Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Ray and wavefront aberrations

General picture and relationship
Reference
sphere
Wavefront
Ray
aberration

Paraxial focus

Entrance pupil

Exit pupil

A spherical wavefront in the exit pupil forms a perfect focus

The difference between the actual wavefront and the reference
sphere is the wavefront aberration.
Non-spherical wavefronts cause rays to cross the optical axis
NOT at the paraxial focus = ray aberration

Robert McLeod

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Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Connecting paraxial and finite optics

Sine condition
Ray drawings

Tangent condition
EP

EP

yEP
-h

Paraxial to non-paraxial conversion

u tan

u sin

Tangent condition

Sine condition

x x h h M
n sin n sin

n sin h n sin h
x

tan tan constant

n sin

0 n
Robert McLeod

Mouroulis & Macdonald 5.2

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Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Ray and wavefront aberrations

Mathematical relationship
yp

R = Radius of reference sphere

Exit
Pupil
Wavefront
Reference
sphere

y x p , y p m
Paraxial
image
plane

W x p , y p m
= wavefront
error

Robert McLeod

= transverse
ray aberration

R W x p , y p
y
n
y p

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Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Ray aberration polynomial

Concept
r

Object
y
h

x
Paraxial
image plane

Entrance
pupil

1. Assume a rotationally-symmetric optical system

2. Expand the coordinates of the ray intersect with the
paraxial image plane (x,y) in a polynomial of the object
ray parameters (h, r, ).
3. Reject all terms which dont meet symmetry assumption.

Robert McLeod

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Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Ray aberration polynomial

First and third order terms

x A1r Sin
B1r Sin
3

B2 r h Sin 2
2

The x intercept in the

paraxial image plane in
terms of the object
height (h) , and the ray
coordinates in the pupil
(r, ).

B3 B4 rh Sin
2

y A1r Cos A2 h
B1r Cos
3

B2 r h(2 Cos 2 )
2

The y intercept in the

paraxial image plane
in terms of the object
height (h) , and the ray
coordinates in the
pupil (r, ).

3B3 B4 rh 2 Cos
B5 h
Robert McLeod

3
W. Smith, Modern Optical Engineering, p. 58, McGraw-Hill, 1990

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Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Linear terms
Defocus and magnification

x A1r Sin
y A1r Cos
r Cos

Ray intercept coordinates

linearly proportional to pupil
coordinates.

y
Ray intercept coordinates
r Cos linearly proportional to pupil
coordinates.

y A2 h
Robert McLeod

Magnification

192

Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Spherical aberration
Ray aberration definitions & summary

y B1r 3 Cos

Equation for circle of radius B1 r3,

thus TSA to aperture size3
but is independent of field

CLC
Paraxial ray

Marginal ray

TSA

Paraxial image plane

x B1r 3 Sin

LSA

B1>0 is positive SA (shown): marginal rays focus more strongly.

Only 3rd order aberration that occurs for on-axis imaging.
Radius of CLC is TSA (for pure 3rd order SA)
CLC is located LSA from paraxial focus (for pure 3rd order SA)
LSA TSA / r, thus LSA r2

Robert McLeod

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Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Spherical aberration
Various views
Sections through focus
SA < 0
Transverse ray aberration plot at
focus showing expected 3rd order
dependence on pupil coordinate

SA = 0

SA > 0

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_aberration

Ray fan at paraxial focus

Ray fan at CLC

Robert McLeod

194

Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Spherical aberration
Wavefront aberration plots
Reference sphere
r

Wavefront aberration

W W040 4

Interferogram

0
-1

-2
0.5

-3
-4
-1

0
-0.5
-0.5

0
0.5
1

Robert McLeod

-1

x
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Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Spherical aberration at CLC

W W040 4 32 2

Wavefront error in pupil

W040 = 1

0.5

0
-0.5

0.5

-1
-1

-0.5

x
Interferogram

-0.5

0
0.5
1

-1

x
Robert McLeod

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Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Coma
Ray aberration definitions & summary

x B2 r 2 h Sin 2

y B2 r 2 h2 Cos 2

Equation for double circle of

radius B2 r2 h plus focal shift
of twice this amount

Object
y
h

x
Paraxial
image plane

Aperture stop
B2>0 is positive coma: cone of rays (see next) opens away
from optical axis
Linearly dependent on h: important even at small field angles
Defocus does not yield increase in power density (no CLC)
Robert McLeod

197

Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Coma
Ray aberration plots
Ray fan

Transverse ray
aberration plot at focus

y 0, 3B2 r 2 h

x / 2 0

Paraxial focus
Detail of rays at paraxial
focus for fixed r

Robert McLeod

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Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Coma
W W131 x0 3 cos W131 x0 x 2
Wavefront error in pupil
W131 = 1

2
1

0
0.5

-1
-2
-1

0
-0.5

-0.5

0
0.5

Interferogram

-1

x
Robert McLeod

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Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Astigmatism
Ray aberration definitions & summary

x B3 rh 2 Sin
y 3B3 rh 2 Cos

Defocus dependent on h2 and

unequal in x and y

Sagital focus
r

Meridional focus
y

Defocus can correct astigmatism in one plane and one field

Dependent on h2: important at large field angles
CLC is located way between meridional and sagital foci and
is a disk with diameter equal to half their length.
Robert McLeod

200

Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Astigmatism (negative)
Ray aberration definitions & summary

x B3 rh 2 Sin
y 3B3 rh 2 Cos

Defocus dependent on h2 and

unequal in x and y

Meridional focus
r

Sagital focus
y

Defocus can correct astigmatism in one plane and one field

Dependent on h2: important at large field angles
CLC is located way between meridional and sagital foci and
is a disk with diameter equal to half their length.
Robert McLeod

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Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Astigmatism
Ray & wavefront aberration plots
Meridional plane
y

x
y

y in focus

x defocused

Plane of least confusion

x
y

= and opposite defocus

Sagital plane
y

y defocused
Robert McLeod

x in focus
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Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Astigmatism
W W222 x02 2 cos 2 W222 x02 x 2
Wavefront error in pupil
W222 = 1

0
-0.25

-0.5
0.5

-0.75
-1
-1

-0.5

x
Interferogram

-0.5

0
0.5
1

-1

x
Robert McLeod

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Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Astigmatism at CLC

W W222 x02 2 cos 2 12 2 W222 x02

1
2

x 2 12 y 2

Wavefront error in pupil

W222 = 1

0.5
0.25

1
0
0.5

-0.25
-0.5
-1

-0.5

-0.5

0
0.5

Interferogram

-1

x
Robert McLeod

204

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Field guide to aberrations

At paraxial focus

Diffraction-limted

Defocus

Spherical

Spherical+defocus

Astigmatism

Coma

Robert McLeod

astron.berkeley.edu/ ~jrg/Aberrations/node5.html

205

Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Petzval curvature
Ray aberration definitions & summary

x B4 rh 2 Sin
y B4 rh 2 Cos

Defocus, equal in x and y,

that depends on h2

Petzval focal surface

Robert McLeod

206

Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Field curvature
W W220 x02 2
Wavefront error in pupil
W220 = 1

-0.5

-1
0.5

-1.5
-2
-1

-0.5

x
Interferogram

-0.5

0
0.5
1

-1

x
Robert McLeod

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Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Field curvature
Relationship of astigmatism and Petzval
Meridional image surface OA
Surface of least confusion

In this plot, B4 2B3

Sagital image surface

Petzval image surface

Paraxial image plane

Astigmatism
Petzval

x B3 B4 rh 2 Sin
y 3B3 B4 rh 2 Cos
Robert McLeod

208

Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Amount of field curvature

Petzval radius of single lens

~
t1

~
t1 cos

~
t0 t0 / cos
1 1 1 1 cos 1
cos

1
cos
~
t1 f ~
t0 f
t0
f
t1

~
t1 t1 cos
t12 2

O[ 4 ]
2f

h2 t1

2
2

f
Robert McLeod

Write imaging equation for

distances along diagonals.

Field curvature D is on-axis image distance

minus off-axis image distance

Plug in expression for t1 and expand in

Expand equation for circle of radius in

h transverse coordinate

So radius of curvature equals focal length.

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Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Distortion
y B5 h

Magnification = B5h2

Image of square object:

B5>0 = pincusion
B5=0
B5<0 = barrel

Robert McLeod

210

Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Distortion
W W311 x03 cos W311 x03 x
Wavefront error in pupil
W311 = 1

0.5

0
0.5

-0.5
-1
-1

0
-0.5
-0.5

0.5

Interferogram

-1

x
Robert McLeod

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Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Aberrations

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Zernike polynomials
and relationship to Seidel
Z

m
n

cosm
, R
sin m

R
m
n

m
n

n m 2

n k n 2k
n 2k

k
n
m
2
k

k
1
k 0

2 1

m
m

Z
, d d C m, n, m, n n , n m , m Orthogonality
n
n

0 0

Piston

Distortion

Distortion

cos

sin
Astigmatism

Field
curvature

Astigmatism

2 2 1

2 sin 2

2 cos 2

Coma

3 sin 3

2 sin

Coma

2 cos

3 cos 3

Spherical
Robert McLeod

4 4 3 2

Matlab file exchange zernfun,

Darryl Meister Dispensing Optics 2010

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Turning ideal imaging systems into real optics

Imaging in non-ideal systems

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Strehl Ratio
A measure of coherent image quality
Strehl ratio is the
on-axis intensity in
the presence of
aberrations relative
to the on-axis
intensity w/o
aberrations.

I/Imax

Strehl ratio

-3

-2

-1

r/r0

The relationship between SR and RMS wavefront error () is

Strehl ratio 1 2 2 2

Exact for defocus,

close for most.

P-V OPD RMS OPD

SR
Energy in Airy
Energy in rings
0.0
0.0
1.0
84%
16%
/16
0.018

/8
0.036

/4
0.07

/2
0.14

/4
0.21

0.29

*SR does not correlate well with image quality at these low levels.
RMS OPD = P-V OPD/3.5 to P-V OPD/5 depending on the aberration type.
SR also gives fiber coupling efficiency in many cases.
Robert McLeod

Smith, Modern Optical Engineering, Chapter 11

213