3 Fasteners HandBook PDF

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BOLTS & NUTS HANDBOOK

Types of Bolts
In Petro and chemical industry for flange connections Stud Bolts and Hex Bolts are used. The Stud
Bolt is a threaded rod with 2 heavy hexagon nuts, while the Hex Bolt has a head with one nut. Nuts
and head are both six sided.
Stud Bolts general
Stud Bolt length are defined in ASME B16.5 standard. The length in inches is equal to the effective
thread length measured parallel to the axis, from the first to the first thread without the chamfers
(points). First thread is defined as the intersection of the major diameter of the thread with the base
of the point.
Note: The length of metric Stud Bolts measured parallel to axis, is the distance from each Stud
Bolt, including the point.
The quantity of bolts for a flange connection will be given by the number of bolt holes in a flange,
diameter and length of bolts is dependent of flange type and Pressure Class of flange.
To allow the use of hydraulic tensioning equipment, larger dimension studs shall be often one
diameter longer than "standard". That bolts to have plastic end cap protection.
Bolts threading are defined in ASME B1.1 Unified Inch Screw Threads, (UN and UNR Thread
Form). The most common thread is a symmetrical form with a V-profile. The included angle is 60.
This form is widely used in the Unified thread (UN, UNC, UNF, UNRC, UNRF) form as the ISO /
metric threads.
The advantage of a symmetrical threads is that they are easier to produce and inspect compared
with non-symmetrical threads. These are typically used in general-purpose fasteners.
Thread series cover designations of diameter/pitch combinations that are measured by the number
of threads per inch (TPI) applied to a single diameter.
Standard Thread Pitches
Coarse thread series (UNC/UNRC) is the most widely used thread system and applied in
most of the screws, bolts and nuts. Coarse threads are used for threads in low strength
materials such as iron, mild steel, copper and softer alloy, aluminium, etc.. The coarse
thread is also more tolerant in adverse conditions and facilitate quick assembly.
Fine thread series (UNF/UNRF) is commonly used in precision applications and in there
where require a higher tensile strength than the coarse thread series.
8 - Thread series (8UN) is the specified thread forming method for several ASTM standards
including A193 B7, A193 B8/B8M, and A320. This series is mostly used for diameters one
inch and above.
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Technical Documents
Hex Nuts (dimensional data) are defined in ASME B18.2.2, and even as bolts the threading in
ASME B1.1. Depending on a customer specification, nuts must be both sites chamfered or with on
one side a washer-face. The height of a nut for Stud Bolts are the same as the diameter of the
thread rod.
Nut with on one side a

washer-face
Both sites
chamfered
Materials for Stud Bolts

Dimensions from Stud Bolts are defined in the ASME B16.5 standard. The material qualities for
studs are defined in the different ASTM standards, and are indicated by Grade. Frequently used
grades are A193 for thread rods and A194 for the nuts.
ASTM A193 covers alloy and stainless steel bolting material for pressure vessels, Valves, flanges,
and fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose applications.
ASTM A194 covers a variety of carbon, alloy, and martensitic and austenitic stainless steel nuts.
These nuts are intended for high-pressure or high-temperature service, or both.
Below you will find as an example a table with materials and grades for flanges, thread rods (bolts)
and nuts, arranged on design temperature, flanges, thread rods and recommended nuts.
DESIGN
FLANGES
TEMPERATURE
GRADE THREAD RODS GRADE NUTS
-195 to 102C
ASTM A 182
Gr. F304, F304L, F316, A320 Gr. B8 Class 2
F316L, F321, F347
A194 Gr. 8A
-101 to -47C
ASTM A 350
Gr. LF3
A 320 Gr. L7
A 194 Gr. 7
-46 to -30C
ASTM A 350
Gr. LF2
A 320 Gr. L7
A 194 Gr. 7
-29 to 427C
ASTM A 105
A 193 Gr. B7
A 194 Gr. 2H
428 to 537C
ASTM A 182
Gr. F11, F22
A 193 Gr. B16
A 194 Gr. 2H
538 to 648C
ASTM A182
Gr. F11, F22
A 193 Gr. B8 Class 1
A 194 Gr. 8A
649 to 815C
ASTM A182
Gr. F304 H, F316 H
A 193 Gr. B8 Class 1
A 194 Gr. 8A
Note: Materials in the table above are being provided for guidance purposes
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Technical Documents
Marking of Stud Bolts

Thread rods and nuts must be marked by the manufacturer with a unique identifier to identify the
manufacturer or private label distributor, as appropriate. Below you will find a number of ASTM
examples.
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Technical Documents
Dimensions of Heavy Hex Nuts according to ASME B18.2.2

used with Stud Bolts acc. to ASME B16.5
Nominal
Size
Width
Across Flats
Width
Thickness
Across Corners
Basic
Max
1/2
7/8
5/8
Min
Max
T
Min
Basic
Max
0.875 0.850 1.010
0.969
31/64
0.504 0.464
22
mm
1.1/16
1.062 1.031 1.227
1.175
39/64
0.631 0.587
27
mm
3/4
1.1/4
1.250 1.212 1.443
1.382
47/64
0.758 0.710
32
mm
7/8
1.7/16
1.438 1.394 1.660
1.589
55/64
0.885 0.833
36
mm
1.5/8
1.625 1.575 1.876
1.796
63/64
1.012 0.956
41
mm
1.1/8
1.13/16 1.812 1.756 2.093
2.002
1.7/64
1.139 1.079
46
mm
1.1/4
2.000 1.938 2.309
2.209
1.7/32
1.251 1.187
51
mm
1.3/8
2.3/16
2.188 2.119 2.526
2.416
1.11/32 1.378 1.310
56
mm
1.1/2
2.3/8
2.375 2.300 2.742
2.622
1.15/32 1.505 1.433
60
mm
1.5/8
2.9/16
2.562 2.481 2.959
2.828
1.19/32 1.632 1.556
65
mm
1.3/4
2.3/4
2.750 2.662 3.175
3.035
1.23/32 1.759 1.679
70
mm
1.7/8
2.15/16 2.938 2.844 3.392
3.242
1.27/32 1.886 1.802
75
mm
3.1/8
3.449
1.31/32 2.013 1.925 80
3.125 3.025 3.608
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mm
2.1/4
3.1/2
3.500 3.388 4.041
3.862
2.13/64 2.251 2.155
89
mm
2.1/2
3.7/8
3.875 3.750 4.474
4.275
2.29/64 2.505 2.401
99
mm
2.3/4
4.1/4
4.250 4.112 4.907
4.688
2.45/64 2.759 2.647
108
mm
4.5/8
4.625 4.475 5.340
5.102
2.61/64 3.013 2.893
118
mm
3.1/4
5.000 4.838 5.774
5.515
3.3/16
3.252 3.124
127
mm
3.1/2
5.3/8
5.375 5.200 6.207
5.928
3.7/16
3.506 3.370
137
mm
3.3/4
5.3/4
5.750 5.562 6.640
6.341
3.11/16 3.760 3.616
145
mm
6.1/8
6.125 5.925 7.073
6.755
3.15/16 4.014 3.862
155
mm
Basic
Max
Min
Basic
Nominal
Size
Min
Max
Max
Width
Across Flats
Width
Thickness
Across Corners
Min
Notes:
All dimensions are given in inches unless otherwise indicated.
Heavy hex nuts are slightly larger and thicker than standard (finished) hex nuts. There are
numerous grades and the heavy pattern is typically used for large diameter and high
strength bolts.
Important: the Across Flat sizes in Millimeters shown in the table should be used as a guide only.
Individual sizes should be checked before specifying any equipment.
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Technical Documents
Dim. Across Flats & Heights of Hex Nuts acc. to DIN & ISO
Width (F) Across

Flats
Height of Nuts (T) Min-Max
DIN
ISO
DIN 555
ISO 4034
ISO type 1
DIN 934
ISO 4032
ISO 8673
ISO type 1
ISO 4033
ISO type 2
2.5
...
...
...
0.55 - 0.80
...
...
M 1.2 3
...
...
...
0.75 - 1.00
...
...
M 1.4 3
...
...
...
0.95 - 1.20
...
...
M 1.
6
3.2
...
...
...
1.05 - 1.30
1.05 - 1.30
...
M2
...
...
...
1.35 - 1.60
1.35 - 1.60
...
M 2.5 5
...
...
...
1.75 - 2.00
1.75 - 2.00
...
M3
...
...
...
2.15 - 2.40
2.15 - 2.40
...
M 3.5 6
...
...
...
2.55 - 2.80
2.55 - 2.80
...
M4
...
...
...
2.90 - 3.20
2.90 - 3.20
...
M5
...
3.40 - 4.60
4.40 - 5.60
3.70 - 4.00
4.40 - 4.70
4.80 - 5.10
M6
10
...
4.40 - 5.60
4.60 - 6.10
4.70 - 5.00
4.90 - 5.20
5.40 - 5.70
M7
11
...
...
...
5.20- 5.50
...
...
M8
13
...
5.75 - 7.25
6.40 - 7.90
6.14 - 6.50
6.44 - 6.80
7.14 - 7.50
M 10 17
16
7.25 - 8.75
8.00 - 9.50
7.64 - 8.00
8.04 - 8.40
8.94 - 9.30
M 12 19
18
9.25 - 10.75
10.40 12.20
9.64 - 10.00 10.37 - 10.8
11.75 12.00
M 14 22
21
...
12.10 13.90
10.30 11.00
12.10 12.80
13.40 14.10
M 16 24
...
12.10 13.90
14.10 15.90
12.30 13.00
14.10 14.80
15.70 16.40
M 18 27
...
...
15.10 16.90
14.30 15.00
15.10 15.80
...
M 20 30
...
15.10 16.90
16.90 19.00
14.90 16.00
16.90 18.00
19.00 20.30
DIA
M1
5.5
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M 22 32
34
17.10 18.90
18.10 20.20
16.90 18.00
18.10 19.40
...
M 24 36
...
17.95 20.05
20.20 22.30
17.70 19.00
20.20 21.50
22.60 23.90
M 27 41
...
20.95 23.05
22.60 24.70
20.70 22.00
22.50 23.80
...
M 30 46
...
22.95 25.05
24.30 26.40
22.70 24.00
24.30 25.60
27.30 28.60
M 33 50
...
24.95 27.05
27.40 29.50
24.70 26.00
27.40 28.70
...
M 36 55
...
27.95 30.05
28.00 31.50
27.40 29.00
29.40 31.00
33.10 34.70
M 39 60
...
29.75 32.25
31.80 34.30
29.40 31.00
31.80 33.40
...
M 42 65
...
32.75 35.25
32.40 34.90
32.40 34.00
32.40 34.00
...
M 45 70
...
34.75 37.25
34.40 36.90
34.40 36.00
34.40 36.00
...
M 48 75
...
36.75 39.25
36.40 38.90
36.40 38.00
36.40 38.00
...
M 52 80
...
40.75 43.25
40.40 42.90
40.40 42.00
40.40 42.00
...
M 56 85
...
43.75 46.25
43.40 45.90
43.40 45.00
43.40 45.00
...
M 60 90
...
46.75 49.25
46.40 48.90
46.40 48.00
46.40 48.00
...
M 64 95
...
49.50 52.50
49.40 52.40
49.10 51.00
49.10 51.00
...
ISO
DIN 555
ISO 4034
ISO type 1
DIN 934
ISO 4032
ISO 8673
ISO type 1
ISO 4033
ISO type 2
DIN
DIA
Width (F) Across

Flats
Height of Nuts (T) Min-Max
All dimensions are given in millimeters

- dIN -
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Technical Documents
Dimensions Stud Bolts for RF & RTJ flanges ASME B16.5 Class 150
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
1/2
1/2
55
3/4
95
110
3/4
1/2
65
3/4
100
115
1/2
65
75
3/4
110
120
1/2
70
85
10
7/8
115
125
12
1/2
70
85
12
7/8
120
135
12
5/8
85
95
14
135
145
12
5/8
90
100
16
135
145
16
5/8
90
100
18
1 1/8
145
160
16
5/8
90
100
20
1 1/8
160
170
20
5/8
90
100
24
1 1/4
170
185
20
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
General notes:
Dimensions are in millimeters unless otherwise indicated.
The length of the Stud Bolt does not include the height of the chamfers (points).
Length dimensional tolerances for all Stud Bolts:
length to 12 inch tolerance = 1.6 mm
length over 12 inch to 18 inch tolerance = 3.2 mm
length over 18 inch tolerance = 6.4 mm
- studs150 -
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NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
1/2
1/2
65
75
3/4
120
135
3/4
5/8
75
90
3/4
120
140
12
5/8
75
90
7/8
140
150
12
5/8
85
95
10
160
170
16
3/4
90
100
12
1 1/8
170
185
16
5/8
90
100
14
1 1/8
180
190
20
3/4
100
115
16
1 1/4
190
205
20
3/4
110
120
18
1 1/4
195
210
24
3/4
110
125
20
1 1/4
205
220
24
3/4
115
125
24
1 1/2
230
255
24
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
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NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
1/2
1/2
75
75
7/8
145
145
3/4
5/8
90
90
7/8
150
150
12
5/8
90
90
170
170
12
5/8
95
95
10
1 1/8
190
190
16
3/4
110
110
12
1 1/4
205
205
16
5/8
110
110
14
1 1/4
210
210
20
3/4
120
120
16
1 3/8
220
220
20
3/4
125
125
18
1 3/8
230
230
24
7/8
140
140
20
1 1/2
240
250
24
7/8
140
140
24
1 3/4
265
280
24
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
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NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
1/2
1/2
75
75
165
165
3/4
5/8
90
90
170
170
12
5/8
90
90
1 1/8
190
195
12
5/8
95
95
10
1 1/4
215
215
16
3/4
110
110
12
1 1/4
220
220
20
5/8
110
110
14
1 3/8
235
235
20
3/4
120
120
16
1 1/2
255
255
20
3/4
125
125
18
1 5/8
275
275
20
7/8
140
140
20
1 5/8
285
290
24
7/8
145
145
24
1 7/8
330
335
24
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
General notes:
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
1/2
3/4
110
110
1 1/8
190
195
12
3/4
3/4
115
115
1 3/8
220
220
12
7/8
125
125
10
1 3/8
235
235
16
7/8
125
125
12
1 3/8
255
255
20
140
140
14
1 1/2
275
280
20
7/8
145
145
16
1 5/8
285
290
20
160
160
18
1 7/8
325
335
20
7/8
145
145
20
350
360
20
1 1/8
170
170
24
2 1/2
440
455
20
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1 1/4
190
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
190
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
General notes:
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
1/2
3/4
110
110
1 3/8
260
265
12
3/4
3/4
115
115
1 5/8
290
300
12
7/8
125
125
10
1 7/8
335
345
12
7/8
125
125
12
375
385
16
140
140
14
2 1/4
405
425
16
7/8
145
145
16
2 1/2
445
470
16
160
160
18
2 3/4
495
525
16
1 1/8
180
180
20
540
565
16
1 1/4
195
195
24
3 1/2
615
650
16
1 1/2
250
250
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
General notes:
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
1/2
3/4
120
120
1 1/4
220
230
3/4
3/4
125
125
1 1/2
255
260
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7/8
140
140
1 3/4
300
310
150
150
345
355
1 1/8
170
170
380
395
12
180
180
10
2 1/2
490
510
12
1 1/8
195
205
12
2 3/4
540
560
12
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
NPS
Diameter
Length
of bolts
RF
(in)
Length
RTJ
N
of bolts
General notes:
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BOLTS & NUTS HANDBOOK

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Nut with on one side a

Materials for Stud Bolts

GRADE THREAD RODS GRADE NUTS

A 193 Gr. B16

A 193 Gr. B8 Class 1

A 193 Gr. B8 Class 1

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Marking of Stud Bolts

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Dimensions of Heavy Hex Nuts according to ASME B18.2.2

0.875 0.850 1.010

1.062 1.031 1.227

1.250 1.212 1.443

1.438 1.394 1.660

1.625 1.575 1.876

1.13/16 1.812 1.756 2.093

2.000 1.938 2.309

2.188 2.119 2.526

1.11/32 1.378 1.310

2.375 2.300 2.742

1.15/32 1.505 1.433

2.562 2.481 2.959

1.19/32 1.632 1.556

2.750 2.662 3.175

1.23/32 1.759 1.679

2.15/16 2.938 2.844 3.392

1.27/32 1.886 1.802

1.31/32 2.013 1.925 80

3.125 3.025 3.608

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3.500 3.388 4.041

2.13/64 2.251 2.155

3.875 3.750 4.474

2.29/64 2.505 2.401

4.250 4.112 4.907

2.45/64 2.759 2.647

4.625 4.475 5.340

2.61/64 3.013 2.893

5.000 4.838 5.774

5.375 5.200 6.207

5.750 5.562 6.640

3.11/16 3.760 3.616

6.125 5.925 7.073

3.15/16 4.014 3.862

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Width (F) Across

Height of Nuts (T) Min-Max

9.64 - 10.00 10.37 - 10.8

Tel: +41 (0) 41 632 53 46

Width (F) Across

Height of Nuts (T) Min-Max

All dimensions are given in millimeters

Tel: +41 (0) 41 632 53 46

Tel: +41 (0) 41 632 53 46

Tel: +41 (0) 41 632 53 46

Tel: +41 (0) 41 632 53 46

Tel: +41 (0) 41 632 53 46

Tel: +41 (0) 41 632 53 46

Tel: +41 (0) 41 632 53 46