Beruflich Dokumente
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Integration
Section 4.1
Section 4.2
Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Section 4.3
Section 4.4
Section 4.5
Section 4.6
Numerical Integration
Review Exercises
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
C H A P T E R
Integration
Section 4.1
1.
d 3
d
9
C 3x3 C 9x4 4
dx x3
dx
x
3.
d 1 3
x 4x C x2 4 x 2x 2
dx 3
2.
d 4 1
1
x C 4x3 2
dx
x
x
4.
d 2 32
d 2x2 3
C
x 2x12 C
dx
dx 3
3x
x12 x32
5.
dy
3t2
dt
6.
dr
d
r C
y t3 C
Check:
7.
d 3
t C
3t2
dt
Check:
dy
x32
dx
8.
2
y x52 C
5
Check:
Given
Rewrite
9.
10.
1
dx
x2
11.
12.
13.
1
dx
2x3
1 3
x dx
2
14.
1
dx
3x2
1 2
x dx
9
350
3 x dx
dy
2x3
dx
y
d 2 52
x C x32
dx 5
x13 dx
2x2
1
C 2 C
2
x
Check:
Integrate
Simplify
x 43
3 43
x C
4
43
C
d
C
d
d 1
C 2x3
dx x 2
x1
C
1
1
C
x
dx
x12
C
12
xx2 3 dx
x3 3x dx
x2
x4
C
3
4
2
1 4 3 2
x x C
4
2
1 x2
C
2 2
1 x1
C
9 1
1
C
9x
xx
x2 dx
x32 dx
2
x
C
1
C
4x2
x2 1
x32
Section 4.1
15.
x 3 dx
Check:
17.
d x2
3x C x 3
dx 2
18.
d 2
x x3 C
2x 3x 2
dx
1
x3 2 dx x 4 2x C
4
20.
d 1 4
x 2x C x3 2
dx 4
2
x32 2x 1 dx x52 x2 x C
5
x2
C
2
22.
x2
d
5x C 5 x
dx
2
4x3 6x 2 1 dx x 4 2x 3 x C
d 4
x 2x 3 x C
4x 3 6x 2 1
dx
x 3 4x 2 dx
x4
2x 2 2x C
4
Check:
Check:
5 x dx 5x
Check:
Check:
2x 3x 2 dx x 2 x3 C
Check:
21.
16.
Check:
19.
x2
3x C
2
d x4
2x 2 2x C x3 4x 2
dx 4
x
1
dx
2x
d 2 52
x x2 x C x32 2x 1
dx 5
1
x12 x12 dx
2
x32 1 x12
C
32 2 12
2
x32 x12 C
3
Check:
d 2 32
1
x x12 C x12 x12
dx 3
2
x
23.
3 x2 dx
Check:
25.
27.
24.
d
1
1
C 3
dx 2x2
x
26.
4 x3 1 dx
Check:
1
x2
C 2C
2
2x
x3 dx
4
x34 1 dx x74 x C
7
d 4 74
4 x3 1
x x C x34 1
dx 7
1
dx
x4
Check:
x4 dx
1
x3
C 3C
3
3x
d
1
1
C 4
dx 3x3
x
2
2
2
x32 x12 x12 dx x52 x32 2x12 C x123x2 5x 15 C
5
3
15
x2 x 1
d 2 52 2 32
x x 2x12 C x32 x12 x12
dx 5
3
x
x 2 2x 3
dx
x4
Check:
x53
3
C x53 C
53
5
x2 x 1
dx
x
Check:
28.
x23 dx
d 3 53
3 x2
x C x23
dx 5
1
dx
x3
Check:
1
x1 2x2 3x3
1
1
C
2 3C
1
2
3
x
x
x
1
d
1
1
x 2 2x 3
2 3 C x2 2x3 3x4
dx
x
x
x
x4
1
2x
351
352
29.
Chapter 4
Integration
x 13x 2 dx
3x2 x 2 dx
30.
2t2 12 dt
4t4 4t2 1 dt
4
4
t5 t3 t C
5
3
1
x3 x2 2x C
2
Check:
d 3 1 2
x x 2x C 3x2 x 2
dx
2
Check:
d 45 43
t t t C 4t 4 4t2 1
dt 5
3
2t2 12
x 13x 2
31.
y2y dy
Check:
33.
35.
1 dx x C
Check:
d
x C 1
dx
34.
1 3tt2 dt
36.
d 13 34
t t C t2 3t3 1 3tt2
dt 3
4
d
3t C 3
dt
1
t 2 sin t dt t3 cos t C
3
d 13
t cos t C t2 sin t
dt 3
1
2 sec2 d 3 tan C
3
Check:
40.
1
3
t2 3t3 dt t3 t4 C
3
4
3 dt 3t C
Check:
38.
Check:
d
t csc t C 1 csc t cot t
dt
Check:
d
2 cos x 3 sin x C 2 sin x 3 cos x
dx
Check:
32.
d 2 72
y C y52 y2y
dy 7
dx
Check:
39.
2
y52 dy y72 C
7
Check:
37.
d 1 3
tan C 2 sec2
d 3
sec y tan y C
d
tan cos C sec2 sin
d
Check:
d
sec y tan y C sec y tan y sec2 y
dy
sec ytan y sec y
41.
tan2 y 1 dy
Check:
sec2 y dy tan y C
42.
cos x
dx
1 cos2 x
d
tan y C sec2 y tan2 y 1
dy
Check:
cos x
dx
sin2 x
1
sin x
x
dx
cos
sin x
d
1
csc x C
csc x cot x
dx
sin x
cos x
1 cos2 x
cos x
sin x
Section 4.1
43. f x 2
44. fx x
f x 2x C
f x
f )x)
2x
45. fx 1 x2
x2
C
2
f x x
2
f ( x) = x + 2
x3
3
f )x)
f )x)
x
y
x2
x3
C
3
353
f ( x) = 2
f )x)
x3
3
2x
x
3
x
4
3
1
1
x2
46. fx
47.
f
f (x) = 1x + 1
1
f x C
x
4
y
4
2
2x 1 dx x2 x C
1 12 1 C C 1
f (x) = 1x
y x2 x 1
48.
dy
2x 1, 1, 1
dx
dy
2x 1 2x 2, 3, 2
dx
y
2x 1 dx x2 2x C
2 32 23 C C 1
y x2 2x 1
50. (a)
y
5
y
5
5
5
dy 1
(b)
x 1, 4, 2
dx 2
(b)
x
y xC
4
2
4
2 4C
4
2C
y
x2
x2
4
dy
x2 1, 1, 3
dx
y
x3
xC
3
3
13
1 C
3
8
2
1
3 1C
3
C
7
3
y
x3
7
x
3
3
(1, 3)
4
354
Chapter 4
51. (a)
Integration
(b)
dy
cos x, 0, 4
dx
y
6
1
y sin x 4
(b)
(1, 3)
dy 1
2 , x > 0,
dx
x
y
y
53. (a)
(b)
x1 dx x
2
dx
1
x1
C C
1
x
8
1
1
2
x
dy
2 x, 2, 2
dx
y
2x dx x
(c)
C
12
15
15
2 22 C 4 C C 6
y
20
(b)
6
x2
dy
2x,
dx
y
1, 3
1
3 C C2
1
54. (a)
3
2
52. (a)
cos x dx sin x C
4 sin0 C C 4
2x
12
4, 12
(c)
20
4
dx x 3 2 C
3
6
0
4
4
32
4
12 432 C 8 C
C C
3
3
3
3
6
0
4
4
y x 32
3
3
55. fx 4x, f 0 6
f x
4x dx 2x 2 C
6x 2 dx 2x3 C
f0 6 202 C C 6
g0 1 203 C C 1
f x 2x 2 6
gx 2x3 1
8t3 5 dt 2t4 5t C
6s 8s 3 ds 3s 2 2s 4 C
h1 4 2 5 C C 11
ht 2t4 5t 11
f s 3s 2 2s 4 23
Section 4.1
60. f x x2
59. f x 2
f2 5
f0 6
f 2 10
f 0 3
fx
fx
2 dx 2x C1
1
x 2 dx x3 C1
3
f0 0 C1 6 C1 6
f2 4 C1 5 C1 1
fx 2x 1
f x
1
fx x3 6
3
2x 1 dx x2 x C2
f x
f 2 6 C2 10 C2 4
f 0 0 0 C2 3 C2 3
f x x2 x 4
f x
1 4
x 6x 3
12
f4 2
f0 1
f 0 0
f 0 6
fx
x32 dx 2x12 C1
2
x
fx
C1
fx
f x
x
sin x dx cos x C1
f0 1 C1 1 C1 2
2
f4 C1 2 C1 3
2
2
1 3
1
x 6 dx x 4 6x C2
3
12
fx cos x 2
3
f x
cos x 2 dx sin x 2x C2
f 0 0 0 C2 6 C2 6
2x12 3 dx 4x12 3x C2
f x sin x 2x 6
f 0 0 0 C2 0 C2 0
f x 4x12 3x 4x 3x
1.5t 5 dt 0.75t 2 5t C
h0 0 0 C 12 C 12
ht 0.75t 5t 12
2
64.
dP
kt, 0 t 10
dt
Pt
2
kt12 dt kt32 C
3
355
356
Chapter 4
Integration
y
6
4
2
x
2
1
3
vt
32 dt 32t C1
v0 60 C1
st
s0 6 C2
st 16t2 60t 6, Position function
vt 32t 60 0
32t 60
t 15
8 seconds.
15
15
15
s 8 16 8 60 8 6 62.25 feet
2
f0 v0
f 0 s0
ft vt
32 dt 32t C1
v0
st 32t v0 0 when t
time to reach
32
maximum height.
f0 0 C1 v0 C1 v0
ft 32t v0
f t st
f 0 0 0 C2 s0 C2 s0
f t 16t 2 v0t s0
s
32 1632
v0
v0
v0
v02 v02
550
64
32
v02 35,200
v0 187.617 ftsec
32 550
v0
Section 4.1
357
70. v0 16 ftsec
s0 64 ft
st 16t2 16t 64 0
(a)
(b)
16 t 4 0
t2
1 17
t
2
1 17
2.562 seconds.
2
72. From Exercise 71, f t 4.9t2 1800. (Using the
canyon floor as position 0.)
9.8 dt 9.8t C1
4.9t2 1800
t2
1800
t 9.2 sec
4.9
10
9.8
10
f
7.1 m
9.8
4.9
9.8
v0
v0
9.8 2 200
v0
v02
4.9 v02
198
2
9.8
9.8
4.9 v02 9.8 v02 9.82 198
4.9 v02 9.82 198
v02 3880.8 v0 62.3 msec.
75.
a 1.6
vt
st
1.6t dt 0.8t2 s0
s20 0 0.8202 s0 0
s0 320
Thus, the height of the cliff is 320 meters.
vt 1.6t
v20 32 msec
358
76.
Chapter 4
v dv GM
Integration
1
dy
y2
0 t 5
1 2 GM
v
C
2
y
When y R, v v0.
1 2 GM
v
C
2 0
R
1
GM
C v02
2
R
v2 311 3
1 2 GM 1 2 GM
v
v0
2
y
2
R
v2
2GM
2GM
v02
y
R
v2 v02 2GM
1y R1
0 t 5
79. vt
t3 7t2 15t 9
xt
5
and 3 < t < 5.
3
at dt
vt dt
t12
t > 0
vt dt 2t12 C
x1 4 21 C C 2
7
(c) at 6t 14 0 when t .
3
v
1
t
sin t dt cos t C2
f 0 3 cos0 C2 1 C2 C2 4
f t cos t 4
(b) vt 0 sin t for t k, k 0, 1, 2, . . .
Section 4.1
81. (a)
v0 25 kmhr 25
1000 250
msec
3600
36
v13 80 kmhr 80
1000 800
msec
3600
36
st a
(b)
s13
t 2 250
t
2
36
359
s0 0
250
250
vt at
36
36
250
800
13a
36
36
550
13a
36
(a) 16.5t 66 44
30 mph 44 ftsec
t
15 mph 22 ftsec
at a
vt at 66
22
16.5
73.33 ft
(b) 16.5t 66 22
a
st t2 66t Let s0 0.
2
t
ec
132 when a
33
16.5.
2
at 16.5
vt 16.5t 66
st 8.25t 2 66t
h=
mp
h=
66
44
ft/s
mp
(c)
66
66
a
45
44
2.667
16.5
44
16.5
117.33 ft
30
66
at 66 0 when t .
a
a 66
66
s
a
2 a
22
1.333
16.5
ft/s
ec
mp
0m h=
ph 22 f
t/se
c
82.
550 275
1.175 msec2
468 234
15
a
132
73.33
feet
117.33
feet
360
84.
Chapter 4
Integration
1 mihr5280 ftmi 22
ftsec
3600 sechr
15
(a)
10
15
20
25
30
V1ftsec
3.67
10.27
23.47
42.53
66
95.33
V2ftsec
30.8
55.73
74.8
88
93.87
95.33
(c) S1t
S2t
V1t dt
0.1068 3 0.0416 2
t
t 0.3679t
3
2
V2t dt
0.1208t3 6.7991t2
0.0707t
3
2
1.4k
1.4
1.4
160
v k
k
k
t
1.4k 1602 k
1602
1.4
18,285.714 mihr2
7.45 ftsec2.
86. Let the aircrafts be located 10 and 17 miles away from the airport, as indicated in the figure.
vAt kAt 150
vB kB t 250
1
sAt kAt2 150t 10
2
1
sB kB t2 250t 17
2
1 50 2
t 150tA 10
2 tA A
125tA 10
tA
CONTINUED
10
.
125
50
tA
Airport
10
17
Section 4.1
86. CONTINUED
kA
125
50
625 2
t 150t 10
50
625 sAt
tA
10
2
135
tB
1
sBtB kB tB2 250tB 17 0
2
1 135 2
t 250tB 17
2 tB B
365
t 17
2 B
tB
kB
(b)
34
hr .
365
135
49,275
49,275 2
365
135
sBt
t 250t 17
tB
34
34
68
28,025 2
t 100t 7
68
Yes, d < 3 for t > 0.0505 hr.
20
sB
20
sA
0.1
0
0
d
3
0.1
0
0
87. True
88. True
x
x dx
89. True
x dx
x dx because
90. True
x3
x2
C
C1
3
2
x2 C .
2
93. f x 2x
fx x 2 C
f2 0 4 C 0 C 4
f x
x3
4x C1
3
f 2 0
8
16
8 C1 0 C1
3
3
Answer: f x
x3
16
4x
3
3
361
362
Chapter 4
1,
94. fx 2 ,
0 ,
Integration
0 x < 2
2 < x < 3
3 < x 4
0 x < 2
2 < x < 3
3 < x 4
x C1,
f x 2x C2 ,
C3
,
y
2
1
x
1
f 0 1 C1 1
f continuous at x 2 2 1 4 C2 C2 5
f continuous at x 3 6 5 C3 1
x 1,
f x 2x 5 ,
1
,
95. fx
1,3x,
0 x < 2
2 x < 3
3 x 4
0 x < 2
2 x 5
x C1,
0 x < 2
f x 3x2
C2, 2 x 5
2
f 1 3 1 C1 3 C1 2
f is continuous: Values must agree at x 2:
4 6 C2 C2 2
0 x < 2
x 2,
f x 3x 2
2, 2 x 5
2
The left and right hand derivatives at x 2 do not agree. Hence f is not differentiable at x 2.
96.
d
sx
2 cx
2
2sxsx 2cxcx
dx
2sxcx 2cxsx
0
Thus, sx
2 cx
2 k for some constant k. Since, s0 0 and c0 1, k 1.
Therefore, sx
2 cx
2 1.
[Note that sx sin x and cx cos x satisfy these properties.]
CONTINUED
Section 4.2
Area
363
97. CONTINUED
Hence, 2 f xfx 2 f xgxg0
2gxgx 2gxf xg0.
Adding, 2 f x fx 2g xgx 0.
Integrating, f x2 gx2 C.
Clearly C 0, for if C 0, then f x2 gx2 f x gx 0, which contradicts that f, g are nonconstant.
Now, C f x y2 gx y2 f x f y gxg y2 f xg y gx f y2
f x2f y2 g x2g y2 f x2g y2 gx2f y2
f x2 gx2 f y2 g y2
C2
Thus, C 1 and we have f x2 gx2 1.
Section 4.2
1.
Area
i1
i1
i1
2i 1 2 i 1 21 2 3 4 5 5 35
6
2.
3.
k3
4.
1
1 1
1
1
158
1
1
2 5 10 17
85
47
j 3 4 5 60
i 1
k0
5.
j3
6.
k
c c c c c 4c
k1
i1
7.
15
1
3i
i1
8.
n
2 n
n i1
15.
2i 2 i 2
2i
20
i1
2in
11.
20
i1
12.
9.
2
1 4
4
10.
13.
3i
3 n
2 1
n i1
n
16.
2i 3 2 i 315
15
15
i1
i1
14.
1 n
1 n1
n i0
15216 45 195
2
20
17.
i 1
i1
19
10
i
18.
i1
i
1
i1
192039
2470
6
10
i
i1
j1
j1
2i
2 n
1
1
n i1
n
2021
420
2
j
58 3
8
5
1
i
i1
10
1
i1
1011621 10 375
364
Chapter 4
15
19.
ii 1
i1
Integration
15
i
2
i1
15
i
i1
10
15
i
20.
ii
1
i1
i1
10
i
i1
151631 1516
152162
2
4
6
2
10
i
i1
102112
1011
3080
4
2
20
i
>
3
i1
2020 1220 1
320
6
15
i
>
12,040
3 2x, x, 1, 15, 1 14,160 (TI-82)
2i
i1
202141
60 2930
6
9
33
23. S 3 4 2 51 2 16.5
s 1 3 4 1
9
2
25
2
1515 1
15 215 1 2
2
4
2
152162
1516 14,160
4
24. S 5 5 4 21 16
s 4 4 2 01 10
12.5
25. S 3 3 51 11
2 1
55
3 2
6
2 1 1
9
4.5
3 2 3
2
26. S 5 2 1
s 2 2 31 7
s 21
14 14
12 14
34 14 114 1 2 8 3 2 0.768
1
1 1
1 1
3 1
1 2 3
0.518
s4 0
4
4 4
2 4
4 4
8
27. S4
28. S8
14 214
12 214
34 214
14
54 214
32 214
74 214
2 2
14
14 2 14
12 2 14 . . .
74 214 5.685
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
15 65
5 75
5 85
5 95
5 51 61 71 81 91 0.746
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1
0.646
65 5
75 5
85 5
95 5
2 5
6 7 8 9 10
30. S5 1
s5
1 2
29. S5 1
7
1
1
2
3
16
1
2 6.038
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
s8 0 2
4
s5
15
1 15 15
1 25 15
1 35 15
1 45 15
2
24
21
16
9
1
1
0.859
5
5
5
5
5
1 15 15
1 25 15
1 35 15
1 45 15 0 0.659
2
Section 4.2
81 n2n 12
81
n4 2n3 n2
81
81
lim
1
4
4
4 n
n4
4
4
31. lim
n
32. lim
n
n
64
64
64
2n3 3n2 n
2
lim
n
6
n3
6
3
18 nn 1
18
n2 n
18
lim
1 9
2
2
2 n
n2
2
1 nn 1
n2 n
1
1
1
lim
1
2
2
2 n
n2
2
2
n
34. lim
1 n
1 nn 1
n2
2
2i 1
2
2i 1 2 2
n
1 Sn
2
n
n
n
2
n
n
i1
i1
n
35.
n
33. lim
S10
12
1.2
10
S100 1.02
S1000 1.002
S10,000 1.0002
4j 3
1 n
1 4nn 1
2n 5
3n
Sn
2
4j 3 2
2
n j1
n
2
n
j1 n
n
36.
S10
25
2.5
10
S100 2.05
S1000 2.005
S10,000 2.0005
6 n 2
6 nn 12n 1 nn 1
6kk 1
3
k k 3
3
n
n k1
n
6
2
k1
n
37.
6 2n2 3n 1 3n 3
1
2
22n2 2 2 2 Sn
n2
6
n
n
S10 1.98
S100 1.9998
S1000 1.999998
S10,000 1.99999998
4i2i 1
4 n 3
4 n2n 12 nn 12n 1
4
i i2 4
4
n
n
n
4
6
i1
i1
n
38.
Area
S10 1.056
S100 1.006566
S1000 1.00066567
S10,000 1.000066657
4 n3 2n2 n 2n2 3n 1
n3
4
6
1
3n3 6n2 3n 4n2 6n 2
3n3
1
3n3 2n2 3n 2 Sn
3n3
365
366
Chapter 4
Integration
16
16 nn 1
1
16i
n n
n lim n i lim n 2 lim 8 n 8 lim 1 n 8
n
39. lim
n i1
n n
n
40. lim
n
2i
lim
n i1
n
i1
n
i1
n
lim
n
4 n
4 nn 1
4
1
i lim 2
1
2
lim
n n
n 2
n2i1
2
n
1 n1 2
1 n 1n2n 1
i lim 3
n n3 i1
n n
6
i 1
n
41. lim
1 2n3 3n2 n
1 2 3n 1n2
lim
3
n 6
n 6
n
1
lim
2 n
n 2i2
n3i1
lim
1 n n
n
42. lim
2i
n i1
n
2
n n3
n
n
n
i1
i1
4
26
3
3
1 nn 1
2
i1
1 2 n2 34 n2 3n2
2 12
i1
i1
n
2i
44. lim
n
i1
n
i 4 i
4n
nn 1
2 3
4nn 12n 1
n 4n
n3
2
6
2 lim
43. lim
31
lim
lim
i1
i1
1 n 3
n 6n2i 12ni 2 8i 3
n n4 i1
2 lim
2 lim
1 4
nn 1
nn 12n 1
n2n 12
n 6n2
12n
8
n4
2
6
4
2 lim
1 3 n3 4 n6 n2 2 n4 n2
n
n
45. (a)
2 lim 10
n
13
4
2 20
n
n
(b) x
20 2
n
n
Endpoints:
0 < 1
1
x
1
CONTINUED
Section 4.2
Area
367
45. CONTINUED
(d) f Mi f xi on xi1, xi
sn
Sn
f xi1 x
i1
i1
f
n
i1
(e)
x
sn
Sn
f xi x
2i 2
n
n i1
i1
i1
2
i 1
n
4 n
2
lim 2 i 1
n n i1
n
50
100
1.6
1.8
1.96
1.98
2.04
lim
4 nn 1
n
n2
2
lim
2n n 1 n4 2
n
10
2.2
(f) lim
i1
2.4
n
2i 2
2
2
n n i n n
n
n
2.02
i
n n
n
lim
i1
(b) x
lim
n4 nn 2 1
lim
2n 1
2
n
n
4 n
i
n n2 i1
lim
n
46. (a)
31 2
n
n
Endpoints:
3
1 < 1
2
1
1 <11
x
2
2
4
2n
< 1 <...< 1
3
n
n
n
f x
sn
x
i1
i1
i1
i1
Sn
i1
(e)
i1
i1
10
50
100
sn
3.6
3.8
3.96
3.98
Sn
4.4
4.2
4.04
4.02
1 i 1n n
n
(f) lim
n i1
lim
n
lim
n
1 i n n
n
lim
n i1
lim
n
lim
n
2nn n2nn 2 1 n
2 2n n 2 n lim 4 n2 4
4
2
2 nn 1
n
n
n
2
2 2n n 1 lim 4 n2 4
n
368
Chapter 4
Integration
Note: x 1 n 0 1n
i 1
i
1
sn f 2 3
n n
n
n
i1
i1
3
2 n
2n 1n
1
i3
2
n2i1
2n2
n
x
1
n
Note: x 5 n 2 3n
3i
4
n
3i
Sn
f 2
n
i1
3 2
i1
6
y
12
3
n
10
8
3
3
18 3
n
n
27 n 1n
27
1
6
1
n2
2
2
n
2 n
i 12
i1
x
4
10
12
27 39
2
2
Note: x n1
i 1
i
1
Sn f 2
n n
n
n
i1
i1
nn 12n 1
1
3
1 n 2
1
3
i 2
2 2 2 2
n i1
6n3
6
n n
x
1
7
Area lim Sn
n
3
n
3i
n
l1
3
n
l1
3i
n
30 3
n
n
1
3
n
27
3
l2
1
n 3 l1
n l1
27 nn 12n 1 3
9 2n2 3n 1
3
n
3
n
6
n
2
n2
9
Area lim Sn 2 3 12
n
2
y
12
10
8
6
4
2
x
1
Section 4.2
n
f 1
i1
2i
n
2
n
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
2
n
2
4 nn 12n 1 4 nn 1
15n 2
n
n
6
n
2
x
1
8
4
n 12n 1 n 1
6n2
n
30
8
70
1
4
23
3
3
3
Note: x n1
52. y 1 x2 on 1, 1. Find area of region over the interval 0, 1.
n
i
sn
f
n
i1
n
1
i
1
n
n
i1
1
n
1 n 2
nn 12n 1
1
3
1
i 1
1 2 2
n3 i1
6n3
6
n n
1
2
1
1
1 2
Area lim sn 1
n
2
3 3
Area
4
3
41 3
n
n
y
70
60
n
3i
sn
f 1
n
i1
n
n
3
3i
64 1
n
n
i1
27i3
27i2
3
9i
63 3 2
n i1
n
n
n
3
n
50
40
30
20
10
1
3
27 n2n 12 27 nn 12n 1 9 nn 1
2
63n 3
n
n
4
n
6
n
2
189
n
Note: x 1 n 0 1n
1
n
1
i
i
2
n
n
n
i1
2.0
1
n
1 1
2
1
n 4 4n 4n2
1 3
4 4
1.5
1.0
0.5
2
1
nn 1
1 n n 1
i 4
i3
4
n2 i1
n i1
n2
n
4
81
27 513
27
128.25
4
2
4
i
Tn
f
n
i1
n
Since y both increases and decreases on 0, 1, Tn is neither an upper nor lower sum.
n
x
1
81
81
27 n 1
n 12 2n 12n 1
4n2
6n
2
n
369
18
n
2
2i
16 1
n
n
i1
2 n
4i2 4i
15 2
n i1
n
n
Area
x
0.5
1.0
2.0
370
Chapter 4
Integration
Tn
2i
i1
n
1
i1
1
i1
2
n
2i
i1
4i 4i2
6i 12i 2 8i3
2 1 2 3
n
n
n
n
n
4
20
n 2
n
n
2n
3
20
2
i1
n
i1
1
16
3
1
2
1
2 2 4 1 2
n
3
n n
n n
32
nn 12n 1 16
4
6
n
2
n
n n 1 n i n i
nn 1 32
3
2
n
4 10 1
2i
n
i1
16 n 3
i
n4 i1
n2n 12
4
32
2
4
3
3
i1
i1
5i 4i
2 n n
n
i1
2
i3
n3
1n 2 n5 i n4 i
n
i1
i1
2
1
1 n 3
i
n4 i1
1
1
5
1
5
4 2
2
1
1
2 2n 3 n 3n3 4 2n 4n2
5 4 1
7
2 3 4 12
Note: y 2 n 0 2n
57. f y 3y, 0 y 2
n
2
2i
3
n
n
i1
2i
Sn
f mi y
f
n
i1
i1
12 n
12
2
i 2
n i1
n
n
n
x
2
y
5
4
g2 n n
2i
6
6
n
1
42 2
58. gy y, 2 y 4. Note: y
2
n
n
n
2
n
6
nn 1 6n 1
6
n
n
2
Sn
i1
n
1
2i
2
2
n
i1
2
2 n
i
1
n
n i1
n
2
1 nn 1
n1
n
2
n
n
2
n
1
x
1
Section 4.2
Note: y 3 n 0 3n
27
3i 3
3i 3
Sn f
i
n n
n
n
n
n
i1
27
n3
i1
9 2n 3n 1
nn 12n 1
27
9
2
9
6
n
2
2n 2n2
n
21 1
n
n
y
5
f 1 nn
n
x
2
2
27
9
9
2n 2n2
60. f y 4y y 2, 1 y 2. Note: y
Sn
i1
i1
1 n
i
i
4 1
1
n i1
n
n
1 n
4i
2i
i2
4 1 2
n i1
n
n
n
1
x
1
1 n
2i
i2
3 2
n i1
n
n
1
2 nn 1
1 nn 12n 1
3n
2
n
n
2
n
6
3
n
2i
Sn
g 1
n
i1
i1
2i
4 1
n
1 11
3
3
Note: y 3 n 1 2n
y
10
8
2
n
2i
1
n
2
n
2 n
10i 4i2 8i3
2
10 nn 1
4 nn 12n 1
8 n2n 12
3
2 3 3n
2
2
n i1
n
n
n
n
n
2
n
6
n
4
4 2
2
2 n
4i 4i2
6i 12i2 8i3
4 1 2 1 2 3
n i1
n
n
n
n
n
n 1 n 12n 1
n
6
44
8
4
3
3
371
59. f y y 2, 0 y 3
n
Area
10
372
Chapter 4
Integration
1
n
y
5
h1 nn
n
i1
n
i1
i
1
n
1
1
n
1
x
1 n
i3
3i2 3i
2 3 2
n i1
n
n
n
1
1 n2n 12
3 nn 12n 1 3 nn 1
2n 3
2
n
n
4
n
6
n
2
2
n
xi xi1
.
2
2
i
i1
3
i1
12
69
8
2
i
i1
4ci1
i1
53
,n4
4
xi xi1
.
2
Let ci
3
5
7
,c ,c
,c
,c
16 1 32 2
32 3
32 4
32
f ci x
i1
f c x c
Area
1 1
9
25
49
3
3
3
3
2 16
16
16
16
xi xi1
.
2
1
3
5
7
x 1, c1 , c2 , c3 , c4
2
2
2
2
Area
Let ci
f c x c
x
10
1
3
5
7
1
x , c1 , c2 , c3 , c4
2
4
4
4
4
Let ci
1
3 19
1
4
2
4
63. f x x2 3, 0 x 2, n 4
Area
Let ci
Area
i1
67. f x
x on 0, 4.
Approximate area
3
5
7
,c ,c
,c
,c
8 1 16 2
16 3
16 4
16
12
16
20
5.3838
5.3523
5.3439
5.3403
5.3384
f c x sin c 8
n
i1
3
5
7
tan
tan
tan
tan
0.345
16
32
32
32
32
xi xi1
.
2
x
tan c 16
4
,n4
2
i1
3
5
7
sin
sin
sin
sin
1.006
8
16
16
16
16
Section 4.2
68. f x
Area
373
8
on 2, 6.
x2 1
n
Approximate area
12
16
20
2.3397
2.3755
2.3824
2.3848
2.3860
12
16
20
2.2223
2.2387
2.2418
2.2430
2.2435
12
16
20
1.1041
1.1053
1.1055
1.1056
1.1056
n
Approximate area
71.
72.
2
1
1
1
x
a
x
a
We can see that the rectangles do not contain all of the area in
the first graph and the rectangles in the second graph cover
more than the area of the region.
The exact value of the area lies between these two sums.
374
Chapter 4
75. (a)
Integration
(b)
2
x
1
Lower sum:
s4 0 4 513 6 1513 46
3 15.333
(c)
Upper sum:
1
2
11
326
S4 4 53 6 65 2115 15 21.733
(d) In each case, x 4n. The lower sum uses left endpoints, i 14n. The upper sum uses right endpoints,
i4n. The Midpoint Rule uses midpoints, i 12 4n.
8
6
4
2
x
1
Midpoint Rule:
M4 223 445 557 629 6112
315 19.403
(e)
20
100
200
sn
15.333
17.368
18.459
18.995
19.06
Sn
21.733
20.568
19.739
19.251
19.188
Mn
19.403
19.201
19.137
19.125
19.125
(f) sn increases because the lower sum approaches the exact value as n increases. Sn decreases because the upper sum
approaches the exact value as n increases. Because of the shape of the graph, the lower sum is always smaller than the
exact value, whereas the upper sum is always larger.
2
1.0
Let A1 area bounded by f x sin x, the x-axis, x 0 and x 2. Let A2 area of the
rectangle bounded by y 1, y 0, x 0, and x 2. Thus, A2 21 1.570796.
In this program, the computer is generating N2 pairs of random points in the rectangle whose
area is represented by A2. It is keeping track of how many of these points, N1, lie in the region
whose area is represented by A1. Since the points are randomly generated, we assume that
A1 N1
N1
A1
A.
A2 N2
N2 2
( 2 , 1)
f (x) = sin(x)
0.75
0.5
0.25
79. Suppose there are n rows and n 1 columns in the figure. The stars on the left total 1 2 . . . n, as do the stars
on the right. There are nn 1 stars in total, hence
21 2 . . . n nn 1
1 2 . . . n 12nn 1.
Section 4.2
80. (a)
2
n
Area
375
h
(b) sin
r
h r sin
1
1
1
A bh rr sin r2 sin
2
2
2
(c) An n
12r
sin
2
r 2n
2
sin2 n
sin
r2
n
2
n
2 n
Let x 2 n. As n , x 0.
lim An lim r 2
n
x0
sinx x r 1 r
2
(b)
500
350
0
For n even,
1 row,
1 block
n 2, 1 row,
2 block
n 3,
2 rows,
4 blocks
n 4, 2 rows,
6 blocks
n 5,
3 rows,
9 blocks
n 6, 3 rows,
12 blocks
n,
n1
rows,
2
n 2 1 blocks,
2
83. (a)
2i nn 1
(b)
i1
i
i1
2i kk 1.
n2 2n
blocks,
4
n2n 12
4
i1
Then we have
n
rows,
2
n,
k1
i1
i1
2i 2i 2k 1
kk 1 2k 1
k 1k 2
i
i1
k2k 12
.
4
k1
Then we have
i
i1
i
k 13
i1
k2k 12
k 13
4
k 12 2
k 4k 1
4
k 12
k 22
4
376
Chapter 4
Integration
A point x, y in the square is closer to the center than the top edge if
(x, 1)
x2 y2 1 y
(x, y)
x 2 y 2 1 2y y 2
1
1 x2.
2
(0, 0)
By symmetry, a point x, y in the square is closer to the center than the
right edge if
1
1 y 2.
2
1
1
In the first quadrant, the parabolas y 21 x2 and x 21 y 2 intersect at 2 1, 2 1. There are 8 equal regions
that make up the total region, as indicated in the figure.
y
2 1,
2 1(
(1, 1)
21
Probability
Section 4.3
12 1 x xdx 2 3 2 65
2
42 5
22 5
8S
2
Area square
3
6
3
3
1. f x x, y 0, x 0, x 3, ci
3i2
n2
y
3
lim
n i1
3i
n
3
2i 1
n2
33
n i1
lim
n3
n
2i
i
i1
n
n 13n2n 1
lim 33
n
23 0 23 3.464
33
n1
2n2
...
3
n2
lim
y=
Section 4.3
3
x, y 0, x 0, x 1, ci
2. f x
xi
i3
n3
i3
i 13 3i 2 3i 1
n3
n3
n3
f c x
lim
n i1
n
i 3 3i 2 3i 1
3
n3
lim
n i1
1 n
3i 3 3i 2 i
n n4 i1
lim
1
nn 1
n2n 12
nn 12n 1
3
3
4
n n
4
6
2
lim
lim
lim
1
1
1 3n4 n3 n2
3
3
lim
n 4
n4 4
2
4
2n 4n2
4
n
n
3. y 6 on 4, 10 .
6i
36
i1
i1
Note: x 10 n 4 6n, 0 as n
f c x f 4 n
n
6 n
n
n
i1
i1
1
1 n
36 36n 36
ni1
n
10
6 dx lim 36 36
n
4. y x on 2, 3 .
f c x f 2 n
n
2 n
n
10 n i
n
5i
5i
25
i1
i1
i1
10
2
x dx lim
n
i1
25
25n
nn 2 1 10 252 1 n1
25 2n
2
25
52 2n
25
5. y x3 on 1, 1 .
f c x f 1 n
n
1 n
n
1 n
n
i1
2i
2i
6i
i1
i1
i1
24 n 2 16 n 3
12 n
i 4
i
2 2 i 3
n i1
n i1
n i1
2 6 1
1
x3 dx lim
n
2
0
n
1
3
1
2
1
2
4 2 2 4 1 2
n
n n
n n
n
12i 2 8i 3
3
n2
n
2n
377
378
Chapter 4
Integration
31 2
, 0 as n
n
n
6. y 3x 2 on 1, 3 . Note: x
f c x f 1 n
n
2i
i1
i1
3 1 n
n
2i
i1
6 n
4i 4i2
1 2
ni1
n
n
6
4 nn 1
4 nn 12n 1
n
2
n
n
2
n
6
6 12
3x 2 dx lim
n
n1
n 12n 1
4
n
n2
n 1 4n 12n 1
n
n2
6 12
6 12 8 26
Note: x 2 n 1 1n, 0 as n
7. y x2 1 on 1, 2 .
f c x f 1 n
n
1 n
i1
i1
x2 1 dx lim
n
i1
1
2
2
i1
1n
1
2 1 3
; 0 as n
n
n
f 1 n
n
3i
i1
3 n
3i
3 1
ni1
n
3 n
6i 9i2
3 1 2 2
n i1
n
n
3
18 nn 1 27 nn 12n 1
3n
2
2n
n
n
2
n
6
2
15
1n
1 2in ni
1
f ci xi
1 n 2
1
1
3
10
1
3
1
2 n
i 3
i 2 1
2 2
2
n i1
n i1
n
6
n n
3
2n 6n2
8. y 3x 2 2 on 1, 2
. Note: x
n
i1
2
n
27n 1 27 n 12n 1
n
2
n2
15 27
n 1 27 n 12n 1
n
2
n2
15 27 27 15
n
9. lim
0
i1
1
3x 10 dx
10. lim
0
i1
on the interval 0, 4 .
6x4 x2 dx
Section 4.3
0
11. lim
ci2 4 xi
i1
12. lim
0
14.
3 dx
4 x2 dx
18.
3
dx
x2
4 x dx
16.
sin x dx
20.
4
19.
x2 dx
1
dx
1 x 1
2
21.
15.
2
2
i
4 2x dx
i1
on the interval 1, 3 .
17.
c
x
n
x2 4 dx
on the interval 0, 3
.
13.
4
tan x dx
y 3 dy
22.
y 22 dy
23. Rectangle
A bh 34
A
4 dx 12
Rectangle
2
1
x
1
25. Triangle
24. Rectangle
A
a
4 dx 8a
x dx 8
A
1
1
A bh 42
2
2
A
26. Triangle
1
1
A bh 44
2
2
A bh 24a
x
dx 4
2
y
5
3
Triangle
Triangle
Rectangle
2
1
x
1
x
2
27. Trapezoid
b1 b2
59
h
2
A
2
2
2x 5 dx 14
29. Triangle
1
1
A bh 88 32
2
2
A
28. Triangle
A
1
1
A bh 21
2
2
8 xdx 32
A
1
1 x dx 1
y
y
y
10
Triangle
6
6
Trapezoid
x
1
x
1
3
2
10
379
380
Chapter 4
Integration
30. Triangle
1
1
A bh 2aa
2
2
A
a
32. Semicircle
31. Semicircle
1
A r2
2
1
1
A r 2 32
2
2
a x dx a2
A
3
9 x2 dx
9
2
A
r 2 x 2 dx
r
4
a
1 2
r
2
Semicircle
Semicircle
Triangle
In Exercises 3340,
x dx
4x dx 4
33.
dx 2
34.
36.
15 dx 15
x dx 8
x 8 dx
x dx 46 24
x3 dx 0
x dx 6
39.
37.
x dx 6,
35.
x3 dx 60,
dx 6 82 10
38.
1 3
1
x 3x 2 dx
2
2
x3 dx 3
x dx 2
x3 4dx
dx 152 30
2
4
x3 dx 4
dx
40.
(b)
f x dx
f x dx
42. (a)
(b)
(c)
f x dx 310 30
2gx dx 2
gx dx
f x dx
2 10 12
gx dx 22 4
f x dx 310 30
1
f x dx 0 5 5
f x dx 5 5 10
1
(d)
f x dx
f x dx
(c)
f x dx
f x dx 51 5
1
3f x dx 3
5f x dx 5
44. (a)
(b)
gx dx
g x f x dx
f x dx 0
10 2 8
(d)
f x dx
f x gx dx
f x dx 1 1
(c)
(d)
(b)
f x dx
3f x dx 3
f x dx 4 1 3
43. (a)
f x dx 0
(d)
x3 dx
f x dx
(c)
f x dx 10
x dx
f x dx
f x dx 10 3 13
dx 2
f x dx
6 2x x3dx 6
1
60 36 22 16
2
41. (a)
dx 60 42 68
3f x dx 3
1
f x dx 30 0
3f x dx 3
f x dx 35 15
Section 4.3
45. Lower estimate: 24 12 4 20 362 48
381
48. (a)
f x dx
f xdx
1
2
y
2
(3, 2) (4, 2)
(b)
(11, 1)
3f (x) dx 32 6
(c)
1 1
1
1
f (x) dx 22 2 22 5
2 2
2
2
11
(d)
f (x) dx
12
(0, 1)
(8, 2)
1 1
1
42 3
2 2
2
11
(e)
1
1
f (x) dx 2 2 2 4 2
2
2
10
(f)
f (x) dx 2 4 2
49. (a)
(c)
f x dx
f x dx 2
4,x,
2 dx 4 10 14
(b)
2
f x 2 dx
f x dx 4
Let u x 2.
5
50. f x
f x 2 dx
f x dx 24 8
f even
(d)
5
f x dx 0
f odd
x < 4
x 4
(8, 8)
1
f x dx 44 44 44 40
2
x
4
53. f x
1
x4
382
Chapter 4
Integration
1
1
x
dx
x
55.
56.
1
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2 sin x dx 12 1
2
x3 x dx
12
16
20
Ln
3.6830
3.9956
4.0707
4.1016
4.1177
Mn
4.3082
4.2076
4.1838
4.1740
4.1690
Rn
3.6830
3.9956
4.0707
4.1016
4.1177
12
16
20
Ln
7.9224
7.0855
6.8062
6.6662
6.5822
Mn
6.2485
6.2470
6.2460
6.2457
6.2455
Rn
4.5474
5.3980
5.6812
5.8225
5.9072
60.
5
dx
x2 1
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
3
4
58.
1
2
1
2
59.
(d)
57.
is integrable, sketch a graph of the region bounded by f x x x and the x-axis for
1 x 1. You see that the integral equals 0.
Section 4.3
383
2
61.
sin2 x dx
12
16
20
Ln
0.5890
0.6872
0.7199
0.7363
0.7461
Mn
0.7854
0.7854
0.7854
0.7854
0.7854
Rn
0.9817
0.8836
0.8508
0.8345
0.8247
12
16
20
Ln
2.8186
2.9985
3.0434
3.0631
3.0740
Mn
3.1784
3.1277
3.1185
3.1152
3.1138
Rn
3.1361
3.1573
3.1493
3.1425
3.1375
62.
x sin x dx
63. True
64. False
x dx
1
xx dx
65. True
x dx
67. False
66. True
x dx 2
f c x f 1 x
i
i1
, x , x3 , x4 2
4 2
3
2
, x2 , x3
, x4
4
12
3
2
3
, c , c3
,c
6 2
3
3 4
2
f c x f 6
x
4
i1
f
3
x
f
23
x
f
32
x
12
4
23
12
23
23
1 0.708
384
Chapter 4
71. x
Integration
ba
ba
, ci a ix a i
n
n
x dx lim
f c x
i
0 i1
a i
lim
n
i1
lim
n
ba
n
a b n a
i
n
2 n
i1
i1
lim
ab a b n a
n
ab a
nn 1
2
n1
2
b a2
2
b a a
b n a
b n a an b n a
n
72. x
ba
n
lim
ba
2
b aa b b 2 a 2
2
2
ba
ba
, ci a ix a i
n
n
x 2 dx lim
f c x
lim
a i
lim
b n a
a
b n a
na
2ab a nn 1
ba
n
2
n
0 i1
n i1
n
lim
n
ba
n
n
i1
a b a
lim
n
b n a
2aib a
ba
i2
n
n
2
nn 12n 1
6
ab a2n 1
b a3 n 12n 1
n
6
n2
1
a2b a ab a2 b a3
3
1
b3 a3
3
1,
73. f x
0,
x is rational
x is irrational
0, x 0
74. f x 1 ,
x 0 < x 1
The limit
y
1
f(x) = x
lim
f c x
0 i1
i
x
1
Section 4.4
75. The function f is nonnegative between x 1 and x 1.
385
y
2
f(x) = 1 x 2
2
1
Hence,
Thus,
1 x 2 dx
x dx 12 1 1.
f c x n
n
i1
i1
lim
n
1
1 n
3 i 2.
n n i1
1 2
1
1 22 32 . . . n2
lim 3
n n
n3
lim
n
Section 4.4
1. f x
n2n 1n 1
6
1
2n2 3n 1
1
1
1
lim
n 3
6n2
2n 6n2
3
4
x2 1
2. f x cos x
4
dx is positive.
x2 1
cos x dx 0
3. f x x x2 1
4. f x x 2 x
2
x x2 1 dx 0
2
x 2 x dx is negative.
2x dx x2
x 2 dx
7.
1
8.
6.
2 2x
x2
1
0
1
t3 2t
3
12 2 52
t2 2 dt
1
1
5
2
13 2 31 2 103
3 dv 3v
3
3v 4 v v2 4v
2
2
1
9.
101
5.
37 32 15
386
Chapter 4
Integration
27
10.
5x 2
4x
2
3x 2 5x 4dx x3
45
5
12 1 4
2
2
38
2t 12 dt
t3 9t dt
11.
1
3
v13 dv
1
1
8
18.
34v
43
3
34t
1
x
x
dx
3
3
2 t t dt
t13 t23 dt
2t
1
x x2
dx
3
2
2
x
1
1
8
3
2t12 t32 dt
43
3
t53
5
23 4 32
4 4
43t
32
0
1
1
0
2
t52
5
8 2 2
1 1 2
1
3 2 3
18
t15t20 6t
2
0
2
0
2
2
16
2
20 12
15
15
27
34 53 20
1
x23 x53 dx
8
1
1 3 53 3 83
x x
2 5
8
8
1
80 24 15x
x53
8
3 2x dx
32
2x 3 dx
1 x2 2 32
x
3 2
3
x x12 dx
2 2x
34t
23 4
4u12
34 2 34 2 4
1
43
1
23.
32
x12 dx 22x12
22.
23u
3 3
3 3 4 0
3 4
21.
12 1 2 21 2
20.
1
u12 2u12 du
2
dx
2
x
19.
2
3
t 2 dt
1
4
21
3
3
2t2 t
2 2 3 1 2
u2
du
u
17.
1
u u1 du u2 u1
2
16.
1
15.
9
t2
2
3
3
1 dx x
x2
x
14.
14t
2
13.
12.
3t
4t2 4t 1 dt
32
0
1
32
4569
39 144
80
80
80
32
3x x2
x2 3x
3
32
3
2
Section 4.4
24.
6 x dx
x2
2
x2
2 3
1
6x
x 2 4 dx
8
4
27.
x3
3
x3
x2 4x 3 dx
x3 2x
x3 2x
4 4
4
0 04
3
3 3
3x
d
4
3
x x2 dx
3 x x dx
2
4
3
3 1
x3 2x
3x
3x
4
3
2
6
4
29.
6
0
6
sec2 x dx tan x
6
2 1 2 1 2 2
42 42 0
2
x2 x3
3
2
4
1 0 1 2
35. A
x2 4x 3 dx
2 csc2 x dx 2x cot x
33. A
x2 4x 3 dx
2
1 sin2
d
cos2
3
8
8
9 12
8
3
3
4
32.
3 4x
2
31.
30.
1 sin x dx x cos x
4
28.
x 2 4 dx
23
3
x2 4x 3 dx
4x
26.
4 x 2 dx
9 13
2
2
4 16 18
3
3 x 3
dx
x dx
387
3 x 3
dx
25.
3 1x 31 dx
4
4
1
1 2
1
6
34. A
2
3x12 x32 dx 2x32 x52
5
0
3
0
1
1 x 4 dx x x5
5
1
x
x
10 2x
5
3
0
12
3
5
1
1
8
5
233
388
Chapter 4
1
1
dx
x2
x
x sin x dx
36. A
38. A
Integration
1
1
1
2
2
1
2 cos x
x2
37. A
2
2
cos x dx sin x
1
2
2 4
2
2
2
39. Since y 0 on 0, 2
,
A
3x2 1 dx x3 x
8 2 10.
40. Since y 0 on 0. 8
,
3
1 x13 dx x x 43
4
0
Area
8
0
3
8 16 20.
4
41. Since y 0 on 0, 2
,
42. Since y 0 on 0, 3
,
A
x3 x dx
2
43.
x 2 x dx
x2
2
x4 x2
4
2
4x32
3
2
0
2
0
4 2 6.
A
3x x2 dx
2
8
2
3
44.
9
9
dx 2
x3
2x
3
1
32x
1 9
4
2 2
f c3 1 4
6 8
2
f c2 0
3
9
2
c3
3 4
2
c 2
c
3
c3
3 4
2
1
c 2
c 1
3
c
c 1 6 34 2
2
9
2
92 1.6510
3
6 34 2
64 2
c 1
3
c 1
c 0.4380 or c 1.7908
4
45.
4
4
2 sec2 x dx 2 tan x
21 21 4
4
4 4 4
f c
2 sec2 c
8
sec2 c
4
sec c
3
46.
3
cos x dx sin x
3
3
3
3 3 3
f c
cos c
3
3
2
c 0.5971
2
c arcsec
2
arccos
0.4817
x3
3
3
0
9
.
2
Section 4.4
47.
1
2 2
2
Average value
4 x2
48.
1
31
1
1
4x x3
4
3
4 x2 dx
2
1
4
8 3 8 3 3
8
4x 2 1
dx 2
x2
1 x2dx 2 x
1
x
49.
1
0
sin x dx
Average value
sin x
4x2 1 16
x
3
x2
3
2
cos x dx
Average value
cos x
3
3
, 8
3
3
1
16
Average value
3
, 8
8
8
2
3
when x2 4 or x
1.155.
3
3
3
1
2 0
3
3
8
3
1
16
2 3
3
3
50.
389
1
cos x
2
(0.690, 2 (
2
2
2
2
(2.451, 2 (
2
3
2
1
x 0.690, 2.451
sin x
2
1.5
(0.881, 2 (
2
2.71
0.5
x 0.881
53. If f is continuous on a, b
and F x f x on a, b
,
then
54. (a)
f x dx
71
8 4
6 3
(c) A 8 62 20
A1 A2 A3 A4
1
1
1
3 1 1 2 2 1 31
2
2
2
Average value
8
20 10
6
3
y
7
6
5
A1
A2
A3
A4
1
1
x
1
x
1
55.
56.
f x dx
f x dx
390
Chapter 4
6
57.
2 f x
dx
58.
59.
f x dx f x dx
Integration
2
2f x dx 2
2 dx
f x dx
1
6
1
f x dx 3.5 0.5833
6
12 3.5 15.5
61. (a) F x k sec2 x
(b)
F 0 k 500
1
3 0
3
500 sec2 x dx
3
1500
tan x
1500
3 0
826.99 newtons
827 newtons
62.
63.
kR r dr
1
R0
1
50
64. (a)
R
2
3 R
k 2
r
Rr
R
3
2kR
3
1
0.08645t2 0.05073t3 0.00935t4
5
(b)
0.5318 liter
10
24
24
0
The area above the x-axis equals the area below the
x-axis. Thus, the average value is zero.
90
10
70
10
60
(c)
vt dt
8.61
104t 4 0.0782t3 0.208t 2
0.0952t
4
3
2
60
0
2476 meters
N
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(b) 6 7 9 12 15 14 11 7 2
60 8360 4980 customers
CONTINUED
Section 4.4
66. CONTINUED
(c) Using a graphing utility, you obtain
Nt 0.084175t3 0.63492t2 0.79052 4.10317.
(d)
16
10
2
(e)
Nt dt 85.162
67. Fx
t 5 dt
2 5t
t2
F2
4
52 8
2
F5
25
25
55
2
2
F8
64
58 8
2
68. Fx
x2
5x
2
t3 2t 2 dt
4 t
4 x
x4
x 2 2x 4
4
t4
x4
2t
2x 4 4 4
Note: F2 t
2
F2 4 4 4 4 0
F5
625
25 10 4 167.25
4
F8
84
64 16 4 1068
4
69. Fx
10
2 dv
1 v
10v2 dv
10
1
10 10 1
x
x
10
v
x
1
2t 2 dt 0
70. Fx
2
3 dt
2 t
F2
1 1
0
4 4
2t3 dt
F2 10
12 5
F5
1
1
21
0.21
25 4
100
F5 10
45 8
F8
1
1
15
64 4
64
F8 10
78 354
1
t2
1
1
x2 4
391
392
Chapter 4
Integration
71. Fx
cos d sin
sin x sin 1
72. Fx
sin d cos
73. gx
74. gx
f t dt
f tdt
(a) g0
f t dt 0
g2
f t dt 4 2 1 7
g4
f t dt 7 2 9
g6
f t dt 9 1 8
f t dt 8 2 4 2
0
8
0
8
g8
f t dt 1244 8
0
6
0
6
g6
f t dt 1224 4
0
4
0
4
g4
f t dt 0
g2
(a) g0
g8
f t dt 8 3 5
f t dt 2 6 4
(c) g is a maximum of 9 at x 4.
(c) g is a minimum of 8 at x 4.
(d)
(d)
10
x
2
10
4
2
6
x
2
75. (a)
t 2 dt
(b)
77. (a)
1
x2 2x
2
tt2 1 dt
(b)
t2
2t
2
d 1 2
x 2x x 2
dx 2
x
76. (a)
t3 t dt
14t
1
t2
2
x
0
1
1
x2
x4 x2 x2 2
4
2
4
d 1 4 1 2
x x x3 x xx2 1
dx 4
2
x
3 t
dt
34t
43
3
3
x 43 16 x 43 12
4
4
d 3 43
3 x
(b)
x 12 x13
dx 4
78. (a)
t dt
23t
32
2
16 2 32
x32
x 8
3
3
3
d 2 32 16
x12
x
(b)
x
dx 3
3
Section 4.4
79. (a)
x4
(b)
x
x4
tan x 1
80. (a)
(b)
2
82. F x
t 2 2t dt
F x x2 2x
x
4 t
F x
d
sec x 2
sec x tan x
dx
83. F x
t 4 1 dt
F x x4 1
x2
x 1
86. Fx
t cos t dt
sec3 t dt
F x sec3 x
F x x cos x
1
4 x
F x
t2
dt
2
t
1
1
85. F x
dt
sec x 2
3
84. F x
3
d
tan x 1
sec2 x
dx
81. F x
sec2 t dt tan t
x2
87. Fx
4t 1 dt
Alternate solution:
x2
2t2 t
x2
Fx
4t 1 dt
2x 22 x 2
2x2 x
8x 10
x2
4t 1 dt
F x 8
4t 1 dt
x2
4t 1 dt
4t 1 dt
88. Fx
t 3 dt
x
t4
4 x
x
0
Alternate solution:
Fx
F x 0
t3 dt
x
0
x
t3 dt
x
t3 dt
t3 dt
t3 dt
sin x
89. Fx
t dt
3t
2
32
sin x
0
2
sin x32
3
Alternate solution:
sin x
Fx
t dt
F x sin x
90. Fx
t3 dt
t2
2
x2
2
1
2t2
x2
2
d
sin x
sin xcos x
dx
1 1
F x 2x5
2x4
8
x3
91. Fx
sin t 2 dt
F x sinx32
92. Fx
sin 2 d
393
394
Chapter 4
Integration
93. gx
f t dt
1
1
g0 0, g1 , g2 1, g3 , g4 0
2
2
g
x
1
1
2
94. (a)
10
gx
2
4
6
3
(b)
y
6
4
2
x
2
10
12
4
6
12
3.
4
(f) Zeros of g: x 3, x 8
45t
5000 25 3
5000 25
(b)
t14 dt
4
t2
lim gt 4
54
t
Horizontal asymptote: y 4
12 54
x
1000125 12x54
5
x
(b) Ax
4
4t
4
t
4
dt
t2
x
1
4x
x
4
8
x
x
4
8 08
x
5
Total distance
x t dt
3 t 3t 1 dt
t 2 4t 3 dt 3
3
4 4 20
28 units
t 2 4t 3 dt 3
t 2 4t 3 dt
Section 4.4
4
x t dt
x t
14t 15
3t2
1
4
5
Total distance
vt dt
dt
2t12
22 1 2 units
100. P
2
2
sin d
2
cos
2
2
2
0 1 63.7%
102. True
101. True
103. The function f x x2 is not continuous on 1, 1
.
1
x2 dx
1
x2 dx
vx
x2 dx
x2
ux
d
dx
vx
ux
vx
f t dt Ft
f t dt
ux
Fvx Fux
d
Fvx Fux
dx
1x
105. f x
1
dt
t2 1
1
2 1 dt
t
0
1
1
1
2
1x2 1 x2
x 1
f x
1
1
0.
1 x2 x2 1
x
106. Gx
f t dt ds
(a) G0
f t dt ds 0
f x
Gx
Fs ds
f 0
f t dt.
x
f t dt
(d) G 0 0
(c) G x x
s
f t dt 0
G x Fx x
f t dt
G 0 0
f t dt 0
395
396
Chapter 4
Section 4.5
Integration
Integration by Substitution
f gxgx dx
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
u gx
du gx dx
5x2 1210x dx
5x2 1
10x dx
x2x3 1 dx
x3 1
3x2 dx
x2 1
2x dx
sec 2x tan 2x dx
2x
2 dx
tan2 x sec2 x dx
tan x
sec2 x dx
cos x
dx
sin2 x
sin x
cos x dx
x2 1
1 2x42 dx
Check:
8.
x2 94
C
4
4x2 93
d x2 94
C
2x x2 932x
dx
4
4
9 x21 22x dx
2
9 x23 2
C 9 x23 2 C
3 2
3
d 2
2
9 x23 2 C
dx 3
3
3
1 2x21 34x dx 1 2x24 3 C
4
x3x4 32 dx
1
1 x4 33
x4 33
x4 324x3 dx
C
C
4
4
3
12
3x4 32 3
d x4 33
C
4x x4 32x3
dx
12
12
x2x3 54 dx
Check:
d 3
3
1 2x24 3 C
dx 4
4
Check:
12.
Check:
11.
x2 932x dx
Check:
10.
1 2x5
C
5
d 1 2x5
C 21 2x4
dx
5
Check:
9.
dx
1
1 x3 55
x3 55
C
C
x3 543x2 dx
3
3
5
15
5x3 543x2
d x3 55
C
x3 54x2
dx
15
15
Section 4.5
13.
16.
18.
1 4
1 t4 5 3 2
1
C t4 53 2 C
t 51 24t3 dt
4
4
3 2
6
d 1 4
1
t 53 2 C
dt 6
6
5
5
1 x21 32x dx
2
2
d
15
15
1 x24 3 C
dx
8
8
u2u3 2 du
1 x24 3
15
C 1 x24 3 C
4 3
8
3 1 x2
31 x21 32x 5x1 x21 3 5x
1
1 u3 23 2
2u3 23 2
u3 21 23u2 du
C
C
3
3
3 2
9
2
d 2u3 23 2
C
du
9
9
x
1
1 1 x22
1
1 x232x dx
C
C
2 3 dx
1 x
2
2
2
41 x22
d
1
x
1
C 21 x232x
dx 41 x22
4
1 x23
x3
1
1
1
dx
1 x424x3 dx 1 x41 C
C
1 x42
4
4
41 x4
d
1
1
x3
C 1 x424x3
dx 41 x 4
4
1 x42
1
1 1 x31
1
x2
dx
1 x323x2 dx
C
C
3 2
1 x
3
3
1
31 x3
Check:
22.
Check:
21.
5x1 x21 3 dx
t2 23 2
1 2
1 t2 23 2
C
C
t 21 22t dt
2
2
3 2
3
t3t4 5 dt
Check:
20.
1
1 4x2 34
4x2 34
C
4x2 338x dx
C
8
8
4
32
Check:
19.
tt2 2 dt
Check:
d 4x2 34
44x2 338x
C
x4x2 33
dx
32
32
Check:
17.
x4x2 33 dx
Check:
5x3 143x2
d x3 15
C
x2x3 14
dx
15
15
Check:
15.
1
1 x3 15
x3 15
x3 143x2 dx
C
C
3
3
5
15
x2x3 14 dx
Check:
14.
Integration by Substitution
d
1
1
x2
C 11 x323x2
3
dx 31 x
3
1 x32
1
1 16 x31
1
x2
dx 16 x323x2 dx
C
C
3
2
16 x
3
3
1
316 x3
Check:
d
1
1
x2
C 116 x323x2
dx 316 x3
3
16 x32
397
398
23.
Chapter 4
x3
1
t
1
1
dx
3x2
31.
1
2x
1
1
1 x1 2
dx
x 1 2 dx
C 2x C
2
2 1 2
2x
d
2x C
212x1 22 1
dx
2x
dx
1 1 2
1 x1 2
x
dx
C x C
2
2 1 2
d
x C
1
dx
2x
x2 3x 7
dx
x
Check:
1
x3 1 x1
x3
1
3x4 1
C
C
x2 x2 dx
C
9
3
9 1
3
9x
9x
Check:
30.
t1 t1
1 1t
1
1 2x1 2
1
dx
2x1 2 2 dx
C 2x C
2
2
1 2
2x
C
d 1 3 1 1
1
1
x x C x2 x2 x2
dx 3
9
9
3x2
Check:
29.
x2
x3
1 x4
t1 dt
1 1t
t1 dt 1 41 t
Alternate Solution:
28.
1
2
1 x41 24x3
d
1
1
1 1 t
4
C 4 1
dt
4
4
t
Check:
27.
d 1 x4
1
C
dx
2
2
Check:
26.
1 x4
1
1 1 x41 2
1 x41 24x3 dx
C
C
4
4
1 2
2
dx
1 x4
1
1 1 x21 2
1 x21 22x dx
C 1 x2 C
2
2
1 2
d
1
x
1 x21 2 C
1 x21 22x
1 x2
dx
2
Check:
25.
dx
1 x2
Check:
24.
Integration
2
2
x3 2 3x1 2 7x1 2 dx x5 2 2x3 2 14x1 2 C xx2 5x 35 C
5
5
d 2 5 2
x2 3x 7
x 2x3 2 14x1 2 C
dx 5
x
t 2t2
t
dt
2
4
2
t1 2 2t3 2 dt t3 2 t 5 2 C t 3 25 6t C
3
5
15
Check:
d 2 3 2 4 5 2
t 2t2
t t C t1 2 2t3 2
dt 3
5
t
2
dt
t
Check:
d 14
2
t t2 C t 3 2t t 2 t
dt 4
t
t2 t
1
t3 2t dt t 4 t2 C
4
Section 4.5
32.
1
t3
2 dt
3
4t
Check:
33.
1 3 1 2
1 t4
1 t1
1
1
t t
dt
C t4 C
3
4
3 4
4 1
12
4t
d 1 4
1
1
1
t C t3 2
dt 12
4t
3
4t
9 yy dy
Check:
34.
Integration by Substitution
9y1 2 y3 2 dy 9
23y 52y
3 2
5 2
2
C y3 215 y C
5
d 2 3 2
d
2
y 15 y C
6y3 2 y5 2 C 9y1 2 y3 2 9 yy
dy 5
dy
5
2
4 y2
2 y8 y3 2 dy 2 8y y5 2 dy 2 4y2 y7 2 C
14 y3 2 C
7
7
Check:
35. y
d
2
d 4 y2
14 y3 2 C
2 4y2 y7 2 C 16 y 2 y5 2 2 y8 y3 2
dy 7
dy
7
4x
4x
16 x2
dx
36. y
x2 2 16 1 2x C
2
37. y
x1
dx
x2 2x 32
10x2
1 x3
dx
10
1 x31 23x2 dx
3
10 1 x31 2
C
3
1 2
20
1 x3 C
3
2 1 2
2x2 416 x2 C
38. y
x4
x2 8x 1
dx
1
x2 2x 322x 2 dx
2
1
x2 8x 11 22x 8 dx
2
1 x2 2x 31
C
2
1
1 x2 8x 11 2
C
2
1 2
2
x2
(b)
dy
x4 x2, 2, 2
dx
y
x
2
x2 8x 1 C
1
C
2x 3
39. (a)
x4 x2 dx
1
2
1
4 x21 22x dx
2
1
1
2, 2: 2 4 223 2 C C 2
3
1
y 4 x23 2 2
3
2
399
400
Chapter 4
40. (a)
Integration
(b)
dy
x 2x3 12, 1, 0
dx
y
x
x2x3 12dx
1
x3 123x2 dx u x3 1
3
1 x3 13
1
C x3 13 C
3
3
9
0C
1
y x3 13
9
41. (a)
42. (a)
(b)
dy
x cos x2, 0, 1
dx
y
x cos x2 dx
(b)
1
cosx22x dx
2
dy
2 sec2x tan2x, 0, 1
dx
y
1
sinx2 C
2
sec2x C
1
0, 1: 1 sin0 C C 1
2
1
y sinx2 1
2
1 sec0 C C 0
y sec2x
43.
45.
47.
49.
sin x dx cos x C
sin 2x dx
1
1
sin 2x2x dx cos 2x C
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
cos d cos 2 d sin C
2
sin 2x cos 2x dx
46.
48.
4x3 sin x4 dx
cos 6x dx
1
2
1
1
cos 6x6 dx sin 6x C
6
6
x sin x2 dx
1
1
1 sin 2x2
C sin2 2x C
sin 2x2 cos 2x dx
2
2
2
4
sin 2x cos 2x dx
sin 2x cos 2x dx
44.
1
1
sin x22x dx cos x2 C
2
2
OR
1
1 cos 2x2
1
cos 2x2 sin 2x dx
C1 cos2 2x C1
2
2
2
4
2 sin 2x cos 2x dx
1
2
1
sin 4x dx cos 4x C2
8
OR
Section 4.5
50.
51.
tan5 x
1
C tan5 x C
5
5
53.
Integration by Substitution
401
tan4 x sec2 x dx
55.
tan x sec2 x dx
2
tan x3 2
C tan x3 2 C
3 2
3
1
1
1
1
cot x2
C
C tan2 x C sec2 x 1 C sec2 x C1
2
2 cot2 x
2
2
2
sin x
cos x2
1
1
dx cos x3sin x dx
C
C sec2 x C
3
cos x
2
2 cos2 x
2
cot2 x dx
57. f x
cos
56.
x
x
dx 2 sin C
2
2
58. f x
csc2 x 1 dx cot x x C
csc2 x
dx cot x3csc2 x dx
cot3 x
54.
52.
csc2
1
cos 4x C
4
4 14 cos
4
4 C 34
x
3.
2
4 , 34
2x dx 2csc
2x
12 dx 2 cot
2x C
1
f x tan2x C
2
f
2 21 tan
2
2 C 2
1
3
1 C
4
4
1
0 C 2
2
C 1
C2
1
f x cos 4x 1
4
61. f x 2x4x2 102, 2, 10
2 , 2
f x
1
tan2x 2
2
f x
4x2 103
22x2 53
C
C
12
3
f x
28 x232
C
3
f 2
28 53
C 18 C 10 C 8
3
f 2
243 2
16
5
C
C7 C
3
3
3
f x
28 x23 2 5
3
3
2
f x 2x2 53 8
3
402
Chapter 4
Integration
1
1
64. u 2x 1, x u 1, dx du
2
2
63. u x 2, x u 2, dx du
xx 2 dx
u 2u du
x2x 1 dx
u3 2 2u1 2 du
4
2
u5 2 u3 2 C
5
3
1
1
u 1u du
2
2
1
3 2
1 2
u u du
4
1 2 5 2 2 3 2
u u
C
4 5
3
3 2
2u
3u 10 C
15
u3 2
3u 5 C
30
2
x 23 23x 2 10
C
15
1
2x 13 232x 1 5
C
30
2
x 23 23x 4 C
15
1
2x 13 26x 2 C
30
1
2x 13 23x 1 C
15
65. u 1 x, x 1 u, dx du
x21 x dx 1 u2u du
u1 2 2u3 2 u5 2 du
23u
2u3 2
35 42u 15u2 C
105
2
1 x3 235 421 x 151 x2
C
105
2
1 x3 215x2 12x 8 C
105
3 2
4
2
u5 2 u7 2 C
5
7
66. u 2 x, x 2 u, dx du
x 12 x dx 3 uu du
3u
1 2
du
3 2
u
2
2u3 2 u5 2 C
5
2u3 2
5 u C
5
2
2 x3 25 2 x
C
5
2
2 x3 2x 3 C
5
Section 4.5
Integration by Substitution
403
1
1
67. u 2x 1, x u 1, dx du
2
2
x2 1
dx
2x 1
1 2u 1
2 1 1
du
2
u
1 1 2 2
u
u 2u 1 4
du
8
1
u3 2 2u1 2 3u1 2 du
8
1 2 5 2 4 3 2
u u 6u1 2 C
8 5
3
u1 2 2
3u 10u 45 C
60
2x 1
60
1
2x 112x2 8x 52 C
60
1
2x 13x2 2x 13 C
15
2x 1
x 4
dx
2u 4 1
du
u
2u1 2 7u1 2 du
69. u x 1, x u 1, dx du
x
dx
x 1 x 1
u 1
du
u u
1 u1 2 du
2
u1 22u 21 C
3
u 2u1 2 C
2
x 42x 13 C
3
u 2u C
x 1 2x 1 C
x 2x 1 1 C
x 2x 1 C1
where C1 1 C.
70. u t 4, t u 4, dt du
3 t 4 dt
t
u 4u1 3 du
u4 3 4u1 3 du
3
u7 3 3u4 3 C
7
3u4 3
u 7 C
7
3
t 44 3t 4 7
C
7
3
t 44 3t 3 C
7
u u 1
4
u3 2 14u1 2 C
3
2
x 42x 4 21
C
3
du
u 1 u 1
404
Chapter 4
Integration
1
1
2
xx2 13 dx
1
x2 132x dx
18x
14
1
1
0
2
x2x3 82 dx
1
3
2
x3 823x2 dx
13 x
83
3
4
2
1
64 83 8 83
41,472
9
73. Let u x3 1, du 3x2 dx.
1
3
2x2x3 1 dx 2
3
2 x3 13 2
3 2
4 3
x 13 2
9
2
1
4
27 22
12 982
9
x1 x2 dx
1
2
1
1 x21 22x dx 1 x23 2
3
0
0
1 1
3 3
1
1
dx
2
2x 1
9 1 2
1
x
dx
4
1 2x2
1 2x21 24x dx
21 2x
3 1
1
2 2
1
dx.
2x
1
dx 2
2
x 1 x
1 x 2
21 x dx 1 2x
9
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3 4 x2 dx
x
1
2
4 x21 32x dx
84 x
3
2 4 3
3
33
84 3 44 3 6
4 3.619
8
2
79. u 2 x, x 2 u, dx du
When x 1, u 1. When x 2, u 0.
x 12 x dx
2 u 1 u du
u3 2 u1 2 du
25u
5 2
2
u3 2
3
0
1
25 3 15
2
Section 4.5
Integration by Substitution
1
80. Let u 2x 1, du 2 dx, x u 1.
2
When x 1, u 1. When x 5, u 9.
x
dx
2x 1
1
4
16
3
x cos x dx
3
83.
u1 2 u1 2 du
9
1
3 27 23
3 2
2
23x dx 32 sin
23x
2
1 2 3 2
u 2u1 2
4 3
cos
82.
1 2u 1 1
1
du
u
2
4
2
81.
2
x2 sin x
2
3 3
33
2 2
4
3
8
dy
18x22x3 12, 0, 4
dx
18 23 572
1
84.
1
2x2 11 2 4x dx u 2x2 1
2
y
1 2x2 11 2
C 2x2 1 C
2
12
4 49 C 7 C C 3
y 2x2 1 3
dy
48
, 1, 3
dx 3x 53
48
y 2x3 13 3
y
2 3
2
2x3 13
C 2x3 13 C
3
dy
2x
, 5, 4
dx 2x2 1
u 2x3 1
4 13 C C 3
85.
86.
1
3x 53 3 dx
3
163x 52
C
2
8
C
3x 52
3
8
8
C C C1
31 52
4
y
8
1
3x 52
dy
9x2
4x
, 0, 2
3
dx
3x 13 2
y
2x 2
2x2
20
3x3 11 2
C
1 2
2
3x3 1
C
2
C C4
1
y 2x2
2
3x3 1
4
405
406
Chapter 4
Integration
87. u x 1, x u 1, dx du
When x 0, u 1. When x 7, u 8.
Area
3
x
x 1 dx
3
u 1
u du
1
8
u4 3 u1 3 du
37u
7 3
3 3
1209
12
384
7
7 4
28
8
3
u4 3
4
88. u x 2, x u 2, dx du
When x 2, u 0. When x 6, u 8.
Area
89. A
2
2 3
2x dx 2
2 3
sec2
2
sec2
2
93.
4
csc 2x cot 2x dx
12
1
2
4
4
1
csc 2x cot 2x2 dx csc 2x
2
12
12
8
0
x3x 2 dx 7.581
95.
xx 3 dx 28.8
3
15
97.
cos
d 7.377
6
1
0
2x 12 dx
1
1
4
1
2x 12 2 dx 2x 13 C1 x3 2x2 x C1
2
6
3
6
1
They differ by a constant: C2 C1 .
6
2
4
4x2 4x 1 dx x3 2x2 x C2
3
sin 2x dx 1.0
2x 12 dx
2
98.
50
x2x 1 dx 67.505
4752
35
1
2
99.
12 7 3
u 3u4 3
7
2 3 1
20
2
94.
10 3
4
2
96.
2 3
1
sin 2x
2
10u
1
cos 2x
2
2x
12 dx 2 tan
2x
10
x
dx 3.333
3
2x 1
91. Area
3
u 22
u du
90. A
3
x2
x 2 dx
144
5
Section 4.5
100.
sin x cos x dx
sin2 x
C1
2
Integration by Substitution
cos2 x
C2
2
1 sin2 x
sin2 x 1
cos2 x
C2
C2
C2
2
2
2
2
1
They differ by a constant: C2 C1 .
2
102. f x xx2 13 is odd.
2
x2x2 1 dx 2
x4 x2 dx 2
5
32
2
x5 x3
5
3
2
8
272
3
15
2
sin2 x cos x dx
2
xx2 13 dx 0
2
2
sin2 xcos x dx
2
sin x cos x dx 0
2
sin3 x
3
2
105.
x2 dx
x3
3 2
(a)
2
8
; the function x2 is an even function.
3
x2 dx
4
4
2
2
cos x dx 2
2
(d)
x2 dx
4
cos x dx 2
4
(c)
2
x2 dx 2
8
3
(d)
2
x2 dx
16
3
3x2 dx 3
x2 dx 8
4
(b)
2
106. (a)
(b)
x2 dx
8
3
x2 dx
(c)
2
3
4
cos x dx 2 sin x
2
cos x dx 2 sin x
2
sin x cos x dx 0 since sinx cosx sin x cos x and hence, is symmetric to the origin.
2
x3 6x2 2x 3 dx
107.
4
108.
4
x3 2x dx
sin 3x dx
4
6x2 3 dx 0 2
cos 3x dx 0 2
6x2 3 dx 2 2x3 3x
cos 3x dx
23 sin 3x
0
4
0
232
407
408
Chapter 4
Integration
x5 x23 dx
1
1
5 x232x dx u3 du.
2
2
2
xx2 12 dx 0.
dQ
k100 t2
dt
111.
Qt
k
k100 t2 dt 100 t3 C
3
Q100 C 0
k
Qt 100 t3
3
k
Q0 1003 2,000,000 k 6
3
Thus, Qt 2100 t3. When t 50, Q50
$250,000.
112.
k
dV
dt
t 12
Vt
k
k
C
dt
t 12
t1
V0 k C 500,000
0
1
V1 k C 400,000
2
12
0
12
200,000
300,000.
t1
(b)
(c)
Vt
114.
1
ba
(a)
(b)
(c)
b
t
262.5
1
74.50t
cos
3
6
t
1
262.5
t
dt
74.50t
cos
6
ba
6
262.5
t
1
74.50t
cos
3
6
3
0
1
t
262.5
74.50t
cos
12
6
115. (a)
6
3
b
a
1
262.5
447
223.5 102.352 thousand units
3
12
0
1
262.5 262.5
894
74.5 thousand units
12
1
Rt dt 13 4.33 inches
3
24
12
1
262.5
223.5
102.352 thousand units
3
(b) Volume
1
3
70
Section 4.5
116.
1
ba
(a)
(b)
1
1
1
cos60 t
sin120t
b a 30
120
2 sin60 t cos120 t dt
1 60
1
1
1
cos60 t
sin120 t
1 60 0 30
120
1 240
1 30
0
240
1
1
1
cos60 t
sin120 t
1 30 0 30
120
302 120
30
1
1
1
cos60 t
sin120 t
1 240 0 30
120
301 0
30 1.273 amps
60
2
5 22 1.382 amps
(c)
Integration by Substitution
301
30 0 amps
1
30
117. u 1 x, x 1 u, dx du
When x a, u 1 a. When x b, u 1 b.
Pa, b
15
4
15
15
x1 x dx
4
4
1b
1 uu du
1a
1b
u3 2 u1 2 du
1a
1 x
2
3 2
3x 2
1 x3 2
3x 2
2
(b) P0, b
b
0
1b
15 2 5 2 2 3 2
u u
4 5
3
0.75
0.50
1a
15 2u3 2
3u 5
4 15
1b
1a
1 x3 2
3x 2
2
0.353 35.3%
1 b3 2
3b 2 1 0.5
2
1 b3 23b 2 1
b 0.586 58.6%
118. u 1 x, x 1 u, dx du
When x a, u 1 a. When x b, u 1 b.
Pa, b
1155 3
1155
x 1 x3 2 dx
32
32
1155
32
1b
1 u3 u3 2 du
1a
1b
1a
2u5 2
1b
1155
105u3 385u2 495u 231
32 1155
16 105u
(b) P0.5, 1
16 105u
u5 2
u5 2
20
12 sin
18
(b) C 0.1
10
12 sin
1155 2 112 2 9 2 6 7 2 2 5 2
u
u u u
32 11
3
7
5
1a
0.025 2.5%
0.736 73.6%
0.75
1
0
0.5
20
Savings 9.17 3.14 $6.03.
1a
1b
1a
14.4
1 1 $9.17
t 8
14.4
t 8
6 dt
0.6t
cos
12
12
1b
t 8
t 8
14.4
dt
cos
12
12
16 105u
u5 2
18
10
3
14.4
3
10.8
6 $3.14
14.4
2
2
b
a
409
410
Chapter 4
120.
1
365
Integration
365
100,000 1 sin
121. (a)
2t 60
100,000
365
2t 60
dt
t
cos
365
365
2
365
100,000 lbs.
g
9.4
365
f
4
9.4
gt
f x dx
2
f x dx
f x dx 2 ht.
2
x 0 u 1, x 1 u 0
1
and use righthand endpoints
n
i
ci , i 1, 2, . . . , n.
n
n
sini n
lim
lim
f ci
x
n i1
x0 i1
n
x 51 x2 dx
sin x dx
1
cos x
u51 u2 du
1 u2u5du
1
1
x21 x5 dx
x 0 u 1, x 1 u 0
2
1
1 1
x a1 xb dx
1 uaubdu
1
1
ub1 ua du
0
1
x b1 xa dx
sin2x dx
2
2
2 x dx
x as in part (a):
2
sinn x dx
cos2u du
cos2udu
2
2
cos2x dx
2
cos2
2
x, du dx, x u:
2
2
2
(b) Let u
2
2 x dx
cosn
cosn u du
2
cosnudu
2
cosn x dx
Section 4.5
125. False
126. False
127. True
10
10
10
1
1
2x 12 2 dx 2x 13 C
2
6
2x 12 dx
ax3 bx2 cx d dx
10
xx2 12 dx
10
ax3 cx dx
Odd
10
129. True
Even
b2
sin x dx
130. False
1
1 sin 2x3
1
sin 2x22 cos 2x dx
C sin3 2x C
2
2
3
6
sin2 2x cos 2x dx
cb
f cx dx c
du
c
f u
ca
cb
f u du
ca
cb
f x dx
ca
132. (a)
d
sin u u cos u C
cos u cos u u sin u u sin u
du
Thus,
sinx dx
2
u sin u du
2 cos
2
2 sin u u cos u
(part (a))
0
bx2 d dx
sin x dx cos x
411
1
1
x2 12x dx x2 12 C
2
4
10
bx2 d dx 0 2
128. True
Integration by Substitution
412
Chapter 4
Integration
a
f x dx
a
f x dx
a
f x dx
f x dx
f x dx.
a
f x dx
0
a
f udu
f x dx
f u du
f x dx 0
bh
f x h dx
bh
f u du
ah
f x dx.
ah
f x dx a0 x a1
a0
f x dx 1
136. 2
x2
x3
x n1
a2 . . . an
2
3
n1
an
a1 a2 . . .
0
2
3
n1
2
(Given)
f xx2 dx
Adding,
f x dx f c1 0
0 f c.
f x x2 dx 0.
Section 4.6
Numerical Integration
1. Exact:
x2 dx
0
2
Trapezoidal:
x2 dx
0
2
Simpsons:
x2 dx
1
2. Exact:
Trapezoidal:
Simpsons:
3x
1
8
2.6667
3
1
1
02
4
2
1
1
04
6
2
212 2
32
212 4
32
x2
x3
1 dx
x
2
6
1
0
11
2.7500
4
8
2.6667
3
22
22
7
1.1667
6
x2
1
142
122
342
12
75
1 dx 1 2
1 2
1 2
1
1
1.1719
2
8
2
2
2
2
64
x2
1
142
122
342
12
1 dx
14
1 2
1 4
1
1
2
12
2
2
2
2
67 1.1667
Section 4.6
3. Exact:
x3 dx
4
4.0000
x3 dx
1
1
02
4
2
0
2
Trapezoidal:
0
2
Simpsons:
x3 dx
4. Exact:
x3 dx
0
2
x3 dx
0
2
x3 dx
14x
8
3 x dx
0
8
Simpsons:
x dx
x dx
46
2
2
34x
43
2
46
47
4
47
1
0.5090
4
1
0.5004
4
24
2
24
2
3
34
4
34
213 2
3
54
213 4
54
2
3
64
2
64
2
3
74
4
74
8 4.0625
8 4.0000
12.0000
1
3 2 2
3 3 2
3 4 2
3 5 2
3 6 2
3 7 2 11.7296
0 2 2
2
32
18
16 38
12.6667
3
3
5
22
16
4 x2 dx 4x
1
3
4 x2 dx
1
3
378
5
24
24
Simpsons:
24
4.0000
6
12.6640
Trapezoidal:
23
23x
8. Exact:
x dx
Simpsons:
32
17
4.2500
4
1
3 2 4
3 3 2
3 4 4
3 5 2
3 6 4
3 7 2 11.8632
0 4 2
3
Trapezoidal:
213 4
23
3 x dx
7. Exact:
2
1
1
04
12
4
Trapezoidal:
3 x dx
32
4.0000
1
1
02
8
4
6. Exact:
Simpsons:
1
4
1
dx
14
x2
12
5
213 2
0.5000
Trapezoidal:
1
4
1
dx 1 2
x2
8
5
5. Exact:
1
1
04
6
2
Simpsons:
1
1
dx
x2
x
Trapezoidal:
x4
Numerical Integration
4 x2 dx
x3
3
3
1
478
21 4
3
578
26 4
2
11
0.6667
3
3
20 24 52
5 0.7500
1
3
32 4
4
2
678 3 12.6667
31 4
1
9
25
34 4
04 4
5 0.6667
6
4
4
413
414
Chapter 4
Integration
9. Exact:
1
1
dx
x 12
x1
Trapezoidal:
xx2 1 dx
xx2 1 dx
0
2
xx2 1 dx
1 x3 dx
0
2
Simpsons:
8
64
1
1 1 64
0.1667
12 4 81 25 121 9
11. Trapezoidal:
Simpsons:
1 1 32
8
32
1
0.1676
8 4 81 25 121 9
Trapezoidal:
1 1 1
0.1667
3 2 6
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
dx
2
4
4
x 12
12 4
54 12
32 12
74 12
9
10. Exact:
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
dx
2
2
2
x 12
8 4
54 12
32 12
74 12
9
Simpsons:
1 x3 dx
1 2
x 132
3
2
0
1
532 1 3.393
3
1
1
3
122 1 2112 1 2
322 1 222 1 3.457
02
4
2
2
1
1
3
122 1 2112 1 4
322 1 222 1 3.392
04
6
2
2
1
1 21 18 22 21 278 3 3.283
4
1
1 41 18 22 41 278 3 3.240
6
12. Trapezoidal:
1
1 x3
0
2
Simpsons:
1
1 x3
12 1 21
234 1 43
0.342
dx
1
1
1
1
1
12
2
2
1.397
4
3
1 123
1 13
1 323
dx
1
1
1
1
1
14
2
4
1.405
6
3
1 123
1 13
1 323
13.
x1 x dx
x1 x dx
x1 x dx
x1 x dx
Trapezoidal:
Simpsons:
1
02
8
1
1
1
2
4
4
1
04
12
12 1 21
434 1 43
0.372
1
1
1
2
4
4
14. Trapezoidal:
Simpsons:
x sin x dx
2
2
16
Section 4.6
2
15. Trapezoidal:
cosx2 dx
2
2
2
cos 0 2 cos
2 cos
2
2 cos
2
Numerical Integration
2
2 cos
4 cos
415
2
2
cos
0.957
2
Simpsons:
cosx2 dx
2
12
cos 0 4 cos
2
2
2
cos
0.978
Graphing utility: 0.977
4
16. Trapezoidal:
tanx2 dx
4
tan 0 2 tan
4
4
2 tan
4
2 tan
4
4
2 tan
4 tan
4
2
tan
0.271
4
Simpsons:
tanx2 dx
4
12
tan 0 4 tan
4
4
tan
0.257
Graphing utility: 0.256
1.1
17. Trapezoidal:
sin x2 dx
1
1.1
Simpsons:
sin x2 dx
1
sin1 2 sin1.0252 2 sin1.052 2 sin1.0752 sin1.12 0.089
80
1
sin1 4 sin1.0252 2 sin1.052 4 sin1.0752 sin1.12 0.089
120
2
18. Trapezoidal:
1 cos2 x dx
2
Simpsons:
1 cos2 x dx
2 21 cos28 21 cos24 21 cos238 1 1.910
16
2 41 cos28 21 cos24 41 cos238 1 1.910
24
4
19. Trapezoidal:
x tan x dx
4
Simpsons:
x tan x dx
2
2
3
3
02
tan
2
tan
2
tan
0.194
32
16
16
16
16
16
16
4
2
2
3
3
04
tan
2
tan
4
tan
0.186
48
16
16
16
16
16
16
4
20. Trapezoidal:
Simpsons:
sin x
2 sin4 2 sin2 2 sin34
1
dx
0 1.836
x
8
4
2
34
sin x
4 sin4 2 sin2 4 sin34
dx
1
0 1.852
x
12
4
2
34
416
21.
Chapter 4
Integration
22. Trapezoidal: Linear polynomials
f x x3
24.
f x 2x 3
fx 3x2
fx 2
f x 6x
f x 0
f x 6
f 4x
0
2 03
12 0.5 since
1242
2 05
0 0 since
18044
f 4x 0.
25.
f x
1
x1
26.
f x x 12
fx 2x 13
1
fx
x 12
f x
2
x 13
f x
6
x 14
f 4x
24
x 15
1
1 02
(a) Trapezoidal: Error
0.01 since
2
1242
96
f x is maximum in 0, 1 when x 0.
(b) Simpsons: Error
4 23
1
6 ,
1242
4
1 05
1
0.0005
24
18044
1920
4 25
1
120
18044
12
Section 4.6
27.
f x cos x
28.
fx cosx
f x cos x
f x 2 sinx
f x sin x
f x 3 cosx
f 4x cos x
f 4x 4 sinx
03
3
0.1615
1
1242
192
1 03 2
2
0.0514,
2
124
192
05
5
0.006641
1
18044
46,080
29. f x
417
f x sinx
fx sin x
Numerical Integration
1 05 4
4
0.0021,
18044
46,080
2
in 1, 3.
x3
30. f x
2
in 0, 1.
1 x3
1
2 < 0.00001, n2 > 16,666.67, n > 129.10; let n 130.
12n2
24
in 0, 1
1 x5
1
24 < 0.00001, n4 > 13,333.33, n > 10.75; let n 12. (In Simpsons Rule n must be even.)
180n4
418
31.
Chapter 4
Integration
f x x 212,
0 x 2
32.
f x x12,
1 x 3
1 32
x
2
1
fx x 212
2
fx
1
f x x 232
4
3
f x x52
4
3
f x x 252
8
f x
15 72
x
8
f 4x
105 92
x
16
f 4x
15
x 272
16
2
1
0.0884.
is
4x 232
16
2 03 2
0.00001
Trapezoidal: Error
12n2
16
Simpsons: Error
10 5
25 152
0.00001
180n4 256
105
105
is
on 1, 3.
16x92
16
25 105
0.00001
180n4 16
7
6
n4
32152 5 2 5
10
10
180256
96
n4
1
2
n2
15
is
16x 272
152
0.0829.
256
3
3
is on 1, 3.
4x 52
4
3 13 3
0.00001
Trapezoidal: Error
12n2 4
82 5 2 5
10
10
1216
24
n2
10 5
f x cosx, 0 x 1
34.
fx sinx
f x sin x
f x 3 sinx
f x cos x
f 4x 4 cosx
1 03 2
0.00001
12n2
2
12
n2
10 5
f 4 x
Simpsons: Error
n4
x is
4cos
4.
1
4 0.00001
180n4
4
180
f 4x sin x
All derivatives are bounded by 1.
(a) Trapezoidal: Error
n2
2
fx cos x
f x 2 cosx
f x sin x, 0 x
10 5
23
1 0.00001
12n2
3
96
10 5
25
1 0.00001
180n4
5
5760
10 5
Section 4.6
Numerical Integration
419
35. f x 1 x
(a) f x
1
in 0, 2.
41 x32
1
< 0.00001, n
8 1
12n2 4
15
in 0, 2
161 x72
15
< 0.00001, n
32 15
180n4 16
2
in 0, 2.
9x 143
2
< 0.00001, n
8 2
12n4 9
56
in 0, 2.
81x 1103
56
< 0.00001, n
32 56
180n4 81
> 12,290.81, n > 10.53; let n 12. (In Simpsons Rule n must be even.)
1 03
49.5305 < 0.00001, n2 > 412,754.17, n > 642.46; let n 643.
12n2
(b) f 4x 8 sec2x212x2 3 32x4 tanx2 36x2 tan2x2 48x4 tan3x2 in 0, 1
1 05
9184.4734 < 0.00001, n4 > 5,102,485.22, n > 47.53; let n 48.
180n4
1 05
28.4285 < 0.00001, n4 > 15,793.61, n > 11.21; let n 12.
180n4
420
Chapter 4
Integration
39. (a) b a 4 0 4,
n4
40. n 8, b a 8 0 8
4
f x dx 3 27 29 27 0
8
(a)
f x dx
1
49
49
24.5
2
2
1
88 44
2
(b)
8
0 21.5 23 25.5 29
16
4
f x dx 3 47 29 47 0
12
(b)
77
25.67
3
f x dx
8
0 41.5 23 45.5 29
24
410 29 46 0
134
1
134
3
3
41. The program will vary depending upon the computer or programmable calculator that you use.
42. f x 2 3x2 on 0, 4.
Ln
Mn
Rn
Tn
Sn
12.7771
15.3965
18.4340
15.6055
15.4845
14.0868
15.4480
16.9152
15.5010
15.4662
10
14.3569
15.4544
16.6197
15.4883
15.4658
12
14.5386
15.4578
16.4242
15.4814
15.4657
16
14.7674
15.4613
16.1816
15.4745
15.4657
20
14.9056
15.4628
16.0370
15.4713
15.4657
Mn
Rn
Tn
Sn
0.8739
0.7960
0.6239
0.7489
0.7709
0.8350
0.7892
0.7100
0.7725
0.7803
10
0.8261
0.7881
0.7261
0.7761
0.7818
12
0.8200
0.7875
0.7367
0.7783
0.7826
16
0.8121
0.7867
0.7496
0.7808
0.7836
20
0.8071
0.7864
0.7571
0.7821
0.7841
Mn
Rn
Tn
Sn
2.8163
3.5456
3.7256
3.2709
3.3996
3.1809
3.5053
3.6356
3.4083
3.4541
10
3.2478
3.4990
3.6115
3.4296
3.4624
12
3.2909
3.4952
3.5940
3.4425
3.4674
16
3.3431
3.4910
3.5704
3.4568
3.4730
20
3.3734
3.4888
3.5552
3.4643
3.4759
Section 4.6
Numerical Integration
421
2
45. A
x cos x dx
Simpsons Rule: n 14
2
x cos x dx
28 cos 28 214 cos 14 4328 cos 328 . . . 2 cos 2
0 cos 0 4
84
0.701
y
1
2
2
1 32 sin d
83
3
6
17.476
47. W
100x125 x 3 dx
Simpsons Rule: n 12
100x125 x3 dx
125 125
15
125
15
12
12
5
5
0 400
312
12
400
200
10
125
10
12
12
. . . 0 10,233.58 ft lb
f x dx
2
4.32 24.36 24.58 25.79 26.14 27.25 27.64 28.08 8.14 12.518
28
Simpsons:
f x dx
2
4.32 44.36 24.58 45.79 26.14 47.25 27.64 48.08 8.14 12.592
38
Integrating,
y dx 12.53.
12
49.
6
1 x2
12 0
36
dx
Simpsons Rule, n 6
1
113.098 3.1416
36
422
Chapter 4
Integration
4
1
4
4
2
4
2
4
1
dx
1
1 x2
36
1 1 62 1 2 62 1 3 62 1 462 1 5 62 2
3.14159
51. Area
1000
125 2125 2120 2112 290 290 295 288 275 235 89,250 sq m
210
52. Area
120
75 281 284 276 267 268 269 272 268 256 242 223 0
212
7435 sq m
53. Let f x Ax3 Bx2 Cx D. Then f 4x 0.
Simpsons: Error
b a5
0 0
180n4
Therefore, Simpsons Rule is exact when approximating the integral of a cubic polynomial.
Example:
x3 dx
1
1
04
6
2
1
1
4
54.
sinx dx 2, n 10
x x2x x3
x x1x x3
x x1x x2
y
y
y
x1 x2x1 x3 1 x2 x1x2 x3 2 x3 x1x3 x2 3
2.
f
f
3.
2
1
2x2 x 1 dx x3 x2 x C
3
2
4.
2
2
2 x2 3
dx 3
x1 3dx 3
C
3
3 2 3
3x
3
3
3 3
x2 3 C
3x2 3 C
5.
x3 1
dx
x2
x
1
1
1
dx x2 C
x2
2
x
6.
x3 2x2 1
dx
x2
423
x 2 x2 dx
1
1
x2 2x C
2
x
7.
8.
fx
2x dx x2 C
When x 1:
y 1 C 1
C2
y 2 x2
f x
f 2 1 C2 1 when C2 0.
f x x 13
11. (a)
12. (a)
y
2
y
6
(6, 2)
x
7
6
(b)
dy
2x 4, 4, 2
dx
y
2x 4 dx x 2 4x C
2 16 16 C C 2
y
x2
4x 2
1
(b)
dy 1 2
x 2x, 6, 2
dx 2
y
1 2
1
x 2x dx x 3 x2 C
2
6
1
2 63 6 2 C C 2
6
1
y x3 x2 2
6
424
13.
Chapter 4
Integration
at a
vt
30 mph 44 ft sec
a dt at C1
at a
v0 0 C1 0 when C1 0.
vt at
st
a
at dt t2 C2
2
vt at 66 44
s0 0 C2 0 when C2 0.
a
s(t t2 66t 264
2
a
st t 2
2
a
s30 302 3600 or
2
23600
8 ft sec2.
a
302
vt 32t 96
st
16t2
96t
32 1694 9632 108 ft
i1
n
i1
18.
3 11
n
n
3 21
n
n
...
3 n1
n
n
i1
i 12
n 12
4
9
3 2
6 2
. . . 3n 2
n
n
n
n
3i 3
1011
165
2
10
i1
20
23.
i 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 . . . 12 2
21
22
23
212
i1 2i
12
3i2
n
21.
i 1
i1
20
i
2i 1
i1
2021
202141
2
20
6
2
20
2.04 sec.
9.8
i1
40
4.08 sec.
9.8
96
3
when t sec.
2
2
20.
66
19.
17.
72
725 55 12
2 5
20
22.
4i 1 4
i1
12
24.
ii
1
i1
2021
20 820
2
12
i
i
i1
122132 1213
4
2
6084 78 6006
25. (a)
2i 1
i1
n
(b)
i1
10
(c)
4i 2
i1
26. x1 2, x2 1, x3 5, x4 3, x5 7
(a)
1
16
1 5
x 2 1 5 3 7
5 i1 i 5
5
(b)
x 2 1 5 3 7 210
i1
(c)
37
2x x
22 22 21 12 25 52 23 32 27 72 56
2
i
i1
5
(d)
x x
i
1 2 5 1 3 5 7 3 5
i1
i2
27. y
10
1
, x , n 4
x2 1
2
Sn S4
1 10
10
10
10
2 1
1 22 1 12 1 3 22 1
13.0385
s n s4
10
10
10
10
1
2 1 22 1 1 1 3 22 1 22 1
9.0385
9.0385 < Area of Region < 13.0385
1
28. y 9 x2, x 1, n 4
4
S4 1
22.5
s4 1
14.5
4
29. y 6 x, x , right endpoints
n
6 n n
i1
lim
n
f c x
Area lim
n
4i 4
lim
4
4 nn 1
6n
n
n
2
lim
24 8
i1
n1
24 8 16
n
2
2
425
426
Chapter 4
Integration
30. y x2 3, x
Area lim
right endpoints
12
10
f ci x
n i1
lim
2
n
8
6
n
n
2i
n i1
3
2
x
lim
2 4 nn 12n 1
3n
n n2
6
lim
3
3
n
y
6
f c x
n i1
3
2
5 2 n
n
lim
n
4 n 12n 1
26
8
6 6
n2
3
3
31. y 5 x2, x
Area lim
3i
4 3
i1
3 n
12i 9i2
2
lim
1
n n i1
n
n
3
12 nn 1
9 nn 12n 1
2
n
n
n
2
n
6
lim
3 18 n n 1 92 n 1n2n 1
lim
2 n 4i2
lim
3
n n i1 n2
3 18 9 12
1
2
32. y x3, x
4
n
Area lim
y
20
f c x
15
n i1
1
2i
lim
2
n i1 4
n
10
2
n
5
x
1 n
24i 24i2 8i3
lim
8
2 3
n 2n i1
n
n
n
lim
4 n
3i 3i2
i3
1 2 3
n i1
n
n
n
4
3 nn 1
3 nn 12n 1
1 n2n 12
n
2
3
n n
n
2
n
6
n
4
lim
4 6 4 1 15
33. x 5y y2, 2 y 5, y
3
n
y
6
52 n 2 n
n
n
Area lim
3i
3i
n i1
n
lim
i
3
15i
4 12 2
10
n i1
n
n
n
lim
(b) Sn
sn
f n n
n n mn
i
n
bi
mbi
n1
b
bi
m
n
n
i0
bi
f
n
y = mx
mb2 nn 1
mb2n 1
2
n
2
2n
x=b
mb2 n 1n
mb2n 1
i 2
n
2
2n
i0
b
b
m
n
n
2 n1
mb2n 1
mb2n 1 1 2 1
1
lim
mb bmb baseheight
n
2n
2n
2
2
2
12mx
mx dx
2 n
i1
n1
i1
1
mb2
2
2ci 3 xi
2x 3 dx
36. lim
3ci9 ci 2 xi
0 i1
3x9 x2 dx
37.
0 i1
i0
x
1
9
27
9
2
2
i1
35. lim
s m0
(d)
9 nn 12n 1
3
3 nn 1
2
6n
n
n
2
n
6
18
34. (a) S m
9i2
3 n
3i 9i2
lim
6 2
n n i1
n
n
2
3x 6 dx
38.
3
39.
9 x2dx
40.
12
Triangle
1
x
4 3 2 1
5 x 5 dx
(triangle)
427
5 5 x dx
x dx
25
2
4
16 x2 dx
(semicircle)
1
42 8
2
428
Chapter 4
Integration
41. (a)
f x gx dx
(b)
f x dx
f x dx 510 50
f x dx
(b)
5f x dx 5
f x dx 3
42. (a)
(d)
gx dx 10 3 7
(c)
gx dx 10 3 13
f x gx dx
f x dx
f x dx
43.
2 x dx 2x
4t 3 2t dt t 4 t 2
f x dx 4 1 3
x2
2
4
0
8
f x dx
f x dx 1 1
(c)
f x dx 0
(d)
t2 2 dt
x4 2x2 5 dx
44.
1
t3 2t
1
46.
2
47.
2
25x
5 2
4
4
1
0
2
3 4
1
1
x2 x3 dx 2
x
2x
1
2
9 5 4 5 52243 32 422
5
5
2x3
5x
3
52
15
sec2 t dt tan t
4
1
sin
d
cos
4
45.
14
3
x3 2 dx
1
1
dx
x2 x3
50.
x5
3 4
49.
5
xx dx
48.
f x dx 101 10
2
2 8 1 2 8
2
11
2
2 2
1 1 2
51.
2x 1 dx x2 x
1
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
2 1
1
x
1
6
16
16
2
52.
x 4 dx
2 4x
x2
10
53.
3 9x
y
7
x3
x2 9 dx
643 36 9 27
64 54 10
3
3
3
6
5
4
2
1
8
7
2 1
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
1
54.
1
x2 x 2 dx
55.
1
8
1 1
2
24
3
3 2
x3 x2
2x
3
2
x x3 dx
x2 x4
4 1
10 7 9
3
6 2
x
1
3
2
1
2
56.
x1 x dx x1 2 x3 2 dx
57. Area
sin x dx
23x
2 2
4
3 5 15
3 2
2
x5 2
5
cos x
x
1
58. Area
2
x cos x dx
2
2 sin x
x2
2
8
1
cos1 1
1 cos1
0.460
1 1 1
2 4 4
429
430
Chapter 4
59. Area
4
x
Integration
dx
1 2
4x1 2
9
1
83 1 16
60. Area
3
sec2 x dx
3
tan x
10
3
3
2
8
6
4
2
2
61.
x
2
1
94
1
x
10
15 2x
dx
2
2
3 2 Average value
5
5
2
1
5 x
x
x
2
25
x
4
62.
1
20
25 2
,
4 5
5
2
x3 dx
x4
8
2
0
10
2
8
x3 2
3 2
x
4
2
( 3 2 , 2)
x
1
64. Fx
67.
68.
1
x2
65. Fx x2 3x 2
x2 13 dx
x
1
x
dx
x2 2 x2 dx
69. u x3 3, du 3x2 dx
x2
dx
3
x3
x3 31 2 x2 dx
x7 3 5
x x3 x C
7
5
x3
1
2x C
3
x
1
2
x3 31 2 3x2 dx x3 31 2 C
3
3
70. u x3 3, du 3x2 dx
x2x3 3 dx
1
2
x3 31 2 3x2 dx x3 33 2 C
3
9
x1 3x24 dx
1
1
1
1 3x246x dx 1 3x25 C 3x2 15 C
6
30
30
431
72. u x2 6x 5, du 2x 6 dx
x3
2x 6
1
1 2
1
dx
x 6x 51 C
C
x2 6x 52 2 x2 6x 52
2
2x2 6x 5
73.
75.
sin
d
1 cos
76.
sin x
77.
79.
80.
81.
xx2 4 dx
x2x3 13 dx
sin3 x cos x dx
cos x
dx
1 4
sin x C
4
1
1
sin 3x26x dx cos 3x2 C
6
6
1 cos
1 2 sin
d
21 cos
1 2 C 21 cos
C
tann1 x
C, n 1
n1
sec 2x tan 2x dx
78.
1
1
sec 2x tan 2x2 dx sec 2x C
2
2
1
1
1 sec x2 sec x tan x dx 1 sec x3 C
3
1
cot4 csc2 d cot 4csc2 d cot 5 C
5
1
2
x
1
dx
6
3x2 8
1
1
3
1
dx
1 x
84.
x sin 3x2 dx
tann x sec2 x dx
1
83.
82.
74.
x2 42x dx
1 x2 42
2
2
x3 133x2 dx
1
9
0 9
4
4
1
1
x3 14
12
13x
1
5
16 1
12
4
422
81 2
6
3
1
27 1
3
85. u 1 y, y 1 u, dy du
When y 0, u 1. When y 1, u 0.
2
y 11 y dy 2
1 u 1u du
1
0
2
u3 2 2u1 2 du 2
5u
2
5 2
4
u3 2
3
0
1
28
15
86. u x 1, x u 1, dx du
When x 1, u 0. When x 0, u 1.
2
1
x2x 1 dx 2
u 12u du
0
1
2
u5 2 2u3 2 u1 2 du 2
27u
7 2
4
2
u5 2 u3 2
5
3
1
0
32
105
432
Chapter 4
87.
Integration
2x dx 2
cos
cos
89. (a)
2x 12 dx 2 sin2x
2
4
88.
4
y
2
dy
x9 x2,
dx
(b)
y
0, 4
3
9 x
2 1 2
1 9 x23 2
1
x dx
C 9 x23 2 C
2
3 2
3
1
1
4 9 03 2 C 27 C C 5
3
3
1
y 9 x23 2 5
3
90. (a)
(b)
dy
1
x sinx2,
dx
2
y
0, 0
1
1
x sinx2 dx
2
4
sinx22x dx
u x2
1
cosx2 C
4
3
1
cosx2 C
4
A
y
1
1
cosx2
4
4
92.
u 1u1 3 du
1
1
cos 0 C C
4
4
2
91.
0
u 4 3 u1 3 du
1
3u7 3 3u 4 3
7
4
3
468
3
128 16
7
4
7
C
15,000
M
t1
p ds
15,000
M
t1
1.20 0.04s ds
15,000
M
11
1.20 0.04t dt
C
10
15,000
1.20t 0.02t2
M
11
10
24,300
M
15,000
1.20t 0.02t2
M
1
1
0
2
2
2
2
1
cos2x
2
16
15
27,300
M
94.
1.75 sin
t
t
2
dt 1.75 cos
2
2
433
2
7
1.751 1 2.2282 liters
Increase is
7
5.1 1.9
0.6048 liters.
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
dx
0.257
1 x3
8 1 13 1 1.253 1 1.53 1 1.753 1 23
1
1
1
4
2
4
1
dx
0.254
1 x3
12 1 13 1 1.253 1 1.53 1 1.753 1 23
1
21432
21232
23432
1
x32
0
0.172
2 dx
2
2
3x
8
3 14
3 12
3 342 2
1
41432
21232
43432
1
x32
0
0.166
2 dx
2
2
3x
12
3 14
3 12
3 342 2
2
x cos x dx 0.637
1 sin2 x dx 3.820
1. (a) L1
1
dt 0
t
(c) Lx 1
2.718
1
dt for x 2.718
t
1
dt 0.999896
t
1
by the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
x
(b) Lx
L1 1
x1
x1
Then
1
dt
t
Now, Lx1x2
1
dt
t
1x1 t
1
x1 du
ux
1x1 1
x1x2
1
dt
t
x2
1
du
u
1x1 u
x2
1
du
1x1 u
x1
dt.
1
t
and du dt.
x1
x1
x2
Lx1 Lx2 .
1
du
1x1 u
1
dt.
1x1 t
du using u
1
du
u
1
du
u
t
x1
434
Chapter 4
Integration
2. (a) Fx
sin t2 dt
x
Fx
1.0
1.5
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
0.8048
0.4945
0.0265
0.0611
0.0867
0.3743
0.0312
0.0576
0.2769
1
x2
(b) Gx
x
Gx
sin t2 dt
1.9
1.95
1.99
2.01
2.1
0.6106
0.6873
0.7436
0.7697
0.8671
x2
Fx F2
x2
x2
1
x2 x 2
lim
sin t2 dt
lim Gx
x2
Since Fx sin x2, F2 sin 4 lim Gx. Note: sin 4 0.7568
x2
0, 2 ,
3. y x 4 4x 3 4x 2,
ci
2i
n
2
(a) x , f x x 4 4x 3 4x 2
n
n
f c x
A lim
n i1
n
lim
2i
4
n i1
n
(b)
2i
4
i1
2in
4
9n
8n 16n 15n
n
8n 1n 15n
4
2in
2n
2
2in
2n
n 1
ci
n 1 2 16
n 15
2i
,
n
x
2
n
f c x
i1
1 2i
2
i1
2 n
1 2i
2
i1
2in
2n
3
2in
2n
3
(c) A lim
2 n
lim
(a) A lim
n
0, 2 ,
n 1 2
n
n
8n 1n 15n
1
4. y x 5 2x 3,
2
(c) A lim
(b)
2in
5. Sx
2t
dt
2
sin
(b)
(a)
435
y
1.00
0.75
1
0.50
x
1
0.25
0.25
72 23
x2
correspond to the relative
2
extrema of Sx.
(c) Sx sin
x2
x2
0
n x2 2n x 2n, n integer.
2
2
2x
x 0 2x
2
n x2 1 2n x 1 2n, n integer
2
6. (a)
1
cos x dx cos
1
1
3
cos x dx sin x
1
cos 13
2 cos 13
1.6758
2 sin1 1.6829
(b)
1 1
1
1
1
3
dx
x2
1 13 1 13 2
1
p
7. (a) Area
ax4
px dx
1
3
bx3 cx2
dx
3
2
3
2b
2d
3
p 13
b3 d
b3 d
2b3 2d
9 x2 dx
ba
Area 2
b2 a2x2 dx
2
2
(b) Base 6, height 9, Area bh 69 36
3
3
2 b2x a2
b2
x3 ba
3
ba
a3 ba
2 b2
b3 1 b3
4 b3
2
a
3 a
3 a
10
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Base
x
1 2
4 5
227 9 36
2 1
1
9 x2 dx 2
x3
2 9x
3
b
a
2b
, height b2
a
2 2b 2
4 b3
b
3 a
3 a
b
a
436
Chapter 4
Integration
9. (a)
5
4
3
2
1
at a
(6, 2)
(8, 3)
f
(0, 0)
x
2
1
2
3
4
5
vt at
1
s t at2.
2
st d when t
2d
2ad.
a
ad
.
2
(2, 2)
(b)
2da.
4 5 6 7 8 9
Fx
1
2
2
2
7
2
4
4
5
7
2
2
1
4
0 x < 2
x,
x 4, 2 x < 6
(c) f x
1
x 1, 6 x 8
2
0 x < 2
x22,
2
Fx f t dt x 2 4x 4, 2 x < 6
0
14x2 x 5, 6 x 8
2d
a
1,
1,
(d) F x fx
1,
2
0 < x < 2
2 < x < 6
6 < x < 8
v
100
80
60
40
20
t
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
v0.4 v0 60 0
150 mihr2
0.4 0
0.4
vt dt
1
385
38.5 miles
0 220 260 240 240 65
10
10
v0.9 v0.8 50 40
100 mihr2
0.9 0.8
0.1
11.
f tx t dt
d
dx
Thus,
x f t dt
t f t dt x
t f t dt
f tx t dt x f x
f t dt
f t dt x f x
f t dt
x
f v dv dt
f v dv.
f tx t dt
f v dv dt C.
f x fx dx
13. Consider
1
Fx dx
2
Sn
1
Fb Fa
2
1
f b2 f a2
.
2
x5 dx
x6
6
1
0
1
0
2
. The corresponding
3
14. Consider
2
3
x dx x32
12 Fx
Thus, lim
n
1
n
1
n
2 . . .
n
1
1 2 . . . n
.
n32
1 2 . . . n
n32
1
.
6
1
n
n
n
n
. . .
n
1 5
1 25 . . . n5
.
n6
n
15 25 . . . n5 1
.
n6
6
m dx
M dx Mb a.
f x dx
f x dx.
Thus, mb a
Thus, 1
Note: 1 x
1
1 x4 dx 2.
dx 1.0894
nn
2
.
3
437
438
Chapter 4
Integration
f x
dx.
f x f b x
Let u b x, du dx.
A
b
b
0
b
Then,
x
3
dx
2
x
3 x
f b u
du
f b u f u
f b x
dx
f b x f x
b
f x
dx
f x f b x
f b x
dx
f b x f x
1 dx b.
b
Thus, A .
2
17. (a) 1 i3 1 3i 3i2 i3 1 i3 i3 3i2 3i 1
3i2 3i 1 i 13 i3
(b)
n
3i
3i 1
i1
i 1
i3
i1
3i
Hence, n 13
3i 1 1.
i1
(c) n 13 1
3i
3i 1
i1
3i
i1
3nn 1
n
2
3nn 1
n
3i2 n3 3n2 3n
2
i1
n
i1
2n3 3n2 n
2
nn 12n 1
2
nn 12n 1
6
b
f x dx
f x dx
b
f x dx
40
f 0 4f 1 2f 2 4f 3 f 4
34
1
1
1
4 42 21 4
5.417
3
2
4
f x dx
sin x
1
dx
sin1 x sin x
2
(c) b 3, f x x
f b u
du
f b u f u
2A
(b) b 1
b
f x dx.
20. Six
sin t
dt
t
(a)
12
12
sin x
x
x cos x sin x
0
x2
x
2
lim Six
x
2
2
439
94.
1.75 sin
t
t
2
dt 1.75 cos
2
2
433
2
7
1.751 1 2.2282 liters
Increase is
7
5.1 1.9
0.6048 liters.
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
dx
0.257
1 x3
8 1 13 1 1.253 1 1.53 1 1.753 1 23
1
1
1
4
2
4
1
dx
0.254
1 x3
12 1 13 1 1.253 1 1.53 1 1.753 1 23
1
21432
21232
23432
1
x32
0
0.172
2 dx
2
2
3x
8
3 14
3 12
3 342 2
1
41432
21232
43432
1
x32
0
0.166
2 dx
2
2
3x
12
3 14
3 12
3 342 2
2
x cos x dx 0.637
1 sin2 x dx 3.820
1. (a) L1
1
dt 0
t
(c) Lx 1
2.718
1
dt for x 2.718
t
1
dt 0.999896
t
1
by the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
x
(b) Lx
L1 1
x1
x1
Then
1
dt
t
Now, Lx1x2
1
dt
t
1x1 t
1
x1 du
ux
1x1 1
x1x2
1
dt
t
x2
1
du
u
1x1 u
x2
1
du
1x1 u
x1
dt.
1
t
and du dt.
x1
x1
x2
Lx1 Lx2 .
1
du
1x1 u
1
dt.
1x1 t
du using u
1
du
u
1
du
u
t
x1
434
Chapter 4
Integration
2. (a) Fx
sin t2 dt
x
Fx
1.0
1.5
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
0.8048
0.4945
0.0265
0.0611
0.0867
0.3743
0.0312
0.0576
0.2769
1
x2
(b) Gx
x
Gx
sin t2 dt
1.9
1.95
1.99
2.01
2.1
0.6106
0.6873
0.7436
0.7697
0.8671
x2
Fx F2
x2
x2
1
x2 x 2
lim
sin t2 dt
lim Gx
x2
Since Fx sin x2, F2 sin 4 lim Gx. Note: sin 4 0.7568
x2
0, 2 ,
3. y x 4 4x 3 4x 2,
ci
2i
n
2
(a) x , f x x 4 4x 3 4x 2
n
n
f c x
A lim
n i1
n
lim
2i
4
n i1
n
(b)
2i
4
i1
2in
4
9n
8n 16n 15n
n
8n 1n 15n
4
2in
2n
2
2in
2n
n 1
ci
n 1 2 16
n 15
2i
,
n
x
2
n
f c x
i1
1 2i
2
i1
2 n
1 2i
2
i1
2in
2n
3
2in
2n
3
(c) A lim
2 n
lim
(a) A lim
n
0, 2 ,
n 1 2
n
n
8n 1n 15n
1
4. y x 5 2x 3,
2
(c) A lim
(b)
2in
5. Sx
2t
dt
2
sin
(b)
(a)
435
y
1.00
0.75
1
0.50
x
1
0.25
0.25
72 23
x2
correspond to the relative
2
extrema of Sx.
(c) Sx sin
x2
x2
0
n x2 2n x 2n, n integer.
2
2
2x
x 0 2x
2
n x2 1 2n x 1 2n, n integer
2
6. (a)
1
cos x dx cos
1
1
3
cos x dx sin x
1
cos 13
2 cos 13
1.6758
2 sin1 1.6829
(b)
1 1
1
1
1
3
dx
x2
1 13 1 13 2
1
p
7. (a) Area
ax4
px dx
1
3
bx3 cx2
dx
3
2
3
2b
2d
3
p 13
b3 d
b3 d
2b3 2d
9 x2 dx
ba
Area 2
b2 a2x2 dx
2
2
(b) Base 6, height 9, Area bh 69 36
3
3
2 b2x a2
b2
x3 ba
3
ba
a3 ba
2 b2
b3 1 b3
4 b3
2
a
3 a
3 a
10
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Base
x
1 2
4 5
227 9 36
2 1
1
9 x2 dx 2
x3
2 9x
3
b
a
2b
, height b2
a
2 2b 2
4 b3
b
3 a
3 a
b
a
436
Chapter 4
Integration
9. (a)
5
4
3
2
1
at a
(6, 2)
(8, 3)
f
(0, 0)
x
2
1
2
3
4
5
vt at
1
s t at2.
2
st d when t
2d
2ad.
a
ad
.
2
(2, 2)
(b)
2da.
4 5 6 7 8 9
Fx
1
2
2
2
7
2
4
4
5
7
2
2
1
4
0 x < 2
x,
x 4, 2 x < 6
(c) f x
1
x 1, 6 x 8
2
0 x < 2
x22,
2
Fx f t dt x 2 4x 4, 2 x < 6
0
14x2 x 5, 6 x 8
2d
a
1,
1,
(d) F x fx
1,
2
0 < x < 2
2 < x < 6
6 < x < 8
v
100
80
60
40
20
t
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
v0.4 v0 60 0
150 mihr2
0.4 0
0.4
vt dt
1
385
38.5 miles
0 220 260 240 240 65
10
10
v0.9 v0.8 50 40
100 mihr2
0.9 0.8
0.1
11.
f tx t dt
d
dx
Thus,
x f t dt
t f t dt x
t f t dt
f tx t dt x f x
f t dt
f t dt x f x
f t dt
x
f v dv dt
f v dv.
f tx t dt
f v dv dt C.
f x fx dx
13. Consider
1
Fx dx
2
Sn
1
Fb Fa
2
1
f b2 f a2
.
2
x5 dx
x6
6
1
0
1
0
2
. The corresponding
3
14. Consider
2
3
x dx x32
12 Fx
Thus, lim
n
1
n
1
n
2 . . .
n
1
1 2 . . . n
.
n32
1 2 . . . n
n32
1
.
6
1
n
n
n
n
. . .
n
1 5
1 25 . . . n5
.
n6
n
15 25 . . . n5 1
.
n6
6
m dx
M dx Mb a.
f x dx
f x dx.
Thus, mb a
Thus, 1
Note: 1 x
1
1 x4 dx 2.
dx 1.0894
nn
2
.
3
437
438
Chapter 4
Integration
f x
dx.
f x f b x
Let u b x, du dx.
A
b
b
0
b
Then,
x
3
dx
2
x
3 x
f b u
du
f b u f u
f b x
dx
f b x f x
b
f x
dx
f x f b x
f b x
dx
f b x f x
1 dx b.
b
Thus, A .
2
17. (a) 1 i3 1 3i 3i2 i3 1 i3 i3 3i2 3i 1
3i2 3i 1 i 13 i3
(b)
n
3i
3i 1
i1
i 1
i3
i1
3i
Hence, n 13
3i 1 1.
i1
(c) n 13 1
3i
3i 1
i1
3i
i1
3nn 1
n
2
3nn 1
n
3i2 n3 3n2 3n
2
i1
n
i1
2n3 3n2 n
2
nn 12n 1
2
nn 12n 1
6
b
f x dx
f x dx
b
f x dx
40
f 0 4f 1 2f 2 4f 3 f 4
34
1
1
1
4 42 21 4
5.417
3
2
4
f x dx
sin x
1
dx
sin1 x sin x
2
(c) b 3, f x x
f b u
du
f b u f u
2A
(b) b 1
b
f x dx.
20. Six
sin t
dt
t
(a)
12
12
sin x
x
x cos x sin x
0
x2
x
2
lim Six
x
2
2
439