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4 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:
Nicolas Norena Acosta
Ajeet Kaushik
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Shekhar Bhansali
Florida International University
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BioMEMS Microsystems Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International Laboratory, Miami, FL 33174, USA
Center of Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine,
Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 16 March 2014
Received in revised form
4 June 2014
Accepted 16 June 2014
Available online 30 June 2014
This paper presents a novel approach of using a miniaturized potentiostat (M-P) chip (LMP91000)
to perform full range cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements for the detection of biomarkers. The
LMP91000 evaluation board was recongured to perform three-electrode CV measurements in order to
achieve electrochemical cortisol immunosensing. The microelectrodes for cortisol estimation were
fabricated by immobilizing monoclonal anti-cortisol antibody (Anti-M-Cab) onto self-assembled monolayer (SAM) modied Au microelectrodes. The results obtained using the M-P were compared to those
obtained using a conventional potentiostat. The M-P was successful in measuring cortisol levels in the
range of pM. The outcomes of the studies suggest that M-P can effectively perform biochemical
measurements on three electrode systems, enabling the development of miniature systems for pointof-care (POC) diagnosis.
& 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Keywords:
Miniaturized potentiostat
Point-of-care
Personalized health monitoring/diagnostic
Electrochemical immunosensing
Cortisol
1. Introduction
Portable miniaturized analytical devices for disease detection
at early stages and for monitoring physiological variables at pointof-care (POC) can be useful to personalize health diagnostics for
appropriate effectual treatment (Ahn et al., 2004; Choi et al., 2011;
Gubala et al., 2011; Justino et al., 2013; Kaushik et al., 2014;
Kemmler et al., 2014; Kost, 1995; Kumar et al., 2013; Loncaric et al.,
2012; Luppa et al., 2011; Rusling et al., 2010; Soper et al., 2006;
Tudos et al., 2001; Wang, 2006). POC diagnostic tools are increasingly being developed for quantifying biomarkers and trends
based on time and age. These miniaturized biomedical devices
are also being explored to provide fundamental information that
could form the basis of health informatics and superior treatment
strategies (Ahn et al., 2004; Luppa et al., 2011; Soper et al., 2006).
The existing diagnostic systems are limited to laboratory
facilities and are not suitable for POC due to their high costs, the
necessity of trained personnel, portability, and long waiting to
obtain results (Kaushik et al., 2014). The development of novel
methodologies for adequate diagnosis at early stage for healthcare
monitoring at POC requires a new class of systems. Such systems
must be capable of interacting directly with biological samples in
order to retrieve the desired information regarding the patients
metabolism effortlessly and in real-time (Gubala et al., 2011;
Rusling et al., 2010).
n
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2014.06.053
0956-5663/& 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.
250
Current (A)
Electrochemical Response
Potential (V)
Micro-controller
I2C BUS
SPI BUS
Miniaturized
Potentiostat
Cortisol Sample
Buffer
Anti-M-Cab Cortisol
Fluid Valve
Control
Assay Chamber
SAM Head Group
SAM Functional
Group
IDE/Cr/Si
Waste
Fig. 1. The diagram above presents a high level representation of the cortisol detection device based on a miniaturized potentiostat (M-P). The system uses a DTSP-SAM
based electrochemical cortisol immunosensor, which is integrated to the system through a LTCC microuidic manifold. The electrochemical sensing is performed using the
miniaturized potentiostat, which parameters are congured and controlled by the micro-controller unit.
2-wire
Lead Gas
2-wire jumper
open
LMP
Pin 2
Pin 3
Pin 19
Pin 20
J-MENB
Manual
J-MENB
SHORT PIN
ADC IC
Pin 1
Pin 5
Pin 3
Fig. 2. The 2-wire jumper short was removed to allow three lead electrochemical
measurements. The J_MENB jumper short was moved to the far left to enable
manual conguration of the LMP 91000 chip. The ADC takes the analog output from
the potentiostat chip and transfers it to the microcontroller unit via SPI.
251
252
VDO
VREF
SCL
LMP91000
3- Lead
Electrochemical
Cell
CE
CE
A1 -
VREF
DIVIDER
VARIABLE
BIAS
I2C INTERFACE
AND
CONTROL
REGISTERS
SDA
CONTROLLER
MENB
RE
WE
RE
TEMP SENSOR
DGNO
R LOAD
WE
VOUT
+
TLA
REFCN
REF_SOURCE Internal
INT_ZERO 67%
BIAS_SIGN +/ - sweep
TIA 35 K
RLOAD 10
RTIA
C1
C2
AGNO
Fig. 3. LMP91000 Schematic. The parameters highlighted show the modications made to the conguration of the LMP91000 in order to achieve cyclic voltammetry
measurements on three electrode systems. The I2C interface of the LMP91000 was used to enable the communication with the micro-controller unit.
Three-Electrode
System
Matlab program
coded to plot multiple
measurement to be
analyzed
Full range CV
Measurement
Measurement date
stores in
microcontroller SD
card
BeagleBones &
LMP 9100EVM
Resulting
Plots
Matlab program
coded to plot the CV
curves
Computer
Fig. 4. The block diagram above shows the process implemented for the testing and validation of the system designed. Through the Beaglebone microcontroller, the
LMP91000EVM was congured to perform cyclic voltammetry measurements on three-electrode systems. The data obtained is stored in the SD card of the Beaglebone, it is
also transferred via SSH to a host computer where it can be plotted for further analysis.
high afnity between Anti-M-Cab and cortisol. The sensing parameters such as selectivity and stability of EA/Anti-M-Cab/DTSPSAM/IDE have been discussed in our previous report (Pasha et al.,
2014; Vasudev et al., 2013). In brief, CV studies related to the
selectivity of EA/Anti-M-Cab/DTSP-SAM/IDE immunoelectrode
with respect to interferents such as PSA (100 pM), NSE (100 pM),
EGFR (100 pM), and BSA cortisol (100 pM) with respect to
cortisol (100 pM). Our developed cortisol immunosensor exhibits
signicant electrochemical change when adding cortisol ( 15%)
and minimum change on mentioned interferents (12%).
-5
1.5x10
-5
1.0x10
Current(A)
-6
5.0x10
0.0
-6
-5.0x10
-5
3. Conclusion
-1.0x10
-5
-1.5x10
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Potential(V)
-5
1.0x10
a = IDE-Au electrode
b = SAM-DTSP/IDE
c = Anti-M-Cab/DSTP-SAM/IDE
d = EA/Anti M-Cab/SAM-DTSP/IDE
a
c
d
-6
5.0x10
Current (A)
253
0.0
We have customized a miniaturized LMP91000EVM potentiostat as a transducer to develop a portable healthcare monitoring
device. The operational voltage and scan rate was optimized for CV
measurements using a Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox probe. An electrochemical immunosensor based on Anti-M-Cab immobilized over SAM
modied IDEs was successfully interfaced with our M-P to detect
cortisol within the physiological range. The miniaturized electrochemical sensing system demonstrates the system capability to
detect cortisol at 1 pM with a linearity of 10 pM to 500 nM and
with a sensitivity of 1.24 mM. The obtained results are comparable
to conventional electrochemical analyzers and suggest that this
miniaturized, low cost and portable biosensor prototype can be
used to detect biomarkers at POC.
-6
-5.0x10
Acknowledgments
-5
-1.0x10
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Potential (V)
-5
1.95x10
-5
Current (A)
1.80x10
-5
1.65x10
-5
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