FACTS:

deal with pieces of information that one has heard, seen or

read, and which are open to discovery or verification. The
key word here is "verification". A fact is a statement that can
be verified, i.e. a fact is either true or false. Facts are statements
that may involve numbers, natural phenomena, dates etc. The
characteristics of the statements classified as facts are:
Made after observation or experience. An event cannot become
a fact unless it has occurred.
Confined to what one observes; cannot be made about the
future.(WORDS LIKE MAY, MIGHT, ETC CANNOT BE FACT)
Limited number possible.
Not perception dependent. A fact will be agreed to by every
person. It does not change from person to person.
Tends to bring people together in agreement.

Examples:

1) Nearly 2 lac students took CAT last year.

2) Life exists on other planets (although physically not possible to verify, this
statement will be either true or false).
3) I like Pink Floyd more than Metallica (It may not seem so, but this statement is
either true or false. Either I like Pink Floyd more than Metallica or I dont).
4) The legislature is advocating vigorously against intrusion of judiciary in
parliamentary affairs.
5) A football field is 100 yards long.

NOTE:Notice the difference when a sentence contains subjective or abstract

expressions-6) The music was very loud (NOT a fact as the loudness might vary from
person to person).
7) I found the music very loud (A fact as it is either a truth or a lie. I must have found
the music very loud or not very loud).
Poverty is a curse on mankind (NOT a factcurse on mankind is too abstract).
9) 20% of the population live below poverty line (Fact).

 FACTSSTATEMENTSINCAT:

1) The government has been supplying free drugs since
2004, and 35 000 have benefited up to now- though the
size of the affected population is 150 times this number.
2) Only about 13 million children in the age group of 6 to 14
years are out of school.
3) The truth is that we have more red tape- we take eightynine days to start a small business, Australians take two.
4) The economies of the industrialized western world derive
20% of their income from the sale of all kinds of arms.

INFERENCES:

(thismay/maynothappenthisway)
are conclusions drawn about the unknown, on the basis of the known. Notice the three
words conclusions, known and unknown very carefully. They will give you complete
description of what an inference consists of Known- A fact. The first thing an inference should consist of is a fact. This fact is required to
prove another proposition.
Unknown- Something which can be logically proven by the given fact or the known. Therefore,
in an inference an unknown proposition is present which is to be proven with the help of the fact.
Remember that this proposition has to be proven with the help of another fact.
Conclusion- Once the unknown has been proved with the help of the known (fact) it is called a
conclusion.
Notice the meaning of the word Infer. To infer means
to conclude from evidence; to deduce
to have a logical consequence. (an inference = a conclusion)
Therefore, the process of inference can be summarized by the figure given below:

Examples:
1) Because the old man stayed indoors all the time and did not receive any visitors, no one
discovered his dead body for days.
2) The footprint warned Robinson Crusoe that there was someone else on the island.

INFERENCESTATEMENTSINCAT2006PAPER:

1) The recent initiatives of networks and companies like AIDScare Network, Emcure, RelianceCipla-CII, would lead to availability of much-needed drugs to a larger number of affected people.
2) According to all statistical indications, the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan has managed to keep pace
with its ambitious goals.
3) Every red tape procedure is a point of contact with an official, and such contacts have the
potential to become opportunities for money to change hands.
4) Even without war, we know that conflicts continue to trouble us- they only change in color.

JUDGEMENTS:
(In my opinion)
are opinions that imply approval or disapproval of persons, objects, situations, and occurrences
in the past, the present or the future. There is a fine line of distinction between inferences and
judgments. Most of the times judgments are also based on facts and therefore they seem like
inferences. But there are some ways to differentiate a judgment and an inference Judgments are arguable and contestable. Inferences are rock solid. Although both judgments
and inferences are based on facts, in the latter the conclusion is so unquestionable that it
becomes fact itself.
Judgments are opinions, suggestions and recommendations whereas inferences are proven
conditions.
Judgment statements include a lot of quantities that cannot be measured, such as happiness,
beauty, joy etc.
Many a times, judgments are not accompanied by facts at all but are only opinion statements.
When there is no fact involved, the statement can only be a judgment statement.
A judgment is an honest attempt to make reasonable observations about the given facts but
they do not conclusively prove anything.

 Examples:

1) It is estimated that that 30% of Indians live below

poverty line. (judgment: if it is an estimate, it cannot be a
fact).
2) Every mother has only the best interests of her children
at her heart. (Is there a way to look inside a mothers heart?
).
3) Because we had three wars with our neighboring
country, we should keep our armed forced ready for the
fourth one.

JUDGMENTSTATEMENTSINCAT2006PAPER:
1) So much of our day-to-day focus seems to be on getting things done, trudging our way through
the tasks of living- it can feel like a treadmill that gets you nowhere; where is the childlike joy?
2) We are not doing things that make us happy; that which brings us joy; the things that we
cannot wait to do because we enjoy them so much.
3) This is the stuff that joyful living is made of- identifying your calling and committing yourself
wholeheartedly to it.
4) When this happens, each moment becomes a celebration of you; there is a rush of energy that
comes with feeling completely immersed in doing what you love most.
5) Given the poor quality of service in the public service, the HIV/AIDS affected should be
switching to private initiatives that supply anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) at a low cost.
6) But how ironic it is that we should face a perennial shortage of drugs when India is one of the
worlds largest suppliers of generic drugs to the developing world.
7) The Mid-day Meal scheme has been a significant incentive for the poor to send their little ones
to school, thus establishing the vital link between healthy bodies and healthy minds.

 8 ) The goal of universalisation of elementary education has

to be a pre-requisite for the evolution and development of
our country.
9) We should not be hopelessly addicted to an erroneous
belief that corruption in India is caused by the crookedness
of Indians.
10) Red tape leads to corruption and distorts peoples
character.
11) Inequitable distribution of all kinds of resources is
certainly one of the strongest and most sinister sources of
conflict.
12) Extensive disarmament is the only insurance for our
future; imagine the amount of resources that can be
released and redeployed.

 1) You don't have to be a biologist or an anthropologist

to see how closely the great apes- gorillas, chimpanzees,
orangutas - resemble us.
2) Even children often remark that their bodies are pretty
much the same as ours, apart from some exaggerated
proportions and extra body hair.
3) Their faces are quiet expressive, showing a range of
emotions that are familiar.
4) That why we delight in seeing chimps wearing tuxedo,
playing the drums or riding bicyles.
a) FIJI b) JFIF c) IFJI d) FIFJ e) JFFJ
.

 Ans:e Reasons:
1) Because it's the opinion of writer about the
biologist and cannot be verified.
2) It can be verified
3) It can also be verified
4) Again it being the opinion of the author, is a
judgement

 1) To date Shiva has represented India thrice in Luge,

an extreme ice-sport, at the winter Olympics.
2) Ranked 25th in world, Shiva, the youngest Luge
Olympian in the whole world, may well be called the
fastest Indian on ice.
3) The thrill in this sport is in how you keep your cool
in extreme conditions.
4) Considering that he never had a full time coach, his
world ranking appears no less than a feat.
a) FJFI b) FIJJ c) JIJI d) FJIJ e) FFJJ

 1. We may suffer but we should not inflict

suffering on others.
2. He was elected the president of the Indian
national congress.
3. Ultimately Man will develop into a superman, if
this rate of progress is constant.
4. Science is the answer to all world problems.
a) JIJF b) JFIF c) JIJJ d) JFIJ

 Answer: d) For the 4th one I say education

is the only solution to all world problems.
Someone else says that Money is the only
solution to all world problems. This all are
views which depends from person to person
and place to place. To add to this everyone
knows that there can't be a single solution to
all world problems but each has its own role.
Hence this is a judgement.

 1. Malaria, caused by unsanitary conditions

killed a hundred slum dwellers.
2. The progress of our nation depends on our
national character.
3. National prestige will have to be
maintained.
4. As the nation progresses, it will have more
admirers.
a) IFJI b) IJJI c) FFJI d) FJJI

National character represents the character of the citizens of a nation. Better the national
character, the more that nation is bound to progress.
For the first question:
Part 1) Malaria....
Part 2).....caused by unsanitary conditions.....
Part 3)....killed a hundred slum dwellers....
Part1) Simply is a noun or a disease that everyone is aware of so no issues with it..Part 2) speaks
about the cause of this disease which might be or might not be true..For e.g we say at times we
say that headache is caused by work pressure or due to tensions or etc...In this case too it is just
an inference, since on the basis of the condition where the speaker said this would have bad
sanitary condition...Part 3) this is the part which has done all the debate..yeh it is a fact by any
means but is this part makes whole of the sentence turn into a Fact...NO it is not making whole
of the sentence a Fact...so what it is doing ..making it as judgement or inference....Judgement
NO since we have some fact and others we can verify..so the clock move towards Inference and
hence this is the answer for it...
what you learn from here ? You learn that if a statement contains any Fact then it does not mean
that the whole of the statement would be a Fact. Docheck what others part of the sentence is
telling.

Ans

ijji

 1) In the cellular industry, system capacity is a great issue.

2) As demand for cellular service grows, system operators try to
find ways to increase system capacity
3) One of the easier ways currently adopted to increase capacity is
the conventional micro cell approach
4) however ,control of interference among cells is difficult in the
micro cell approach.
5) prolonged delays in handoff sometimes occur when the micro
cell approach is adopted
A)FFFFF
B)JIFFF
C)JIJFF
D)JIJFJ
E)FIFFF

 Ans: A)FFFFF

 1. If necessity is the mother of invention, scarcity may be the

mother of its cousin, innovation.
2. As long as staff produces goods on time, managers can stop
watching over them while they work.
3. An average global temperature rise of 4C would wipe out
hundreds of species, bring extreme food and water shortage in
vulnerable countries and cause catastrophic floods.
4. Every deal is a new agreement between parties, and such
alliances have the potential to become opportunities for
permanent, long-term partnerships.
Options are:
1. JJII
2. JJFF
3. IJII
4. JFFI

 Answer: Option 1 - JJII

1. The first statement is certainly judgemental, all would agree
2.The second statement is also a judgement, since "producing
goods on time" is not the only management concern, there are
concerns too like quality, threshold standards, etc. So its quite
judgemental to assume that 'As long as staff produces goods on
time, managers can stop watching over them while they work'.
3. This is an inference drawn, from facts and predictions about
global warming and its implications.
4. This is again an inference drawn from 'definition of deal'.

 1. Global warming is "very likely" to have been caused by human

activity, the leading international body studying climate change
said in a report today.
2. The IPCC Report steers clear of policy recommendations,
instead providing rigorously scientific assessment of the likely
risks.
3. The likelihood that the phenomenon has been created by the
burning of fossil fuels and other actions is greater than 90%, the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) concluded in
its fourth report.
4. Global warming is an "unequivocal" fact and is likely to continue
for centuries.
Options:
1. FIFJ 2. IIII 3.IIFJ 4.FJFJ 5.IJFJ

 Ans 1 FIFJ

 1 What was more scary was the ministers revelation that terrorist
were planning to occupy some uninhabited islands and use them
as bases for launching operations on the Indian coasts.
2. The minister, we were told, was also of the view that the recent
Indo-US nuclear agreement, too, has made out atomic power
plants highly vulnerable to attack.
3. What foments terror is military religiosity and not legitimate
grievances.
4. And the increasing terror-graph shows that soft approach will
only make matters worse in the coming day.
1) IFJJ 2) IFFI 3) JFJI 4) JIJI 5) IFJI

 Ans: Answer is 3 (JFJI)

Explanation
1. Statement is really amazing it check your reading ability. If you
observe keenly the question does not have question mark inspite
of word "what" that gives an impression it's a judgment
2. Statement is a fact as its not anyone opinion or inference it just
told to us that "US-nuclear is harmful to atomic plant" which can
be verified by asking minister (better explanation can be done, but
I understood it like this)
3. Its one's opinion about what foments terror.
4. Its inference from the statement "increasing terror-graph shows
that" depending on the graph one is predicting that soft approach
will make matter worse.

 1. Inequitable distribution of all kinds of resources

is certainly one of the strongest and most sinister
sources of conflict.
2. Even without war, we know that conflicts continue
to trouble us they only change in character.
3. Extensive disarmament is the only insurance for our
future; imagine the amount of resources that can be
released and redeployed.
4. The economies of the industrialized western world
derive 20% of their income from the sale of all kinds of
arms.
(1) IJJI (2) JIJF (3) IIJF (4) JIIF (5) IJIF

Ans:
1.Inequitable distribution of all kinds of resources is certainly one of the strongest and most sinister sources of
conflict.
This is a Judgment because of the word "certainly"which is can be agreed or disagree.
2.Even without war, we know that conflicts continue to trouble us they only change in character.
This is inference its bit tricky but "even without war" we are inferring that the war will continue to trouble us.
We can break the sentence into two parts. That way it'd be easy to see why it should be an inference.
1st Part - Even without war, we know that conflicts continue to trouble us - This means, we know that even without
war the conflicts continue to trouble us. If the sentence were only till here, this would be treated as a Fact.
2nd Part - they only change in character - This means, since there is no war but conflicts are still troubling us the
conflicts have changed in character. This "change of character" has been inferred from the fact that "conflicts
continue to trouble us despite there being no wars".
Hence, the whole sentence can be classified as an Inference.
3. Extensive disarmament is the only insurance for our future; imagine the amount of resources that can be released
and redeployed.
This is a Judgment because of the word "only" which is can be agreed or disagree
4. The economies of the industrialized western world derive 20% of their income from the sale of all kinds of arms.
This can be verified by looking at economy graph. Hence Fact
solution is JIJF

 1. Angry at missing out on the unpredicted commodity boom,

Tanzanians are preparing to renegotiate gold mining concessions.
2. The findings of this study indicate that maybe established
guidelines and procedures are not being followed with regard to
the development, administration and management of distance
education programs.
3. The country's annual report suggested that many of the
employees might be relieved of their duties soon.
4. Internationalization and integration on the campus is about
inculcating the notion of equality, diversity, integration and social
cohesion within the learning culture.
Options: 1. IFIF 2. FFIJ 3. IIFF 4. FIIF

 Ans: FIIF

 The recent measures to clean up the city should result in a

reduction in the number of mosquitos and also cases of Dengue.
The failure of the Indian cricket team in the world cup is entirely a
result of unnecessary experiments by Greg Chappell.
Pandit Ravi Shankar feels that more efforts should be made by
the Indian government for the promotion of Indian classical music
abroad
Most of the classic B-movie elements are present and correct - nononsense storytelling, sensationalist or fantastical subject matter,
idiosyncratic characters, dialogue fit for comic books or penny
dreadfuls.

 Ans: IJFJ

 Ques:
The recent ban on playing music while driving will result in a
reduction in the number of accidents on roads.
Every enrolment in an Educational institute is a point of contact
with the customer and such contacts have the potential to
generate further enrolments.
Given the abysmal state of affairs in some public hospitals, the
doctor there should either seek employment in private hospitals
or go abroad.
It is really paradoxical that some places which experience heavy
rainfall also experience severe shortage of water.
The findings of this study indicate that established guidelines
and procedures are not being followed with regard to the
development, administration and management of distance
education programs.

Ans: JIJJI
The recent ban on playing music while driving will result in a reduction in the number of accidents
on roads. - This statement is Judgement because of the word "will". If the statement would have
been "The recent ban on playing music while driving is expected to result in a reduction in the
number of accidents on roads." Then it would have been Inference. "will" shows confirmation
which makes it Judgement.
Every enrolment in an Educational institute is a point of contact with the customer and such
contacts have the potential to generate further enrolments. - Inference. The latter part is
conclusion drawn from the first part.
Given the abysmal state of affairs in some public hospitals, the doctor there should either seek
employment in private hospitals or go abroad. - Judgement. Since it expresses approval or
disapproval and it is a subjective opinion.
It is really paradoxical that some places which experience heavy rainfall also experience severe
shortage of water. - Judgement. use of the word "paradoxial" word makes it judgement.
The findings of this study indicate that established guidelines and procedures are not being
followed with regard to the development, administration and management of distance education
programmes.-- Inference. As it is a conclusion based on the facts.