and Monitoring

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

6. Well Control and Monitoring

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

6. Well Control and Monitoring

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

6. Well Control and Monitoring

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Re-circulating Trip Tank

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

6. Well Control and Monitoring

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

6. Well Control and Monitoring

Use of drilling/completion fluids weight to provide sufficient

Secondary Well Control

Tertiary Well Control

Relying on the strength of the formations to contain the wellbore

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

6. Well Control and Monitoring

Consists of a cemented casing, wellhead, pipe ram or annular preventer and a

The principle of a double barrier system should be in place during testing,

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

6. Well Control and Monitoring

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

6. Well Control and Monitoring

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

6. Well Control and Monitoring

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

6. Well Control and Monitoring

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015