Lantern Hotel

Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)
Building Science 2 [ARC 3413]
Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic

PerformanceEvaluation&Design
by team:
Amelia Michelle Bernard
Fam Li Kian
Kian Soon Jean
Leong Carmen
Tan Heng Yee
Tutor: Mr. Rizal
[0310316]
[0310639]
[0314978]
[0314953]
[0314941]
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0
2.0
3.0
Introduction
Aim and Objective
1.1
Site Study
1.2
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 Selection Criteria
1.2.3 Architectural Drawings
Methodology
2.1
Sequence of Working
Lighting
3.1
Precedent Study
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Lobby Lighting
3.1.3 Lounge
3.1.4 Courtyard and Faade
3.2
Site Study
3.2.1 Zoning of Spaces
3.2.2 Spatial Quality of Light Natural Lighting
3.2.3 Spatial Quality of Light Artificial Lighting
3.2.4 Tabulation of Data
3.2.5 Interpretation of Data
3.3
4.0
Lighting Analysis
3.3.1 Reception
3.3.2
Atrium
3.3.3
Corridor
3.3.4
Room
3.3.5
Staircase
Daylight Factor Calculation

Lumen Method
Room Index Calculation
Lumen Method
Lumen Method
Lumen Method
Lumen Method
Acoustic
4.1
Precedent Studies
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Room Acoustics
4.1.3 Sound Insulation & Selection of Surface Materials
4.1.4 Background Noise
4.2
Site Acoustics
4.2.1 Data Tabulation
4.2.2 Data Tabulation Analysis
4.2.3 Outdoor Noise Sources
4.2.4 Indoor Noise Sources
4.2.5 Equipment Location
4.2.6 Equipment Specification
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4.3
5.0
Acoustic Analysis
4.3.1 Reverberation Time
- Zone A: Reception Area + Atrium + Corridor
- Zone B-Room with Glass box
- Analysis
4.3.2 Sound Presseure Level
- Zone 1; Reception Area
- Zone 2; Atrium
- Zone 3;Corridor
- Zone 4; Rooms
- Analysis
4.3.3 Sound Reduction Index
- Analysis
Bibliography
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Abstract
This report contains the details of the study conducted on Lantern Hotel, Petaling
Street with regards to the lighting and acoustical performances. The report is broken down
into two major segments Lighting followed by Acoustics. Included are the technical data
such as formulas, equations and calculations that estimate both illuminance levels and
noise levels for light and acoustics respectively. Architectural drawings are provided by
the ZLG Design for reference whereas data included in the report are data collected from
measurement done on site. Pictures are taken on site, figures are made with Adobe
Photoshop, and analysis diagrams were made with Autodesk Ecotect. A list of references
are provided at the end of the report.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aim and Objective
The aim and objective of conducting this study is to understand and explore on day
lighting, artificial lighting requirement and performances, acoustic performances and
requirement of a certain space. In order to analyse and report the quality of the
lighting and acoustic of the space, the characteristics and function of day lighting,
artificial lighting and acoustic of the intended space has to be determined.
Understanding of the surrounding of site plays a vital role for this report and analysis.
1.2 Site Study

1.2.1 Introduction of Site
Lantern Hotel is a budget boutique hotel located in a shoplot at the heart of the
busy Petaling Street. It is located at the second, third and fourth floor of the shop, above
an existing bank. The shop is stylishly renovated, with an industrial-meets-tropical design
touch. The hotel consist of 49 rooms and houses mostly foreign tourists as the essence
of the Chinatown can be experienced at the hotel the sound of the people, smell of
food and the lights of the lanterns can be heard, smelled, and seen from the hotel.
1.2.2 Selection Criteria
The location of the hotel at the centre of the busy Petaling Street makes it
interesting to study its acoustic performances for this project. The sound of the people
at the street, cooking from the hawker centre behind the hotel, and the vehicles from the
roads nearby contributes to the sound in the hotel. It is a challenge to design the hotel
with good acoustic performance in order to provide a comfortable environment for the
guests to stay in.
The hotel is designed with a fair amount of daylight entering the space. This is
done by having an atrium in the middle of the hotel with a skylight to allow penetration of
daylight. The facades are wrapped with a layer of bricks laid in such a manner that there
are pocket of holes which allow daylight to enter. The full length windows also aid in
allowing daylight to enter the space. Designed as such, most parts of the hotel do not
require artificial lighting on a bright day.
The hotel consist of a variety of functional spaces to analyse its lighting

functionality. This includes the entrance which plays an important role to attract
customers, reception for the receptionist to work at, and the rooms are to have sufficient
lighting for the comfort of guests.
1.2.3 Architectural Drawings
Second Floor Plan
Third Floor Plan
Elevation
10
Section
11
2.0 METHODOLOGY
2.1 Sequence of Working
Precedent Studies
Took documentation and study research paper that consisted lighting and acoustic study
similar to the hotel case study that we choose. Read through and identified the important
criteria of lighting design in difference spaces that consisted in hotel, for example :
lobby ,corridor ,rooms and entrance. See how evaluation and critique are given to the
existing lighting design.
Drawings Preparation
Most of the plans, section and elevation drawings are provided by the architect of the
building ,ZLG Design some drawings are drawn by ourselves. Grid lines with 1meter apart
were then applied for the later data collecting and recording purposes.
Figure 2.1a Plan showing data collection points
Figure 2 Lutron digital lux meter LX-101
Figure 1 01dB digital sound meter
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Site visit
For the three floor Lantern Hotel (located above a two floor Hong Leong Bank),we decided
to collecting data only for the 2nd floor and 4th floor as 2nd floor is the main spaces with
reception and balcony. The spatial arrangement of 3rd floor is similar to 4th floor ,therefore
we study this floor as there are rooms with glass box and is nearer to the skylight.
Recording data
Data Collection for lighting was conducted using te Lux Meter. Reading were taken at
1meter intervals at a position of 1meter and 1.5meter height. Since most of the rooms
layout are the same,we picked two rooms for each floor to collecting data .The respective
rooms are room without window and room with lanai located at 2nd floor ,room with glass
box and room without glass box located at 4th floor level.The materiality of each
components of the spaces was also recorded
Tabulation of data and diagramming

Light and sound contour diagram were established to understand the concentration of
noise and lightings for different zone using Ecotect 2011.
Calculations
For lighting analysis, we are using formula :

Daylight Factor
= 100%
Room Index
RI = (+)
Illuminance level =
( )
For Acoutic analysis ,we are using formula:

0.16
Reverberation Time
Sound Intensity Level
= log10 (/0 )
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3.0 LIGHTING
3.1 Ligthing Precedent Study
3.1.1 Introduction
Hotel and Conference Center in Virginia, USA
Building Name
Location
Occupancy Type
Size
Number of Stories
Dates of Construction
Cost
: Hotel and Conference Site

: Virginia, USA
: Mixed Use Hotel (R-1) and Conference (A-3)
: 174,000 SF
: 7 + 1 below grade
: Fall 2008 - Summer 2010
: $50 million
The recently opened Hotel and Conference Center, on the outskirts of one of the
countrys most respected universities, embodies the notions of comfort and relaxation
with professionalism and academic success. The Hotel and Conference Center provides
a luxurious and warm atmosphere to all patrons, whether residing in the hotel or merely
attending a business or private event in the conference center. Although the exterior
faade of the facility does not boast any discrepancies from the architecture of the
university, the handsome interior spaces display the epitome of bringing the campus
landscape indoors. Rich colors and woodwork dominate each of the spaces alike,
reminding one of the outdoors and the campus setting which provided inspiration to the
interior dcor. The elegant inn houses 148 guest rooms, a lounge and bar area, a
restaurant, ballroom, 24-hour fitness facility, and various meeting rooms in the conference
center. Hotel guests not only become immersed in the sophisticated atmosphere, but are
reminded of the spirit and vivacity of the university when visiting.
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Plan and Zoning
15
3.1.2 LOBBY
Description :
Upon arrival at the Hotel and Conference Center, the Main Lobby serves as a particularly
important space for guests and staff. Guests enter the main lobby through the vestibule
and make their way to the front desk and check-in area. There are also seating areas
throughout the main lobby, providing relaxation for guests and serving as waiting areas.
These seating nooks are ideal for those waiting to enter either the Restaurant or Lounge.
Floor to ceiling windows provide daylight into the space during the day. The lobby is filled
with rich colors and finishes, complimenting the relaxing atmosphere.
Activities | Tasks:
- Check in at the front desk
- VDTs at the front desk for employees
- Lounging areas for guests
- Reading
- Socializing
- Waiting for entrance to the Restaurant or Lounge
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Materials Used
17
Furnishing
Lavish furniture and finishes are abundant in the lobby. Wooden and tile built-in display
cases separate the lobby into larger areas : a Lounge waiting area, Restaurant waiting
area, Vestibule area, Check-in and Reception Desk Area, and a transition zone to the
Conference Center corridor with the Elevator Lobby off to the west. The shelving units
also give an interesting 3-dimensional view of the different areas in the lobby and make
the seating arrangements more private and relaxing. Neutral colors, such as deep browns
, taupe, and burgundy are often used, complimenting the wood and porcelain tile finishes.
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Architectural Features
The display cases described above are definitely and important architectural feature of
the lobby. But even more important are the way the Hotel and Conference Center decided
to help orient and guide the guests throughout the building : through the use of branding
walls that display important signage. There are four such branding walls in the lobby (note
: only three are shown to conceal the Owners identity).
As you step into the Hotel and Conference Center from the vestibule, the branding wall
directly across from the entrance is an entry feature, displaying the name of the hotel.
There is both an opaque and translucent graphic present on the wall with aluminium
letters. The translucent graphic is backlit (note : not shown).
At the Reception Desk, there is also a branding wall present. This display is an illuminated
graphic wall with a bronze finish operable glass door frame. The display is tempered
glass with a translucent digital vinyl applied to the second surface. The actual image on
display is of a path through Virginia woods and is also backlit.
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Lighting Layout and Equipment

The lighting for the lobby is very sophisticated and detailed. While recessed downlights
provide ambient light, four large ceiling coves with accent lights give emphasis to the
height of the space and further enhance the wooden millwork and porcelain tile finishes.
LED striplights underneath the reception desk counter and in the display cases draw the
eyes horizontally. Decorative pendants in the elevator lobby offer an interesting dimension
to the smaller space. Backlit and cove-lit branding walls help orient guests throughout the
main floor of the hotel. The majority of the lamps in the lobby are halogen, although
fluorescent, metal halide and LED are prominent as well. The lighting in the lobby not only
augments the rich colours and dcor present in the lobby, but becomes a centrepiece
itself with its many applications into the architecture.
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Lobby Lighting Design Consideration and Criteria

1) Psychological Aspect :
The Lobby is the space where guests develop their initial impression of the hotel.
Therefore, the lobby should create a warm and welcoming atmosphere. The Lobby should
also be relaxing for all of theguests, as they may be waiting to go into the Restaurant or
Lounge.
2) Appearance of Space and Luminaires :
Because the Lobby sets the tone for the rest of the Hotel and Conference Center, an
inviting ambiance is wanted. The lighting design should complement the wood millwork
and rich finishes and colors in the Lobby. Luminaire selections in the Lobby contribute to
maintaining a welcoming and relaxing atmosphere.
3) Color Appearance and Color Contrast :
The gold, taupe, chocolate brown, and off-white hues in the Lobby should be enhanced
by warm light. Lamps with warmer CCTs ought to be used to stimulate a relaxing
atmosphere by keeping light levels low and enhancing the richer colors. Since the Lobby
has distinct seating areas for guests, color appearance is important for reading.
4) Reflected Glare :
Because of the glossy surfaces of the reception desk and some of the table tops in the
reading areas, reflected glare could be a potential risk for guests. Transactions between
the receptionists and guests at the main desk involve money and paperwork and reflected
disability glare would be a distraction.Guests reading in the waiting areas would also
experience glare on the tables.
5) Modeling of Faces or Objects :
At the front desk, visual appearance of the receptionist and guests is imperative for
transactions to take place. In general, the light levels at the main desk will be higher than
the rest of the Lobby. Lamps with high CRIs (greater than 80) will generate warm skin
tones much more naturally and should be utilized. Having the receptionist at the front
desk appear welcoming and friendly will in turn create happier guests staying at the
Hotel and Conference Center.
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6) Daylighting Integration and Control :

Floor to ceiling glazing on the east faade of the Lobby provides the space with plenty of
daylight
during the day in the summer months. However, in the winter, the sun will not shine
directly into the windows and the building may even lose heat during this time. Integrating
a dimming system in the Lobby would be ideal as to provide energy savings during
daylight hours. Having lower light levels during the evening would help promote the
relaxing and comforting atmosphere and mood of the space. When the hotel is open but
not as active, a dimming system could be utilized to further decrease the light levels.
7) Direct Glare :
In a space with a relaxing atmosphere, decorative luminaires should not be the only
sources of light as they may appear glary to guests reading and relaxing in the seating
areas of the Lobby. Direct glare should be avoided at all costs as it will make guests feel
tense and will distract them from the rest of the space. Direct glare in the entrance canopy
should also be avoided as guests are entering from outside and their eyes need to adjust
to the light levels inside.
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Lobby- Evaluation and Critique

The lobby in the hotel and conference center definitely evokes a naturally warm and
inviting environment for guests by generally keeping light on the peripherals and directly
away from the occupants. Four coves in four distinct areas of the lobby give off ambient
light and keep the light levels low on the floor. The backlit branding walls and cove lighting
detail help orient and direct guests throughout the entire hotel by distinctly featuring the
names of the areas. This also helps take light off the guests and onto accented features
throughout the lobby, creating a relaxing atmosphere and drawing attention to the
light/artwork. LED strips mounted on the reception desk and into the display case form
linear bands of light, much like the cove lighting. Recessed halogen downlights create
pools of light on the floor and also break up the linearity of the layout.
Overall the layout seems efficient and pretty typical. Each area of the lobby has its own
lighting, and they are very much linked and related to each other. Regularly spaced
recessed accent lights and cove lighting create the natural areas of the room.
Downlights are utilized over the main areas of the lobby, such as the reception desk and
restaurant entrance, drawing guests attention to the more important areas of the hotel
with high illuminances. The colour and texture of the pendansts in the elevator lobby
mirror those in the rest of the space with its neutral colours and fine finish.
The halogen lamps utilized produce a warmer feel in the lobby, adding to the tone of
relaxation. The colour temperature is appropriate with the rest of the space. Warm white
LEDs were even used to complement the warm colours of the halogen lamps. Warmer
CCTs were definitely a consideration in the lighting design, as they had impact on the
finished and colours in the lobby.
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3.1.3 LOUNGE
Description
The Lounge in the Hotel and Conference Center is a more private space in the hotel for
customers. It is a space separated from the rest of the hotel where guests can enjoy fine
food and spirits at the bar during the late afternoon and evening hours. Situated on the
northernmost part of the building, floor to ceiling glazing spans almost the entirety of the
faade, allowing daylight into the space. Guests of the Hotel and Conference Center can
enter the Lounge through the main lobby and corridor on the first floor. A set of double
doors on the western wall provides access to the outdoor terrace.
Activities | Tasks:
Dining
Drinking
Socializing
Bartenders/Servers
Guests watching television or reading
Materials used
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Floor Finish Plan + Furniture Plan
Furnishing and Accessory

Furniture in the space consists
of various
tables,chairs, and bookshelves. The two dozen arm chairs (LNG-401) and six circular
tables (LNG-302) provide guests relaxing group seating areas for conversation. Fifteen
bar stools (LNG-403) offer patrons seating around the centrally located bar (LNG-702) .
There is even more seating on the northern part of the lounge, where two plush sofas
(LNG-400) and for chairs (LNG-402) are situated near the floor to ceiling windows. Coffee
tables (LNG-301) and shelving units (LNG-300) are also in this area of the lounge. Two
televisions are set in the center of the bookshelves on the eastern and western wakks.
There is also some artwork on a couple of the walls.
Architectural Features
On the eastern and western walls of the lounge, large bookcases span about 8-6 wide
and the entire height of the space. The bookcases are made from medium density
fibreboard and have diagonal-grid pattern with shelving openings. There is a larger
opening in the center of each bookcase for a television. Sheer drapes hung from the
ceiling in front of the glazing provide diffuse daylight in the space during the daytime.
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Lighting
Equipment
Layout
and
The lighting for the lounge is very decorative. Small decorative pendants at varying
heights hang above the bar top. LED strips illuminate bottles on display in the bar display
and are also utilized underneath the counters. Fluorescent cove lighting is implemented
into the design, emphasizing the height of the space. Recessed accent lighting is used to
draw attention to the art on the walls. For general lighting in the room, recessed
downlights are employed. Most of the lamps are halogen and therefore are ideal for the
dimming presets.
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Lounge Evaluation and Critique
The lounge in the Hotel and Conference Center is a special purpose space geared
towards making guests feel comfortable and relaxed. This relaxing theme sparks in the
lobby and is carried into the lounge. Decorative pendants hang at random heights over
the bar, making the bar a focal point in the room. Cove lighting on the ceiling gives the
room more dimension as the ceiling pop out hangs in the air. Recessed accent lights in
the ceiling give the space more sparkle.
Rich colors and lush finishes are enhanced by the warm CCTs of the lamps. Careful
thought of the color of the sources was analyzed and followed through, as warmer whites
were typically selected. The layout of the luminaires over the bar are random and
therefore do not need to coincide with the furniture. These pendants draw attention
towards the bar and sparkle in the air.
It is evident that through the use of light, a relaxing atmosphere is portrayed in the Lounge
with the current design. Light stays on the peripherals of the space, highlighting the walls
and ceiling alike. Decorative and more intricate facts were utilized in the Loung but do not
distract from the mood.
Light Loss Factors

*Use of the new procedure to find LDD uxis used. As the new handbook does not address
RSDD, it was not calculated below. According to the new handbook, a LEDs LLD is
assumed to be 0.7. A 12 month cleaning interval and clean environment was assumed.
Any other LLFs not displayed are assumed to be 1.0.
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3.1.4 COURTYARD AND FACADE
Description
As guests arrive at the Hotel and Conference Center, they will drive through an exterior
courtyard with a triangular shaped plaza. The faade of the Hotel and Conference Center
is made up of brick two types of brick. The public spaces of the building on the first floor
all have a more decorative brick with accent bands. Precast cornices break up the tower
of the hotel into horizontal lines, accentuating the length of the building. Concrete panels
beneath the 6-0 x 6-8 windows enhance the height of the hotel tower. Glazed aluminum
window walls wrap around the first floor of the Hotel and Conference Center, allowing
natural light into the public areas of the building.
Activities | Tasks:
- Hotel and Conference Center entrance and drop-off
- Walking
-Sitting outside
Materials:
Brick; precast decorative frames with metal; spandrel panels and screen walls; glazed
aluminum window walls (double pane, clear, Low-E insulating glazing) with a transmissive
value of 0.46; metal entry canopies.
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Lighting Layout and Equipments

The exterior lighting is made up of multiple layers of light, such as bollards, step lights,
ground and building mounted accent lighting, and landscape lighting. The hotel canopy
are is lit with downlights at the entrance. Both the Hotel and Conference Center glow
from within with light, making the public places more noticeable and welcoming to
guests from the outside. A combination of LED, ceramic metal halide, and compact
fluorescent lighting was used for the exterior spaces.
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Facade Design Consideration and Criteria

Physchological Aspect:
When arriving at the Hotel and Conference Center, guests should feel welcomed
as they approach the building. The faade and exterior courtyard should feel
inviting and relaxing to guests.
Safety :
Guests need and want to feel safe and secure when staying at a hotel and
lighting plays a critical role in this. Having the walkways and parking lots well lit at
night will make guests feel safer about walking around outside. Lamps with good
CRIs will enabled good colour appearance and modelling of others.
Connection With Architecture :
The lighting design on the faade should enhance the architecture of the
building. The lighting should lead guests u to the front building. For example,
highlighting the walking paths that lead up to the columns on the first floor.
Having the Hotel and Conference Center glow from within on the first floor also
give the building another dimension as people drive by..
Horizontal Illuminance :
Building exteriors
-Entrances > Active : 5fc
-Prominent Structures : 5fc
Gardens
-General Lighting : 5:1 ratio
-Trees or shrubbery, emphasized :3fc
Modelling Of Faces Or Objects :
When guests are outside walking to and from their cars late at night, they should
be able to make out other peoples facial features and the objects around them.
This is so guests feel safe and comfortable while walking outside at night. The
use of lamps with high CRIs will help achieves this.
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3.2 Site Study

3.2.1 Zoning of Spaces
Figure 3 Zoning of 2nd FLoor and 4th floor of Latern Hotel
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3.2.2 Spatial Quality of Light Natural Lighting
During the day, the central courtyard is lit up by daylight through the acrylic roof.
Daylight at the courtyard also light up the corridors. The three facades are made out of
brick laid in such a manner that daylight penetrates through the pockets of holes, this
subsequently lights up the three corridors. Openable louvred windows are placed
alternatively to allow penetration of daylight into the corridors. Hence, artificial lighting is
not required during a bright day. The white interior walls allow natural light to be reflected.
This increases the luminence of the wall and brighten up the corridors.
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Effect of Adjacent Roof to Intensity of Day Light

Sun Light
Due to the positioning of the hotel,

sunlight can enter the space especially in
the morning and evening. The intensity of
sunlight is higher than daylight, hence,
sunlight can increase the luminosity of the
space.
An existing roof over Petaling Street
in front of the hotel affects penetration of the
sunlight. It can be seen that the intensity of
sunlight entering the 4th floor is higher than
the 3rd floor.
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Design of Louvred Window

The windows of the hotel is an interesting
feature to control the amount of natural lighting
that enters the space. This louvred window has
fixed louvres at the bottom half of the window
and adjustable louvres at the top half. The top
half of the window can also be opened
completely for maximum natural lighting.
A quantitative data collection was done
by measuring the Lux level of a Lanai without
any artificial lighting at three different situations:
Closed louvres
Opened louvres
Opened window
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3.2.3 Spatial Quality of Light Artificial Lighting

Entrance
The entrance of the hotel is through the five foot way which leads to the staircase
lobby and elevator. At the five foot way, a lantern canopy over the entrance door
illuminates the space with red light to distinct the entrance of the hotel from the entrance
of the bank at the ground floor. The staircase lobby and the staircase are lit by warm
lighting. A small seating area is lit up by luminaire hidden between the furniture and the
wall. This outlines the seating area making it stand out. On the brick wall behind the
seating area are two wall-mounted downlights which enhances the texture of the wall.
The stairwell is dimly lit with warm fluorescent light as a continuation of the seating area
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Reception
The stairs eventually leads to the reception of the hotel which is brightly lighted up
contrasting with the staircase and corridor which leads to it. This is to draw attention of
the customers and at the same time, act as task lamps. Adjacent to the reception is the
food and drink bar and a high table for customers to do work on with the same luminaires.
The principal visual task of the receptionist are desk works including typing and writing
whereas a bartender needs to clearly see the food and drinks. These task lamps are
essential to help workers do their tasks efficiently. These task lamps are switched on even
during a bright day. Specular reflection on the glossy black wall behind the high table
causes glare which may be problematic for customers working at the area.
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Atrium
During the night, the daylight at the courtyard will

be replaced by warm fluorescent light placed at the centre
of the beam which projects onto surrounding surface
which is painted orange. The light is reflected on the
orange surface creating a glow of orange light from the
beam.
The courtyard is also lit up with room number
signages with uplight luminaires in it. These luminaires
allow the room numbers to be seen in the dark and at the
same time lights up the corridor in a rhythm.
The tables at the courtyard for dining purposes are
dimly lit. The indirect uplights and the soft orange glow
from the beams along with the wooden flooring and tables
creates a cosy and comfortable atmosphere for diners.
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3.2.4 Tabulation of Data

The colours used in the table correspond with their respective zone colour. The
following readings were taken at a level of 1m and 1.5m from the ground as indicated.
Day Time
2nd Floor
Figure 5 2nd Floor Day Time Light Data
4th Floor
Figure 4 4th Floor Day Time Light Data
39
Night Time
2nd Floor
Figure 7 2nd Floor Night Time Light Data
4th Floor
Figure 6 4th Floor Night Time Light Data
40
Based on the lighting data table above, the following observations were noted along
with relevant discussions.
Observation 1:
Light data collected at 4th floor level is higher compare to data collected at 2nd floor.
Discussion 1
This is affected by the 3 floor height existing canopy roof structure of Petaling Street in
front of Lantern Hotel as it provide shade to the 2nd floor . The natural lighting also blocked
away by surrounding buildings to penetrate into 2nd floor especially the zone located near
the south elevation
Observation 2:
For most of the zones, light data collected at level of 1.5m above ground are higher than
the reading taken at 1m from the ground
Discussion 2 :
This is due to the proximity of the lux meter to the artificial light source. At 1.5m, the lux
meter is closer to the artificial light source, thus receiving a higher amount of light.
However, the large difference in readings only occurs in grids which have artificial
lightings
Observation 3:
For corridor ,light data collected at level of 1 above ground are higher than the reading
taken at 1.5m from the ground.
Discussion 3:
This is due to the surface mounted lighting along the corridor are located at 1.5m
height .The corridor light are shielded with a close top metal box.Therefore , the light
are controlled and directed to the floor and wall below 1.5m .
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3.2.5 Interpretation of Data -Contour Diagram

Natural Lighting
2nd Floor
4th Floor
From the contour diagram, the atrium at 4th floor received maximum 80% of natural
lighting, however, the maximum natural lighting received at 2 nd floor drop to 70% at a
different of 10.8 meter height.
For the rooms at both side of atrium at level 2 ,they receive a range of daylighting
from 0- 30%. However, the room at level 4 receive a range of lighting from 20% - 70%.
There is a great different between the daylighting level of these two floor.
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Artificial Lighting
2nd Floor
4th Floor
From the contour diagram , the maximum artificial lighting achieved is up to 840
lux at the reception area. The lighting level of toilets achieved up to 600lux ,However ,the
lighting level of corridor have relatively low lux level,150lux .From the result of light
analysis ,we can conclude that the artificial lighting level varies according the hierarchy
of space and type of activities carried out in the area.
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3.3 Lighting Analysis

3.3.1 Reception Area (B13- F14)
Lighting Specification
Type
Specification
Luminaire
Type
Incandescent
Pendent Globe
Light Bulb
Watt
Lamp Life: 8000
hr
Downlight
With top
reflector
Luminuous
Flux per unit
(lm)
400
Material Specification
Main Surface
Ceiling
Wall
Floor
Window
Furniture
Description
White Plaster Ceiling
Black Painted Wall
White Painted Wall
Light Walnut Timber
Plank
Brown Timber Shutter
Color
White
Black
White
Brown
Reflectance
85
2-10
85
25
Light
Walnut
25
Marine Plywood Plank

Table/Countertop
44
Daylight Factor
Time
Weather
Luminanc
e At 1m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminanc
e at 1.5m
(1x)
Average
( 1x)
12-3pm
6-8pm
Cloudy
Raining
20-180
30-81
102.3
61.1
32- 274
34-285
177.9
184.1
Table 1 Lux Reading at Reception Area
Average lux Reading

1m
1.5m
Average lux value
12-3pm
102.3
177.9
140.1
6-8pm
61.1
184.1
153.2
Table 2 : Average Lux Value at Reception Area
Illuminance
120,000lux
110,000 lux
20,000 lux
1,000 -2,000 lux
<200 lux
400 lux
40 lux
< 1 lux
Example
Brightest sunlight
Bright sunlight
Shade illuminated by entires clear blue
sky, midday
Typical overcast day,midday
Extreme of darkest storm clouds,midday
Sunrise or Sunset on a clear day
(ambient illumination)
Fully overcast ,sunset/ sunrise
Extreme of darkest storm
cloud ,sunset/rise
Table 3 : Daylight Intensity at different condition
Date and Time

Average lux value Reading ( )
Daylight Factor Calculation Formula
Standard direct sunlight ( )
19th April 2015

140.1
D=
20,000 lux
Calculation
D=
=
E internal
x 100%
E external
E internal
x 100%
E external
140.1lux
20000 lux
x 100%
= 0.7%
45
Discussion
DF , %
>6
36
13
01
Distribution
Very Bright with thermal & glare problem
Bright
Average
Dark
Table 1 Daylight Factor ,DF
The average lux value during after 12pm-3pm is 280.2 lux ,whereas at night ,6pm8pm, the average lux value is 153.2 lux. There is a great change in lux .
According to table provided in MS1525 , the 1.4% DF of Reception Area is
categorized under the average category. This is due to the 3 floor height existing canopy
roof of Petaling Street right in front of the reception area .The opening of reception area
are facing west ,therefore ,it only received maximum natural lighting during sunset ,while
most of the day time hour ,the reception area will still need to lightened up using artificial
lighting.
46
Lumen Method
Location
Dimension , m
Area ,2
Height of ceiling , m
Height of work level, m
Type of light
Luminous flux of lighting,F
/ lm
Height of luminaries , m
Height of Working Plane,m
Mounting Height , ,m
Number of existing light
bulb/ n x N
Reflectance Value ,%
Room Index
Reception Area
L = 3.5 , W = 8
28
3.6
1.2
Incandescent Pendent Globe Light Bulb
400lm
2.0
1.0
2.0-1.0=1.0
16
Ceiling
Wall
Window
Floor
(LxW)
(L + W ) x H
(3.5 x8)
= (

Black Painted Wall
Windows
Light Walnut Timber Plank
40-45
2-10
25
25
3.5+8)x 3.6
Utilization Factor / UF
Maintenance Factor / MF
Illuminance level
required/E,lux
Maximum Illuminance
recommended by MS1525
(lux)
Number of Fitting
Required ,N
= 0.67
0.5
MF = LLMF x LSF x LMF x RSMF
= 0.86 x 0.95 x 0.86 x 0.94
= 0.66
n x F x UF x MF
E=
A
16 x 400 x 0.5 x 0.66
=
= 75
28
300lux
N=
300 x 28
=
16x400x0.5x0.66
= 3.9
4 Incandescent Pendent Globe Light Bulb
Needed to meet the standard illuminance required in
reception area
47
3.3.2 Atrium ( E3 E13)
Type
Specification
Fluorescent
Light
Watt
Lamp Life:
8000 hr
Twist CFL
Lamp Life :
10,000 hr
Luminair
e Type
Indirect
uplighter
Placement
Open top
reflector
Room number
signage
Mounted
within Beam
Luminuous Flux per

unit (lm)
1350
900
Main Surface
Skylight
Beam(ceiling)
Wall
Floor
Furniture
Description
Acrylic Skylight
White Painted
Concrete Block painted
white
Light Walnut Timber
Plank
Marine Plywood Plank
Table
Color
Reflectance
Transparent
0
White
85
White
85
Brown
25
Brown
25
48
Daylight Factor
Time
Weather
Luminanc
e At 1m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminanc
e at 1.5m
(1x)
Average
( 1x)
12-3pm
6-8pm
Cloudy
Raining
93-721
9-30
215.5
15.5
248-766
14-53
416
23.3
Average lux Reading

1m
1.5m
Average lux value
12-3pm
215.5
416
315.8
6-8pm
15.5
23.3
19.4
Illuminance
120,000lux
110,000 lux
20,000 lux
1,000 -2,000 lux
<200 lux
400 lux
40 lux
< 1 lux
Example
Brightest sunlight
Bright sunlight
sky, midday
cloud ,sunset/rise
Date and Time

19th April 2015

315.8
E internal
D=
x 100%
E external
20,000 lux
Calculation
D=
E internal
x 100%
E external
315.8lux
= 20000 lux x 100%

= 1.6%
49
Discussion
DF , %
>6
36
13
01
Distribution
Bright
Average
Dark
The average lux value during 12pm-3pm is 315.8 lux ,whereas at night ,6pm-8pm,
the average lux value is 19.4 lux. There is a great difference because the space is a long
courtyard with a skylight. In the daytime, the natural lighting directly penetrate through the
transparent skylight into the space. At the night time the space are lighten up by warm
lighting ,therefore the lux level is lower.
According to table provided in MS1525 , the 1.6% DF of Reception Area is
categorized under the average category. The atrium is functioned as a gathering space
for the hotel guests , therefore the lighting is sufficient enough as it is not used for working
purposes.
50
Lumen Method
Location
Dimension , m
Area ,2
Type of light
Atrium
L = 20 , W = 2.8
60.4
11.5
0.8
Fluorescent Light

/ lm
bulb/ n x N
1350
Twist Compact fluorescent

light bulb
900
2.9
2.9-0.8 = 2.1
18
2.6
2.6-0.8 =1.8
12
Room Index
Ceiling
Acrylic Skylight
Wall
Concrete Block with white

plaster
Light Walnut Timber Plank
85
Floor
(LxW)
(L + W ) x H
(20 x 2.8)
= (
25
20+2.8)x 11.5
Illuminance level
required/E,lux
Maximum Illuminance
(lux)
Number of Fitting
Required ,N
= 0.21
0.26

= 0.86 x 0.95 x 0.81 x 0.86
= 0.57
E=
n x F x UF x MF
A
18 x 1350 x 0.26x 0.57
=
= 59.6
60.4

= 0.68 x 0.88 x 0.86 x 0.86
=
0.44
E=
n x F x UF x MF
A
12 x 900 x 0.26x 0.44
=
= 20.5
60.4
300lux
N=
300 x 60.4
N=

300 x 60.4
=
= 12x900x0.26x0.44
1350x0.26x0.57
= 5 fluorescent light bulb
= 15 twist compact
needed to meet the standard fluorescent light bulb needed
to meet the standard
illuminance required in
illuminance required in
reception area
reception area
51
3.3.3 Corridor
Type
Specification
Twist CFL
Lamp Life :
10,000 hr
Luminair
e Type
Open top
reflector
Placement
Room number
signage &
Guiding light
Luminuous Flux per

unit (lm)
900
Main Surface
Ceiling
Wall
Floor
Description
White Painted
in white
Polish concrete with
vivid colour dye
Color
White
White
Reflectance
85
85
Grey
70
52
Daylight Factor
Time
Weather
Luminance
At 1m (1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminance
at 1.5m
(1x)
Average
( 1x)
12-3pm
6-8pm
Cloudy
Raining
10-450
8-81
97.7
21.2
5-530
8-30
177.7
36.2
Average lux Reading

1m
1.5m
Average lux value
12-3pm
97.7
177.7
137.7
6-8pm
21.2
36.2
57.4
Illuminance
120,000lux
110,000 lux
20,000 lux
1,000 -2,000 lux
<200 lux
400 lux
40 lux
< 1 lux
Date and Time

Example
Brightest sunlight
Bright sunlight
sky, midday
cloud ,sunset/rise
19th April 2015

137.7
E internal
x 100%
D=
E external
20,000 lux
Calculation
D=
=
E internal
x 100%
E external
137.7lux
20000 lux
x 100%
= 0.7%
53
Discussion
DF , %
>6
36
13
01
Distribution
Bright
Average
Dark
The average lux value during 12pm-3pm is 137.7lux ,whereas at night ,6pm-8pm,
the average lux value is 57.4 lux. The average lux value is low even during day time.
According to table provided in MS1525 , the 0.7% DF of Reception Area is categorized
under the dark category . This can be observed during site visit as the corridor are
lightened up by artificial lighting even during daytime.
54
Lumen Method
Location
Dimension , m
Area ,2
Type of light
/ lm
bulb/ n x N
Corridor
L = 26 , W = 1.5
38.5
3.6
0.8
Twist Compact fluorescent light bulb
900
1.5
0.7
10
Ceiling
White Painted Ceiling
85
Wall
Concrete Block with white

plaster
Polish concrete with vivid
colour dye
85
Floor
Room Index
Illuminance level
required/E,lux
Maximum Illuminance
(lux)
Number of Fitting
Required ,N
70
(LxW)
(L + W ) x H
(26 x 1.5)
= ( 26+1.5)x 3.6
= 0.39
0.27

=0.72x0.92x0.86x0.94
= 0.54
E=
n x F x UF x MF
A
10 x 900 x 0.27x 0.54
=
= 34.1
38.5
50lux
N=
50x 38.5
= 9000.270.54
= 15 Twist Compact fluorescent light bulb needed to meet
the standard illuminance required in corridor.
Existing Number of lamps are 10,
15-10=5
Therefore ,5 more Compact Fluorescent light bulb more
required to fulfil the requirement
55
3.3.4 Room with Glass Box (D9-F9)
Luminaire
Type
Open top
reflector
Placement
Wall
Luminuous Flux per

unit (lm)
900
Lamp Life :
10,000 hr
Enclosed
Floor
900
Lamp Life:
14000 hr
Bare Lamp
Batten
Ceiling Slot
1350
Type
Specification
Twist CFL
Lamp Life :
10,000 hr
Twist CFL
Fluorescent
Light
Main Surface
Ceiling
Wall
Window
Floor
Description
White Painted
in white
Glass
Crystal Grain Terrazo
Tile
Color
White
White
Transparent
Crystal
Grain
Reflectance
85
85
4
80
56
Daylight Factor
Time
Weather
Luminance
At 1m (1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminance
at 1.5m
(1x)
Average
( 1x)
12-3pm
6-8pm
Cloudy
Raining
33-450
13-27
184.3
18.7
100-820
13-32
346.7
24.7
Average lux Reading

1m
1.5m
Average lux value
12-3pm
184.3
346.7
265.5
6-8pm
18.7
24.7
43.4
Illuminance
120,000lux
110,000 lux
20,000 lux
1,000 -2,000 lux
<200 lux
400 lux
40 lux
< 1 lux
Date and Time

Example
Brightest sunlight
Bright sunlight
sky, midday
cloud ,sunset/rise
19th April 2015

265.5
D=
20,000 lux
Calculation
D=
E internal
x 100%
E external
E internal
x 100%
E external
265.5 lux
= 20000 lux x 100%

=1.33%
57
Discussion
DF , %
>6
36
13
01
Distribution
Bright
Average
Dark
The average lux value during after 12pm-3pm is 265.5 lux,whereas at

night ,6pm-8pm, the average lux value is 43.4 lux. There lux value is greatly reduced.
According to table provided in MS1525, the 1.33% DF of room with glass box is
categorized under the average category.
58
Lumen Method
Location
Dimension , m
Area ,2
Type of light
/ lm
bulb/ n x N
Room with Glass Box

L = 2.7 , W = 4.1
11.07
2.6
0.8
Fluorescent Light Twist CFL
1200lm
900lm
2.6
0.8
2.6-0.8=1.8
1
Ceiling
Wall
Illuminance level
required/E,lux
1.5
0.2
1.5-0.8=0.7
1
0.8-0.2=0.6
1
White Painted
Concrete Block painted in
white
Glass
85
85
Floor
Crystal Grain Terrazo Tile
(LxW)
(L + W ) x H
(2.7x4.1)
= (2.7+4.1)x 2.6
80
Window
Room Index
Twist CFL
900lm
= 0.63
0.47
Fluorescent
Light
Wall
Mounted
Twist CFL
Floor
Mounted
Twist CFL
Fluorescent
Light
Wall
Mounted
Twist CFL

= 0.83 x 0.64 x 0.89 x 0.94
= 0.44
= 0.72 x 0.92 x 0.86 x 0.94
= 0.54
= 0.72 x 0.92 x 0.82 x 0.94
= 0.51
n x N x F x UF x MF
E=
A
1 x 1200 x 0.47 x 0.44
=
11.07
= 22.42
n x N x F x UF x MF
E=
A
1 x 900 x 0.47 x 0.54
=
11.07
= 20.63
59
Floor
Mounted
Twist CFL
Maximum Illuminance
(lux)
Number of Fitting
Required ,N
50lux
Fluorescent
Light
Wall
Mounted
Twist CFL
Floor
Mounted
Twist CFL
E=
n x N x F x UF x MF
A
1 x 900 x 0.47 x 0.51
=
11.07
= 19.49
N=
50 x 11.07
= 1200x0.47x0.44
= 2.23
3 fluorescent Light needed to meet the
standard illuminance required in Room
area.
N=
50 x 11.07
= 900x0.47x0.54
= 2.42
area.
N=
50 x 11.07
= 900x0.47x0.51
= 2.56
area.
60
3.3.5 Staircase ( A13- A15)
Type
Specification
Luminair
e Type
Placement
Fluorescent
Light
Watt
Lamp Life:
8000 hr
Bare Lamp
Batten
Hanging from
Ceiling
Luminuous
Flux per unit
(lm)
Mounted
within Beam
Main Surface
Ceiling
Wall
Floor
Window
Furniture
Description
White Painted Wall
Exposed brick
Ceramic Tiles
Porcelain Tiles
-
Color
White
White
Red
Light Cream
Cinnamon
Light Walnut
-
Reflectance
85
85
25
70
40
25
-
61
Daylight Factor
Time
Weather
Luminance
At 1m (1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminance
at 1.5m
(1x)
Average
( 1x)
12-3pm
6-8pm
Cloudy
Raining
25-30
8-17
27.3
11.3
42-50
9-38
45.7
19
Average lux Reading

1m
1.5m
Average lux value
12-3pm
27.3
45.7
36.5
6-8pm
11.3
19
15.2
Illuminance
120,000lux
110,000 lux
20,000 lux
1,000 -2,000 lux
<200 lux
400 lux
40 lux
< 1 lux
Date and Time

Example
Brightest sunlight
Bright sunlight
sky, midday
cloud ,sunset/rise
19th April 2015

36.5
D=
20,000 lux
Calculation
D=
=
E internal
x 100%
E external
E internal
x 100%
E external
36.5 lux
20000 lux
x 100%
=0.18%
62
Discussion
DF , %
>6
36
13
01
Distribution
Bright
Average
Dark
The average lux value during after 12pm-3pm is 36.5 lux,whereas at night ,6pm8pm, the average lux value is 15.2 lux. There lux value is reduced by half.
According to table provided in MS1525, the 0.18% DF of staircase is categorized
under the dark category. Even though there are windows in the stairwell , most of the
time ,the window are closed even during daytime.
63
Lumen Method
Location
Dimension , m
Area ,2
Type of light
Reception Area
L = 3m , W = 7.6m
23.4m
3.6
0.8
Fluorescent light

/ lm
bulb/ n x N
1200lm
2.7
0.8
2.7-0.8=1.9
2
Ceiling
Wall
Window
Room Index
Floor
(LxW)
(L + W ) x H
(3 x 7.6)
= (

White Painted Wall
Exposed brick
Ceramic Tiles
Windows
Porcelain Tiles
85
85
25
70
25
40
3+7.6)x 3.6
Illuminance level
required/E,lux
Maximum Illuminance
(lux)
Number of Fitting
Required ,N
= 0.60
0.47
= 0.83 x 0.64 x 0.89 x 0.94
= 0.44
n x N x F x UF x MF
E=
A
2 x 1200 x 0.47 x0.44
=
= 21.8
100lux
22.8
N=
100 x 22.8
= 1200x0.47x0.44
= 11 Fluorescent Light needed to meet the standard
illuminance required in reception area
64
4.0 ACOUSTIC
4.1 Precedent Study
4.1.1 Introduction
Buxton Crescent Hotel and Spa
Buxton Crescent Hotel and Spa, a five star spa hotel with conference and
banqueting facilities is converted and extended from a number of listed buildings. The
existing buildings designed by John Carr were built in 1780 and it is then transformed by
Archer Humphreys Architects.
The two key acoustic challenges in transforming Buxton Crescent Hotel are most
likely to be achieving the acoustic requirements by providing sufficient absorbent
finishes within the existing rooms, and also upgrading the existing constructions to
achieve the proposed sound insulation standards. Due to their involvement in the
conservation and refurbishment of the Grade I listed Crescent and of the adjacent pump
rooms and surrounding spaces, they have certain limitation on extending the alterations
and it may affect the achievement on standards proposed.
Acoustic design of a hotel is the key factor in its overall quality and the guests
experience towards the spaces. The three main acoustic factors are:
a. Room acoustics
b. Sound insulation
c. Background noise levels
65
4.1.2 Room Acoustics

The effects of acoustic absorbent finishes should be proportionate to their
respective spaces area. Hence the selection of materials with different acoustical
absorption characteristics is very important in the preliminary design stage. Taking Buxton
Crescent Hotel and Spa as precedent study, the heritage constraints of the building are
more likely to limit the type and amount of finishes that can be integrated into the design
in order to achieve appropriate acoustical performance.
In most of the public spaces, such as the offices, guestrooms, bar, restaurant, and
reception, they use carpeted floor with acoustically absorbent ceiling or suspended
acoustic rafts in order to control the quality of space.
4.1.3 Sound Insulation & Selection of Surface Materials
The existing site buildings are of traditional masonry construction with masonry
wall and timber floors. Hence, the design team decided to increase the floor mass from
the existing floor in order to improve sound insulation. Different treatments are done
towards different systems according to the requirement.
Proposed sound insulation criteria according to the Hilton design guide.
Airborne Sound Insulation (Walls and Floors)
55dBRw
Guestroom to Guestroom (walls and
floors)
60dBRw
Guestrooms to all other rooms (bar,
meeting rooms, office etc)
Conference rooms to Conference room
55dBRw
Walls within Guestrooms (to ensuite)
Rw45
Airborne Sound Insulation (Doors)
Rw35
Guestrooms, Conference rooms (and
adjacent lobbies), Assembly room
Executive lounges, offices
Rw30
Impact Sound Insulation (Floors)
Guest room to Guest room
50dBLnT,w
Guest room to Conference rooms
55dBLnT,w
55dBLnT,w
Conference rooms to Living/drawing
room
66
Floors
The existing floors will be developed to achieve the double construction principle
where there is large air cavity in between the upper and lower boards (floor and ceiling
from different floor level rooms). The treatment taken is to add floating floors, to remove
the existing floor boards and to replace the existing floor boards on resilient clips, adding
new plasterboards on the resilient hangers. Since, the space in existing floor is limited to
accommodate the floating floor, carpets are more likely to be able to achieve the impact
sound insulation requirement.
Figure: GypFloor Silent sound insulation floor system.

Floor boards with resilient clips
3. Sound insulation airbourne: 54 - 63 (Rw dB)
4. Sound insulation impact: 63 - 55 (Lnw dB)
5. Fire resistance: 30 - 90 (mins)
Doors
Acoustical rated doors with minimum thickness of 54mm thick solid core timber is useful
in providing good insulation.
Walls
The highest standard of wall sound insulation required is Rw55. Generally it should be
possible to achieve this standard with 300mm thick dense masonry. But in some cases,
there are walls which are less than 300mm thick masonry, and so these will be upgraded
in order to achieve the requirement. Hence, the solution is to add an independent
plasterboard lining to the wall.
67
Independent Wall Lining System

6. Sound insulation airbourne: 59 - 61 (Rw dB)
7. Fire resistance: 30 - 90 (mins)
8. Thermal performance: 0.35 - 0.16 (W/mK
68
4.1.4 Background Noise

The background noise within internal spaces will be dedicated by two main factors:
Building services noise (ventilation etc) and intrusive external noise (road traffic noise
etc)
a. Proposed Building Services Noise Criteria
Room
Guestroom (at bedhead)
Guestroom bathroom
Conference rooms 1 to 3
Assembly room
Drawing/living room
Lobbies, reception, guest corridors,
public
toilets
Bar, restaurant, retail units
Staff toilets/changing
Back of house / service areas
Kitchens
Offices
Maximum building services noise

level (NR)
NR25
NR35
NR30
NR25*
NR35
NR40
NR35
NR45
NR45
NR45
NR35
b. Intrusive Noise
Daytime (07:00-23:00): 35dBLAeq, 16h
Night-time (23:00-07:00): 30dBLAeq, 8h / 45dBLAmax (fast)
Controlling building services noise will be critical in controlling the noises level.
In conclusion, the selection of materials in a hotel design is very important as hotel is
spaces that provides rest and comfort the users. Due to the limitation of preserving the
existing listed buildings, Buxton Crescent Hotel and Spa has very limited use of materials
and the structure could not be demolish and reconstruct.
69
4.2 Site Acoustics

4.2.1 Data
Tabulation
12pm 3pm; 2nd Floor
70
12pm - 3pm; 4th Floor
4th Floor
Noise
Level (dB)
A6
63
A13
60
A14
60
A15
60
B3
67
B4
67
B5
63
B6
61
B7
61
B8
62
B9
62
B10
62
B11
63
B12
63
B13
63
B14
65
B15
65
C14
65
D14
64
E14
64
F14
64
G14
65
H14
65
I14
65
C2
67
D2
67
E2
67
F2
66
G2
66
H2
63
I2
62
I3
62
I4
62
I5
62
I6
65
I7
65
I8
65
I9
65
I10
65
I11
64
I12
64
I13
64
C9
47
D9
40
E9
40
C11
45
D11
40
Grid
71
6pm - 8pm; 2nd Floor
72
6pm - 8pm; 4th Floor
4th Floor
Noise
Level (dB)
A6
64
A13
66
A14
66
A15
64
B3
62
B4
65
B5
61
B6
64
B7
62
B8
62
B9
62
B10
62
B11
63
B12
65
B13
63
B14
64
B15
64
C14
62
D14
64
E14
64
F14
64
G14
64
H14
63
I14
64
C2
61
D2
61
E2
61
F2
61
G2
61
H2
61
I2
62
I3
61
I4
67
I5
64
I6
65
I7
62
I8
63
I9
70
I10
65
I11
70
I12
64
I13
64
C9
58
D9
54
E9
50
C11
42
D114
0
Grid
73
4.2.2 Data Tabulation Analysis

12pm - 3pm (Non-Peak)
2nd/Reception Floor
4th Floor
According to data tabulated in the images above, rooms on the 4th floor
experience lower noise levels than rooms on the reception floor in the afternoon (nonpeak period). This may be due to the building materials employed for room enclosure.
In the Eastern region of 4th floors corridor, there are higher noise levels compared to
the reception floor due to activities from the back-alley and the location of a lounge
nearby (circled).
74
6pm - 8pm (Peak)
2nd/Reception Floor
4th Floor
According to data tabulated in the images above, overall noise level during peak
hours (night time) is higher on the lower reception floor compared to the upper 4th floor
especially within the corridors.
However, this may be due to a higher density of human population where people
prefer renting rooms nearer to ground floor perhaps for sake of convenience.
75
2nd/ Reception Floor
6pm - 8pm (Peak)
According to data tabulated in the images above, overall noise level on the
reception floor is higher during peak hours (night time) compared to the non-peak period
in the afternoon.
This may be due to noise emitted from the Petaling Street market activities
surrounding the hotel on the ground floor which peaks at night.
76
4th Floor
6pm - 8pm (Peak)
According to data tabulated in the images above, noise level is generally higher in
the 4th floor rooms during peak hours. This may be due to different building materials
enclosing the two different room types and human population level.
On the other hand, noise level is higher in the corridor nearest to the backalley.
This maybe due to the outdoor air conditioning units operating by the hotel wall facing
the backalley.
77
4.2.3 Outdoor Noise Sources
Surrounding the Lantern Hotel on the ground floor is the Petaling Street market
held daily. The market is a popular tourist spot, thus it is always busy throughout the
year. The market sees its biggest crowds at night daily, thus noise levels would naturally
be higher in the hotel as sound travels upwards (on the path of least resistance) through
air and solids. The porous facade of the lantern hotel facing the market may be a
strategy to reduce noise levels within the building as sound is known to travel fastest
through solids. In this regard, the exterior perimeter walls as seen in the figure below are
made porous and permeable by wind movement and sound waves.
Western Facade
(Avadhanulu and Kshirsagar, 2013)
78
4.2.4 Indoor Noise Sources

Air circulators
2nd Floor
4th Floor
Air cirulators such as ceiling fans and air conditioners are used in the lantern hotel
for improving human thermal comfort. Ceiling fans are used in the corridors in order to
minimise electrical consumption and improve energy efficiency of building. The perimeter
exterior walls are punctured with holes, thus a lot of cool air would be lost to the outside if
air conditioners are used. However, this increases sound levels around the rooms. In
certain areas, ceiling fans installed clatter against steel service pipings running along
ceilings, thus producing unwanted noise.
79
Zoning
4th floor
Reception floor
80
Human Activity
4th floor
Reception floor
Primary noise from human activity occur mainly on the reception floor where light
refreshments are provided. Apart from the atrium and outdoor deck zones on the
reception floor, two small lounge areas on the 4th floor are popular spots for human
gatherings and therefore add to the overall noise level from human activities.
81
Speakers
Music is randomly turned on from a personal laptop in the reception floor of the hotel
throughout the day at moderate levels of speaker volume. Sound levels reach as high as
80 dB in the reception area with the music turned on. Music is used to create a warmer
atmosphere in the greeting space and may add to human comfort and pleasure.
82
Speakers (Acoustic Ray Diagram - Plan View)

Area analysed:
Type of ray:
5.0 ms
10.0 ms
15.0 ms
20.0 ms
25.0 ms
30.0 ms
35.0 ms
40.0 ms
45.0 ms
50.0 ms
55.0 ms
60.0 ms
65.0 ms
70.0 ms
80.0 ms
90.0 ms
On plan, sound waves generated from the 500Hz speaker set in Lantern Hotel can be seen to
be dispersed and reflected by the concrete and brick walls from 15 milliseconds(ms) onwards. Sound
is not transmitted into the hotel rooms which is good. Useful sound waves on the other hand where
clarity of sound is concerned also only travel within the reception area. The painted concrete block
wall in front of the speaker set works well to reflect sound back towards the source and contain sound
within the desired area.
However there is too much echo, reverb and masked sounds travelling along the corridor and atrium
areas. This may be solved by installing absorptive materials such as acoustic panels along the walls
of the two areas.
83
Speakers (Acoustic Ray Diagram - Elevation 1 View)

Area analysed:
Type of ray:
E1
5.0 ms
10.0 ms
15.0 ms
20.0 ms
25.0 ms
30.0 ms
35.0 ms
40.0 ms
45.0 ms
50.0 ms
55.0 ms
60.0 ms
65.0 ms
70.0 ms
80.0 ms
90.0 ms
On elevation 1, masked and reverb sound waves can be seen to bounce from the acrylic
skylight roof on the 5th floor to the 2nd floor in the atrium area. In the corridor area, sound is contained
within the same floor together with useful sound waves where clarity of sound is concerned. From
15ms to 30ms, echoes are transmitted through the concrete block wall and into the hotel rooms next
to the corridor.
84
Speakers (Acoustic Ray Diagram - Elevation 2 View)

Area analysed:
Type of ray:
E2
5.0 ms
10.0 ms
15.0 ms
20.0 ms
25.0 ms
30.0 ms
35.0 ms
40.0 ms
45.0 ms
50.0 ms
55.0 ms
60.0 ms
65.0 ms
70.0 ms
80.0 ms
90.0 ms
On elevation 2, masked and reverb sound waves can be seen to bounce from the acrylic
skylight roof on the 5th floor to the 2nd floor in the atrium area which is considered undesirable due
to disturbance in the upper floors. Useful sound waves where clarity of sound is concerned is seen
to be contained within the reception area which is positive as music is only wanted in that area.
85
4.2.5 Equipment Location
2nd Floor
4th Floor
Symbol
Equipment
Equipment Type
No.
Daikin Wall Mounted

Air Conditioner
31
Daikin Ceiling Cassette

Air Conditioner
Khind Ceiling Fan
14
86
4.2.6 Equipment Specification

Product
Specification
Name: Daikin Cooling King Indoor Model: FT10MV1l Unit
Weight: 9kg
Unit Dimension (mm): 288 X 800 X 216 Refrigerant: R22
Total Cooling Capacity: 10,000 Btu/hr Indoor Air Flow: 342
CFM
Sound Pressure Level: 38 dBA (Highest); 27 dBA (Lowest)
Outdoor Model: R09/15CV1 Unit Weight: 25kg
Unit Dimension (mm): 497 X 600 X 245
Name: Daikin Air Surround Indoor Model: FF10/15CV1 Unit

Weight: 28kg
Unit Dimension (mm): 250 X 570 X 570 Refrigerant: R22
Capacity Range: 1.0 -1.5 hp
Total Cooling Capacity: 10,000 Btu/hr Indoor Air Flow: 410
CFM
Sound Pressure Level: 41 dBA (Highest); 31 dBA (Lowest)
Outdoor Model: R09/15CV1 Unit Weight: 17.5kg
Unit Dimension (mm): 543 X 700 X 250
Name: Khind Ceiling Fan Model: CF604

Number of Blades: 3 Voltage:220-240V ~ 50Hz Power:
75W
Size: 60
Feature: Electronic regulator with 5-speed setting
Name: Logitech Multimedia Speakers Z213 Model: PN 980000941

Dimensions: 5.6 x 3.1 x 3 (Satellites) 7.2 x 5.1 x 7.6
(Subwoofer) Weight: 1.76kg
Power: 7W Frequency: 500 Hz
87
4.3 Acoustic Analysis

4.3.1 Reverberation Time
Zone A : Reception Area + Atrium + Corridor
Reverberation Time
Space volume = (90.7x3.6)+(51.3x11.5)=403.53
Material Absorption Coefficient in 500Hz at Peak Hour
Building
Element
Material
Ceiling
Raw
Concrete
with Paint
Acrylic
Skylight
Cement
board
Absorption Quantity Total Area, S/m

Coefficient,
a
0.02
1
31.7
Sxa
0.04
65.1
2.604
0.04
8.24
0.330
0.634
88
Floor
Wall
Door
Window
Furniture
Human
Air
Parquet
Fixed on
Concrete
Concrete
Floor
Brickwork
Painted
Concrete
Block
Painted
Brickwall
900x2400mm
1hr fire rated
timber door
Timber
Louvres
Glass Panel
Glass box
Metal Stool
Oxygen and
Carbon
Dioxide
0.07
101.7
7.119
0.02
40
0.8
0.03
0.06
2
2
17.7+27.84=45.5
83.1+
195+195=473.1
1.365
28.386
0.02
93.6-10.8=82.8
1.656
0.05
18
18x2.16=38.9
1.945
0.03
6x4.0= 24.0
0.72
0.04
0.04
0.14
0.42 per
person
0.01
26
6
3
5
26x2.16=56.2
6 x 3.6=21.6
0.75
-
2.246
0.864
0.105
2.1
132.01m
1.32
Total
Absorption, A
RT
52.194
= (0.16 x V) / A
= (0.16 x 403.5) /52.194
= 1.236s
89
Zone B :Room with Glassbox
Reverberation Time
Space Volume = (4.2x2.6)+(1.1x1.6) x 2.7
= 34.2m
Building
Element
Material
Absorption Quantity Total Area,

Coefficient,
S/m
a
Sxa
Ceiling
Cement
board ceiling
0.04
10.9
0.436
0.01
12.7
0.127
Painted
Concrete
Block
0.06
44.8
2.69
Glass
1hr fire rated
timber door
0.04
0.05
1
1
9.1
1.9
0.365
0.096
Glass Door
0.04
0.42
1
2
1.9
-
0.076
0.84
Floor
Wall
Door
Human
Glass
Terrazzo
tiles
90
Air
Oxygen and
Carbon
Dioxide
0.01
12.7
0.127
Total
Absorption, A
RT
4.82
= (0.16 x V) / A
= (0.16 x 34.23 ) / 4.822
= 1.13s
Analysis of Reverberation Time

Zones
Zone A
Reception Area
Atrium (gathering
space)
Corridor
Zone B
Room
According to ASHRAE 2011 standard
Calculated
Reverberation
Time,s
1.236
1.236
Standard
Reveberation Time,
s
0.8
0.6-0.8
1.236
1.13
0.6-0.8
<0.6
The result reverberation time for zone A Reception in 500Hz of absorption

coefficient is 1.236s where the standard reverberation according to ASHRAE 2011 is from
0.6-0.8s. The result shown is comparatively higher compare to the standard set although
it is still falls on the excellent design category. Based on our case study on Lantern Hotel,
the spaces in zone A especially the reception and partially of the corridor end has less
wall surfaces.
91
For instance, the wall in the reception which is facing the street has three timber
louvered windows. This is the main reason that sounds in Zone A escapes by penetrating
through the window to the surrounding external environment. This openness leads to a
very low absorption level of sound for Zone A(less wall surface is provided) and the
chances for sound waves to reflect back have reduced and hence it takes longer time for
the reverberation to take place.
Besides, the differences in the height of the spaces in Zone A might be one of the
key issues which influence the consistency of reverberation movement. As sound waves
penetrating thorough the space, the big changes in volume of atrium will increase the time
for sound waves to reflect.
However in the hotel room with glass box, the result shown is 1.13s which is
definitely exceed the reverberation time standard of less than 0.6s. As experiencing on
site, the noises from hotel servicing (vacuuming) can clearly be heard in room and it is
consider as a distraction to the users. This might be affected by the wall material use,
such as glass wall facing towards the atrium area. The design should take more
consideration in provide a comfortable resting area to the users.
92
4.3.2 Sound Pressure Level (SPL)

ZONE 1 : Reception Area
Highest Reading = 78dB

= 1010
11012
78 = 1010
1 10
Lowest Reading = 63dB
= 10
63 = 10
1 10
1 7.8 = 1 10
1 6.3 = 1 10
= 6.31105
= 6.31105
Total Intensities ,I = (6.31105 ) + (6.31 105 )

= 1.26 x 105
Using the formula : combined SIL = 10log10 (
1 1012
Combined SIL = 10 log10 [(1.26 105 ) / (1 1012 )] x

= 71.0 dB ,at Reception Area
93
ZONE 2 ; Atrium ( Dining Area)

= 1010
11012
78 = 1010
1 10
= 10
70 = 10
1 10
1 7.8 = 1 10
1 7.0 = 1 10
= 6.31105
= 1.0105

= 7.31 x 105
Using the formula : combined SPL = 10log10 (
1 1012
Combined SPL = 10 log10 [(7.31 105 ) / (1 1012 )] x

= 78.6 dB at Atrium
94
ZONE 3: 2nd Floor North Corridor (near entrance)

= 1010
11012
78 = 1010
1 10
= 10
70 = 10
1 10
1 7.8 = 1 10
1 7.0 = 1 10
= 6.31105
= 1.0105

= 7.31 x 105
1 1012
Combined SIL = 10 log10 [(7.31 105 ) / (1 1012 )] x

= 78.6 dB ,at North Corridor
95
ZONE 4 : Rooms
2nd Floor
Rooms

= 1010
11012
63 = 1010
= 10
1 10
54 = 10
1 10
1 6.3 = 1 10
1 5.4 = 1 10
= 2.0108
= 2.5107

= 2.25 x 106
1 1012

= 63.5 dB ,at 2nd Floor Room
96
4th Floor Rooms

= 1010
11012
58 = 1010
= 10
1 10
54 = 10
1 10
1 5.8 = 1 10
1 5.4 = 1 10
= 6.31108
= 2.5107

= 3.13 x 107
1 1012

= 54.9 dB ,at 4th Floor Room
97
Zone
Reception Area
Atrium (Dining Area)
Corridor
2nd Floor Rooms
4th Floor Rooms
Calculated Sound
Pressure Level,dB
71.0
78.6
78.6
63.5
54.9
Standard Sound
Pressure Level ,dB
50
45
45
35
Analysis of Sound Pressure Level

According to BS8233:2014 and ASHRAE Standard
For the reception area, the sound pressure level is 20dB higher than ASHRAE
standard which is 50dB. This falls under the category of 70-79dB with reference to the
table of general sound environments which is considered to be twice as loud as an
ordinary conservation. However , in the case of reception area, most of the sound
intensity level is attributed to the speakers that are being employed for the whole day to
act as a background music and provide relaxation for guests and serving as waiting
areas.
98
For the three floor height atrium at the middle of Lantern Hotel ,the calculated
sound intensity level is 78.6dB which is 33.6dB higher than the standard sound intensity
level .45dB. It is also fall under the category of 70-79dB which is 2 times louder than an
ordinary conservation. The sound pressure level is attributed to the speaker which is just
located at the reception area right beside atrium. Other than that ,both ends of the long
atrium allow noise from the street to penetrate through.
For the corridor ,it is located at the most inner part Lantern Hotel ,the sound
intensity level is up to 78.6dB ,which is higher than the standard sound pressure level It
falls under category of 70-79dB which is considered to be 2 times loud as an ordinary
conservation. From our observation during site visit , the sound is mainly attributed to the
noise by the fans and the service and machine room along the corridor.
In comparing the hotel room at 2nd floor and 4th floor ,the sound pressure level are
63.4dB and 54.9dB respectively there is a minor decrease when the level goes up. This
is due to transmission of sound from other zones. Both the rooms of different level do not
achieve the standard sound pressure level , however it is still fall under the categories of
50-69dB ,which is considered as loud and ordinary conservation which si definitely
secured acoustic trait for a private rooms in hotel.
99
4.3.3 Sound Reduction Index (SRI) at 500 Hz

Zone: 2nd Floor
SRI Formulae: R = 10 log (1/T)

Building
Componen
t
Wall 1
Wall 2
Wall 3
Wall 4
Wall 5
Wall 6
Material
Surface
Area (m)
SRI
(dB)
10
39
Energy
Transmission
Coefficient (T)
0.1
1.3 x 10-4
5 Windows
Brick Wall 100mm
unfinished
Plastered Brick Wall
4 Timber Doors
2 Windows
Brick Wall 100mm
unfinished
Painted Concrete Block
Wall
8 Timber Doors
Wall
6 Timber Doors
Wall
15
9.5
1.5
1.2 x 10-3
83.3
7.7
8.4
16.1
58
37
10
39
1.6 x 10-6
2.0 x 10-4
0.1
1.3 x 10-4
1.3 x 10-4
1.5 x 10-3
8.4 x 10-1
2.1 x 10-3
75.6
15.4
45
37
3.2 x 10-5
2.0 x 10-4
2.4 x 10-3
3.1 x 10-3
59.2
11.5
45
37
3.2 x 10-5
2.0 x 10-4
1.9 x 10-3
2.3 x 10-3
70.7
45
3.2 x 10-5
2.3 x 10-3
T x Area
100
Wall 1 Overall Energy Transmission Coefficient:

Windows
(T x A) = 1.5
Brick Wall:
(T x A) = 1.2 x 10-3
A + A = 24.5
T = (T x A) + (T x A )
A + A
T = 6.1 x 10-2
Using reduction index formula and substituting

R = 10log (1/T)
R = 12 dB

Doors
(T x A) = 1.5 x 10-3
Plastered Brick Wall:
(T x A) = 1.3 x 10-4
A + A = 91
T = (T x A) + (T x
A ) A + A
T = 1.8 x 10-5

R = 10log (1/T)
R = 47 dB
101

Windows
(T x A) = 8.4 x 10-1
Brick Wall:
(T x A) = 2.1 x 10-3
A + A = 24.5
T = (T x A) + (T x A )
A + A
T = 3.4 x 10-2
Using reduction index formula and substituting R = 10log

(1/T)
R = 14 dB

Doors
(T x A) = 3.1 x 10-3
Concrete Block Wall
(T x A) = 2.4 x 10-3
A + A = 91
T = (T x A) + (T x A )
A + A
T = 6.0 x 10-5

R = 10log (1/T)
R = 42 dB
102

Doors
(T x A) = 2.3 x 10-3
Concrete Block Wall:
(T x A) = 1.9 x 10-3
A + A = 70.7
T = (T x A) + (T x A )
A + A
T = 5.9 x 10-5

R = 10log (1/T)
R = 42 dB

Concrete Block Wall
(T x A) = 2.3 x 10-3
A= 70.7
T = T x A
A
T = 2.3 x 10-3

R = 10log (1/T)
R = 26 dB
103
Sound Reduction Index (SRI) Analysis
Wall
1
2
3
4
5
6
SRI (dB)
12
47
14
42
42
26
According to the table above, Wall 1 has the lowest SRI whereas Wall 2 has the
highest SRI. Wall 1 being the most porous as it has the most openings would
reasonably have a lower SRI. On the other hand, Wall 2 is plastered and has relatively
high number of timber doors, thus it obtains the highest SRI value.
SRI values for Walls 4, 5 and 6 could be increased by plastering of surfaces as
these walls are partitions to hotel rooms which require more privacy.
104
5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Acoustic Performance. (2013) (1st ed.). Retrieved from
http://www.nzcma.org.nz/document/279- 25/NZCMA_MM_-_2.4_-_Acoustic_Performance.pdf
Ashrae.org,. 'TC 2.6 Sound And Vibration Control | Ashrae.Org'. N.p., 2015. Web.
17 May 2015.
Avadhanulu, M., & Kshirsagar, P. (2013). A Textbook Of Engineering Physics (17th
ed.). New Delhi: Nirja Publishers & Printers Pvt. Ltd.
Awad Khidir, E., Harun, Z., Mohd Nor, M., & Razi, M. (2012). A Comparative Study
of Sound Transmission Loss Provided by Glass, Acrylic and Polycarbonate. Jurnal Teknologi,
60(0). doi:10.11113/jt.v60.1432
Azkorra, Z., Prez, G., Coma, J., Cabeza, L., Bures, S., & lvaro, J. et al. (2015).
Evaluation of green walls as a passive acoustic insulation system for buildings. Applied Acoustics,
89, 46-56. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2014.09.010
Bacon, D. (2015). Building acoustics. Kayelaby.npl.co.uk. Retrieved
16 May 2015, from http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_4/2_4_4.html
Chan, L. (2008). Sound Insulation. Personal.cityu.edu.hk. Retrieved
16 May 2015, from http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~bsapplec/sound4.htm
Fernndez Solla, I. (2013). GLASS ON WEB - Articles - Acoustic properties of
glass: not so simple. Glassonweb.com. Retrieved 16 May 2015, from
http://www.glassonweb.com/articles/article/836/
Fundamentals Of Lighting. 2nd ed. New York: Fairchild Books, 2015. Print.
Guidance On Sound Insulation And Noise Reduction For Buildings. 5th ed. London:
British Standard Publication, 2014. Web. 17 May 2015.
Herve, D. Architectural Lighting: Designing With Light And Space. 2015. Print.
Innes, Malcolm. Lighting For Interior Design. London: Laurence King Pub., 2012.
Print.
Knowland, P., & Uno, P. Acoustics - Acoustic Properties of Precast Concrete National Precast Concrete Association Australia. Nationalprecast.com.au. Retrieved 16 May 2015,
from https://www.nationalprecast.com.au/resources/acoustics-acoustic-properties-precast-concrete
Lanternhotel.com,. 'Lantern Hotel'. N.p., 2015. Web. 17 May 2015.
Machacoustics.com,. 'Performance Standards BB93, HTM And BREEAM'. N.p.,
2015. Web. 17 May 2015.
Mommertz, E. Acoustics and sound insulation (p. 30).
Natura Pro, Textura & Pictura. (2012) (7th ed.). North Wales. Retrieved from
http://www.kingspanbenchmark.com/media/244428/bm%20cementitious%20boards%20pds.
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Noise Control Optimizer. Retrieved 16 May 2015, from
http://www.techwide- engineering.com/catalogue/nco_door_timber.pdf
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Sipari, P. Studies On Impact Sound Insulation Of Floors (1st ed.). Espoo. Retrieved
from http://www.sea-acustica.es/fileadmin/publicaciones/Sevilla02_rba07004.pdf
The Trevor Osborne Property Group,. Buxton Crescent Hotel & Spa: Acoustic
Strategy Report. UK: Ove Arup & Partners Ltd, 2011. Print.
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106

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Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)

Building Science 2 [ARC 3413]

Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic

Daylight Factor Calculation

1.2 Site Study

1.2.2 Selection Criteria

The hotel consist of a variety of functional spaces to analyse its lighting

1.2.3 Architectural Drawings

Second Floor Plan

Third Floor Plan

Figure 2.1a Plan showing data collection points

Figure 2 Lutron digital lux meter LX-101

Figure 1 01dB digital sound meter

Tabulation of data and diagramming

For Acoutic analysis ,we are using formula:

Sound Intensity Level

: Hotel and Conference Site

Plan and Zoning

Lighting Layout and Equipment

Lobby Lighting Design Consideration and Criteria

6) Daylighting Integration and Control :

Lobby- Evaluation and Critique

Floor Finish Plan + Furniture Plan

Furnishing and Accessory

Lounge Evaluation and Critique

Light Loss Factors

3.1.4 COURTYARD AND FACADE

Lighting Layout and Equipments

Facade Design Consideration and Criteria

3.2 Site Study

Figure 3 Zoning of 2nd FLoor and 4th floor of Latern Hotel

3.2.2 Spatial Quality of Light Natural Lighting

Effect of Adjacent Roof to Intensity of Day Light

Due to the positioning of the hotel,

Design of Louvred Window

3.2.3 Spatial Quality of Light Artificial Lighting

During the night, the daylight at the courtyard will

3.2.4 Tabulation of Data

Figure 5 2nd Floor Day Time Light Data

Figure 4 4th Floor Day Time Light Data

Figure 7 2nd Floor Night Time Light Data

Figure 6 4th Floor Night Time Light Data

3.2.5 Interpretation of Data -Contour Diagram

3.3 Lighting Analysis

Marine Plywood Plank

Table 1 Lux Reading at Reception Area

Average lux Reading

Table 2 : Average Lux Value at Reception Area

Table 3 : Daylight Intensity at different condition

Date and Time

19th April 2015

Table 1 Daylight Factor ,DF

White Plaster Ceiling

3.3.2 Atrium ( E3 E13)

Luminuous Flux per

Table 1 Lux Reading at Reception Area

Average lux Reading

Table 2 : Average Lux Value at Reception Area

Table 3 : Daylight Intensity at different condition

Date and Time

19th April 2015

= 20000 lux x 100%

Table 1 Daylight Factor ,DF

Luminous flux of lighting,F