Life is a characteristic distinguishing physical entities having biological processes (such as

signaling and self-sustaining processes) from those that do not,[1][2] either because such functions
have ceased (death), or because they lack such functions and are classified as inanimate.[3][4][5]
Various forms of life exist such as plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria. The
criteria can at times be ambiguous and may or may not define viruses, viroids or potential
artificial life as living. Biology is the primary science concerned with the study of life, although
many other sciences are involved.
The smallest contiguous unit of life is called an organism. Organisms are composed of one or
more cells, undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, can grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce
(either sexually or asexually) and, through evolution, adapt to their environment in successive
generations.[1] A diverse array of living organisms can be found in the biosphere of Earth, and the
properties common to these organismsplants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria
are a carbon- and water-based cellular form with complex organization and heritable genetic
information.
Abiogenesis is the natural process of life arising from non-living matter, such as simple organic
compounds. The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old.[6][7][8] The earliest life on Earth
arose at least 3.5 billion years ago,[9][10][11] during the Eoarchean Era when sufficient crust had
solidified following the molten Hadean Eon. The earliest physical evidence of life on Earth is
biogenic graphite from 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks found in Western
Greenland[12] and microbial mat fossils in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone from in Western
Australia.[13][14] Some theories, such as the Late Heavy Bombardment theory, suggest that life on
Earth may have started even earlier,[15] and may have begun as early as 4.25 billion years ago
according to one study,[16] and even earlier yet, 4.4 billion years ago, according to another.[17] The
mechanism by which life began on Earth is unknown, although many hypotheses have been
formulated. Since emerging, life has evolved into a variety of forms, which have been classified
into a hierarchy of taxa. Life can survive and thrive in a wide range of conditions. Nonetheless,
more than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species,[18] that ever lived on
Earth are estimated to be extinct.[19][20] Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range
from 10 million to 14 million,[21] of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86
percent have not yet been described.[22]
The chemistry leading to life may have begun shortly after the Big Bang, 13.8 billion years ago,
during a habitable epoch when the Universe was only 1017 million years old.[23][24][25] According
to the panspermia hypothesis, microscopic lifedistributed by meteoroids, asteroids and other
small Solar System bodiesmay exist throughout the universe.[26] Though life is confirmed only
on the Earth, many think that extraterrestrial life is not only plausible, but probable or inevitable.
[27][28]
Other planets and moons[29] in our Solar System and other planetary systems are being
examined for evidence of having once supported simple life, and projects such as SETI are trying
to detect radio transmissions from possible alien civilizations.

The meaning of lifeits significance, origin, purpose, and ultimate fateis a central concept
and question in philosophy and religion. Both philosophy and religion have offered
interpretations as to how life relates to existence and consciousness, and on related issues such as
life stance, purpose, conception of a god or gods, a soul or an afterlife. Different cultures
throughout history have had widely varying approaches to these issues.