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Contents
page
0. Introduction: Dynamic Loads and Applications
1. Impact on Fasteners
2. Anchor Behaviour
11
3. Anchor Design
15
19
HDA
19
HVZ
25
31
32
7. Examples Fatigue
35
8. Examples Seismic
44
9. Examples Shock
47
Literature / References
51
52
Fatigue loads
Seismic loads
Shock loads
Impact on Fasteners
1. Impact on Fasteners
Actions (loads)
Review of actions
Static actions
Permanent actions
Changing actions
Machines
harmonic
Human
periodic
Wind
Waves
Seismic
Traffic
Dynamic actions
transient
Construction
work
Impact / crash
impulse
Explosion
Impact on Fasteners
Static loads
Dynamic actions
Fatigue
Fatigue under
few load cycles
Impact,impulselike load
1 < n < 20
Seismic
Shock
Traffic loads,
machines,
wind, waves
Fatigue
Action
harmonic (alternating load)
harmonic (compressive / tensile
pulsating load)
periodic
stochastic
Impact / shock
Chronological sequence
sinusoidal
Possible
cause
Out of balance
rotating machines
sinusoidal
random, periodic
random, non
periodic
random, of short
duration
Regularly impacting
parts (punching
machines)
Earthquakes / seismic, rail and road
traffic
Impact / crash,
explosion, rapidly
closing valves
Impact on Fasteners
Actions relevant to fatigue
Actions causing fatigue have a large number of load cycles which produce changes in stress in the affected fastening. These stresses result in
a decrease in strength which is all the greater the larger the change in
stress and the larger the number of load cycles are (fatigue). When
evaluating actions causing fatigue, not only the type of action, but also
the planned or anticipated fastening life expectancy is of major importance.
In most cases, the magnitude of action causing fatigue cannot be determined accurately. The chronological sequence of the action and the influence on each other of building component, fastened part and fastener
are crucial factors that have to be stipulated by the design engineer.
When determining the fatigue-relevant magnitude of an action to which a
fastener is subjected, it is important, however, to remember that also the
actions not occurring at the same time summate.
From a design / static point of view, the actions occurring at different
times are regarded separately. In the case of fatigue-relevant loading, all
applicable loads must be determined over the anticipated fastening life
expectancy. The following chart is intended to illustrate this:
Static design
Dynamic design
time axis
V
t1
V1
t2
t3
V= V1 +V2
V2
N
V1
V2
F = N 2 + (V1 + V2 )
Impact on Fasteners
Earthquakes /
seismic actions
Ground movement during an earthquake / seismic tremors leads to relative displacement of a building foundation. Owing to the inertia of its
mass, the building cannot or is unable to follow this movement without
deformation. Due to the stiffness of the structure, restoring forces are set
up and vibration is induced. This results in stress and strain for the
structure, the parts fastened and the installations. Earthquake frequencies often lead to resonance phenomena which cause larger vibration
amplitudes on the upper floors. The fastened components, the installations and the fasteners or anchors required for them are then heavily
stressed.
Extraordinary actions
Impact on Fasteners
Behaviour of materials
Material behaviour under static loading
Fatigue behaviour
Impact on Fasteners
Fatigue behaviour of steel
10
Anchor Behaviour
2. Anchor Behaviour
Behaviour when subjected to
dynamic action
In view of the fact that dynamic action can have very many different
forms, only the basic information has been given in the following that is
required to understand fastening behaviour.
Fatigue
Fatigue behaviour of single anchor in
concrete
Multiple-anchor fastenings
11
Anchor Behaviour
Consequently, the existence of a pretensioning force is of crucial significance for the fatigue behaviour of an anchor (fastener). In the course of
time, however, all anchors lose some of the pretensioning force. This
loss is caused by creep of the concrete, primarily in the zone in which the
load is transferred to the concrete, due to relative deformation in turns of
the bolt thread and relaxation in the bolt shank.
Tests have shown that comparable losses of pretensioning force can be
measured in anchors (fasteners) that have quite different anchoring
mechanisms, such as cast-in headed studs, undercut anchors and expansion anchors. As a result, a residual pretensioning force of 30 to 50%
the initial force must be expected after a considerable time if no countermeasures are taken.
Pretensioning force of anchor in a
crack
Influence of pretensioning on
anchors loaded in shear
The clamping force between the part fastened and the base material, as
shown above, is directly dependent on the pretensioning force in the
anchor. As a rule, the fatigue strength of steel under shear loading is not
as high as under pure tensile loading. In view of this, an attempt should
be made to transfer at least a part of the dynamic shear force into the
concrete by friction. Accordingly, if the pretensioning force is high, the
share that the anchor must take up is smaller. This has a considerable
influence on the number and size of anchors required.
It is recommended that shear pins be provided to take up the dynamic
shear forces. As a result, the anchors, provided that the through-hole has
a suitable shape, can be designed for pure tensile loading.
In stand-off fastenings, the section of the bolt above the concrete is not
pretensioned. The type of threaded rod alone, i.e. rolled after heat treatment or tempered after heat treatment, thus determines the fatigue durability of the fastenings. The pretensioning force in anchors is, nevertheless, important to achieve a high level of fastening stiffness.
12
Anchor Behaviour
Anchors (fasteners) subjected to seismic loading can, under circumstances, be stressed far beyond their static loading capacity.
In view of this, the respective suitability tests are carried out using a level
of action (loading) that is considerably higher than the working load level.
The behaviour of anchors under seismic action depends on the magnitude of loading, the direction of loading, the base material and the type
of anchor. After an earthquake, the loading capacity (ultimate state) of an
anchor is considerably reduced (to 30 80% of the original resistance.)
13
Anchor Behaviour
Suitability of anchors for dynamic loading
Suitability under fatigue loading
Both mechanical and chemical anchors are basically suitable for fastenings subjected to fatigue loading. As, first and foremost, the grade of
steel is crucial, Hilti manufactures the HDA and HVZ anchors of special
grades of steel resistant to fatigue and has also subjected them to suitably tests. Where other anchors are concerned, global statements about
ultimate strengths have to be relied on, e.g. those from mechanical engineering.
To date, mechanical anchor systems have been used primarily for applications in civil defence installations. These mechanical anchors have
had their suitability proofed when set in cracked concrete. Recently, adhesive systems suitable for use in cracked concrete have been developed, e.g. the HVZ anchor, whose suitability for shock loading is also
verified. For other shock-like loads, such as those acting on the fastenings of guide rail systems, both mechanical anchors, e.g. fastening of
New Jersey profiles with the HUC anchor, and chemical systems, e.g.
the HAS with the HVU for crash barrier systems, can be considered.
14
Anchor Design
3. Anchor Design
The resistance of anchors for the different dynamic impacts varies significantly. On the following pages the state of the art is briefly described.
In addition to this the national and international regulations have to be
considered.
Fatigue
External load
For a simplified design according to the DIBt-approval all loads are assumed to be fatigue relevant (F=F+F), friction and the pretension
force in the anchor are not considered (=0).
Prestressing force in the anchor
FB ,d =
k1 M d k
ku d
with
FB,d
k1
Md
k
ku
d
Anchor Design
Fatigue relevant part of the tensile
force in the anchor
Force in bolt:
if N d FB,d (1 + s ) : N u ,d = N d
at static Load Nd:
if N d > FB,d (1 + s ) : N u ,d = N d
(
= (N
if N d + N d0 FB,d (1 + s ) : N o,d = N d + N d0
if N d + N d0 > FB,d (1 + s ) : N o,d
+ N d0
s
1+ s
)1+s s
)
s = 0.67
fatigue-relevant tensile force in bolt: Nd = No,d Nu,d
minimum clamping force: Nk,min = (Nd + Nod) No,d
If maximal shear force Vd+V d < VRd , then the acting force on the anchor Vd=0, otherwise the total external force is assumed to act on the
o
anchor Vd=V d.
Static design
16
Anchor Design
Fatigue design
In general the fatigue design should be done for the fatigue-relevant part
of the external force F and the relevant number of load cycles n.
FR,d(n) > Fd
For simplified design the number of load cycles is n2'000'000 and the
total load is fatigue-relevant.
For tensile and shear forces the resistances for steel and concrete fatigue should be determined. These values (NRd,s, NRd,c, VRd,s, VRd,c)
are identified with tests for each number of load cycles (Whler Curves).
N Rd
Nd
0
0
Nd
N Rd , s + ( N Rd , s N Rd ,s ) N
Rd , s
= min
Nd
0
N 0 + ( N
Nd
Rd ,c N Rd ,c )
Rd ,c
N Rd ,c
N Rd
Nd
0
0
Nd
N Rd , s + ( N Rd , s N Rd ,s ) N
Rd , s
= min
Nd
0
N 0 + ( N
Nd
Rd ,c N Rd ,c )
Rd ,c
N Rd ,c
For group fastenings a group factor has be taken into account, which
gives the reduction due to load redistribution from the more flexible to
the stiffer anchors.
17
Anchor Design
Anchor design
The behaviour of anchors under seismic action depends on the magnitude of loading, the direction of loading, the base material and the type
of anchor.
Thus it is very important to compare the testing procedures for the anchors with the assumptions for the external loading. An overall design
procedure cannot be given.
There is a large number of anchors, that have been tested according to
different procedures (ICBO, CAN/CSA, KEPCO, ENEL, Bechtel,
Sweep1, Sweep2 . The test results therefore only are valid for the assumptions for the particular test procedures.
To achieve UBC (Uniform Building Code) compliance Hilti Anchors are
tested according to the ICBO ES AC01 (HDA, HSL, KB-II) and AC58
(HVA). The UBC 1997 has provisions for both Strength Design (comparable to load resistance comparison on design level according to EC)
and allowable Stress Design (comparison of load and resistance on
working load level). For these two different design methods different load
combinations with different safety factors are provided for the design
engineer. to take into consideration.
Following the ICBO ES seismic method 2 test, the static loading capacity
is then tested for and must attain a minimum of 80% of control anchors,
statically tested in the same concrete block, average ultimate capacity.
Displacement limitations are also required by the criteria.
PI Fatigue HDA
4.
Productinformation Fatigue Resistances
The following anchor resistances for tensile, shear and combined loads are the approved
values from the DIBt (Deutsches Institut fr Bautechnik). This Productinformation is only valid
together with the general Productinformation given in the Fastening Technology Manual FTM.
In addition to this the dynamic set (Appendix A) has to be used.
For the design the following assumptions have to be taken into consideration:
all applied loads are fatigue relevant
load safety factor F=1.0
for group fixings a group factor has to be considered (redistribution of loads in the anchor
group)
number of load cycles n2'000'000
design with reduced anchor spacings, edge distances or other concrete qualities is done
according Hilti-cc-method (Hilti concrete capacity method: simplified method acc. to ETAG
annex C)
the concrete resistance has to be reduced
4.1
Productinformation HDA
according to DIBt-approval Z-21.1-1693 for HDA dynamic, September 4, 2001
Basic load data (for a single anchor): HDA-P (n2'000'000)
steel failure in cracked and uncracked concrete:
Characteristic resistance Rk [kN]: concrete C20/25 (according DIBt)
Anchor size
Tensile NRk,s
Shear VRk,s
M10
10
2.5
M12
17.5
6
M16
34
8
M10
6.7
1.9
M12
11.7
4.4
M16
22.7
5.9
M10
6.7
6.3
M12
11.7
11.1
M16
22.7
17.0
19
PI Fatigue HDA
Detailed design method - Hilti CC
N rec,p/c/s
TENSION
Anchor size
N0Rd,p
1)
[kN]
HDA-T/HDA-P
M10
M12
M16
in cracked concrete
9.9
13.6
29.6
The initial value of the tensile design load against pull out is calculated from NRd,p=NRk,p/Mc, where the partial safety factor
for concrete is Mc=1.62, with NRk,p =64%NRk,p. The load values are corresponding to a constant load. The displacement is
smaller than d95% 3 mm after 1000 crack cycles (w = 0.3 mm).
Anchor size
HDA-T/HDA-P
M10
M12
M16
16.4
22.9
42.9
N0Rd,c1)
[kN]
in cracked concrete w = 0.3mm
1)
The value of the tensile design load against concrete coin failure is calculated from NRd,c=NRk,c/Mp, where the partial safety
factor for concrete is Mc=1.62, with NRk,c=64%NRd,c
Cylinder compressive
strength
fck,cyl [N/mm]
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Cube compressive
strength
fck,cube [N/mm]
25
30
37
45
50
55
60
Concrete cylinder:
Concrete cube:
diameter
Concrete test specimen geometry
20
fB
1
1.1
1.22
1.34
1.41
1.48
1.55
fB =
fck,cube
25
Limits:
2
2
25 N/mm fck,cube 60 N/mm
PI Fatigue HDA
f A,N : Influence of anchor spacing,
Anchor spacing
s [mm]
Edge distance
c [mm]
100
125
150
190
200
250
300
350
375
400
450
500
550
570
f A,N = 0.5 +
80
100
120
140
150
160
180
187
200
220
240
260
280
285
s
6 h ef
Limits: c min c c cr ,N
s min = h ef
c min = 0.8 h ef
s cr,N = 3 h ef
c cr,N = 1.5 h ef
c
h ef
Note: If more than 3 edges
are smaller than ccr,N
consult your Hilti
Technical Advisory
Service
Anchor size
NRd,s1)
HDA-T/HDA-P
[kN]
M10
M12
M16
6.7
11.8
22.9
21
PI Fatigue HDA
Detailed design method Hilti CC
(The Hilti CC-Method is a simplified Version of ETAG Annex C)
c2 >
1.5
SHEAR
h>
1
Note:
V rec,c/s
s
c2 >
1 .5
c
.5 c
Anchor size
HDA-T/HDA-P
0
1)
V Rd,c
0
1)
V Rd,c
cmin
[mm]
M10
M12
M16
3.1
4.6
9.5
4.3
6.5
13.3
80
100
150
The design value of the ultimate state in shear is calculated from the characteristic anchor shear resistance, VRk,c, divided by
VRd,c= VRk,c/Mc,V, where the partial safety factor, Mc,V, is 1.62 and VRk,c=55%VRk,c
1)
Cylinder compressive
strength
fck,cyl [N/mm]
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Cube compressive
strength
fck,cube [N/mm]
25
30
37
45
50
55
60
Concrete cylinder:
Concrete cube:
fB
1
1.1
1.22
1.34
1.41
1.48
1.55
diameter
Concrete test specimen geometry
Limits:
22
fB =
fck,cube
25
PI Fatigue HDA
f,V : Influence of shear load direction
Angle []
f,V
Formulae:
f,V = 1
for 0 55
0 to 55
60
1.1
70
1.2
f,V
80
1.5
90 to 180
f ,V = 2
1
=
cos + 0.5 sin
for 55 < 90
for 90 < 180
f AR,V =
c 2,1
c min
c min
s n-1
results
tabulated
below
f AR,V =
3c + s
c
6c min c min
s3
s2
s1
c 2 ,2
c
h >1,5 c
f AR ,V
3c + s1 + s 2 + ... + s n1
c
=
3nc min
c min
fAR,V
Single anchor with
edge influence
1.0
s/cmin
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
c/cmin
1.0 1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
1.00 1.31 1.66 2.02 2.41 2.83 3.26 3.72 4.19 4.69 5.20 5.72 6.27 6.83 7.41 8.00
0.67
0.75
0.83
0.92
1.00
0.84
0.93
1.02
1.11
1.20
1.30
1.03
1.12
1.22
1.32
1.42
1.52
1.62
1.22
1.33
1.43
1.54
1.64
1.75
1.86
1.96
1.43
1.54
1.65
1.77
1.88
1.99
2.10
2.21
2.33
1.65
1.77
1.89
2.00
2.12
2.24
2.36
2.47
2.59
2.71
2.83
1.88
2.00
2.13
2.25
2.37
2.50
2.62
2.74
2.87
2.99
3.11
3.24
2.12
2.25
2.38
2.50
2.63
2.76
2.89
3.02
3.15
3.28
3.41
3.54
3.67
2.36
2.50
2.63
2.77
2.90
3.04
3.17
3.31
3.44
3.57
3.71
3.84
3.98
4.11
2.62
2.76
2.90
3.04
3.18
3.32
3.46
3.60
3.74
3.88
4.02
4.16
4.29
4.43
4.57
2.89
3.03
3.18
3.32
3.46
3.61
3.75
3.90
4.04
4.19
4.33
4.47
4.62
4.76
4.91
5.05
5.20
3.16
3.31
3.46
3.61
3.76
3.91
4.05
4.20
4.35
4.50
4.65
4.80
4.95
5.10
5.25
5.40
5.55
5.69
3.44
3.60
3.75
3.90
4.06
4.21
4.36
4.52
4.67
4.82
4.98
5.13
5.29
5.44
5.59
5.75
5.90
6.05
6.21
3.73
3.89
4.05
4.21
4.36
4.52
4.68
4.84
5.00
5.15
5.31
5.47
5.63
5.79
5.95
6.10
6.26
6.42
6.58
6.74
4.03
4.19
4.35
4.52
4.68
4.84
5.00
5.17
5.33
5.49
5.65
5.82
5.98
6.14
6.30
6.47
6.63
6.79
6.95
7.12
7.28
4.33
4.50
4.67
4.83
5.00
5.17
5.33
5.50
5.67
5.83
6.00
6.17
6.33
6.50
6.67
6.83
7.00
7.17
7.33
7.50
7.67
7.83
8.00
23
PI Fatigue HDA
VRd,s : Steel design shear resistance
Anchor size
VRd,s
1)
[kN]
M10
M12
M16
HDA-T
6.3
11.1
17.0
HDA-P
2.0
4.4
5.9
The shear design resistance is calculated from VRd,s= VRk,s/Ms,V. The partial safety factor Ms,V for HDA-T is equal to 1.5 and 1.25 for
HDA-P.
COMBINED LOADS
steel:
N
V
+
1.0
N
V
F ,N
Sd
F ,V
Sd
Rk , s
MsN
concrete:
N
N
Rk ,c
Mc
24
MsV
Sd
g
Rk ,s
V
V
Sd
g
Rk ,c
Mc
1.0
anchor group
PI Fatigue HVZ
4.2
Productinformation HVZ
according to DIBt-approval Z-21.3-1692 for HDA dynamic, October 16, 2001
Basic load data (for a single anchor): HAS-TZ
steel failure in cracked and uncracked concrete
Characteristic resistance Rk [kN]: concrete C20/25 (according DIBt)
Anchor size
Tensile NRk,s
Shear VRk,s
M10x75
10
4.5
M12x95
18
8.5
M16x105
20
15
Anchor size
M10x75
M12x95
7.4
13.3
Tensile NRd,s
3.3
6.3
Shear VRd,s
Group factors: Tension: F,N / Shear: F,V
M16x125
26
15
M20x170
28
15
M16x105
M16x125
M20x170
19.3
20.7
14.8
11.1
11.1
11.1
F,N=F.V=1.0 for single anchor
F,N= 1.45 F.V=1.3 for more than one anchor
TENSION
The tensile design resistance of a single anchor
is the minimum of,
NRd,p: concrete pull-out resistance
NRd,c : concrete cone resistance
NRd,s : steel resistance
N rec,c/s
s
HVZ
M10x75
M12x95
M16x105
M16x125
M20x170
N Rd,p
[kN]
in cracked concrete
5.3
10.8
12.4
15.5
29.4
N0Rd,p
[kN]
in uncracked concrete
6.6
12.4
15.5
18.6
35.6
1)
The initial value of the tensile design load against pull out is calculated from NRd,p=NRk,p/Mp, where the partial safety factor
for concrete is Mp=2.27 (M10) resp. 1.94 (M12, M16, M20), with NRk,p =60%NRk,p. The load values are corresponding to a
constant load. The displacement is smaller than d95% 3 mm after 1000 crack cycles (w = 0.3 mm).
Rd ,c
= N
0
Rd ,c
B. N
A,N
R ,N
N0Rd,c :Concrete
1)
M10x75
M12x95
M16x105
M16x125
M20x170
12.1
17.3
20.1
26.1
41.4
8.7
12.3
14.3
18.6
29.6
75
95
105
125
170
The tensile design resistance is calculated from the tensile characteristic resistance NoRk,c=60%NRk,c by NoRd,c= NoRk,c/Mc,N, where
the partial safety factor Mc,N is equal to 1.62.
1)
25
PI Fatigue HVZ
fB,N :Influence of concrete strength
Designation of
grade of
concrete
(ENV 206)
Cylinder
compressive
strength,
fck,cyl [N/mm]
Cube compressive
strength, fck,cube
[N/mm]
C20/25
C25/30
C30/37
C35/45
C40/50
C45/55
C50/60
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
25
30
37
45
50
55
60
Concrete cylinder:
Concrete cube:
fB,N
M10
M12
1
1.03
1.06
1.10
1.13
1.15
1.18
M16
diameter
Concrete test specimen geometry
fB,N = 1 + ck,cube
K
26
M10
0.63
0.64
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.70
0.72
0.77
0.80
0.81
0.86
0.90
0.94
1.00
Anchor size
M16
M12
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.68
0.71
0.74
0.75
0.78
0.82
0.85
0.89
0.92
0.97
1.00
f A,N = 0.5 +
s
6h ef
Anchor size
smin [mm]
scr,N [mm]
M10
60
225
0.63
0.64
0.66
0.69
0.71
0.72
0.75
0.79
0.82
0.85
0.88
0.93
0.98
1.00
M16L
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.66
0.68
0.69
0.71
0.74
0.77
0.79
0.82
0.86
0.90
0.94
0.98
1.00
M16
M16L
85
315
375
M20
135
510
M20
0.63
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.79
0.82
0.85
0.88
0.91
0.94
0.97
1.00
M20
1
1.07
1.17
1.29
1.36
1.43
1.51
PI Fatigue HVZ
fR,N: Influence of edge distance
Edge
distance,
c [mm]
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
125
135
145
155
165
175
185
205
230
255
Anchor size
M10
0.65
0.68
0.72
0.75
0.78
0.82
0.85
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.00
M12
0.64
0.67
0.70
0.72
0.75
0.78
0.80
0.83
0.86
0.91
0.96
1.00
Anchor size
cmin [mm]
ccr,N [mm]
c
h ef
M10
60
113
M12
75
143
M16
M16L
0.65
0.68
0.70
0.73
0.75
0.77
0.80
0.85
0.89
0.94
1.00
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.67
0.69
0.71
0.75
0.79
0.83
0.87
0.91
0.95
1.00
M20
0.65
0.68
0.71
0.74
0.76
0.79
0.85
0.93
1.00
M16
M16L
85
158
188
M20
135
255
Note: If more than 3 edge distances are smaller than ccr,N, please contact your Hilti sales
representative.
Anchor size
NRd,s
1)
1)
M10x75
M12x95
M16x105
M16x125
M20x170
7.4
13.3
14.8
19.3
20.7
27
PI Fatigue HVZ
SHEAR
The design shear resistance of a single anchor is the minimum of,
VRd,c : concrete edge resistance
VRd,s : steel resistance
c2 >
1.5
c
h>
1.5
V rec,c/s
s
c2 >
1.5
c
Note: If the conditions shown for h and c2 cannot be observed, please contact your Hilti sales representative.
Rd , c
= V
0
Rd , c
B ,V
,V
AR ,V
Anchor size
V Rd,c [kN]
in non-cracked concrete
0
1)
V Rd,c [kN]
in cracked concrete
cmin
[mm]
Min. edge distance
0
1)
M10x75
M12x95
M16x105
M16x125
M20x170
2.6
4.0
5.3
5.5
12.6
1.8
2.8
3.8
60
75
3.9
85
9.0
135
The design value of the ultimate state in shear is calculated from the characteristic anchor shear resistance, VRk,c=60% VRk,c divided
by Mc,V, where the partial safety factor, Mc,V, is 1.62.
1)
Cylinder compressive
strength
fck,cyl [N/mm]
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Cube compressive
strength
fck,cube [N/mm]
25
30
37
45
50
55
60
Concrete cylinder:
Concrete cube:
diameter
Concrete test specimen geometry
28
fB,V
1
1.1
1.22
1.34
1.41
1.48
1.55
fB,V =
fck,cube
25
2
2
Limits: 25 N/mm fck,cube 60 N/mm
PI Fatigue HVZ
f,V : Influence of shear load direction
Angle []
f,V
0 to 55
60
1.1
70
1.2
80
1.5
90 to 180
Formulae:
f,V = 1
f,V =
for 0 55
1
cos + 0.5 sin
f ,V = 2
for 55 < 90
for 90 < 180
f AR,V =
c min
c min
f AR,V
c 2,1
s n-1
s3
results
tabulated
below
s2
s1
c 2 ,2
3c + s
c
=
6c min c min
c
h >1,5 c
f AR ,V
3c + s1 + s 2 + ... + s n1
c
=
3nc min
c min
Note:
29
PI Fatigue HVZ
fAR.V
c/cmin
1.0 1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
1.00 1.31 1.66 2.02 2.41 2.83 3.26 3.72 4.19 4.69 5.20 5.72 6.27 6.83 7.41 8.00
0.67
0.75
0.83
0.92
1.00
0.84
0.93
1.02
1.11
1.20
1.30
1.03
1.12
1.22
1.32
1.42
1.52
1.62
1.22
1.33
1.43
1.54
1.64
1.75
1.86
1.96
1.43
1.54
1.65
1.77
1.88
1.99
2.10
2.21
2.33
1.65
1.77
1.89
2.00
2.12
2.24
2.36
2.47
2.59
2.71
2.83
1.88
2.00
2.13
2.25
2.37
2.50
2.62
2.74
2.87
2.99
3.11
3.24
2.12
2.25
2.38
2.50
2.63
2.76
2.89
3.02
3.15
3.28
3.41
3.54
3.67
2.36
2.50
2.63
2.77
2.90
3.04
3.17
3.31
3.44
3.57
3.71
3.84
3.98
4.11
2.62
2.76
2.90
3.04
3.18
3.32
3.46
3.60
3.74
3.88
4.02
4.16
4.29
4.43
4.57
2.89
3.03
3.18
3.32
3.46
3.61
3.75
3.90
4.04
4.19
4.33
4.47
4.62
4.76
4.91
5.05
5.20
3.16
3.31
3.46
3.61
3.76
3.91
4.05
4.20
4.35
4.50
4.65
4.80
4.95
5.10
5.25
5.40
5.55
5.69
3.44
3.60
3.75
3.90
4.06
4.21
4.36
4.52
4.67
4.82
4.98
5.13
5.29
5.44
5.59
5.75
5.90
6.05
6.21
3.73
3.89
4.05
4.21
4.36
4.52
4.68
4.84
5.00
5.15
5.31
5.47
5.63
5.79
5.95
6.10
6.26
6.42
6.58
6.74
4.03
4.19
4.35
4.52
4.68
4.84
5.00
5.17
5.33
5.49
5.65
5.82
5.98
6.14
6.30
6.47
6.63
6.79
6.95
7.12
7.28
4.33
4.50
4.67
4.83
5.00
5.17
5.33
5.50
5.67
5.83
6.00
6.17
6.33
6.50
6.67
6.83
7.00
7.17
7.33
7.50
7.67
7.83
8.00
Anchor size
1)
3.3
6.3
11.1
11.1
11.1
COMBINED LOADS
steel:
concrete:
30
h
F , N N Sd
N Rk , s
MsN
g
N Sd
g
N Rk
,c
Mc
h
+ F ,V VSd
VRk , s
MsV
1.0
VSdg
g
V Rk
,c
Mc
1.0
anchor group
PI Seismic
5.
Productinformation Seismic
As described already in chapter 3 the anchor resistances depend a lot on the assumptions of testing and the assumptions for the determination of the loads. There are a lot of
national and international codes that have to be respected.
ICBO Evaluation reports give the anchor resistances for the strength design and or for
allowable stress method described in UBC 1997. For the following anchors Evaluation
Reports, which allow seismic design are available (download from Internet
www.ICBO.org):
HDA: ER-5608 issued April 1, 2000
KB-II: ER-4627 issued July 1, 1998
HSL: ER-3987 reissued July 1, 1998
HVA: ER-5369 reissued March 1, 2000
For allowable stress design method its allowed to increase the statical resistances by
33 13 % .
For design strength method the higher resistances are included in the load safety factors.
31
PI Shock
6.
The following anchor resistances and anchor spacing informations are the approved values from the BZS (Bundesamt fr Zivilschutz: Swiss Authority for Civil Defence). This
Productinformation is only valid together with the general Productinformation given in the
Fastening Technology Manual FTM.
For shear loads and for combined loads the same resistances are applicable.
The anchor resistance values are for concrete quality C30/37. Use the same concrete
factors as for static applications.
HST-Anchors
HST
Anchor
Size
Type
Denomination
HST/HST-R M 8
HST/HST-R M10
HST/HST-R M12
HST/HST-R M16
HST/HST-R M20
HST/HST-R M24
M 8
M 10
M 12
M 16
M 20
M 24
HST-R
Permitted
Shock Load
F
kN
2.80
5.10
6.80
11.30
16.90
22.60
Anchor
Hole
mm
8
10
12
16
20
24
Depth
mm
65
80
95
115
140
170
Anchor
Spacing
s
mm
80
100
120
160
200
250
Tightening
Torque
T
Nm
25
45
60
125
240
300
HSC-Anchors
HSC-A/AR
Anchor
Size
M 6
M 8
M 10
M 12
Type
Denomination
M 6x40 I/IR
M 8x40 A/AR
M 8x40 I/IR
M 8x50 A/AR
M10x40 A/AR
M10x50 I/IR
M10x60 I/IR
M12x60 A/AR
M12x60 I/IR
HSC-I/IR
Permitted
Shock Load
F
kN
4.50
4.50
4.50
7.50
4.50
7.50
10.50
10.50
10.50
Anchor
Hole
mm
14
14
16
14
16
18
18
18
20
Depth
mm
46
46
46
56
46
58
68
68
68
Anchor
Spacing
s
mm
80
80
80
100
80
100
120
120
120
Tightening
Torque
T
Nm
8.5
20
15
20
40
30
30
70
60
PI Shock
HSL-Anchors
HSL-TZ
Anchor
Size
Type
Denomination
HSL/-TZ/-G-TZ
HSL/-TZ/-G-TZ
HSL/-TZ/-B-TZ/-G-TZ
HSL/-TZ/-B-TZ/-G-TZ
HSL/-TZ/-B-TZ/-G-TZ
M 8
M 10
M 12
M 16
M 20
HSL-B-TZ
Permitted
Shock Load
F
kN
3.75
5.25
9.00
13.50
19.50
HSL-G-TZ
Anchor
Hole
mm
12
15
18
24
28
Depth
mm
80
90
105
125
160
Anchor
Spacing
s
mm
110
120
160
210
260
Tightening
Torque
T
Nm
25
50
80
120
200
HDA-Anchors
HDA-T
Anchor
Size
M 10
M 12
M 16
Type
Denomination
HDA-T M10
HDA-P M10
HDA-T M12
HDA-P M12
HDA-T M16
HDA-P M16
HDA-P
Permitted
Shock Load
F
kN
16.9
Anchor
Hole
Depth
mm
107
Anchor
Spacing
s
mm
200
Tightening
Torque
T
Nm
50
mm
20
23.7
22
135
250
80
50.8
30
203
380
120
33
PI Shock
HVZ-Anchor
First chemical anchor with BZS-approval
Anchor
Size
M 10
M 12
M16
M 16
M 20*
Type
Denomination
HVZ M10x75
HVZ M12x95
HVZ M16x105
HVZ M16x125
HVZ M20x170
Permitted
Shock Load
F
kN
8.5
17.3
21.9
27.3
51.9
34
Anchor
Hole
mm
10
12
16
16
25
Depth
mm
90
110
125
145
190
Anchor
Spacing
s
mm
60
75
85
85
135
Tightening
Torque
T
Nm
40 (SS 50)
50 (SS 70)
90 (SS 100)
90 (SS100)
150
Examples Fatigue
7. Examples Fatigue
7.1 Simplified design for the fixing of crane track with
dynamic loads in a concrete member
Given:
Cross Section:
View:
35
Examples Fatigue
7.1.1. Static check
load safety factor Q=1.5
N Sd
= 0.10
N Rd , s
Pullout failure:
N Sd
= 0.24
N Rd , p
N Sd
= 0.20
N Rd , c
Splitting failure:
N Sd
= 0.20
N Rd , sp
Shear:
steel failure:
VSd
= 0.11
VRd , s
Pryout failure:
VSd
= 0.33
VRd , cp
combined load:
0.24 0.47
36
Examples Fatigue
7.1.2. Simplified fatigue check
Assumptions:
all loads fatigue relevant
no prestressing force in anchor
stiff baseplate
f,N= f,V =1.0 (load safety factor for single anchor)
f,N=1.3 (group factor for tensile load, preliminary data)
f,V=1.2 (group factor for shear load, preliminary data)
1.5
tensile load on lower anchor row:
N
0.5kN
N =
= 1.3
= 0.4 kN
1.5
h
Sd
Sd
f ,N
Sd
Sd
f ,N
Total tensile load anchor group for concrete cone check (without F,N)
h
l
N Sd
N Sd
4.0kN
0.4kN
g
N Sd = 2
+ 2
= 2
+ 2
= 6.8kN
f ,N
f ,N
1.3
1.3
shear load on single anchor:
V
22.5kN
V =
= 1.2
= 4.5kN
n
4 1.5
with n: number of anchors in anchor group
Sd
Sd
f ,V
37
Examples Fatigue
7.1.2.2 Resistance
7.1.2.2.1 Tension
Steel failure (check only with highest loaded anchor):
tensile steel resistance single anchor
N Rd , s = 11.8kN
g
Rk , c
=N
0
Rk , c
A
c ,N
0
s ,N
ec , N
ucr , N
c ,N
0
N Rk
,c = 8.3
Ac ,N = (1.5 120mm + 130mm + 1.5 120mm) (1.5 120mm + 200mm + 1.5 120mm )
= 274'400 mm 2
Ac , N
= 1.95
Ac0, N
4.6
1
ec , N =
1
1 + 2eN / scr , N
ec , N = 0.78
ucr ,N = 1.0
N = 90.8kN
N = N 64% = 58.1kN
g
Rk , c
Rk ,c
Rk , c
38
0.5
eN
Examples Fatigue
check anchor group:
N Sd , c
6.8kN
=
= 0.19
N Rd , c 35.8kN
Pullout failure (check only with highest loaded anchor):
N = f N = 1.1 13.8kN = 15.2kN
0
Rd , p
Rd , p
Sd
Rd , p
7.1.2.2.2 Shear
Steel failure:
shear resistance single anchor
VRd , s = 11.3kN
Concrete failure:
not decisive (no edges)
7.1.2.2.3 Interaction
Steel failure single anchor:
h
N Sd
N Rd , s
h
VSd
VRd , s
4.0 kN
4.5kN
+
= 0.74 ok
11.8kN 11.4kN
39
Examples Fatigue
7.2 Simplified design for the fixing of unbalanced rotating
machine in a concrete member
Given:
40
C30/37
m = 400 kg (max. load)
m1 = 5.0kg
r1 = 0.5m
= 3'000 r/min
h > 250 mm
s1= 800mm
s2= 1600 mm
lx = 1000 mm
ly = 2000 mm
n = 2'000'000
Examples Fatigue
7.2.1 External loads
7.2.1.1 proper weight
G = m g = 400kg 9.81
m
= 3.9kN
s
2
lateral:
a x (t ) = 2 r1 cos
v x (t ) = a x (t )' = 2 r1 sin
Fx,dyn (t ) = m1 a x (t ) = m1 2 r1 cos
1
= 5.0kg 50 0.5m = 6.25kN
s
2
x , dyn , max
= F
x , dyn , min
vertical:
a y (t ) = 2 r1 sin
v y (t ) = a y (t ) = 2 r1 cos
'
Fy ,dyn (t ) = m1 a y (t ) = m1 2 r1 sin
1
= 5kg 50 0.5m = 6.25kN
s
2
y , dyn , max
= F
y , dyn , min
41
Examples Fatigue
7.2.2 Static Check
maximum vertical load:
N = G + F
g
y , dyn
N
N =
= 1.02kN
4
d
V
9.4kN
=
= 2.35kN with n: number of anchors
V =
n
4
d
suitable anchors:
Sd
f ,N
x , dyn , max
Sd
42
f ,v
x , dyn , min
Examples Fatigue
7.2.3.2 Resistances
7.2.3.2.1 Tension
Steel Failure
tensile steel resistance single anchor HDA-T M10
NRd,s=6.7kN
check single anchor
h
N Sd
0.6kN
=
= 0.09 ok
N Rd , s 6.7 kN
0
Rk ,c
= 8.3
c ,cube
1.5
ef
Rk ,c
=N
64% = 32.2kN
Rk , c
N
32.2kN
=
= 19.9kN
1.62
check single anchor
N
0.6kN
=
= 0.03 ok
N
19.9kN
Pullout failure
N = f N = 1.22 9.9kN = 12.1kN
N
Rd , c
Rk , c
Mc
Sd
Rd , c
Rd , p
Rd , p
Rd , p
7.2.3.2.2 Shear
Steel failure
shear resistance single anchor
VRd,s=6.3kN
check single anchor
VSd
3.1kN
=
= 0.49
VRd , s 6.3kN
7.2.3.2.3 Interaction
Steel failure single anchor
h
N Sd
N Rd , s
h
VSd
VRd , s
= 0.58 1.0 ok
43
Examples Seismic
8. Examples Seismic Design
8.1 Rigidly floor mounted pump
Given:
44
Examples Seismic
Horizontal force caused by Earthquake;
Fp = m G
where m is the systems mass and G is the seismic factor according to local
regulations
( Fpv = 1 Fp if necessary according to local codes)
3
assumption: G=0.5g
Fp = m 0.5g = 700kg 0.5 9.81 = 3.4kN
Fpv = 1 Fp = 1.15kN
3
1. Tension
1.1 Overturning in direction Fp acc. to sketch
2 1000
n s
= tan 1 1 1 = tan 1
= 55
2 700
n2 s 2
T1 =
( m g + Fpv ) + F
n1 + n2
cos sin
=
hg
+
n1 s1 n2 s2
m
+ 1'150N
cos 55 sin 55
s2
+ 3'400N 0.45m
+
= 95N
4
2 0 .7 m
2 1m
T1: tensile force on critical anchor 1
n1: number of anchors along the length
n2: number of anchors along the width
s1: anchor spacing along the length
s2: anchor spacing along the width
n s
: critical angle where maximum tension occurs = tan 1 1 1
n2 s 2
hg: height of center of gravity
700kg 9.81
m g + Fpv
n1 + n2
Fp hc
s 2 n2
m
+ 1'150N
3'400N 0.45m
s2
+
= 336N
4
0 .7 m 2
700kg 9.81
45
Examples Seismic
2. Shear
Fp
V =
n1 + n2
V: shear force on one bolt
Fp
3'400N
= 850N
n1 + n2
4
Shear resistance according to ICBO ER 4627 for HKB 3/8 with 15/8 embedment
depth in concrete wit a resistance of 4000psi (133% of static resistance):
V =
VR = 1'075lbs 0.453
46
kg
m
9.81 2 * 133% = 6.35kN
lbs
s
Examples Shock
9. Examples Shock
9.1 Inelastic Collision: Mass falling into a steel rope
Given:
C40/50
m = 30 kg
L=5 meters
12 mm
210'000 N/mm2
h
> 400 mm
s1=s2= 300mm
lx
= 800 mm
ly
= 500 mm
Dyn
stat
= 1+
(
m1 + M )v 12 c
1+
m12 g 2
47
Examples Shock
= 1+ 1+
static elongation stat =
m v 02 c
= 402
m2 g 2
m g 30 kg 9.81m / s 2
=
= 0.062 mm
c
4'750'000 N / m
dyn
L
= 0.50%
=> elastic
dynamic Force: Fdyn = As = E A = 210 kN / mm 2 0.0050 113mm 2 = 118kN
1st Approach:
only elastic deformations admissible: => design with static approach
use only anchors suitable for cracked concrete
Acting Forces:
Nd=G*Fdyn= 1.35*118kN=159.3kN
suitable anchors (out of HIDU statical calculation)
HDA-P M16, HDA-T M16, HVZ M20
2nd Approach:
plastic deformations admissible: => compare acting loads to shock resistance (BZS
approval) acting load on single anchor: 19.7 kN
valid anchors:
HST M24: 19.7kN/22.6kN=0.87
HDA M12: 19.7kN/23.7kN=0.83
HVZ
M16x105:
19.7kN/21.9kN=0.90
48
Examples Shock
9.2 Simplified Design acc. to Regulations of BZS*
*BZS: Bundesamt fr Zivilschutz (Swiss Federal Authority for Civil Defence)
Assumptions:
The shock loads are substituted by static forces with
F = DLF m amax
F: static Force
DLF: dynamic load factor (recommendation F=1.25)
m: mass of equipment
amax: maximum acceleration (recommendation amax=125 m/s2)
F acts additionally to all other forces in the centre of gravity in the most critical
direction. This means the shock design has to be done in the direction of three
orthogonal axis.
m=122kg
c.g.
h=560m
m
y=1200m
m
x=640
mm
m
= 19'063N
s2
a) vertical action
T =
F
= 4'760N
4
49
Examples Shock
b) longitudinal horizontal action
F
V
T
F
= 4'760N
4
F h 19'036N 560mm
=
T =
= 4'450N
2 1'200mm
2y
assumption: V =
h=560m
m
x=640
mm
F
= 4'760N
4
F h 19'036N 560mm
T =
=
= 8'340N
2 x
2 640mm
assumption: V =
50
References / Literature
References / Literature
Fastening Technology
Manual
Eurocode 2
Eurocode 3
Eurocode 8
CEB-Guide
TW Schock 1995
Technische Weisung fr die Schocksicherheit von Einbauteilen in Zivilschutzbauten, Bundesamt fr Zivilschutz, 1995
Test Reports
Hilti AG
Test Reports
DIBt-Zulassungen
ET Approvals
BZS Approvals
ICBO Approvals
51
Dynamic Set
Appendix A: Dynamic Set
General
Dynamic Set
Injection Washer
spherical washer
nut
locknut
52
Dynamic Set
Setting instructions
(e.g. HDA)
53