# Name of Theory Propounded by, (Fndr) Principles/Features/Characteristics Points not to Miss

1. Scientific Fredrick Winslow Taylor Planning, Determining method of work, Organizing structure, Piece wage system, Very old type, prodn was main
Management <C> (Father of SM) (1856-1915) Scientific selection & training, Mental revolution principle. (Six main principles) cause to work, lack of tech &
-Effy Clarified. One best Method, one best person, ( Emphasis on Planning dept, and more prodn) ideas, people =machine.
2. Administrative Henri Fayol (1841 -1925) Activities:- Mechanical, Commercial, Financial, Accounting, Security, Managerial Classification of activities
Management <C> -First to specify mgmt and others…Principles: - Division of work, Authority & Resp, Discipline, Unity relative principle, focuses on
no only one best way functions P,O,L,C,C of Command, Unity of direction, Subordination of individual interest to general managing total orgn, modern
and only 1 best man advance modern thinking. interest, Remuneration, Centralization, Scalar chain, Order, Stability of tenure, and advance thinking in
to do a job oppe SM. Initiative, Equity, Espirit de corps function of mgmt, totalorgn vp.
3. Bureaucracy <C> Max Webber (1864-1920) Specialization of labour, Well defined hierarchy, clearly defined resp-duties-rights, Good but viewed as bad, must
-Attention of mgmt - Bureaucrats are table System of rules & regulation, Impersonal decision, Promotion by merit & for large orgn ex:- govt, Ideal
as meaningful study. workers. qualification, Written records and legalistic.
4. Human Relation Prof. Elton Mayo, Rorthis Experiments:- Illumination expt, Relay test room expt, Mass interview prog, Back 1st Combined theory (not from
Theory < NC> Burger (Harvard University) wiring room expt, happy cow expt-Qualitative approach, participative mgmt. 1 genius brain), social content.
5. System Theory Not given, System is Types: - Open, Close. (Sub-System- All are sub sys of a system except universe) Whole concept, synergy, Power
-System is a system interrelated elements Whole concept/totality/holism/synergy, State(open of close), Boundary, Subset of our no entropy, no best way
of systems. <M> functioning as whole. rule, Homeostatic Condition, Feedback mechanism, No best way, Go up or to a theory. Group work and
liquidate. [System PersE:- Input:- Transformation Process :- Outpur {Fig} ] team building.
6. Contingency Theory Not given, if else, if but Variables:- Size, Technology, Resources, Individual differences (Orgn Wise) Bridges the gap between theory
- Factors & variables conditions matter, IT ALL Firmly situational - analyze stats and conditions effectively to turn our efficient and practice, not only the best
to analyze. <M> DEPENDS. i.e. to choose the best theory to apply. ISNT A THEORY to itself but helps to way to do it but the best way to
implement other theory by situation investigation. do it according to conditions,
cope to the change effectively.
7. X & Y Theory <M>- - Douglas McGregor aka X TYPE:- Don’t like work-solder it, cant take resp, must be directed, opt for time Management is a people
- Based on peoples McGregor’s Theory wage system, not imaginative and creative centered subject which focuses
mentality and attitude Classification of the class to Y TYPE:- Love work, can take high resp, motivated by incentives, not much mainly on people. So the most
towards work and which people belong to direction needed, opt for piece wage system, are creative and imaginative. imp work of mgmt is to turn X
work load. according to their will to -Based on thinking and behavior of the person or staff. Therefore very crucial. type of people/worker to the Y
work not only capacity. Social needs are relative to work performance. genre. Transformation X Y.
8. Theory Z William Ouchi Integrated theory of the management practices of America and Japan,hybrid model Jape way practice in the US.
9. Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow Needs:- Psychological, Security, Social, Ego, Self Actualization ( in pyramid or Strictly hierarchical, fulfillment
step ladder format) [Psy & Security are similar to Hygiene factors of DFT & …) of one need move to next level.
10. Dual Theory Fredrick Herzberg Hygiene factors:- Supervision, Pay & allowance, Interpersonal relations, Working Concept of neutral point,
(Hygiene and Satn-Motn factors condition, Security. (NP) . Motivational Factors:- Responsibility, Achievement, Hygiene factors will kill dissatn
n t y
Motivation) Dissat - hygiene factors Growth and adv , Recognition & status, work itself-{Similar to top 3 hie needs) Motivation makes satisfied em.
11. Expectancy Theory Victor H. Vroom (Psyt) Expy1:- Possibility of final o/p, Expy2:- Change of situation may change expy Effort, ability and situation caln.
12. Managerial Grid Robert Blake & Jane Concern for PEOPLE & PRODUCTION:- 1.1,1.9,9.1,5.5,and 9.9:- People Prodn oriented:-behavior of
n e y n
Mot – Eff + Eff Mauton centered:- leaders who develop cohesive work groups to ensure employee sat . leader to pay close attention on
Leader typed out in two classes, Motivate employees make them happy & efft also. job & work procedure.
Legend:- Resp= responsibility, sys= system, govt= government, orgn=organization, th= theory, fndr= founder, diw- division of work, expt- experiment, vp:- viewpoint ,
satn- satisfaction, expy:- Expectancy, o/p:- Output, caln= calculation, psyt= psychologist, SM- Scientific Management, efft:- efficient, effe:- effectieve, prodn:- production,
<C>=Classical, <NC>= Neo Classical, <M>= Modern, DoW= Division of Work, A&R= Authority & Responsibility, UoC- Unity of Command, UoD= Unity of Direction,
oppe:= Opposite of, opposes, mgr= manager, SoL= Specialization of labour, DFT:- Dual Factor Theory, NP:- Neutral Point, hiey:-hierarchy, PersE :- Perspective

© Geshan Manandhar 2004

(Control:- regulation of orgn activities so that a targeted elements of performance remain with acceptable limits.
Process:- Setting Standard, Measure Standard & Performance, Compare Actual & Standard, Find Deviation, Corrective Action, Feedback), Recruitment :- attract
candidates to fill up the position, stimulate to apply, sources. Selection Procedure:- Appn Blank, Preliminary Premising, Written Exam, Tests- Aptitude, Personality,
intelligence, behavior, TAT etc , Interview, Reference Check, Medical tests, Appointment final.)
Features of Leadership:- Presupposes Followership, Combined Obj, Exemplary Conduct, Unequal Distribution Of Authority, Environment & Situation, Working Rel.
Qualities of Leader:- Intelligence, ability to lead(influence), assertiveness, above avg height, good vocation, self control & confidence, pleasing, personality,
honest, initiative ness, moral character, job related knowledge, informed and high iq eq level)
(DM:- Process:-Identify the prob, making alt, evaluate alt, implement decision, follow up & feedback),
(Roles of Manager:-INTERPERSONAL:- Figure Head, Leader, Liaison, INFORMATONAL:- Monitor, Disseminator, Spokes Person, DECISIONAL:- Entrepreneur,
Disturbance Handler, Resource Allocator, Negotiator) SKILLS of MgR:- Interpersonal, Technical, Conceptual, Diagnostic

More Fig:

Words:- Dogmatic, Assertive, Initiative, autocrat, unilateral, tempo